Drainage channels with step-pool system are widely used to control debris flow. The blocking of debris flow often gives rise to local damage at the steps and ba?es. Hence, the estimation of impact force of debris flow is crucial for designing step-pools channel. Existing empirical models for impact pressure prediction cannot consider the influence of baffle shape. In this work, a three-dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) study on the impact behaviour of debris flows in step-pool systems is presented, where debris material is modelled using the regularizedBingham model. The SPH method is first checked using the results from two laboratory tests. Then it is used to investigate the influence of bafflee shape and flow density. Numerical results show that the impact pressure at the first ba?e highly depends on the ba?e shape; however, the largest impact pressure usually occurs at subsequent baffles due to the violent impact induced by jet flows. The peak impact pressure at the first ba?e initially grows with increasing flow density; however, it starts to drop as density is beyond a threshold. Based on the numerical results, an empirical relation considering the influence of ba?e shape is proposed for better prediction of debris impact pressure.
", "keywords": ["Civil and Environmental Engineering", "bepress|Engineering", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "Geotechnical Engineering", "01 natural sciences", "Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Geotechnical Engineering", "13. Climate action", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Geotechnical Engineering", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10346-020-01410-w.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01410-w"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Landslides", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10346-020-01410-w", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10346-020-01410-w", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10346-020-01410-w"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-05-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10357-022-4073-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-09-13", "title": "Zukunftsf\u00e4hige Agrarlandschaften in Deutschland \u2013 Ziele und Anforderungen aus \u00f6kologischer, \u00f6konomischer und rechtlicher Sicht", "description": "ZusammenfassungDie global steigenden Treibhausgase ver\uffc3\uffa4ndern in zunehmenden Ma\uffc3\uff9fe auch in Deutschland die klimatischen Verh\uffc3\uffa4ltnisse. Betroffen sind insbesondere hiesige Agrarlandschaften, die weite Teile Deutschlands umfassen und schon gegenw\uffc3\uffa4rtig vielf\uffc3\uffa4ltige \uffc3\uffb6kologische Probleme aufweisen. Auch wenn die landwirtschaftlichen Nutzungen pr\uffc3\uffa4gend f\uffc3\uffbcr Agrarlandschaften sind, so h\uffc3\uffa4ngt ihre Zukunftsf\uffc3\uffa4higkeit nicht allein von einer Ver\uffc3\uffa4nderung der Bewirtschaftungsmethoden ab. Die Gestaltung zukunftsf\uffc3\uffa4higer Agrarlandschaften bedarf einer \uffc3\uffbcber den einzelnen Schlag hinausgehenden Betrachtung und ist eine gesamtgesellschaftliche Aufgabe, die deutlich \uffc3\uffbcber die Verantwortung und M\uffc3\uffb6glichkeiten der einzelnen Grundst\uffc3\uffbcckseigent\uffc3\uffbcmerInnen und -bewirtschafterInnen hinausreicht. Ausgehend von den bekannten \uffc3\uffb6kologischen Problemen und den im Beitrag ausf\uffc3\uffbchrlicher dargestellten besonderen Herausforderungen des Klimawandels untersuchen wir daher, was Zukunftsf\uffc3\uffa4higkeit bedeutet und welche gesellschaftlichen Ziele und Anforderungen sich hieraus f\uffc3\uffbcr Agrarlandschaften identifizieren lassen. Der Beitrag will damit eine Grundlage f\uffc3\uffbcr die Ausarbeitung praktischer Ma\uffc3\uff9fnahmenkonzepte und entsprechender staatlicher Lenkung und F\uffc3\uffb6rderung schaffen. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of Drechslera/Helminthosporium in the air of a wheat crop in the NW Iberian Peninsula and its relationship with meteorological variables. Research was conducted in A Limia, Ourense, during the wheat growing seasons from 2021 to 2023. The Lanzoni VPPS-2010 spore trap was used to collect the spores, which were identified by optical microscopy. The phenological stages of the wheat crop were classified according to the BBCH scale, and the spore concentrations in each phenophase were analyzed. Meteorological variables were provided by a meteorological station located near the spore trap. In 2021, monitoring was done for 94\uffc2\uffa0days, in 2022 for 89\uffc2\uffa0days and in 2023 for 78\uffc2\uffa0days. Spores were detected during most phenological stages, mainly during 11\uffe2\uff80\uff9320\uffc2\uffa0h. Temperature and sunshine