{"type": "FeatureCollection", "facets": {"type": {"type": "terms", "property": "type", "buckets": [{"value": "Journal Article", "count": 28}, {"value": null, "count": 6}, {"value": "Dataset", "count": 3}, {"value": "Report", "count": 2}]}, "soil_chemical_properties": {"type": "terms", "property": "soil_chemical_properties", "buckets": [{"value": "carbon", "count": 3}, {"value": "carbon stocks", "count": 2}]}, "soil_biological_properties": {"type": "terms", "property": "soil_biological_properties", "buckets": [{"value": "soil organisms", "count": 1}]}, "soil_physical_properties": {"type": "terms", "property": "soil_physical_properties", "buckets": [{"value": "bulk density", "count": 1}]}, "soil_classification": {"type": "terms", "property": "soil_classification", "buckets": []}, "soil_functions": {"type": "terms", "property": "soil_functions", "buckets": [{"value": "ecosystem services", "count": 4}, {"value": "food security", "count": 2}, {"value": "water conservation", "count": 2}, {"value": "soil fertility", "count": 1}]}, "soil_threats": {"type": "terms", "property": "soil_threats", "buckets": [{"value": "land degradation", "count": 39}, {"value": "soil degradation", "count": 6}, {"value": "desertification", "count": 3}, {"value": "environmental degradation", "count": 1}, {"value": "soil erosion", "count": 1}]}, "soil_processes": {"type": "terms", "property": "soil_processes", "buckets": [{"value": "greenhouse gas emissions", "count": 2}, {"value": "sedimentation", "count": 1}]}, "soil_management": {"type": "terms", "property": "soil_management", "buckets": [{"value": "soil protection", "count": 1}, {"value": "soil restoration", "count": 1}]}, "ecosystem_services": {"type": "terms", "property": "ecosystem_services", "buckets": []}}, "features": [{"id": "10.1002/ldr.3080", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:14:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-07-04", "title": "A framework for scaling sustainable land management options", "description": "Abstract<p>Improvements in land use and management are needed at a global scale to tackle interconnected global challenges of population growth, poverty, migration, climate change, biodiversity loss, and degrading land and water resources. There are hundreds of technical options for improving the sustainability of land management and preventing or reversing degradation, but there are many sociocultural, institutional, economic, and policy barriers hindering their adoption at large scale. To tackle this challenge, the Dryland Systems Program of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification convened an expert group to consider barriers and incentives to scaling technologies, processes, policies, or institutional arrangements. The group reviewed existing frameworks for scaling sustainable land management (SLM) interventions across a range of contexts and identified eight critical actions for success: (a) plan iteratively; (b) consistently fund; (c) select SLM options for scaling based on best available evidence; (d) identify and engage with stakeholders at all scales; (e) build capacity for scaling; (f) foster institutional leadership and policy change to support scaling; (g) achieve early benefits and incentives for as many stakeholders as possible; and (h) monitor, evaluate, and communicate. Incentives for scaling were identified for the private sector, farmers and their communities, and policy makers. Based on these findings, a new action framework for scaling is presented that analyses the contexts where specific SLM interventions can be scaled, so that SLM options can be screened and adapted to these contexts, piloted and disseminated. The framework can help countries achieve land degradation neutrality.</p", "keywords": ["330", "incentives", "private sector", "land; management; options; scaling; sustainable; Environmental Chemistry; Development3304 Education; 2300; Soil Science", "farmers", "water resources", "01 natural sciences", "stakeholders", "case studies", "630", "12. Responsible consumption", "economic aspects", "agricultural development", "Drylands Agriculture", "11. Sustainability", "policy making", "land; management; options; scaling; sustainable", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "land degradation", "capacity building", "land management", "1. No poverty", "land use", "15. Life on land", "sustainability", "Sustainable Agriculture", "6. Clean water", "communities", "climate change", "13. Climate action", "ecosystem services", "corporate culture"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ldr.3080"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3080"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land%20Degradation%20%26amp%3B%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/ldr.3080", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/ldr.3080", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/ldr.3080"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-07-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/ldr.3424", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:14:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-09", "title": "Characterizing and evaluating the impacts of national land restoration initiatives on ecosystem services in Ethiopia", "description": "Abstract<p>Land restoration is considered to be the remedy for 21st century global challenges of land degradation. As a result, various land restoration and conservation efforts are underway at different scales. Ethiopia is one of the countries with huge investments in land restoration. Tremendous land management practices have been implemented across the country since the 1970s. However, the spatial distribution of the interventions has not been documented, and there is no systematic, quantitative evidence on whether land restoration efforts have achieved the restoration of desired ecosystem services. Therefore, we carried out a meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis of peer\uffe2\uff80\uff90reviewed scientific literature related to land restoration efforts and their impacts in Ethiopia. Results show that most of the large\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale projects have been implemented in the highlands, specifically in Tigray and Amhara regions covering about 24 agroecological zones, and land restoration impact studies are mostly focused in the highlands but restricted in about 11 agroecological zones. The highest mean effect on agricultural productivity is obtained from the combination of bunds and biological interventions followed by conservation agriculture practices with 170% and 18% increases, respectively. However, bunds alone, biological intervention alone, and terracing (fanya juu) reveal negative effects on productivity. The mean effect of all land restoration interventions on soil organic carbon is positive, the highest effect being from \uffe2\uff80\uff9cbunds + biological\uffe2\uff80\uff9d (139%) followed by exclosure (90%). Reduced soil erosion and runoff are the dominant impacts of all interventions. The results can be used to improve existing guidelines to better match land restoration options with specific desired ecosystem functions and services. Although the focus of this study was on the evaluation of the impacts of land restoration efforts on selected ecosystem services, impacts on livelihood and national socioeconomy have not been examined. Thus, strengthening socioeconomic studies at national scale to assess the sustainability of land restoration initiatives is an essential next step.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "land restoration", "land degradation", "ecological restoration", "1. No poverty", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "landscape conservation", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "ecosystem services", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3424"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land%20Degradation%20%26amp%3B%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/ldr.3424", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/ldr.3424", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/ldr.3424"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-11-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10584-012-0438-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-04T16:14:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-03-27", "title": "Carbon Sequestration Potential Of Parkland Agroforestry In The Sahel", "description": "Abstract           <p>Establishing parkland agroforestry on currently treeless cropland in the West African Sahel may help mitigate climate change. To evaluate its potential, we used climatically suitable ranges for parklands for 19 climate scenarios, derived by ecological niche modeling, for estimating potential carbon stocks in parkland and treeless cropland. A biocarbon business model was used to evaluate profitability of hypothetical Terrestrial Carbon Projects (TCPs), across a range of farm sizes, farm numbers, carbon prices and benefit sharing mechanisms. Using climate analogues, we explored potential climate change trajectories for selected locations. If mature parklands covered their maximum range, carbon stocks in Sahelian productive land would be about 1,284\uffc2\uffa0Tg, compared to 725\uffc2\uffa0Tg in a treeless scenario. Due to slow increase rates of total system carbon by 0.4\uffc2\uffa0Mg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 a\uffe2\uff88\uff921, most TCPs at carbon prices that seem realistic today were not feasible, or required the participation of large numbers of farmers. For small farms, few TCP scenarios were feasible, and low Net Present Values for farmers made it unlikely that carbon payments would motivate many to participate in TCPs, unless additional benefits were provided. Climate analogue locations indicated an uncertain climate trajectory for the Sahel, but most scenarios projected increasing aridity and reduced suitability for parklands. The potentially severe impacts of climate change on Sahelian ecosystems and the uncertain profitability of TCPs make the Sahel highly risky for carbon investments. Given the likelihood of degrading environmental conditions, the search for appropriate adaptation strategies should take precedence over promoting mitigation activities.</p>", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "Carbon accounting", "Atmospheric Science", "Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture", "Economics", "Profitability index", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "agroforestry", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Climate change mitigation", "Range (aeronautics)", "Rangeland Degradation", "Natural resource economics", "Soil water", "11. Sustainability", "Rangeland Degradation and Pastoral Livelihoods", "Carbon fibers", "Climate change", "Business", "agriculture", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Ecology", "Life Sciences", "Composite number", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Soil carbon", "Physical Sciences", "Composite material", "Atmospheric carbon cycle", "Management", " Monitoring", " Policy and Law", "Greenhouse gas", "Environmental science", "Global Forest Transition", "Agroforestry", "climate", "Biology", "Ecology", " Evolution", " Behavior and Systematics", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Soil science", "15. Life on land", "carbon sequestration", "Materials science", "Carbon dioxide", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Drivers and Impacts of Tropical Deforestation", "Finance"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0438-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Climatic%20Change", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10584-012-0438-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10584-012-0438-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10584-012-0438-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-03-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11273-014-9393-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-04T16:15:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-12-02", "title": "Grazing Intensity Levels Influence C Reservoirs Of Wet And Mesic Meadows Along A Precipitation Gradient In Northern Patagonia", "description": "Wet meadows are important ecosystems for forage production and as carbon reservoirs in semi-arid areas. In Patagonia, Argentina, large areas of wet meadows have been classified as overgrazed by livestock. The objective of this study was to determine whether long-term overgrazing has affected carbon (C) storage in plant and soil pools in wet and mesic meadows. The study occurred in Northern Patagonia, in three study sites located along a precipitation gradient. Our results indicate that long-term overgrazing reduced, on average, 35\u00a0% of the total ecosystem C pool. There was significantly lower aboveground and belowground plant production in heavily grazed compared to lightly grazed sites, 419\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0262\u00a0\u2013\u00a0128\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0110\u00a0g\u00a0m2\u00a0year\u22121 and 3796\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02622\u00a0\u2013\u00a01702\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01012\u00a0g\u00a0m2\u00a0year\u22121, respectively. Soil C concentrations were also less in heavily grazed sites (184\u00a0\u00b1\u00a098\u00a0\u2013\u00a0105\u00a0\u00b1\u00a058\u00a0g\u00a0kg\u22121 at 1\u00a0m depth, respectively). The response of meadows to long-term heavy grazing also appears to be influenced by different levels of precipitation, with sites in drier areas being apparently more susceptible to overgrazing. Our results indicate that new management and restoration practices are needed to stop and reverse meadow deterioration in degraded meadows of Northern Patagonia.