OPENAIRE OpenAire IRIS Cnr https://iris.cnr.it/bitstream/20.500.14243/445619/1/prod_462419-doc_189996.pdf https://doi.org/20.500.14243/445619 Open Access 2024-02-19 Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications. near-surface temperatures bioclimatic variables soil temperature temperature offset global maps soil-dwelling organisms weather stations microclimate Jonas J Lembrechts, Jonas J Lembrechts, Johan van den Hoogen, Juha Aalto, Michael B Ashcroft, Pieter De Frenne, Julia Kemppinen, Martin Kopecký, Miska Luoto, Ilya M D Maclean, Thomas W Crowther, Joseph J Bailey, Stef Haesen, David H Klinges, Pekka Niittynen, Brett R Scheffers, Koenraad Van Meerbeek, Peter Aartsma, Otar Abdalaze, Mehdi Abedi, Rien Aerts, Negar Ahmadian, Antje Ahrends, Juha M Alatalo, Jake M Alexander, Camille Nina Allonsius, Jan Altman, Christof Ammann, Christian Andres, Christopher Andrews, Jonas Ardö, Nicola Arriga, Alberto Arzac, Valeria Aschero, Rafael L Assis, Jakob Johann Assmann, Maaike Y Bader, Khadijeh Bahalkeh, Peter Baranok, Isabel C Barrio, Agustina Barros, Matti Barthel, Edmund W Basham, Marijn Bauters, Manuele Bazzichetto, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Michael C Bell, Juan C Benavides, José Luis Benito Alonso, Bernd J Berauer, Jarle W Bjerke, Robert G Björk, Mats P Björkman, Katrin Björnsdóttir, Benjamin Blonder, Pascal Boeckx, Julia Boike, Stef Bokhorst, Bárbara N S Brum, Josef Brna, Nina Buchmann, Pauline Buysse, José Luís Camargo, Otávio C Campoe, Onur Candan, Rafaella Canessa, Nicoletta Cannone, Michele Carbognani, Jofre Carnicer, Angélica CasanovaKatny, Simone Cesarz, Bogdan Chojnicki, Philippe Choler, Steven L Chown, Edgar F Cifuentes, Marek iliak, Tamara Contador, Peter Convey, Elisabeth J Cooper, Edoardo Cremonese, Salvatore R Curasi, Robin Curtis, Maurizio Cutini, C Johan Dahlberg, Gergana N Daskalova, Miguel Angel de Pablo, Stefano Della Chiesa, Jürgen Dengler, Bart Deronde, Patrice Descombes, Valter Di Cecco, Michele Di Musciano, Jan Dick, Romina D Dimarco, Jiri Dolezal, Ellen Dorrepaal, Jií Dušek, Nico Eisenhauer, Lars Eklundh, Todd E Erickson, Brigitta Erschbamer, Werner Eugster, Robert M Ewers, Dan A Exton, Nicolas Fanin, Fatih Fazlioglu, Iris Feigenwinter, Giuseppe Fenu, Olga Ferlian, M Rosa Fernández Calzado, Eduardo FernándezPascual, Manfred Finckh, Rebecca Finger Higgens, T'ai G W Forte, Erika C Freeman, Esther R Frei, Eduardo FuentesLillo, Rafael A García, María B García, Charly Géron, Mana Gharun, Dany Ghosn, Khatuna Gigauri, Anne Gobin, Ignacio Goded, Mathias Goeckede, Felix Gottschall, Keith Goulding, Sanne Govaert, Bente Jessen Graae, Sarah Greenwood, Caroline Greiser, Achim Grelle, Benoit Guénard, Mauro Guglielmin, Joannès Guillemot, Peter Haase, Sylvia Haider, Aud H Halbritter, Maroof Hamid, Albin Hammerle, Arndt Hampe, Siri V Haugum, Lucia Hederová, Bernard Heinesch, Carole Helfter, Daniel Hepenstrick, Maximiliane Herberich, Mathias Herbst, Luise Hermanutz, David S Hik, Raúl Hoffrén, Jürgen Homeier, Lukas Hörtnagl, Toke T Høye, Filip Hrbacek, Kristoffer Hylander, Hiroki Iwata, Marcin Antoni JackowiczKorczynski, Hervé Jactel, Järvi Järveoja, Szymon Jastrzbowski, Anke Jentsch, Juan J Jiménez, Ingibjörg S Jónsdóttir, Tommaso Jucker, Alistair S Jump, Radoslaw Juszczak, Róbert Kanka, Vít Kašpar, George Kazakis, Julia Kelly, Anzar A Khuroo, Leif Klemedtsson, Marcin Klisz, Natascha Kljun, Alexander Knohl, Johannes Kobler, Jozef Kollár, Martyna M Kotowska, Bence Kovács, Juergen Kreyling, Andrea Lamprecht, Simone I Lang, Christian Larson, Keith Larson, Kamil Laska, Guerric le Maire, Rachel I Leihy, Luc Lens, Bengt Liljebladh, Annalea Lohila, Juan Lorite, Benjamin Loubet, Joshua Lynn, Martin Macek, Roy Mackenzie, Regine Maier, Francesco Malfasi, František Máliš, Antonio Manco, Marianna Nardino, Francesco Primo Vaccari, Luca Vitale, V Magliulo, 2022-01-01 Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications. Global maps of soil temperature 20.500.14243/445619 publication 657627