A critical review of the impacts of cover crops on nitrogen leaching, net greenhouse gas balance and crop productivity

Abstract

Cover crops play an increasingly important role in improving soil quality, reducing agricultural inputs and improving environmental sustainability. The main objectives of this critical global review and systematic analysis were to assess cover crop practices in the context of their impacts on nitrogen leaching, net greenhouse gas balances (NGHGB) and crop productivity. Only studies that investigated the impacts of cover crops and measured one or a combination of nitrogen leaching, soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrous oxide (N2O), grain yield and nitrogen in grain of primary crop, and had a control treatment were included in the analysis. Long￢ﾀﾐterm studies were uncommon, with most data coming from studies lasting 2￢ﾀﾓ3ￂﾠyears. The literature search resulted in 106 studies carried out at 372 sites and covering different countries, climatic zones and management. Our analysis demonstrates that cover crops significantly (pￂﾠ<ￂﾠ0.001) decreased N leaching and significantly (pￂﾠ<ￂﾠ0.001) increased SOC sequestration without having significant (pￂﾠ>ￂﾠ0.05) effects on direct N2O emissions. Cover crops could mitigate the NGHGB by 2.06ￂﾠￂﾱￂﾠ2.10ￂﾠMg CO2￢ﾀﾐeqￂﾠha￢ﾈﾒ1ￂﾠyear￢ﾈﾒ1. One of the potential disadvantages of cover crops identified was the reduction in grain yield of the primary crop by ￢ﾉﾈ4%, compared to the control treatment. This drawback could be avoided by selecting mixed cover crops with a range of legumes and non￢ﾀﾐlegumes, which increased the yield by ￢ﾉﾈ13%. These advantages of cover crops justify their widespread adoption. However, management practices in relation to cover crops will need to be adapted to specific soil, management and regional climatic conditions.