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Overgrazing", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Rangeland Degradation", "13. Climate action", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6", "Carbon Storage Systems", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Patagonian Wetlands", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1", "Patagonian Meadows"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Enriquez, Andrea Soledad, Chimner, Rodney A., Cremona, Victoria, Diehl, Paula, Bonvissuto, Griselda Luz,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-014-9393-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Wetlands%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11273-014-9393-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11273-014-9393-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11273-014-9393-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-11-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2012.06.008", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-04T16:15:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-07-21", "title": "Water Erosion-Induced Co2 Emissions From Tilled And No-Tilled Soils And Sediments", "description": "Abstract   The acceleration of soil erosion by water in most regions of the world in response to the anthropogenic modification of landscapes is a serious threat to natural ecosystem functionalities because of the loss of invaluable constituents such as soil particles and organic carbon (OC). While soil OC erosion is likely to be a major component of the global C cycle, water erosion-induced CO2 emissions remain uncertain. In this study, our main objective was to compare the release of CO2 from eroded topsoils and from the sediments exported by diffuse erosion during an entire rainy season. Conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) maize treatments were considered in an attempt to set up best management practices to mitigate gaseous OC losses from agricultural soils. The study was conducted in the KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa, whereas in many other areas of the developing world, erosion is severe and crop residue scarcity is the main challenge. CO2 emissions from undisturbed 0\u20130.02\u00a0m soil samples collected within 2.25\u00a0m\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\u00a0m runoff plots and from exported sediments by water erosion, were evaluated continuously at the laboratory over a 140-day period and compared to soil OC stocks. NT significantly reduced CO2 emissions from both soils and sediments. Overall NT, which exhibited a greater carbon density than CT (17.70 vs 13.19\u00a0kg\u00a0C\u00a0m\u22123), reduced soil gaseous emissions by 4.4% (10.40 vs 10.88\u00a0g\u00a0CO2-C\u00a0m\u22122, P", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "570", "550", "Global warming", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Greenhouse gases", "13. Climate action", "Africa", "Climate change", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Land degradation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.06.008"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2012.06.008", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2012.06.008", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2012.06.008"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-04T16:15:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-03-05", "title": "Climate Change Mitigation: A Spatial Analysis Of Global Land Suitability For Clean Development Mechanism Afforestation And Reforestation", "description": "Withinthe Kyoto Protocol,the clean developmentmechanism (CDM) isan instrument intended toreducegreenhousegas emissions,while assisting developing countries in achieving sustainable development, with the multiplegoals of poverty reduction, environmental benefits and cost-effective emission reductions. The CDM allows for a small percentage of emission reduction credits to come from afforestation and reforestation (CDM-AR) projects. We conducted a global analysis of land suitability for CDM-AR carbon \u2018sink\u2019 projects and identified large amounts of land (749 Mha) as biophysically suitable and meeting the CDM-AR eligibility criteria. Forty-six percent of all the suitable areas globallywere foundin SouthAmerica and27% in Sub-SaharanAfrica. In Asia,despite thelargerland mass,relativelyless landwasavailable. In South America and Sub-Saharan Africa the majority of the suitable land was shrubland/grassland or savanna. In Asia the majority of the land was low-intensity agriculture. The sociologic and ecological analyses showed that large amounts of suitable land exhibited relatively low population densities. Many of the most marginal areas were eliminated due to high aridity, which resulted in a generally Gaussian distribution of land productivity classes. If the cap on CDM-AR were raised to compensate for a substantially greater offset of carbon emission through sink projects, this study suggests that it will be increasingly important to consider implications on local to regional food security and local community livelihoods. # 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["forests", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "clean development mechanism", "land degradation", "carbon", "1. No poverty", "land use", "trees", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "models", "climate change", "13. Climate action", "afforestation", "11. Sustainability", "reforestation", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.014", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.026", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-04T16:15:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-02-14", "title": "Overgrazing decreases soil organic carbon stocks the most under dry climates and low soil pH: A meta-analysis shows", "description": "Grasslands occupy about 40% of the world\u2019s land surface and store approximately 10% of the global soil organic carbon (SOC) stock. This SOC pool, in which a larger proportion is held in the topsoil (0\u20130.3 m), is strongly influenced by grassland management. Despite this, it is not yet fully understood how grassland SOC stocks respond to degradation, particularly for the different environmental conditions found globally. The objective of this review was to elucidate the impact of grassland degradation on changes in SOC stocks and the main environmental controls, worldwide, as a prerequisite for rehabilitation. A comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted using 55 studies with 628 soil profiles under temperate, humid, sub-humid, tropical and semi-arid conditions, to compare SOC stocks in the topsoil of non-degraded and degraded grassland soils. Grassland degradation significantly reduced SOC stocks by 16% in dry climates ( 1000 mm) and Asia was the most affected continent (\u221223.7%). Moreover, the depletion of SOC stock induced by degradation was more pronounced in sandy (<20% clay) soils with a high SOC depletion of 10% compared to 1% in clayey (\u226532% clay) soils. Furthermore, grassland degradation significantly reduced SOC by 14% in acidic soils (pH \u2264 5), while SOC changes were negligible for higher pH. Assuming that 30% of grasslands worldwide are degraded, the amount of SOC likely to be lost would be 4.05 Gt C, with a 95% confidence between 1.8 and 6.3 Gt C (i.e. from 1.2 to 4.2% of the whole grassland soil stock). These results by pointing to greater SOC losses from grasslands under dry climates and sandy acidic soils allow identification of grassland soils for which SOC stocks are the most vulnerable, while also informing on rehabilitation measures.", "keywords": ["580", "2. Zero hunger", "570", "Spatial variation", "[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]", "Climate Change", "[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "SOC stocks", "Grassland degradation", "630", "Soil", "Controlling factors", "13. Climate action", "Grasslands", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.026"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.026", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.026", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.026"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.forpol.2011.09.008", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:16:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-11-23", "title": "Cost-Benefit Analysis Of Soil And Water Conservation Measure: The Case Of Exclosures In Northern Ethiopia", "description": "Abstract   This paper is about the cost-benefit analysis of a specific soil and water conservation measure, commonly termed as \u2018 exclosures \u2019 in the case study area of this research, adopted in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia. The analysis integrated available data on on-site and off-site effects of the conservation measure. Major benefit and cost items related to this specific measure were identified, quantified, and valued. Direct market prices and variants of indirect environmental valuation techniques (cost based and productivity change methods) were employed in valuing the benefit and cost items included in the analysis. Our results indicate that establishing exclosures in degrading marginal lands generate a large positive net present value (NPV) of ETB 5620\u00a0ha \u22121 . However, putting productive agricultural land under exclosures yields a negative NPV even under some hypothetical scenarios of 50% rise in prices of forest products and a social discount rate halved from the base rate of 8%. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the net present value is quite volatile to changes in biomass production and the social discount rate. Thus, appropriate forest management schemes have to be adopted in order to maximize sustainable biomass production. Furthermore, factors such as credit constraints that affect local people's time preference should be addressed to induce local people to discount the future at lower rate.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Net present value", "Tigray", "Cost-benefit analysis", "SEDIMENT DEPOSITION", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "FOREST", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "HIGHLANDS", "Exclosures", "ECONOMIC-ANALYSIS", "Off-site effects", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "LAND DEGRADATION", "TIGRAY", "MANAGEMENT", "AFFORESTATION", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "On-site effects", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.09.008"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Policy%20and%20Economics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.forpol.2011.09.008", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.forpol.2011.09.008", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.09.008"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102504", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:16:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-05-18", "title": "Landholders' perceptions on legal reserves and agricultural intensification: Diversity and implications for forest conservation in the eastern Brazilian Amazon", "description": "Open AccessLa protecci\u00f3n de los bosques en tierras de propiedad privada es una piedra angular del marco de la pol\u00edtica ambiental brasile\u00f1a. La legislaci\u00f3n brasile\u00f1a exige que todas las fincas del pa\u00eds mantengan y protejan las \u00e1reas forestales conocidas como Reservas Legales. Dado que las Reservas Legales tienen importantes implicaciones para la protecci\u00f3n de los bosques y la producci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola, es clave que entendamos las percepciones de los propietarios de tierras hacia las Reservas Legales. Aplicamos la metodolog\u00eda Q para identificar diferentes perspectivas de los propietarios medianos y grandes sobre las Reservas Legales y su relaci\u00f3n con la intensificaci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola en el municipio de Paragominas, en la Amazon\u00eda oriental. Realizamos 31 entrevistas en las que los propietarios ordenaron 36 declaraciones en una matriz de distribuci\u00f3n casi normal. Se identificaron tres grupos de propietarios de tierras: 1) los entusiastas de la planificaci\u00f3n del uso de la tierra (n = 16) estaban interesados en iniciativas de zonificaci\u00f3n para explorar dise\u00f1os de paisajes alternativos y legislaci\u00f3n que puedan ofrecer mejores resultados de conservaci\u00f3n y producci\u00f3n; 2) los partidarios de la agricultura basada en agroqu\u00edmicos (n = 7) ten\u00edan los puntos de vista m\u00e1s cr\u00edticos contra las Reservas Legales y percib\u00edan sus costos como m\u00e1s altos que los posibles beneficios ambientales y de calidad de vida; 3) los respondedores del mercado complacientes con las pol\u00edticas (n = 4) no mostraron inter\u00e9s en las reformas de las Reservas Legales y fueron el grupo m\u00e1s impulsado por el mercado. Si bien Paragominas ha logrado \u00e9xitos notables en detener la deforestaci\u00f3n a gran escala a trav\u00e9s de un pacto social de 'Municipio Verde', abordar la persistente degradaci\u00f3n y fragmentaci\u00f3n de los bosques en la regi\u00f3n sigue siendo una prioridad clave. Las iniciativas de gobernanza local que tienen en cuenta las percepciones de m\u00faltiples partes interesadas sobre la protecci\u00f3n de los bosques pueden fomentar el di\u00e1logo y el entendimiento mutuo para conservar y restaurar eficazmente las Reservas Legales. Los conocimientos sobre las percepciones de los grandes terratenientes sobre las Reservas Legales pueden informar dichos procesos de gobernanza para conciliar la protecci\u00f3n forestal y la intensificaci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola sostenible en Paragominas.", "keywords": ["Amazonas (Brasil)", "Economics", "FOS: Political science", "SAO-FELIX", "Social Sciences", "NEEDS", "01 natural sciences", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Reservas Forestales", "Natural resource economics", "conservation des for\u00eats", "FRONTIER", "Stakeholder", "11. Sustainability", "Business", "Environmental resource management", "intensification", "Political science", "Legal Reserve", "Environmental planning", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Forest Reserves", "Corporate governance", "Geography", "Ecology", "[SDV.SA.AEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture", " economy and politics", "Forest protection", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "Amazonas (Brazil)", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Brazilian Amazon", "LAND CONFLICT", "STATE", "Land Tenure and Property Rights in Agriculture", "Management", "Programming language", "Economics", " Econometrics and Finance", "Archaeology", "Physical Sciences", "d\u00e9boisement", "Biodiversity Conservation", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "Forest Protection", "Forest conservation", "Economics and Econometrics", "propri\u00e9taire foncier", "Conservaci\u00f3n de la Diversidad Biol\u00f3gica", "Amazon rainforest", "Legislation", "Discrete Choice Models in Economics and Health Care", "Soil Science", "FOS: Law", "12. Responsible consumption", "Farmer perceptions", "SYSTEMS", "politique de l'environnement", "Agroforestry", "Biology", "Legal Pluralism", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Protecci\u00f3n Forestal", "Agricultural intensification", "15. Life on land", "Computer science", "Q methodology", "Deforestation (computer science)", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "r\u00e9serve foresti\u00e8re", "r\u00e9serve naturelle", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats", "BIODIVERSITY", "DEFORESTATION", "Drivers and Impacts of Tropical Deforestation", "Law", "Finance"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102504"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Policy%20and%20Economics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102504", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102504", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102504"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.11.