OPENAIRE OpenAire Sygma HAL-Rennes 1 Ghent University Academic Bibliography Norwegian Open Research Archives Göttingen Research Online Publications eScholarship - University of California Explore Bristol Research IRIS Cnr Institutional Repository Universiteit Antwerpen Institutional Repository of Nature Research Centre Agritrop Repositorio Institucional Universidad de Granada Spiral - Imperial College Digital Repository Research@WUR Publikationer från Stockholms universitet Archivo Abierto Institucional de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Recolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA NERC Open Research Archive EcoEvoRxiv Preprints HAL-IRD Europe PubMed Central Juelich Shared Electronic Resources KNAW Pure Digital Repository of University of Zaragoza METIS Research Information System Apollo Copenhagen University Research Information System University of Oulu Repository - Jultika Theses@asb Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Fondazione Edmund Mach Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi del Molise HAL-INSU Qatar University Institutional Repository Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi dell Aquila The University of Manchester - Institutional Repository CNR ExploRA Pure University of Manchester KITopen CORE (RIOXX-UK Aggregator) idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla. HAL INRAE Radboud Repository Archivio della Ricerca - Università degli Studi Roma Tre Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Cagliari UnpayWall Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Oviedo SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository USN Open Archive PURE Aarhus University White Rose Research Online Lirias PubMed Central Datacite Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE) Serveur académique lausannois Publikationenserver der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Bergen Open Research Archive - UiB Crossref Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU Amsterdam) – Research Portal Biblioteca Digital de la Universidad de Alcalá Electronic Publication Information Center Universität Innsbruck Forschungsleistungsdokumentation Rothamsted Repository Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet - Academic Archive On-line DIGITAL.CSIC Munin - Open Research Archive Publikationer från Umeå universitet https://ray.yorksj.ac.uk/id/eprint/5803/1/20211222_SoilTemp_maps_preformatted.pdf http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/33794/1/Lembrechts-etal-GCB-2022.pdf https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/183991/1/Global%20Change%20Biology%20-%202022%20-%20Lembrechts%20-%20Global%20maps%20of%20soil%20temperature.pdf https://iris.cnr.it/bitstream/20.500.14243/445619/1/prod_462419-doc_189996.pdf https://openpub.fmach.it/bitstream/10449/74200/1/Global%20Change%20Biology%20-%202022%20-%20Lembrechts%20-%20Global%20maps%20of%20soil%20temperature.pdf https://iris.unica.it/bitstream/11584/332967/1/2022_Global_maps_soil_temperature_GlobalChangeBiology.pdf https://ricerca.univaq.it/bitstream/11697/178559/2/Global%20Change%20Biology%20-%202022%20-%20Lembrechts%20-%20Global%20maps%20of%20soil%20temperature.pdf https://vb.gamtc.lt/object/elaba:126634244/126634244.pdf https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.16060 https://escholarship.org/content/qt6hg3313z/qt6hg3313z.pdf https://doi.org/1893/33794 Global Change Biology Open Access 2021-12-30 2021-03-21 2021-03-21 2022-04-22 2022-01-01 2022-02-11 2024-02-19 2022-03-04 2024-06-26 2022-05-03 2022-04-18 2023-05-20 2022-02-02 Abstract<p>Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2ￂﾠm above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1￢ﾀﾐkm2resolution for 0￢ﾀﾓ5 and 5￢ﾀﾓ15ￂﾠcm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1￢ﾀﾐkm2pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse￢ﾀﾐgrained air temperature estimates from ERA5￢ﾀﾐLand (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium￢ﾀﾐRange Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10ￂﾰC (meanￂﾠ=ￂﾠ3.0ￂﾠￂﾱￂﾠ2.1ￂﾰC), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6ￂﾠￂﾱￂﾠ2.3ￂﾰC) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (￢ﾈﾒ0.7ￂﾠￂﾱￂﾠ2.3ￂﾰC). The observed substantial and biome￢ﾀﾐspecific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near￢ﾀﾐsurface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil￢ﾀﾐrelated bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.