hours were the variables that positively influenced the variations in Drechslera/Helminthosporium concentrations in the air in 2021 and 2023, while in 2022, relative humidity, rainfall and leaf moisture were the factors that had the most influence. The maximum temperature and leaf moisture of the previous days were the variables that best predicted the concentrations of these spores for 2022. This is the first investigation in Spain that reports the presence of the sporal type Drechslera/Helminthosporium in the air during all phenological stages of wheat cultivation, and provides useful information for the development of strategies to prevent the diseases they cause.Angesichts der enormen Zerschneidungswirkung von Bundesfernstra\uffc3\uff9fen werden Gr\uffc3\uffbcnbr\uffc3\uffbccken in der Bundesrepublik vermehrt errichtet, sodass sich die Frage der rechtlichen Einordnung dieser bei Aus- und Neubau, aber auch bei bestehenden Bundesfernstra\uffc3\uff9fen stellt. Der Beitrag geht dabei auf ausgew\uffc3\uffa4hlte naturschutzrechtliche Instrumente ein, beleuchtet fachplanungsrechtliche Besonderheiten und stellt die Frage der (finanziellen) Verh\uffc3\uffa4ltnism\uffc3\uffa4\uffc3\uff9figkeit von Gr\uffc3\uffbcnbr\uffc3\uffbccken. Mit monatelangen D\uffc3\uffbcrrephasen, Hitzesommern und Hochwasserereignissen ist die globale Klimaerw\uffc3\uffa4rmung auch in Deutschland in den letzten Jahren verst\uffc3\uffa4rkt in Erscheinung getreten. Im 2021 novellierten Klimaschutzgesetz wird daher eine Klimaneutralit\uffc3\uffa4t bis 2045 angestrebt. Gleichzeitig sind in Agrarlandschaften trotz entsprechender europarechtlicher Verpflichtungen g\uffc3\uffbcnstige Erhaltungszust\uffc3\uffa4nde bei Habitaten, Arten und Gew\uffc3\uffa4sser weiterhin die Ausnahme. Im nachfolgenden Beitrag sch\uffc3\uffa4tzen wir f\uffc3\uffbcr verschiedene landschaftsgestaltende oder produktionsintegrierte Ma\uffc3\uff9fnahmen die potenziellen Wirkungen hinsichtlich Klimaschutz und -anpassung, g\uffc3\uffbcnstiger Erhaltungszust\uffc3\uffa4nde sowie f\uffc3\uffbcr die langfristige Versorgungssicherheit und die Profitabilit\uffc3\uffa4t von Landnutzungen ab. Anhand dieser Wirksamkeitsabsch\uffc3\uffa4tzungen identifizieren wir anschlie\uffc3\uff9fend priorit\uffc3\uffa4r zu ergreifende Ma\uffc3\uff9fnahmen. Die vergleichende Wirksamkeitsabsch\uffc3\uffa4tzung soll helfen, in Anbetracht begrenzter finanzieller und personeller Ressourcen die geeignetsten Ma\uffc3\uff9fnahmen vorrangig zu ergreifen. 250 \u03bcm) were predominant (85%), whereas in pasture soils they were reduced to 35% of dry sand-free soil mass. The estimated SOC and SON losses from the top 5 cm of soil were 3 Mg C ha\u22121 and 0.9 Mg N ha\u22121, respectively.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-2917-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-005-2917-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-005-2917-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-005-2917-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-004-1999-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-07-12", "title": "Biomass Production And C-Sequestration Of Gmelina Arborea In Plantation And Agroforestry System In India", "description": "Tree based land use systems make a valuable contribution to sequester carbon and improve productivity and nutrient cycling within the systems. This study was conducted to determine biomass production, C-sequestration and nitrogen allocation in Gmelina arborea planted as sole and agrisilviculture system on abandoned agricultural land. At 5 years, total stand biomass in agrisilviculture system was 14.1 Mg ha\u22121. Plantations had 35% higher biomass than agrisilviculture system. At 5 years, leaves, stem, branches and roots contributed 4.1, 65.2, 10.0 and 20.7%, respectively to total standing biomass (17.9 Mg ha\u22121). Over the 5 years of study, trees had 3.5 Mg ha\u22121 more C and 36 kg ha\u22121 more N in plantation than agrisilviculture system. Biomass and C storage followed differential allocation. Relatively more C was allocated in above ground components in plantations compared to agrisilviculture system. C:N ratios for tree components were higher in stem wood (135\u2013142) followed by roots (134\u2013139), branches (123\u2013128) and leaves (20\u201321). In agrisilviculture system crops recommended are: soybean and cowpea in rainy season; wheat and mustard in winter season. After 5 years, soil organic C increased by 51.2 and 15.1% and N by 38.4 and 9.3% in plantation and agrisilviculture system, respectively. Total C storage in abandoned agricultural land before planting was 26.3 Mg ha\u22121, which increased to 33.7 and 45.8 Mg ha\u22121 after 5 years in plantation and agrisilviculture system, respectively. Net C storage (soil + tree) was 7.4 Mg ha\u22121 in agrisilviculture system compared to 19.5 Mg ha\u22121 in G. arborea monoculture stands. The studies suggest that competitive interactions played a significant role in agrisilviculture system. Plantations were more efficient in accreting C than agrisilviculture system on abandoned agricultural land.