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:16:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-01-21", "title": "Reorienting Land Degradation Towards Sustainable Land Management: Linking Sustainable Livelihoods With Ecosystem Services In Rangeland Systems", "description": "This paper identifies new ways of moving from land degradation towards sustainable land management through the development of economic mechanisms. It identifies new mechanisms to tackle land degradation based on retaining critical levels of natural capital whilst basing livelihoods on a wider range of ecosystem services. This is achieved through a case study analysis of the Kalahari rangelands in southwest Botswana. The paper first describes the socio-economic and ecological characteristics of the Kalahari rangelands and the types of land degradation taking place. It then focuses on bush encroachment as a way of exploring new economic instruments (e.g. Payments for Ecosystem Services) designed to enhance the flow of ecosystem services that support livelihoods in rangeland systems. It does this by evaluating the likely impacts of bush encroachment, one of the key forms of rangeland degradation, on a range of ecosystem services in three land tenure types (private fenced ranches, communal grazing areas and Wildlife Management Areas), before considering options for more sustainable land management in these systems. We argue that with adequate policy support, economic mechanisms could help reorient degraded rangelands towards more sustainable land management.", "keywords": ["Payments for ecosystem services", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "Environmental Engineering", "Botswana", "Economics of land degradation", "Agriculture", "Management", " Monitoring", " Policy and Law", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "CAH26-01-02 - physical geographical sciences", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Animals", "Humans", "Land degradation", "Bush encroachment", "CAH13-01-03 - landscape design", "Waste Management and Disposal", "Desertification", "Ecosystem", "Land policy", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/86067/1/Reed%20et%20al%20%282015%29%20Reorienting%20land%20degradation%20towards%20sustainable%20land%20management%20JEM%20%282%29.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.11.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.11.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.11.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.11.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.341", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Restricted", "updated": "2026-04-04T16:16:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-02-20", "title": "An overview of microplastic and nanoplastic pollution in agroecosystems", "description": "Microplastics and nanoplastics are emerging pollutants of global importance. They are small enough to be ingested by a wide range of organisms and at nano-scale, they may cross some biological barriers. However, our understanding of their ecological impact on the terrestrial environment is limited. Plastic particle loading in agroecosystems could be high due to inputs of some recycled organic waste and plastic film mulching, so it is vital that we develop a greater understanding of any potentially harmful or adverse impacts of these pollutants to agroecosystems. In this article, we discuss the sources of plastic particles in agroecosystems, the mechanisms, constraints and dynamic behaviour of plastic during aging on land, and explore the responses of soil organisms and plants at different levels of biological organisation to plastic particles of micro and nano-scale. Based on limited evidence at this point and understanding that the lack of evidence of ecological impact from microplastic and nanoplastic in agroecosystems does not equate to the evidence of absence, we propose considerations for addressing the gaps in knowledge so that we can adequately safeguard world food supply.", "keywords": ["Plastic degradation", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Agriculture", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "Ecotoxicology", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil food web", "13. Climate action", "Plant response", "Soils", "Soil Pollutants", "Plastics", "Ecosystem", "Environmental Monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.341"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.341", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.341", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.341"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.4384692", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-04T16:23:50Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Soil organic carbon stocks and trends (1984-2019) predicted at 30m spatial resolution for topsoil in natural areas of South Africa", "description": "Link to scientific publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145384 Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks (kg C m-2) are predicted over natural areas (excluding water, urban, and cultivated) of South Africa using a machine learning workflow driven by optical satellite data and other ancillary climatic, morphometric and biological covariates. The temporal scope covers 1984-2019. The spatial scope covers 0-30cm topsoil in South Africa natural land area (84% of the country). See methodology in linked publication for details. Data are provided here at 30m spatial resolution in GeoTIFF files. There is a dataset for the long-term average SOC and trend in SOC. Each dataset is split into four files (suffix *_1, *_2 etc.) covering separate regions of South Africa for ease of download. The raster files are: 'SOC_mean_30m...' - average of annual SOC predictions between 1984 and 2019. Values are expressed in kg C m-2 'SOC_trend_30m...' - long-term trend in SOC derived from the Sens slope (M) across annual SOC values between 1984 and 2019. Pixel values (Y) are expressed as a percentage change over the 35 years relative to the long-term mean (X). Y = M / X * 100 * 35 years NB: All files are scaled by *100 and converted to floating data point to save space. To back-convert to original values, simply divide the raster values by 100.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "carbon stocks", "remote sensing", "13. Climate action", "land degradation", "spatial prediction", "15. Life on land", "soil carbon", "carbon sequestration", "natural climate solutions", "soil mapping"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Venter, Zander S, Hawkins, Heidi-Jayne, Cramer, Michael D, Mills, Anthony J,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4384692"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.4384692", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.4384692", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.4384692"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-12-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/15324980601074545", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-12-29", "title": "Contour Hedgerows And Grass Strips In Erosion And Runoff Control On Sloping Land In Semi-Arid Kenya", "description": "Most early alley cropping studies in semi-arid Kenya were on fairly flat land while there is an increase in cultivated sloping land. The effectiveness of aging contour hedgerows and grass strips for erosion control on an about 15% slope of an Alfisol was compared. The five treatments were Senna siamea hedgerows with tree prunings applied as mulch to crops (H\u00a0+\u00a0M), hedgerows with crops with prunings removed (H), mulch only applied to crops (M), crops with Panicum maximum grass strips (G), and a sole crop control of a rotation of maize (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Cumulative results for four consecutive seasons showed that most successful treatment H\u00a0+\u00a0M reduced soil loss from just over 100 to only 2\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 (or t\u00a0ha\u22121) and runoff from just below 100 to 20\u00a0mm as compared to the sole crop control C. Grass strips were less effective (15\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 and 46\u00a0mm, respectively). Cumulative maize yields (1993\u20131995) were reduced by 35% in H\u00a0+\u00a0M, 55% in H, and by more than 60% in G. Generally, the M plot pr...", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Soil protection", "Water conservation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Resource competition", "01 natural sciences", "Maize", "Senna siamea", "Cowpea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Land degradation", "Agroforestry", "Panicum maximum"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Kinama, J.M., Stigter, C.J., Ong, C.K., Ng'ang'a, J.K., Gichuki, F.N.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15324980601074545"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Arid%20Land%20Research%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/15324980601074545", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/15324980601074545", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/15324980601074545"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/21683565.2014.917144", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-05-02", "title": "Organic And Clay-Based Soil Amendments Increase Maize Yield, Total Nutrient Uptake, And Soil Properties In Lao Pdr", "description": "In the Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic (PDR), increasing food security remains a challenge since smallholder agricultural systems, which are the main source of food production, are under serious threat due to poor soil fertility and climate variability. This study was undertaken in Lao PDR to investigate the impacts of organic and clay-based soil amendments on maize yield, total nutrient uptake, and soil properties. Structured field experiments were established over two consecutive years (2011 and 2012) with maize as the test crop at the Veunkham and Naphok sites. Ten treatments were applied in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were control, rice husk biochar (applied at a rate of 10 t ha\u22121), bentonite clay (10 t ha\u22121), compost (4 t ha\u22121), clay-manure compost (10 t ha\u22121), rice husk biochar compost (10 t ha\u22121), and their combinations. All treatments were applied in 2011. Significant (p < 0.05) treatment effects in maize grain yields, total nutrient uptake, and soil...", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "bentonite", "land degradation", "enmiendas org\u00e1nicas", "rice husks", "bentonita", "cascarilla de arroz", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "organic amendments", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "degradaci\u00f3n de tierras", "development"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Mekuria, Wolde M., Noble, A.D., Sengtaheuanghoung, Oloth, Hoanh, Chu Thai, Bossio, Deborah A., Sipaseuth, Nivong, McCartney, Matthew P., Lagan, Simon,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2014.917144"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroecology%20and%20Sustainable%20Food%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/21683565.2014.917144", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/21683565.2014.917144", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/21683565.2014.917144"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-08-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1477-8947.2011.01438.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:19:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-03-01", "title": "Challenging Established Narratives On Soil Erosion And Shifting Cultivation In Laos", "description": "Abstract<p>The official environmental discourse in Laos describes a \uffe2\uff80\uff9cchain of degradation\uffe2\uff80\uff9d stretching from upland shifting cultivation, increased runoff and soil erosion to the siltation of wetlands and reservoirs. This perspective has had wide\uffe2\uff80\uff90ranging impacts on rural development policy which, in the uplands, has long favoured forest conservation over agriculture. Integrating soil erosion and water sediment data with local perceptions of land degradation in an upland village of northern Laos, this study tests the validity of the official environmental discourse. Biophysical measurements made in a small agricultural catchment indicate a significant correlation between the spatial extent of cultivation and soil erosion rates. However, sediment yields recorded at the outlet of the catchment highlight relatively low levels of off\uffe2\uff80\uff90site sediment exportation. Furthermore, farmers' perceptions suggest that local land degradation issues and crop yield declines could be less related to soil erosion than to agricultural land shortage, increased weed competition, and fertility losses resulting from the intensification of shifting cultivation. The study concludes that a better understanding and management of land degradation issues can be achieved by developing more inclusive and scientifically\uffe2\uff80\uff90informed approaches to environmental perceptions and narratives.</p>", "keywords": ["http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24420", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7170", "SOL CULTIVE", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "culture itin\u00e9rante", "\u00e9rosion", "SEDIMENT", "POLITIQUE AGRICOLE", "SYSTEME DE REPRESENTATIONS", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_12076", "conservation des for\u00eats", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3062", "for\u00eat", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1374158672853", "DEGRADATION DU SOL", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7165", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2651", "intensification", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34823", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7168", "2. Zero hunger", "P36 - \u00c9rosion", " conservation et r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration des sols", "AGRICULTEUR", "15. Life on land", "VILLAGE", "ruissellement", "6. Clean water", "JACHERE", "BASSIN VERSANT", "fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7038", "d\u00e9gradation du sol", "13. Climate action", "conservation des sols", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35388", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_33485", "d\u00e9gradation des terres", "EROSION HYDRIQUE", "impact sur l'environnement", "ROTATION DES CULTURES", "ZONE DE MONTAGNE"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2011.01438.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Natural%20Resources%20Forum", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1477-8947.2011.01438.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1477-8947.2011.01438.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2011.01438.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1186/s13570-014-0018-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-04T16:19:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-11-24", "title": "Control Of Bush Encroachment In Borana Zone Of Southern Ethiopia: Effects Of Different Control Techniques On Rangeland Vegetation And Tick Populations", "description": "Open AccessA study on effects of bush encroachment control techniques on rangeland productivity and tick population dynamics was conducted in Arero district of Borana zone, southern Ethiopia, for three consecutive years. The study targeted two main and dominant encroaching bush species in Borana rangeland, Acacia drepanolobium and Acacia mellifera, and their effects on some vegetation attributes and tick population dynamics. A hectare of rangeland encroached by these two acacia species was replicated/divided into three plots, and each plot was subdivided into five sub-plots to receive five treatments: cutting at 0.5 m above ground and pouring kerosene on stumps (T1), cutting at 0.5 m above ground and debarking the stumps down into the soil surface (T2), cutting at 0.5 m above ground alone (T3), cutting at 0.5 m above ground and dissecting the stumps (T4) and control (T5). Data on basal and litter covers, soil erosion and compaction, dead and re-sprouted encroaching tree/shrub species and nymph- and adult-stage tick populations were collected before and after treatment applications. The applied treatments significantly influenced (p < 0.05) basal cover, nymph- and adult-stage tick population and the two encroaching tree species. The results of this study showed that T3 and T2 were good in controlling A. drepanolobium in that order. T4 and T2 had a significant effect in controlling A. mellifera in their order. Controlling bush encroachment had also a positive effect in eradicating the tick population. The most dominant grass and non-grass species observed after the control actions were Cenchrus ciliaris, Chrysopogon aucheri, Abutilon hirtum, Pennisetum mezianum, Dyschoriste hildebrandtii, Zaleya pentandra and Eragrostis papposa. Therefore, controlling encroaching tree/shrub species had created a conducive grazing area with palatable herbaceous species for the livestock and unequivocally reduced tick population which play a role in reducing cattle milk production through closing off teats. The management of bush encroachment, if sustained, will contribute in stabilizing rangelands and help minimize the negative effects of feed and food crises in the future.