</p 0106 biological sciences Bioclimatic variables; Global maps; Microclimate; Near-surface temperatures; Soil temperature; Soil-dwelling organisms; Temperature offset; Weather stations; Climate change; Temperature; Ecosystem; Soil 791 550 :Zoology and botany: 480 [VDP] VDP::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 551 Q1 7. Clean energy 01 natural sciences 41 Environmental sciences Global map SDG 13 - Climate Action Soil temperature MICROCLIMATE bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Environmental Sciences soil-dwelling organism bioclimatic variables; global maps; microclimate; near-surface temperatures; soil temperature; soil-dwelling organisms; temperature offset; weather stations weather station GB http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34836 Geology 16. Peace & justice Settore BIOS-01/C - Botanica ambientale e applicata 6. Clean water Near-surface soil temperature international [SDE]Environmental Sciences 551: Geologie und Hydrologie Near-surface temperature Near-surface temperatures soil temperature P40 - Météorologie et climatologie 577 bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences MITIGATION bepress|Life Sciences|Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 12. Responsible consumption near-surface temperatures bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology|Climate bioclimatic variables Bioclimatic variables Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA temperature offset global maps http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1344 577: Ökologie global map Biology Ecosystem Ekologi http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24894 Science & Technology ddc:550 9. Industry and infrastructure 31 Biological sciences Biology and Life Sciences Microclimate 06 Biological Sciences 15. Life on land weather stations bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Environmental Sciences|Environmental Monitoring 900 cartographie microclimate Klimatvetenskap [SDE] Environmental Sciences Biodiversity & Conservation 05 Environmental Sciences Weather stations Temperature offset Plan_S-Compliant-OA Soil bepress|Life Sciences Geología Research Articles info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/570 changement climatique Ecology zone climatique 4. Education Temperature Biological Sciences bioclimatologie FOREST Weather station Chemistry Biodiversity Conservation Life Sciences & Biomedicine bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics Technology and Engineering http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1669 bioclimatic variable Climate Change soil-dwelling organisms Environmental Sciences & Ecology MOISTURE LITTER DECOMPOSITION PERMAFROST near-surface temperature température du sol bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology SUITABILITY G1 VDP::Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Zoology and botany: 480 Global maps http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1666 :Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 [VDP] Soil-dwelling organisms 0105 earth and related environmental sciences info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550 réchauffement global Climate Change; Ecosystem; Microclimate; Soil; Temperature; bioclimatic variables; global maps; microclimate; near-surface temperatures; soil temperature; soil-dwelling organisms; temperature offset; weather stations http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_9260 P30 - Sciences et aménagement du sol Aquatic Ecology Bioclimatic variable SNOW-COVER Climate Science 37 Earth sciences Climate Action bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Soil Science [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology Earth sciences variation saisonnière PLANT-RESPONSES CLIMATIC CONTROLS Soil-dwelling organism Settore BIOS-05/A - Ecologia 