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-004-1999-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-004-1999-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-004-1999-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-004-1999-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-004-7169-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-06-28", "title": "Poplar (Populus Spp) Growth And Crop Yields In A Silvoarable Experiment At Three Lowland Sites In England", "description": "In early 1992, a silvoarable experiment, comprising four poplar (Populus spp.) hybrids (at a spacing of 10 m x 6.4 m) and four arable treatments, was established at three contrasting lowland sites in England. By the end of 1998, seven years after planting, the height of the poplar hybrid Beaupre (11.9 m) was greater than those of the hybrids Gibecq, Robusta and Trichobel (8.9-9.8 m). The trees at the most exposed site had the shortest height (9.2 m) and the greatest diameter at breast height (173\u00a0mm). Tree growth was also affected by the arable treatments. The height (9.5 m) and diameter (143\u00a0mm) of the trees bordered on both sides by a continuous rotation of arable crops were 89% and 79%, respectively, of those bordered on both sides by a regularly cultivated fallow. This result could be explained by competition for water. Across the three sites, in the presence of the trees the yield per unit cropped area, relative to that in the control areas, was an average of 4% less in the first three years and an average of 10% less between years four and six. However the specific responses were dependent on the arable crop. The experiment also included an alternately-cropped arable treatment, where the crop was alternated with a one-year bare fallow. The benefits of a preceding fallow, rather than a cereal crop, for yield were greatest for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and least for field beans (Vicia faba L.),peas(Pisum sativum L.) and mustard (Brassica alba L.).", "keywords": ["Melampsora larici-populina", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "571", "Timber volume", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Crop rotations", "Tree-crop interaction", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-004-7169-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems%20%28in%20cooperation%20with%20ICRAF%29", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-004-7169-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-004-7169-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-004-7169-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-005-2442-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-05-11", "title": "Soil Water Regime Under Rotational Fallow And Alternating Hedgerows On An Ultisol In Southern Cameroon", "description": "Soil moisture depletion during dry seasons by planted hedgerows to lower levels than under natural fallow, would reduce drainage and nutrient losses in the following rainy season when food crops are grown. The volumetric water content of the 0\u2013150 cm soil profile was measured under planted hedgerows (alternating Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium) and natural fallow, both either annually cropped to sole maize or in a two-year crop/two-year fallow rotation, in the humid forest zone (annual rainfall 1700 mm) of southern Cameroon during the 1995\u20131996 and 1996\u20131997 dry seasons. Hedgerows were cut to 0.05 m height, largely eliminating trees\u2019 water consumption during cropping phases. Differences in total soil water content at 0\u2013150 cm depth, between systems, occurred only in the early phases of the 1996\u20131997 dry season. In both dry seasons, differences between systems in water content were found in some soil layers, all within 0\u201360 cm depth, yet, without consistent advantage of any system in exploiting the topsoil water resources. Soil water content was lower under L. leucocephala than G. sepium at 20\u201340 cm depth only. Below 60 cm depth, no differences in water regimes between systems were found. Under southern Cameroonian conditions it is unlikely that any of the systems has an advantage in accessing or recovering water and thus, if available, nutrients from the sub-soil. None of the systems examined was capable of delaying drainage and thus it appears unlikely that downward displacement of nutrients is delayed after the start of