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Population", "Lantana", "Management", " Monitoring", " Policy and Law", "01 natural sciences", "Basal area", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Rangeland Degradation", "Sociology", "Agroforestry Systems and Biodiversity Enhancement", "Rangeland Degradation and Pastoral Livelihoods", "Pathology", "Agroforestry", "Biology", "Demography", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Ecology", "Life Sciences", "Forestry", "Factors Affecting Sagebrush Ecosystems and Wildlife Conservation", "15. Life on land", "Agronomy", "6. Clean water", "FOS: Sociology", "Shrub", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Medicine", "Rangeland", "Vegetation (pathology)", "Tick"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Bikila Negasa, Bedasa Eba, Samuel Tuffa, Barecha Bayissa, Jaldesa Doyo, N. Van Husen,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-014-0018-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Pastoralism", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1186/s13570-014-0018-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1186/s13570-014-0018-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1186/s13570-014-0018-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-11-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1553/giscience2021_01_s104", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-06-30", "title": "Mapping Nitrogen from Satellite Data to Improve Soil Quality - A Worked Example", "description": "Soils are complex ecosystems. They play a key role in providing sustainable life on Earth, meeting the needs of humans and regulating several environmental processes. The United Nation's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the related 17 Goals include a commitment to the preservation of soil quality. However, the adopted indicators lack the measurement of a key nutrient: nitrogen. The aim of this paper is to call for the integration of two nitrogen indexes to measure soil quality and to present a worked example of geospatial technologies applied to nitrogen monitoring, aiding in farmland management and decision-making. Due to their inherent time/location precision, remote sensing data can provide insight in predicting the impact of agricultural practices and optimise their application.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrogen", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Land degradation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Soil quality", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Iodice, F., D'Acunto, F., Bigagli, L.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.cnr.it/bitstream/20.500.14243/402889/1/A13_2101_BPP_Iodice.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1553/giscience2021_01_s104"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GI_Forum", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1553/giscience2021_01_s104", "name": "item", "description": "10.1553/giscience2021_01_s104", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1553/giscience2021_01_s104"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10568/97603", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:25:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-07-04", "title": "A framework for scaling sustainable land management options", "description": "Abstract<p>Improvements in land use and management are needed at a global scale to tackle interconnected global challenges of population growth, poverty, migration, climate change, biodiversity loss, and degrading land and water resources. There are hundreds of technical options for improving the sustainability of land management and preventing or reversing degradation, but there are many sociocultural, institutional, economic, and policy barriers hindering their adoption at large scale. To tackle this challenge, the Dryland Systems Program of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification convened an expert group to consider barriers and incentives to scaling technologies, processes, policies, or institutional arrangements. The group reviewed existing frameworks for scaling sustainable land management (SLM) interventions across a range of contexts and identified eight critical actions for success: (a) plan iteratively; (b) consistently fund; (c) select SLM options for scaling based on best available evidence; (d) identify and engage with stakeholders at all scales; (e) build capacity for scaling; (f) foster institutional leadership and policy change to support scaling; (g) achieve early benefits and incentives for as many stakeholders as possible; and (h) monitor, evaluate, and communicate. Incentives for scaling were identified for the private sector, farmers and their communities, and policy makers. Based on these findings, a new action framework for scaling is presented that analyses the contexts where specific SLM interventions can be scaled, so that SLM options can be screened and adapted to these contexts, piloted and disseminated. The framework can help countries achieve land degradation neutrality.</p", "keywords": ["330", "incentives", "private sector", "farmers", "water resources", "01 natural sciences", "stakeholders", "case studies", "630", "12. Responsible consumption", "economic aspects", "agricultural development", "Drylands Agriculture", "11. Sustainability", "policy making", "land; management; options; scaling; sustainable", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "land degradation", "capacity building", "land management", "1. No poverty", "land use", "15. Life on land", "sustainability", "Sustainable Agriculture", "6. Clean water", "communities", "climate change", "13. Climate action", "ecosystem services", "corporate culture"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ldr.3080"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10568/97603"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land%20Degradation%20%26amp%3B%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10568/97603", "name": "item", "description": "10568/97603", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10568/97603"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-07-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/rs15071766", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:21:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-03-27", "title": "Monitoring of Land Degradation in Greece and Tunisia Using Trends.Earth with a Focus on Cereal Croplands", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Land degradation (LD) processes are widespread in drylands worldwide and are accelerated by climate change. As a result, food security and livelihoods are at risk. Thus, there is a need to monitor LD trends, especially in agricultural areas. Mediterranean countries, including Tunisia and Greece, are concerned due to the presence of drivers and pressures causing land degradation. Through the Trends.Earth plugin, the SDG 15.3.1 indicator can be implemented to map LD status. In this study, we mapped LD in Greece and Tunisia for the recommended baseline period of 2001\u20132015 and the selected reporting period of 2016\u20132020. The land productivity was assessed within Trends.Earth using the MODIS MOD13Q1 product, while the default datasets were used for the other sub-indicators. The main findings are: (i) the percentage of degraded land decreased from the baseline to the reporting period from 4.83% to 2.62% of total area in Greece and 9.97% to 6.26% in Tunisia\u2014degradation rates that differ from those reported to the UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification) by the respective national authorities; (ii) the dominant land condition in Greece was improved, while in Tunisia, it was stable; (iii) land productivity presented a similar trend through the SDG 15.3.1 indicator over both countries, including the net land productivity dynamics over croplands; (iv) based on analysis using plant functional types performed with MODIS MCD12Q1, the highest portion of degraded land in Greece was located in grasslands and in Tunisia in cereal croplands (after desert areas); and (v) with a focus on LD over cereal croplands, the portion of degraded areas appeared to decrease in both Greece and Tunisia. The percentage was higher in Tunisia, representing 16.52% of the total degraded land during the reporting period compared to 10.83% in Greece. All the above stress the need to foster the adoption of sustainable land management practices, especially in Tunisia, and speed up the implementation of measures to achieve LD neutrality.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "land degradation", "Science", "Q", "1. No poverty", "SDG 15.3.1 indicator", "food security", "15. Life on land", "land degradation; land productivity; Trends.Earth; SDG 15.3.1 indicator; food security", "Trends.Earth", "land productivity", "12. Responsible consumption", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1766/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1766/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071766"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs15071766", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs15071766", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs15071766"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-03-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3897/soils4europe.e119137", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:21:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-05-30", "title": "Preliminary assessment of the knowledge gaps to reduce land degradation in Europe", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p/></article>", "keywords": ["Europe", "Knowledge gaps", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Land degradation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3897/soils4europe.e119137"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soils%20for%20Europe", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3897/soils4europe.e119137", "name": "item", "description": "10.3897/soils4europe.e119137", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3897/soils4europe.e119137"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-05-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.4995/cigeo2021.2021.12729", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:21:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-10-11", "title": "Methodological proposal for the identification of marginal lands with remote sensing-derived products and ancillary data", "description": "<p>The concept of marginal land (ML) is dynamic and depends on various factors related to the environment, climate, scale,culture, and economic sector. The current methods for identifying ML are diverse, they employ multiple parameters andvariables derived from land use and land cover, and mostly reflect specific management purposes. A methodologicalapproach for the identification of marginal lands using remote sensing and ancillary data products and validated on samplesfrom four European countries (i.e., Germany, Spain, Greece, and Poland) is presented in this paper. The methodologyproposed combines land use and land cover data sets as excluding indicators (forest, croplands, protected areas,impervious areas, land-use change, water bodies, and permanent snow areas) and environmental constraints informationas marginality indicators: (i) physical soil properties, in terms of slope gradient, erosion, soil depth, soil texture, percentageof coarse soil texture fragments, etc.; (ii) climatic factors e.g. aridity index; (iii) chemical soil properties, including soil pH,cation exchange capacity, contaminants, and toxicity, among others. This provides a common vision of marginality thatintegrates a multidisciplinary approach. To determine the ML, we first analyzed the excluding indicators used to delimit theareas with defined land use. Then, thresholds were determined for each marginality indicator through which the landproductivity progressively decreases. Finally, the marginality indicator layers were combined in Google Earth Engine. Theresult was categorized into 3 levels of productivity of ML: high productivity, low productivity, and potentially unsuitable land.The results obtained indicate that the percentage of marginal land per country is 11.64% in Germany, 19.96% in Spain,18.76% in Greece, and 7.18% in Poland. The overall accuracies obtained per country were 60.61% for Germany, 88.87%for Spain, 71.52% for Greece, and 90.97% for Poland.</p>", "keywords": ["Cartography", "Land cover", "Cultural Heritage", "Cobertura de suelo", "3D Modelling", "11. Sustainability", "Teledetecci\u00f3n", "Environmental applications", "Uso de suelo", "2. Zero hunger", "Earth observation", "Tierra abandonada", "Remote sensing", "15. Life on land", "GIS", "SIG", "Geophysics", "Idle land", "13. Climate action", "Degradaci\u00f3n del suelo", "Land use", "Land degradation", "land use", " land cover", " idle land", " land degradation", " GIS", " remote sensing", " Google Earth Engine", "Geocomputing", "Google Earth Engine", "Geodesy"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.4995/cigeo2021.2021.12729"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proceedings%20-%203rd%20Congress%20in%20Geomatics%20Engineering%20-%20CIGeo", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.4995/cigeo2021.2021.12729", "name": "item", "description": "10.4995/cigeo2021.2021.12729", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.4995/cigeo2021.2021.12729"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-07-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.13344462", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:22:46Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Deliverable D3.1_Protocol to assess land degradation (SOIL O-LIVE_HORIZON EUROPE ID 101091255)", "description": "D3.1: A protocol to assess soil and land degradation at farm and landscape level (UNIROMA3, UNIBASEL, ELGO-D, UNIPA, NSA-M, UAG, UJA, HMU). (T3.1)", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "land degradation", "D3.1", "protocol", "15. Life on land", "soil o-live", "olive grove"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Roma Tre University", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13344462"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.13344462", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.13344462", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.13344462"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-08-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14973166", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:23:16Z", "type": "Report", "title": "The increasing threat of desertification to Europe", "description": "The rising threat of desertification, likely to be exacerbated by increasing climatic and anthropogenic drivers in the future, requires immediate and comprehensive action. In the EU, efforts to address desertification have traditionally been plagued by the absence of a centralised EU-level strategy. Policies which do tackle desertification in some form, and to a certain extent, are often sectoral and fragmented in nature.