13. Climate action Earth and Environmental Sciences VDP::Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 VDP::Zoology and botany: 480 [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology CBCE http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7197 Environmental Sciences Winkler, Manuela, Plichta, Roman, Buysse, Pauline, Lohila, Annalea, Spicher, Fabien, Boeckx, Pascal, Wild, Jan, Feigenwinter, Iris, Olejnik, Janusz, Risch, Anita, Khuroo, Anzar, Lynn, Joshua, di Cella, Umberto, Schmidt, Marius, Urbaniak, Marek, Marchesini, Luca, Govaert, Sanne, Uogintas, Domas, Assis, Rafael, Medinets, Volodymyr, Abdalaze, Otar, Varlagin, Andrej, Dolezal, Jiri, Myers, Jonathan, Randall, Krystal, Bauters, Marijn, Jimenez, Juan, Stoll, Stefan, Petraglia, Alessandro, Mazzolari, Ana, Ogaya, Romà, Tyystjärvi, Vilna, Hammerle, Albin, Wipf, Sonja, Lorite, Juan, Fanin, Nicolas, Benavides, Juan, Scholten, Thomas, Yu, Zicheng, Veen, G., Treier, Urs, Candan, Onur, Bell, Michael, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Siebicke, Lukas, Vives-Ingla, Maria, Eugster, Werner, Grelle, Achim, Stemkovski, Michael, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Matula, Radim, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Alatalo, Juha, Fenu, Giuseppe, Arzac, Alberto, Homeier, Jürgen, Porro, Francesco, Robinson, Sharon, Ghosn, Dany, Haugum, Siri, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Camargo, José, Zhao, Peng, Niittynen, Pekka, Liljebladh, Bengt, Normand, Signe, Dias, Arildo, Larson, Christian, Peichl, Matthias, Collier, Laura, Myers-Smith, Isla, Zong, Shengwei, Kašpar, Vít, Cooper, Elisabeth, Haider, Sylvia, von Oppen, Jonathan, Cutini, Maurizio, Benito-Alonso, José-Luis, Luoto, Miska, Klemedtsson, Leif, Higgens, Rebecca, Zhang, Jian, Speed, James, Nijs, Ivan, Macek, Martin, Steinwandter, Michael, Poyatos, Rafael, Niedrist, Georg, Curasi, Salvatore, Yang, Yan, Dengler, Jürgen, Géron, Charly, de Pablo, Miguel, Xenakis, Georgios, Kreyling, Juergen, Forte, Tai, Bailey, Joseph, Knohl, Alexander, Goulding, Keith, Wilkinson, Matthew, Kljun, Natascha, Roupsard, Olivier, Stiegler, Christian, Verbruggen, Erik, Wingate, Lisa, Lamprecht, Andrea, Hamid, Maroof, Rossi, Graziano, Descombes, Patrice, Hrbacek, Filip, Bjornsdottir, Katrin, Poulenard, Jérôme, Meeussen, Camille, Guénard, Benoit, Venn, Susanna, Dimarco, Romina, Man, Matěj, Scharnweber, Tobias, Chown, Steven, Pio, Casimiro, Way, Robert, Erickson, Todd, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Pușcaș, Mihai, Orsenigo, Simone, Di Musciano, Michele, Enquist, Brian, Newling, Emily, Tagesson, Torbern, Kemppinen, Julia, Serra-Diaz, Josep, Gottschall, Felix, Schuchardt, Max, Pitacco, Andrea, Jump, Alistair, Exton, Dan, Carnicer, Jofre, Aschero, Valeria, Urban, Anastasiya, Daskalova, Gergana, Santos, Cinthya, Goeckede, Mathias, Bruna, Josef, Andrews, Christopher, Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Ewers, Robert, Pärtel, Meelis, Sagot, Clotilde, Herbst, Mathias, De Frenne, Pieter, Milbau, Ann, Gobin, Anne, Alexander, Jake, Kopecký, Martin, Buchmann, Nina, Kotowska, Martyna, Puchalka, Radoslaw, Penuelas, Josep, Gigauri, Khatuna, Prokushkin, Anatoly, Moiseev, Pavel, Jentsch, Anke, Klisz, Marcin, Barrio, Isabel, Ammann, Christof, Panov, Alexey, Van Geel, Maarten, Finckh, Manfred, Vaccari, Francesco, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Backes, Amanda, Robroek, Bjorn, Campoe, Otávio, Ahmadian, Negar, Boike, Julia, Thomas, Haydn, Pastor, Ada, Smith, Stuart, Pauli, Harald, Kollár, Jozef, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, Rita, Michaletz, Sean, Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, Urban, Josef, Greenwood, Sarah, Lens, Luc, Van de Vondel, Stijn, Vitale, Luca, Remmele, Sabine, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Meusburger, Katrin, Cremonese, Edoardo, Barros, Agustina, Bokhorst, Stef, Svátek, Martin, Allonsius, Camille, Høye, Toke, Smiljanic, Marko, Hik, David, Canessa, Rafaella, van den Hoogen, Johan, Altman, Jan, Björkman, Mats, Cesarz, Simone, Blonder, Benjamin, Kazakis, George, Opedal, Øystein, Tanentzap, Andrew, le