\u00a0   Nonetheless, the EU council\u2019s recent adoption of conclusion to address the challenges brought upon by land degradation and desertification signals an increasing recognition of the need to take action. Revised and new policies, for instance the Common Agricultural Policy and Nature Restoration Law respectively, provide opportunities to combat the drivers and impacts of desertification. However, a lack of binding targets and continued absence of cohesion between policies reflects the distance policies still need to travel in order to combat desertification comprehensively in Europe.", "keywords": ["Land degradation", "Desertification"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Kam, Hermann, Muro, Melanie,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14973166"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14973166", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14973166", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14973166"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-03-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.7910/DVN/FA3ZJS", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-04T16:24:56Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2016-11-30", "title": "Pilot Project Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN), Namibia: Establishment of a baseline for land degradation in the region of Otjozondjupa", "description": "Soil and vegetation data collected to develop LDN baselines in Otjozondjupa region of Namibia. The baselines include: land cover change, land productivity, soil organic carbon, and bush encroachment.", "keywords": ["SDG 15.3", "Land cover", "sustainable development", "UNCCD", "Land degradation neutrality", "Agricultural Sciences", "land degradation", "carbon", "Soil Carbon", "Namibia", "Carbon", "soil", "Soil", "land cover", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Sustainable development", "Africa", "Soils", "Land degradation", "degradaci\u00f3n de tierras", "desarrollo sostenible", "Otjozondjupa"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Nijbroek, Ravic, Mutua, John, S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, Mats, Piikki, Kristin, Kempen, Bas, Hengari, Simeon,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/FA3ZJS"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.7910/DVN/FA3ZJS", "name": "item", "description": "10.7910/DVN/FA3ZJS", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.7910/DVN/FA3ZJS"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.7910/DVN/XZIRK0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:24:57Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Baselines for land degradation neutrality indicators in the Omusati region, Namibia", "description": "This data was collected to develop baselines for three Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) indicators: land use and land cover change (LUC) for the period 2001-2017, soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks for 2017 and bush density for 2017 as a baseline for bush encroachment in Omusati region, Namibia.", "keywords": ["SDG 15.3", "Land cover", "sustainable development", "UNCCD", "Land degradation neutrality", "Agricultural Sciences", "land degradation", "carbon", "Namibia", "Soil carbon", "Carbon", "soil", "Soil", "land cover", "Omusati", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Sustainable development", "Africa", "Bush density", "Land degradation", "Agroecosystems and Sustainable Landscapes - ASL"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Hengari, Simeon, Angombe, Simon, Katjioungua, Georgina, Fabiano, Ezequiel, Zauisomue, Erlich, Nakashona, Natalia, Ipinge, Selma, Andreas, Amon, Muhoko, Edward, Emvula, Emerit, Mutua, John, Kempen, Bas, Nijbroek, Ravic,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/XZIRK0"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.7910/DVN/XZIRK0", "name": "item", "description": "10.7910/DVN/XZIRK0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.7910/DVN/XZIRK0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1983/ab17d5ff-3657-42df-84a6-4ab038c16f20", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:25:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-10-22", "title": "Which practices co\u2010deliver food security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and combat land degradation and desertification?", "description": "Abstract<p>There is a clear need for transformative change in the land management and food production sectors to address the global land challenges of climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, combatting land degradation and desertification, and delivering food security (referred to hereafter as \uffe2\uff80\uff9cland challenges\uffe2\uff80\uff9d). We assess the potential for 40 practices to address these land challenges and find that: Nine options deliver medium to large benefits for all four land challenges. A further two options have no global estimates for adaptation, but have medium to large benefits for all other land challenges. Five options have large mitigation potential (&gt;3\uffc2\uffa0Gt CO2eq/year) without adverse impacts on the other land challenges. Five options have moderate mitigation potential, with no adverse impacts on the other land challenges. Sixteen practices have large adaptation potential (&gt;25 million people benefit), without adverse side effects on other land challenges. Most practices can be applied without competing for available land. However, seven options could result in competition for land. A large number of practices do not require dedicated land, including several land management options, all value chain options, and all risk management options. Four options could greatly increase competition for land if applied at a large scale, though the impact is scale and context specific, highlighting the need for safeguards to ensure that expansion of land for mitigation does not impact natural systems and food security. A number of practices, such as increased food productivity, dietary change and reduced food loss and waste, can reduce demand for land conversion, thereby potentially freeing\uffe2\uff80\uff90up land and creating opportunities for enhanced implementation of other practices, making them important components of portfolios of practices to address the combined land challenges.</p", "keywords": ["773901", "Invited Primary Research Article", "550", "QH301 Biology", "Acclimatization", "demand management", "TROPICAL FORESTS", "adaptation; adverse side effects; co-benefits; demand management; desertification; food security; land degradation; land management; mitigation; practice; risk management", "ECOSYSTEM SERVICES", "adaptation", "01 natural sciences", "Food Supply", "NE/M021327/1", "PRACTICE", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.5", "11. Sustainability", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "776810", "LAND MANAGEMENT", "ADVERSE SIDE EFFECTS", "ADAPTATION", "SDG 15 - Life on Land", "General Environmental Science", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Ecology", "DESERTIFICATION", "land degradation", "FOOD SECURITY", "NEGATIVE EMISSIONS", "1. No poverty", "URBAN SPRAWL", "Agriculture", "desertification", "practice", "LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT", "[SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment", "LAND DEGRADATION", "LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS", "adverse side effects", "FEDERAL CROP INSURANCE", "environment", "GE Environmental Sciences", "European Research Council", "RISK MANAGEMENT", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION", "330", "Climate Change", "GREENHOUSE-GAS MITIGATION", "MITIGATION", "risk management", "DEMAND MANAGEMENT", "12. Responsible consumption", "EP/M013200/1", "mitigation", "ORGANIC-CARBON", "[SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "co-benefits", "Environmental Chemistry", "774378", "SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy", "SDG 2 - Zero Hunger", "European Commission", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "ddc:550", "Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)", "land management", "food security", "15. Life on land", "Earth sciences", "CO-BENEFITS", "Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)", "13. Climate action", "adverse side-effects", "Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)", "774124", "BB/N013484/1", "SDG 12 - Responsible Consumption and Production"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/962658/2/Global%20Change%20Biology%20-%202019%20-%20Smith%20-%20Which%20practices%20co%e2%80%90deliver%20food%20security%20%20climate%20change%20mitigation%20and%20adaptation%20.pdf"}, {"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.14878"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/1983/ab17d5ff-3657-42df-84a6-4ab038c16f20"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1983/ab17d5ff-3657-42df-84a6-4ab038c16f20", "name": "item", "description": "1983/ab17d5ff-3657-42df-84a6-4ab038c16f20", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1983/ab17d5ff-3657-42df-84a6-4ab038c16f20"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-12-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "11590/469733", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:25:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-02-26", "title": "A 1 billion euro mission: A Soil Deal for Europe", "description": "Abstract                   <p>Soils have achieved prominence in the political agenda of the European Commission with the proposal for a Soil Monitoring Law and the ambitious Soil Mission research framework. The EU Soil Observatory (EUSO) used the latest state\uffe2\uff80\uff90of\uffe2\uff80\uff90the\uffe2\uff80\uff90art pan\uffe2\uff80\uff90European datasets to propose a preliminary assessment of soil health in the EU based on 18 soil degradation proxy indicators. The body of knowledge will soon be enriched thanks to the investment of 1\uffe2\uff80\uff89billion euros towards the Mission \uffe2\uff80\uff98A Soil Deal for Europe\uffe2\uff80\uff99, which has the ambition to promote the development of new harmonized bottom\uffe2\uff80\uff90up and top\uffe2\uff80\uff90down soil health indicators. New data and knowledge are also anticipated through the national soil monitoring schemes to support the implementation of the Soil Monitoring Law. We present the Soil Mission roadmap towards assessing and achieving soil health in the EU by 2030 to meet Green Deal objectives. We introduce the EUSO Soil Health Dashboard, a soil degradation indicator tool using soil health indicators developed by the European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC) (2012\uffe2\uff80\uff932023) that will contribute to Soil Monitoring Law assessments.</p", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil health", "13. Climate action", "land degradation", "soil monitoring law", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "land degradation; soil health; soil mission; soil monitoring law", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "soil mission", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/11590/469733"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "11590/469733", "name": "item", "description": "11590/469733", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/11590/469733"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "11590/484290", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:25:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-05-08", "title": "A unifying modelling of multiple land degradation pathways in Europe", "description": "Abstract<p>Land degradation is a complex socio-environmental threat, which generally occurs as multiple concurrent pathways that remain largely unexplored in Europe. Here we present an unprecedented analysis of land multi-degradation in 40 continental countries, using twelve dataset-based processes that were modelled as land degradation convergence and combination pathways in Europe\uffe2\uff80\uff99s agricultural (and arable) environments. Using a Land Multi-degradation Index, we find that up to 27%, 35% and 22% of continental agricultural (~2 million km2) and arable (~1.1 million km2) lands are currently threatened by one, two, and three drivers of degradation, while 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9311% of pan-European agricultural/arable landscapes are cumulatively affected by four and at least five concurrent processes. We also explore the complex pattern of spatially interacting processes, emphasizing the major combinations of land degradation pathways across continental and national boundaries. Our results will enable policymakers to develop knowledge-based strategies for land degradation mitigation and other critical European sustainable development goals.</p", "keywords": ["Degradation (telecommunications)", "Soil Degradation", "Science", "Soil Science", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental protection", "Article", "Environmental science", "12. Responsible consumption", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Agricultural land", "Sustainable development", "11. Sustainability", "Arable land", "Environmental resource management", "Biology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Global Analysis of Ecosystem Services and Land Use", "Geography", "Ecology", "Q", "1. No poverty", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Computer science", "Soil Erosion and Agricultural Sustainability", "Land Tenure and Property Rights in Agriculture", "Threatened species", "Environmental degradation", "Habitat", "Archaeology", "Land Fragmentation", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Land use", "Telecommunications", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Land degradation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/11590/484290"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Communications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "11590/484290", "name": "item", "description": "11590/484290", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/11590/484290"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-05-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "20.500.12123/10635", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-04T16:25:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-05-18", "title": "Landholders' perceptions on legal reserves and agricultural intensification: Diversity and implications for forest conservation in the eastern Brazilian Amazon", "description": "Open AccessLa protecci\u00f3n de los bosques en tierras de propiedad privada es una piedra angular del marco de la pol\u00edtica ambiental brasile\u00f1a. La legislaci\u00f3n brasile\u00f1a exige que todas las fincas del pa\u00eds mantengan y protejan las \u00e1reas forestales conocidas como Reservas Legales. Dado que las Reservas Legales tienen importantes implicaciones para la protecci\u00f3n de los bosques y la producci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola, es clave que entendamos las percepciones de los propietarios de tierras hacia las Reservas Legales. Aplicamos la metodolog\u00eda Q para identificar diferentes perspectivas de los propietarios medianos y grandes sobre las Reservas Legales y su relaci\u00f3n con la intensificaci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola en el municipio de Paragominas, en la Amazon\u00eda oriental. Realizamos 31 entrevistas en las que los propietarios ordenaron 36 declaraciones en una matriz de distribuci\u00f3n casi normal. Se identificaron tres grupos de propietarios de tierras: 1) los entusiastas de la planificaci\u00f3n del uso de la tierra (n = 16) estaban interesados en iniciativas de zonificaci\u00f3n para explorar dise\u00f1os de paisajes alternativos y legislaci\u00f3n que puedan ofrecer mejores resultados de conservaci\u00f3n y producci\u00f3n; 2) los partidarios de la agricultura basada en agroqu\u00edmicos (n = 7) ten\u00edan los puntos de vista m\u00e1s cr\u00edticos contra las Reservas Legales y percib\u00edan sus costos como m\u00e1s altos que los posibles beneficios ambientales y de calidad de vida; 3) los respondedores del mercado complacientes con las pol\u00edticas (n = 4) no mostraron inter\u00e9s en las reformas de las Reservas Legales y fueron el grupo m\u00e1s impulsado por el mercado. Si bien Paragominas ha logrado \u00e9xitos notables en detener la deforestaci\u00f3n a gran escala a trav\u00e9s de un pacto social de 'Municipio Verde', abordar la persistente degradaci\u00f3n y fragmentaci\u00f3n de los bosques en la regi\u00f3n sigue siendo una prioridad clave. Las iniciativas de gobernanza local que tienen en cuenta las percepciones de m\u00faltiples partes interesadas sobre la protecci\u00f3n de los bosques pueden fomentar el di\u00e1logo y el entendimiento mutuo para conservar y restaurar eficazmente las Reservas Legales. Los conocimientos sobre las percepciones de los grandes terratenientes sobre las Reservas Legales pueden informar dichos procesos de gobernanza para conciliar la protecci\u00f3n forestal y la intensificaci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola sostenible en Paragominas.", "keywords": ["Amazonas (Brasil)", "Economics", "FOS: Political science", "SAO-FELIX", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16141", "Social Sciences", "NEEDS", "01 natural sciences", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Reservas Forestales", "Natural resource economics", "conservation des for\u00eats", "FRONTIER", "K01 - Foresterie - Consid\u00e9rations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales", "Stakeholder", "11. Sustainability", "Business", "Environmental resource management", "intensification", "Political science", "Legal Reserve", "Environmental planning", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Forest Reserves", "Corporate governance", "Geography", "Ecology", "[SDV.SA.AEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture", " economy and politics", "Forest protection", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "Amazonas (Brazil)", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Brazilian Amazon", "LAND CONFLICT", "STATE", "Land Tenure and Property Rights in Agriculture", "Management", "Programming language", "E11 - \u00c9conomie et politique fonci\u00e8res", "Economics", " Econometrics and Finance", "Archaeology", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4184", "Physical Sciences", "d\u00e9boisement", "Biodiversity Conservation", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "Forest Protection", "Forest conservation", "Economics and Econometrics", "propri\u00e9taire foncier", "Conservaci\u00f3n de la Diversidad Biol\u00f3gica", "Amazon rainforest", "Legislation", "Discrete Choice Models in Economics and Health Care", "Soil Science", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_15590", "FOS: Law", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_331593", "12. Responsible consumption", "Farmer perceptions", "SYSTEMS", "politique de l'environnement", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1374158672853", "K70 - D\u00e9g\u00e2ts caus\u00e9s aux for\u00eats et leur protection", "Agroforestry", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2597", "Biology", "Legal Pluralism", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Protecci\u00f3n Forestal", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_28136", "Agricultural intensification", "15. Life on land", "Computer science", "Q methodology", "Deforestation (computer science)", "13. Climate action", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_33485", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "r\u00e9serve foresti\u00e8re", "r\u00e9serve naturelle", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats", "BIODIVERSITY", "DEFORESTATION", "Drivers and Impacts of Tropical Deforestation", "Law", "Finance"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/20.500.12123/10635"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Policy%20and%20Economics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "20.500.12123/10635", "name": "item", "description": "20.500.12123/10635", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/20.500.12123/10635"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "20.500.12123/8054", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-04T16:25:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-05-20", "title": "Machine learning in space and time for modelling soil organic carbon change", "description": "Abstract                                                             <p>                       Spatially resolved estimates of change in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks are necessary for supporting national and international policies aimed at achieving land degradation neutrality and climate change mitigation. In this work we report on the development, implementation and application of a data\uffe2\uff80\uff90driven, statistical method for mapping SOC stocks in space and time, using Argentina as a pilot. We used quantile regression forest machine learning to predict annual SOC stock at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm depth at 250\uffe2\uff80\uff89m resolution for Argentina between 1982 and 2017. The model was calibrated using over 5,000 SOC stock values from the 36\uffe2\uff80\uff90year time period and 35 environmental covariates. We preprocessed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) dynamic covariates using a temporal low\uffe2\uff80\uff90pass filter to allow the SOC stock for a given year to depend on the NDVI of the current as well as preceding years. Predictions had modest temporal variation, with an average decrease for the entire country from 2.55 to 2.48\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff80\uff89C\uffe2\uff80\uff89m                       \uffe2\uff88\uff922                       over the 36\uffe2\uff80\uff90year period (equivalent to a decline of 211 Gg C, 3.0% of the total 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm SOC stock in Argentina). The Pampa region had a larger estimated SOC stock decrease from 4.62 to 4.34\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff80\uff89C\uffe2\uff80\uff89m                       \uffe2\uff88\uff922                       (5.9%) during the same period. For the 2001\uffe2\uff80\uff932015 period, predicted temporal variation was seven\uffe2\uff80\uff90fold larger than that obtained using the Tier 1 approach of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Prediction uncertainties turned out to be substantial, mainly due to the limited number and poor spatial and temporal distribution of the calibration data, and the limited explanatory power of the covariates. Cross\uffe2\uff80\uff90validation confirmed that SOC stock prediction accuracy was limited, with a mean error of 0.03\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff80\uff89C\uffe2\uff80\uff89m                       \uffe2\uff88\uff922                       and a root mean squared error of 2.04\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff80\uff89C\uffe2\uff80\uff89m                       \uffe2\uff88\uff922                       . In spite of the large uncertainties, this work showed that machine learning methods can be used for space\uffe2\uff80\uff93time SOC mapping and may yield valuable information to land managers and policymakers, provided that SOC observation density in space and time is sufficiently large.                     </p>                                                           Highlights                     <p>                                                                           <p>We tested the use of machine learning for space\uffe2\uff80\uff93time mapping of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock.</p>                                                                             <p>Predictions for Argentina from 1982 to 2017 showed a 3% decrease of the topsoil SOC stock over time.</p>                                                                             <p>The machine learning model predicted a greater temporal variation than the IPCC Tier 1 approach.</p>                                                                             <p>Accurate machine learning SOC stock prediction requires dense soil sampling in space and time.</p>                                                                     </p>", "keywords": ["Estimaci\u00f3n de las Existencias de Carbono", "2. Zero hunger", "quantile regression forest", "land degradation", "Climate Change", "carbon stock", "Argentina", "Carbon Stock Assessments", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Space-time Mapping", "space\u2013time mapping", "climate change", "Bosque de Regresi\u00f3n de Cuantiles", "13. Climate action", "Cambio Clim\u00e1tico", "Land Degradation", "Quantile Regression Rorest", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Mapeo Espacio-tiempo", "Degradaci\u00f3n de Tierras", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ejss.12998"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/20.500.12123/8054"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "20.500.12123/8054", "name": "item", "description": "20.500.12123/8054", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/20.500.12123/8054"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-06-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "20.500.14243/402889", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-04T16:25:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-06-30", "title": "Mapping Nitrogen from Satellite Data to Improve Soil Quality - A Worked Example", "description": "Soils are complex ecosystems. They play a key role in providing sustainable life on Earth, meeting the needs of humans and regulating several environmental processes. The United Nation's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the related 17 Goals include a commitment to the preservation of soil quality. However, the adopted indicators lack the measurement of a key nutrient: nitrogen. The aim of this paper is to call for the integration of two nitrogen indexes to measure soil quality and to present a worked example of geospatial technologies applied to nitrogen monitoring, aiding in farmland management and decision-making. Due to their inherent time/location precision, remote sensing data can provide insight in predicting the impact of agricultural practices and optimise their application.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrogen", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Land degradation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Soil quality", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.cnr.it/bitstream/20.500.14243/402889/1/A13_2101_BPP_Iodice.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/20.500.14243/402889"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GI_Forum", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "20.500.14243/402889", "name": "item", "description": "20.500.14243/402889", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/20.500.14243/402889"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2789470823", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Restricted", "updated": "2026-04-04T16:26:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-02-20", "title": "An overview of microplastic and nanoplastic pollution in agroecosystems", "description": "Microplastics and nanoplastics are emerging pollutants of global importance. They are small enough to be ingested by a wide range of organisms and at nano-scale, they may cross some biological barriers. However, our understanding of their ecological impact on the terrestrial environment is limited. Plastic particle loading in agroecosystems could be high due to inputs of some recycled organic waste and plastic film mulching, so it is vital that we develop a greater understanding of any potentially harmful or adverse impacts of these pollutants to agroecosystems. In this article, we discuss the sources of plastic particles in agroecosystems, the mechanisms, constraints and dynamic behaviour of plastic during aging on land, and explore the responses of soil organisms and plants at different levels of biological organisation to plastic particles of micro and nano-scale. Based on limited evidence at this point and understanding that the lack of evidence of ecological impact from microplastic and nanoplastic in agroecosystems does not equate to the evidence of absence, we propose considerations for addressing the gaps in knowledge so that we can adequately safeguard world food supply.", "keywords": ["Plastic degradation", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Agriculture", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "Ecotoxicology", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil food web", "13. Climate action", "Plant response", "Soils", "Soil Pollutants", "Plastics", "Ecosystem", "Environmental Monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2789470823"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2789470823", "name": "item", "description": "2789470823", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2789470823"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "30857101", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:26:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-02-20", "title": "An overview of microplastic and nanoplastic pollution in agroecosystems", "description": "Microplastics and nanoplastics are emerging pollutants of global importance. They are small enough to be ingested by a wide range of organisms and at nano-scale, they may cross some biological barriers. However, our understanding of their ecological impact on the terrestrial environment is limited. Plastic particle loading in agroecosystems could be high due to inputs of some recycled organic waste and plastic film mulching, so it is vital that we develop a greater understanding of any potentially harmful or adverse impacts of these pollutants to agroecosystems. In this article, we discuss the sources of plastic particles in agroecosystems, the mechanisms, constraints and dynamic behaviour of plastic during aging on land, and explore the responses of soil organisms and plants at different levels of biological organisation to plastic particles of micro and nano-scale. Based on limited evidence at this point and understanding that the lack of evidence of ecological impact from microplastic and nanoplastic in agroecosystems does not equate to the evidence of absence, we propose considerations for addressing the gaps in knowledge so that we can adequately safeguard world food supply.", "keywords": ["Plastic degradation", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Agriculture", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "Ecotoxicology", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil food web", "13. Climate action", "Plant response", "Soils", "Soil Pollutants", "Plastics", "Ecosystem", "Environmental Monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/30857101"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "30857101", "name": "item", "description": "30857101", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/30857101"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "0d096f9b-ba14-4801-b395-634f0c8c9e25", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-180.0, -90.0], [-180.0, 90.0], [180.0, 90.0], [180.0, -90.0], [-180.0, -90.0]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "environment"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-06-02T07:56:26", "language": "eng", "title": "FAOSTAT Area of drained organic soils (Global - Yearly - ha)", "description": "This is the first of two associate metadata and datasets. It describes and disseminates the geospatial data which underlie FAOSTAT statistics on drained organic soils. Particularly, this metadata includes the annual area drained by cropland and grazed grassland on organic soils (in ha) for the years 1992 \u2013 2018. The associate geospatial dataset is named Drained Organic Soils Area Annual (DROSA - A).