Maire, Guerric, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Montagnani, Leonardo, Muffler, Lena, Hederová, Lucia, Rubtsov, Alexey, Pauchard, Aníbal, Tielbörger, Katja, Crowther, Thomas, Remmers, Wolfram, Pitteloud, Camille, Zyryanov, Viacheslav, Nilsson, Matts, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Sallo-Bravo, Jhonatan, Spasojevic, Marko, Haase, Peter, Pearse, William, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Siqueira, David, Ardö, Jonas, Nardino, Marianna, Tomaselli, Marcello, Pavelka, Marian, Nosetto, Marcelo, Bon, Matteo, Semenchuk, Philipp, Choler, Philippe, Scott, Tony, Halbritter, Aud, Dušek, Jiří, Mackenzie, Roy, Stanisci, Angela, Nouvellon, Yann, Kovács, Bence, Haesen, Stef, Veenendaal, Elmar, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Verheijen, Frank, Verbeeck, Hans, Bader, Maaike, RENAULT, David, Zimmermann, Reiner, Ferlian, Olga, Medinets, Sergiy, Walz, Josefine, Rossi, Christian, Rocha, Adrian, Lembrechts, Jonas, Jactel, Hervé, Aartsma, Peter, Kobler, Johannes, Eisenhauer, Nico, Bjerke, Jarle, Pellissier, Loïc, Ueyama, Masahito, Manca, Giovanni, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Meysman, Filip, Six, Johan, Saccone, Patrick, Wang, Runxi, Ahrends, Antje, Okello, Joseph, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Laska, Kamil, Freeman, Erika, Di Cecco, Valter, Steinbauer, Klaus, Della Chiesa, Stefano, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Herberich, Maximiliane, Loubet, Benjamin, Barančok, Peter, Hermanutz, Luise, Souza, Bartolomeu, Contador, Tamara, Aerts, Rien, Stephan, Jörg, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Manco, Antonio, Larson, Keith, Mondoni, Andrea, Palaj, Andrej, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Järveoja, Järvi, Weigel, Robert, Rixen, Christian, Hoffrén, Raúl, Iwata, Hiroki, Vittoz, Pascal, Penczykowski, Rachel, Phartyal, Shyam, Sitková, Zuzana, Nagy, Laszlo, Ujházy, Karol, Heinesch, Bernard, Berauer, Bernd, Ogée, Jérôme, Malfasi, Francesco, Greise, Caroline, Helfter, Carole, Mosedale, Jonathan, Senior, Rebecca, Magliulo, Enzo, Nuñez, Martin, García, María, Carbognani, Michele, Thomas, Andrew, Eklundh, Lars, Maier, Regine, Dahlberg, C., Jucker, Tommaso, Kelly, Julia, Olesen, Jørgen, Tanneberger, Franziska, Gharun, Mana, Convey, Peter, Aalto, Juha, Scheffers, Brett, Ujházyová, Mariana, Andres, Christian, Arriga, Nicola, Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Kanka, Róbert, Dick, Jan, Leihy, Rachel, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Maclean, Ilya, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Pampuch, Timo, Čiliak, Marek, Guillemot, Joannès, Sarneel, Judith, Souza, José, Svoboda, Miroslav, Björk, Robert, Merinero, Sonia, Zellweger, Florian, Simpson, Elizabeth, Cannone, Nicoletta, Abedi, Mehdi, Seipel, Tim, Klinges, David, Máliš, František, Basham, Edmund, Sewerniak, Piotr, Schwartz, Naomi, Trouillier, Mario, Shekhar, Ankit, Munoz-Rojas, Miriam, Nicklas, Lena, Goded, Ignacio, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Radujković, Dajana, Yu, Kailiang, Phoenix, Gareth, Cifuentes, Edgar, Seeber, Julia, Lenoir, Jonathan, Frei, Esther, Wilmking, Martin, Hylander, Kristoffer, Wang, Yifeng, Hampe, Arndt, Somers, Ben, Mörsdorf, Martin, 2021-03-21 journalpaper Abstract<p>Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2ￂﾠm above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1￢ﾀﾐkm2resolution for 0￢ﾀﾓ5 and 5￢ﾀﾓ15ￂﾠcm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1￢ﾀﾐkm2pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse￢ﾀﾐgrained air temperature estimates from ERA5￢ﾀﾐLand (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium￢ﾀﾐRange Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10ￂﾰC (meanￂﾠ=ￂﾠ3.0ￂﾠￂﾱￂﾠ2.1ￂﾰC), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6ￂﾠￂﾱￂﾠ2.3ￂﾰC) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (￢ﾈﾒ0.7ￂﾠￂﾱￂﾠ2.3ￂﾰC). The observed substantial and biome￢ﾀﾐspecific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near￢ﾀﾐsurface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil￢ﾀﾐrelated bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.</p Global maps of soil temperature 1893/33794 657627