\n\nOrganic soils are wet soils ecosystems, characterized by high levels of organic matter, which accumulates under the anoxic conditions that exist in the presence of water. They include tropical and boreal peatlands, high-latitude bogs, ferns and mires. While organic soils cover globally a mere 3 percent of the terrestrial land area, they represent up to 30 percent of the total soil carbon, playing an important role in maintaining the earth\u2019s carbon balance. Agriculture is a major cause of drainage of organic soils around the world and restoration of degraded organic soils is currently a priority in several countries as part of their commitments under the climate convention. \n\nEstimates of drainage area and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from organic soils for the year 2000 were developed earlier by FAO and used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for global analysis. That preliminary work was based on the geospatial overlay of two static maps, one for land cover, indicating presence of agriculture, and one for soil characteristics, indicating presence of organic soils. \n\nThis version advances with additional methodological developments which, owing to the availability of time dependent land cover maps,  resulted in the production, for the first time, of estimates over a complete time series (1990 \u2013 2019). Geospatial data are then aggregated at national level and disseminated in FAOSTAT with a structure in line with country reporting requirements to the Climate Convention and following 2006 IPCC guidelines. FAOSTAT estimates use histosols as proxy for presence of organic soils, in agreement with IPCC and annual land cover maps as time-dependent component. \n\nMore information can be found in:\n\na) FAO 2020. Drained organic soils 1990 \u2013 2019. Global, regional and country trends. 3rd FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series (under finalization)\n\nb) Conchedda G. and F.N. Tubiello. Area of Drained Organic Soils and Associated Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Validation of FAOSTAT estimates with country data. FAO Statistics Working Paper Series (submitted) \n\nc) Tubiello F.N., Biancalani R., Salvatore M., Rossi S., and Conchedda G. 2016. A worldwide assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from drained organic soils. Sustainability 8, 371. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/4/371", "formats": [{"name": "FAOSTAT"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}], "keywords": ["Organic soils", "Histosols", "Drainage for agriculture", "Peatlands degradation", "Annual estimates", "Greenhouse gas emissions", "GHG emissions", "C emissions", "N2O emissions", "Climate change", "Annual estimates", "DROSA-drained organic soils", "DROSA-activity data", "DROSE-GHG-organic soils", "DROSE-emissions", "Statistics Division Environment", "HiH-GHG", "World", "Countries and Territories"], "contacts": [{"name": "Francesco Nicola Tubiello", "organization": "FAO", "position": "Senior Statistician", "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "francesco.tubiello@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Viale delle Terme di Caracalla"], "city": "Rome", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "00153", "country": "Italy"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Giulia Conchedda", "organization": "FAO", "position": "Geospatial statistics analyst", "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "giulia.conchedda@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Viale delle Terme di Caracalla"], "city": "Rome", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "00153", "country": "Italy"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "FAO", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "edition": "2.1"}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GV", "name": "FAOSTAT Emissions - Agriculture: Cultivation of Organic Soils", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GC", "name": "FAOSTAT Emissions - Land Use: Cropland", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GG", "name": "FAOSTAT Emissions - Land Use: Grassland", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/FAOSTAT/DROSA_A/v2?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities", "name": "DOSA:YEAR:YEAR", "description": "Drained Organic Soils Area (Annual)", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://data.apps.fao.org:/map/catalog/srv/api/records/0d096f9b-ba14-4801-b395-634f0c8c9e25/attachments/drained_area.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "0d096f9b-ba14-4801-b395-634f0c8c9e25", "name": "item", "description": "0d096f9b-ba14-4801-b395-634f0c8c9e25", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/0d096f9b-ba14-4801-b395-634f0c8c9e25"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1992-04-04T00:00:00Z", "2018-04-04T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "18ab4c59-1836-4b7b-8b7f-99872b326c73", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[13.55, -28.11], [13.55, 19.22], [70.5, 19.22], [70.5, -28.11], [13.55, -28.11]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "society"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}], "updated": "2023-01-31T12:33:30", "created": "2013-08-01T22:00:00", "language": "eng", "title": "Vulnerable populations (person/km2) in East Africa - ClimAfrica WP5", "description": "In defining vulnerability, WFP (2009) and IFPRI (2012) have been followed and combined with indicators for food security with health indicators that signal vulnerability in a physical sense. IFPRI's Global Hunger Index uses three indicators to measure hunger: the number of adults being undernourished, the number of children that have low weight for age, and child mortality. Other classifications of food security use the variety of the diet as an indicator, combined with anthropometric data on children. However, in the DHS data there were no information available on child mortality, nor on dietary composition. Given these data limitations, data on nutritional status of women (Body Mass Index, BMI) for women and children (weight for age) have been used as indicators for food security. These data were combined with data on morbidity among adults and children, specifically the occurrence of malaria, cough, and diarrhea. Combinations of indicators have led to a classification of households as being very vulnerable, vulnerable, nearly vulnerable and not vulnerable. The Afrobarometer surveys did not include data on the BMI of adults nor weights for children. Here, the reported times the household went without food in the year were used prior to the date the survey was conducted as vulnerability indicator. The study area of households vulnerability included: rural, urban and total population.\nThis data set was produced in the framework of the \"Climate change predictions in Sub-Saharan Africa: impacts and adaptations (ClimAfrica)\" project, Work Package 5 (WP5). More information on ClimAfrica project is provided in the Supplemental Information section of this metadata. \n\nThis study in WP5 aimed to identify, locate and characterize groups that are vulnerable for climate change conditions in two country clusters; one in West Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Togo) and one in East Africa (Sudan, South Sudan and Uganda). Data used for the study include the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) , the Multi Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) and the Afrobarometer surveys for the socio-economic variables and grid level data on agro-ecological and climatic conditions.", "formats": [{"name": "ASCII format"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}], "keywords": ["degradation index", "soil degradation", "land degradation", "GLASOD", "WP5", "ClimAfrica", "Tag_climafrica", "Africa", "Sudan", "South Sudan", "Uganda"], "contacts": [{"name": "Lia van Wesenbeeck", "organization": "Centre for World Food Studies (SOW-VU)", "position": null, "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "c.f.a.vanwesenbeeck@sow.vu.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["De Boelelaan 1105 1081 HV"], "city": "Amsterdam", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "1081 HV", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Ben Sonneveld", "organization": "Centre for World Food Studies (SOW-VU)", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "B.G.J.S.sonneveld@sow.vu.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "Centre for World Food Studies (SOW-VU)", "roles": ["creator"]}], "distancevalue": "10", "distanceuom": "Km", "edition": "First"}, "links": [{"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/18ab4c59-1836-4b7b-8b7f-99872b326c73/resources/VVRUE.zip", "description": "Very vulnerable rural population, persons/km2", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/18ab4c59-1836-4b7b-8b7f-99872b326c73/resources/VRURE.zip", "description": "Vulnerable rural population, persons/km2", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/18ab4c59-1836-4b7b-8b7f-99872b326c73/resources/BVRUE.zip", "description": "Nearly vulnerable rural population, persons/km2", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/18ab4c59-1836-4b7b-8b7f-99872b326c73/resources/NVRUE.zip", "description": "Not vulnerable rural population, persons/km2", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/18ab4c59-1836-4b7b-8b7f-99872b326c73/resources/VVURBE.zip", "description": "Very vulnerable urban population, persons/km2", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/18ab4c59-1836-4b7b-8b7f-99872b326c73/resources/VURBE.zip", "description": "Vulnerable urban population, persons/km2", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/18ab4c59-1836-4b7b-8b7f-99872b326c73/resources/BVURE.zip", "description": "Nearly vulnerable urban population, persons/km2", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/18ab4c59-1836-4b7b-8b7f-99872b326c73/resources/VVTOTE.zip", "description": "Very vulnerable population, persons/km2", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/18ab4c59-1836-4b7b-8b7f-99872b326c73/resources/VTOTAE.zip", "description": "Vulnerable population, persons/km2", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/18ab4c59-1836-4b7b-8b7f-99872b326c73/resources/BVTOTE.zip", "description": "Nearly vulnerable population, persons/km2", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/18ab4c59-1836-4b7b-8b7f-99872b326c73/resources/D_5.2.1.pdf", "description": "A spatially explicit assessment of specific vulnerabilities of the food system due to climate change and the identification of their causes; Technical report", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://www.fao.org/3/i7040e/i7040e.pdf", "name": "Scenarios of major production systems in Africa", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://www.cmcc.it/projects/climafrica-climate-change-predictions-in-sub-saharian-africa-impacts-and-adaptations", "name": "CLIMAFRICA \u2013 Climate change predictions in Sub-Saharan Africa: impacts and adaptations", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/18ab4c59-1836-4b7b-8b7f-99872b326c73/thumbnail/VVRUE_s.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/18ab4c59-1836-4b7b-8b7f-99872b326c73/large_thumbnail/VVRUE.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "18ab4c59-1836-4b7b-8b7f-99872b326c73", "name": "item", "description": "18ab4c59-1836-4b7b-8b7f-99872b326c73", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/18ab4c59-1836-4b7b-8b7f-99872b326c73"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date-time": "2023-01-31T12:33:30Z"}}, {"id": "1f783616-c7a0-49a9-8a6f-8656d79b4583", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[13.55, -28.11], [13.55, 19.22], [70.5, 19.22], [70.5, -28.11], [13.55, -28.11]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}], "updated": "2023-01-31T10:46:52", "created": "2013-08-01T22:00:00", "language": "eng", "title": "Soil degradation index in East Africa - ClimAfrica WP5", "description": "The soil degradation index is based on the Global Assessment of Human-induced Soil Degradation (GLASOD) (Oldeman et al., 1991). The UNEP-funded GLASOD project produced a world map of human-induced soil degradation. Data were compiled in cooperation with a large number of soil scientists throughout the world, using uniform guidelines and international correlation. The status of soil degradation was mapped within physiographic units, based on expert judgments, indicating the type, extent, degree, rate and main causes of the degradation process. To compare the impact of land degradation between different sites we created a land degradation index that attributes the following weights to area shares of the soil degradation classes 'light'= 1, 'moderate'=2, 'severe\u00e2' = 3 and 'very severe' = 4. Next, we scaled the index between a range of 0-1. Combining classes and area shares in a single land degradation index is common practice in many other peer reviewed studies (e.g. Leiwen et al., 2005; McCoubrey, 1998; Pace at al., 2008; Safriel, 1999; Sonneveld and Dent, 2009), which gives us, sufficient confidence to apply the index for our analysis.\nThis dataset has been used to complement the survey data and included in the \"Climate change predictions in Sub-Saharan Africa: impacts and adaptations (ClimAfrica)\" project, Work Package 5 (WP5). More information on ClimAfrica project is provided in the Supplemental Information section of this metadata.\nThis study in WP5 aimed to identify, locate and characterize groups that are vulnerable for climate change conditions in two country clusters; one in West Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Togo) and one in East Africa (Sudan, South Sudan and Uganda). Data used for the study include the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) , the Multi Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) and the Afrobarometer surveys for the socio-economic variables and grid level data on agro-ecological and climatic conditions.", "formats": [{"name": "ASCII format"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}], "keywords": ["degradation index", "soil degradation", "land degradation", "GLASOD", "WP5", "ClimAfrica", "Tag_climafrica", "Africa", "Sudan", "South Sudan", "Uganda"], "contacts": [{"name": "Lia van Wesenbeeck", "organization": "Centre for World Food Studies (SOW-VU)", "position": null, "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "c.f.a.vanwesenbeeck@sow.vu.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["De Boelelaan 1105 1081 HV"], "city": "Amsterdam", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "1081 HV", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Ben Sonneveld", "organization": "Centre for World Food Studies (SOW-VU)", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "B.G.J.S.sonneveld@sow.vu.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "Centre for World Food Studies (SOW-VU)", "roles": ["creator"]}], "distancevalue": "10", "distanceuom": "Km", "edition": "First"}, "links": [{"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/1f783616-c7a0-49a9-8a6f-8656d79b4583/resources/DEGE.zip", "description": "Degradation index in East Africa", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/1f783616-c7a0-49a9-8a6f-8656d79b4583/resources/D_5.2.1.pdf", "description": "A spatially explicit assessment of specific vulnerabilities of the food system due to climate change and the identification of their causes; Technical report", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://www.fao.org/3/i7040e/i7040e.pdf", "name": "Scenarios of major production systems in Africa", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://www.cmcc.it/projects/climafrica-climate-change-predictions-in-sub-saharian-africa-impacts-and-adaptations", "name": "CLIMAFRICA \u2013 Climate change predictions in Sub-Saharan Africa: impacts and adaptations", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/1f783616-c7a0-49a9-8a6f-8656d79b4583/thumbnail/DEGE_s.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/1f783616-c7a0-49a9-8a6f-8656d79b4583/large_thumbnail/DEGE.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1f783616-c7a0-49a9-8a6f-8656d79b4583", "name": "item", "description": "1f783616-c7a0-49a9-8a6f-8656d79b4583", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1f783616-c7a0-49a9-8a6f-8656d79b4583"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date-time": "2023-01-31T10:46:52Z"}}, {"id": "898cdbc4-b154-4b8a-a05a-59a47c7fd2d9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-180.0, -90.0], [-180.0, 90.0], [180.0, 90.0], [180.0, -90.0], [-180.0, -90.0]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "environment"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-06-02T07:58:11", "language": "eng", "title": "FAOSTAT GHG Emissions from Drained Organic Soils (Global - Yearly - Gg)", "description": "This is the second of two associate metadata and datasets. It describes and disseminates the geospatial data which underlie FAOSTAT statistics on drained organic soils. Particularly, this metadata includes the N2O and C emissions (in gigagrams)  from cropland and grazed grassland on organic soils for the years 1992 \u2013 2018. The associate geospatial dataset is named Drained Organic Soils Emissions - Annual (DROSE - A).\n\nOrganic soils are wet soils ecosystems, characterized by high levels of organic matter, which accumulates under the anoxic conditions that exist in the presence of water. They include tropical and boreal peatlands, high-latitude bogs, ferns and mires. While organic soils cover globally a mere 3 percent of the terrestrial land area, they represent up to 30 percent of the total soil carbon, playing an important role in maintaining the earth\u2019s carbon balance. Agriculture is a major cause of drainage of organic soils around the world and restoration of degraded organic soils is currently a priority in several countries as part of their commitments under the climate convention. \n\nEstimates of drainage area and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from organic soils for the year 2000 were developed earlier by FAO and used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for global analysis. That preliminary work was based on the geospatial overlay of two static maps, one for land cover, indicating presence of agriculture, and one for soil characteristics, indicating presence of organic soils. \n\nThis version advances with additional methodological developments which, owing to the availability of time dependent land cover maps,  resulted in the production, for the first time, of estimates over a complete time series (1990 \u2013 2019). Geospatial data are then aggregated at national level and disseminated in FAOSTAT with a structure in line with country reporting requirements to the Climate Convention and following 2006 IPCC guidelines. FAOSTAT estimates use histosols as proxy for presence of organic soils, in agreement with IPCC and annual land cover maps as time-dependent component. \n\nMore information can be found in:\na) FAO 2020. Drained organic soils 1990 \u2013 2019. Global, regional and country trends. 3rd FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series (under finalization)\n\nb) Conchedda G. and F.N. Tubiello. Area of Drained Organic Soils and Associated Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Validation of FAOSTAT estimates with country data. FAO Statistics Working Paper Series (submitted) \n\nc) Tubiello F.N., Biancalani R., Salvatore M., Rossi S., and Conchedda G. 2016. A worldwide assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from drained organic soils. Sustainability 8, 371. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/4/371", "formats": [{"name": "FAOSTAT"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}], "keywords": ["Organic soils", "Histosols", "Drainage for agriculture", "Peatlands degradation", "GHG emissions", "Greenhouse gas emissions", "C emissions", "N2O emissions", "Climate change", "Annual estimates", "DROSE-emissions", "DROSE-GHG-organic soils", "DROSA-drained organic soils", "DROSA-activity data", "Statistics Division Environment", "HiH-GHG", "World", "Countries and Territories"], "contacts": [{"name": "Francesco Nicola Tubiello", "organization": "FAO", "position": "Senior Statistician", "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "francesco.tubiello@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Viale delle Terme di Caracalla"], "city": "Rome", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "00153", "country": "Italy"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Giulia Conchedda", "organization": "FAO", "position": "Geospatial statistics analyst", "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "giulia.conchedda@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Viale delle Terme di Caracalla"], "city": "Rome", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "00153", "country": "Italy"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GV", "name": "FAOSTAT Emissions - Agriculture: Cultivation of Organic Soils", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GC", "name": "FAOSTAT Emissions - Land Use: Cropland", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GG", "name": "FAOSTAT Emissions - Land Use: Grassland", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/FAOSTAT/DROSE_A/v2?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities", "name": "DROSE_A:YEAR:YEAR", "description": "Drained Organic Soils Emissions (Annual)", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://data.apps.fao.org:/map/catalog/srv/api/records/898cdbc4-b154-4b8a-a05a-59a47c7fd2d9/attachments/emissions_thumbnail.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "898cdbc4-b154-4b8a-a05a-59a47c7fd2d9", "name": "item", "description": "898cdbc4-b154-4b8a-a05a-59a47c7fd2d9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/898cdbc4-b154-4b8a-a05a-59a47c7fd2d9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1992-04-04T00:00:00Z", "2018-04-04T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "be4e86ff-8f4e-4789-95ab-f2bade70f9a0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-33.45, -17.06], [-33.45, 29.04], [17.56, 29.04], [17.56, -17.06], [-33.45, -17.06]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}], "updated": "2023-01-31T12:18:41", "created": "2013-08-01T22:00:00", "language": "eng", "title": "Soil degradation index in West Africa - ClimAfrica WP5", "description": "The soil degradation index is based on the Global Assessment of Human-induced Soil Degradation (GLASOD) (Oldeman et al., 1991). The UNEP-funded GLASOD project produced a world map of human-induced soil degradation. Data were compiled in cooperation with a large number of soil scientists throughout the world, using uniform guidelines and international correlation. The status of soil degradation was mapped within physiographic units, based on expert judgments, indicating the type, extent, degree, rate and main causes of the degradation process. To compare the impact of land degradation between different sites we created a land degradation index that attributes the following weights to area shares of the soil degradation classes 'light'= 1, 'moderate'=2, 'severe' = 3 and 'very severe' = 4. Next, we scaled the index between a range of 0-1. Combining classes and area shares in a single land degradation index is common practice in many other peer reviewed studies (e.g. Leiwen et al., 2005; McCoubrey, 1998; Pace at al., 2008; Safriel, 1999; Sonneveld and Dent, 2009), which gives us, sufficient confidence to apply the index for our analysis.\nThis dataset has been used to complement the survey data and included in the ''Climate change predictions in Sub-Saharan Africa: impacts and adaptations (ClimAfrica)'' project, Work Package 5 (WP5). More information on ClimAfrica project is provided in the Supplemental Information section of this metadata.\n\nThis study in WP5 aimed to identify, locate and characterize groups that are vulnerable for climate change conditions in two country clusters; one in West Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Togo) and one in East Africa (Sudan, South Sudan and Uganda). Data used for the study include the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) , the Multi Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) and the Afrobarometer surveys for the socio-economic variables and grid level data on agro-ecological and climatic conditions.", "formats": [{"name": "ASCII format"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}], "keywords": ["degradation index", "soil degradation", "land degradation", "GLASOD", "WP5", "ClimAfrica", "Tag_climafrica", "Africa", "Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cote d'Ivoire", "Ghana"], "contacts": [{"name": "Lia van Wesenbeeck", "organization": "Centre for World Food Studies (SOW-VU)", "position": null, "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "c.f.a.vanwesenbeeck@sow.vu.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["De Boelelaan 1105 1081 HV"], "city": "Amsterdam", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "1081 HV", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Ben Sonneveld", "organization": "Centre for World Food Studies (SOW-VU)", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "B.G.J.S.sonneveld@sow.vu.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "Centre for World Food Studies (SOW-VU)", "roles": ["creator"]}], "distancevalue": "10", "distanceuom": "Km", "edition": "First"}, "links": [{"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/be4e86ff-8f4e-4789-95ab-f2bade70f9a0/resources/DEGW.zip", "description": "Degradation index in West Africa", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/be4e86ff-8f4e-4789-95ab-f2bade70f9a0/resources/D_5.2.1.pdf", "description": "A spatially explicit assessment of specific vulnerabilities of the food system due to climate change and the identification of their causes; Technical report", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://www.fao.org/3/i7040e/i7040e.pdf", "name": "Scenarios of major production systems in Africa", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://www.cmcc.it/projects/climafrica-climate-change-predictions-in-sub-saharian-africa-impacts-and-adaptations", "name": "Climafrica - Climate Change Predictions In Sub-Saharan Africa: Impacts And Adaptations", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/be4e86ff-8f4e-4789-95ab-f2bade70f9a0/thumbnail/DEGW_s.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/be4e86ff-8f4e-4789-95ab-f2bade70f9a0/large_thumbnail/DEGW.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "be4e86ff-8f4e-4789-95ab-f2bade70f9a0", "name": "item", "description": "be4e86ff-8f4e-4789-95ab-f2bade70f9a0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/be4e86ff-8f4e-4789-95ab-f2bade70f9a0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date-time": "2023-01-31T12:18:41Z"}}, {"id": "f5fe5440-88fd-11da-a88f-000d939bc5d8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-180.0, -90.0], [-180.0, 90.0], [180.0, 90.0], [180.0, -90.0], [-180.0, -90.0]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}], "updated": "2019-11-22T10:29:10", "language": "eng", "title": "Soil Degradation in South and Southeast Asia (ASSOD)", "description": "ASSOD (1997) is a follow-up activity of GLASOD. \nThe same methodology was used at a more detailed scale (1:5M)\nfor South and Southeast Asia. The GLASOD methodology was slightly refined. \n\u00a9  ISRIC,FAO,UNEP, 1997", "formats": [{"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}], "keywords": ["land degradation", "Tag_soil", "Asia"], "contacts": [{"name": "Freddy Nachtergaele", "organization": "FAO-UN - AGLL (ex-FAO Land and Water Division)", "position": "Senior Officer Land Resources (Retired)", "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "land-and-water@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Marina Zanetti", "organization": "FAO-UN - AGLL (ex-FAO Land and Water Division)", "position": "GIS Expert (Retired)", "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "land-and-water@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "FAO-UN - AGLL (ex-FAO Land and Water Division)", "roles": ["creator"]}, {"organization": "FAO-UN - AGLL (ex-FAO Land and Water Division)", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "denominator": "10000000", "edition": "first"}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.isric.nl/", "description": "ISRIC  website", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/f5fe5440-88fd-11da-a88f-000d939bc5d8/thumbnail/assod_s.gif", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/f5fe5440-88fd-11da-a88f-000d939bc5d8/large_thumbnail/assod.gif", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "f5fe5440-88fd-11da-a88f-000d939bc5d8", "name": "item", "description": "f5fe5440-88fd-11da-a88f-000d939bc5d8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/f5fe5440-88fd-11da-a88f-000d939bc5d8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date-time": "2019-11-22T10:29:10Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?facets=true&soil_threats=land+degradation&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?facets=true&soil_threats=land+degradation&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?facets=true&soil_threats=land+degradation&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?facets=true&soil_threats=land+degradation&offset=39", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 39, "numberReturned": 39, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-04T17:53:53.704933Z"}