the rains.", "keywords": ["alley cropping", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "gliricidia sepium", "leucaena leucocephala", "fallow", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "nutrient cycling", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "soil"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Stefan Hauser, B. Duguma, Lindsey Norgrove, Lindsey Norgrove, E. Asaah,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-2442-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-005-2442-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-005-2442-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-005-2442-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-005-2918-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-10-24", "title": "Improving The Traditional Acacia Senegal-Crop System In Sudan: The Effect Of Tree Density On Water Use, Gum Production And Crop Yields", "description": "The traditional Acacia senegal bush-fallow in North Kordofan, Sudan, was disrupted and the traditional rotational fallow cultivation cycle has been shortened or completely abandoned, causing decline in soil fertility and crop and gum yields. An agroforestry system may give reasonable crop and gum yields, and be more appealing to farmers. We studied the effect of tree density (266 or 433 trees ha\u22121) on two traditional crops; sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) early maturing variety and karkadeh (Hibiscus sabdariffa), with regard to physiological interactions, yields and soil water depletion. There was little evidence of complementarity of resource sharing between trees and crops, since both trees and field crops competed for soil water from the same depth. Intercropping significantly affected the soil water status, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in trees and crops. Gum production per unit area increased when sorghum was intercropped with trees in low or high density. However, karkadeh reduced the gum yield significantly at high tree density. Yields of sorghum and karkadeh planted within trees of high density diminished by 44 and 55% compared to sole crops, respectively. Intercropping increased the rain use efficiency significantly compared to trees and field crops grown solely. Karkadeh appears to be more appropriate for intercropping with A. senegal than sorghum and particularly recommendable in combination with low tree density. Modification of tree density can be used as a management tool to mitigate competitive interaction in the intercropping system.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-2918-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-005-2918-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-005-2918-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-005-2918-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-10-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-005-5746-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-02-08", "title": "Water Harvesting In A 'Runoff-Catchment' Agroforestry System In The Dry Lands Of Ethiopia", "description": "A major production constraint in arid and semiarid areas of Ethiopia is a lack of water for crop growth. Run off water can be harvested by channeling it into micro- catchments (MC) where it slowly infiltrates into the soil. The increased moisture provides more plant growth in these dry lands. An experiment using MC was conducted in eastern Ethiopia to study the growth of four multipurpose tree species intercropped with grass. Trees and grass were grown in 25 m2 and 100 m2 MC. Plant height, root collar diameter, and mortality rate of trees were determined 12 months after planting. Dry matter yield of grasses and trees were measured and nutrient analysis of plant tissues was determined. In a separate experiment the biomass of trees was determined after 2.5 years of continuous growth without grass competition. Soil moisture, organic matter, texture and bulk density of the soils were also determined. Mean tree height was 10% greater in the 100 m2 than in the 25 m2 MC. Root collar diameter and survival rate showed similar increase with 13% and 7.8% respectively. Acacia saligna and Leucaena leucocephala showed better growth in both plot sizes than the indigenous Acacia seyal and Acacia tortilis. The dry matter yield of grass (Panicum maximum) was over 12 tons/ha and 8 tons/ha in the 100 m2 and 25 m2 plots respectively. Soil moisture content was greater in MC than in control plots with no water harvesting structures with 31% and 24% during the wet and dry seasons respectively. The use of water harvesting can improve fodder production and carrying capacity of the dry lands of Ethiopia.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Abdu Abdelkdair, Richard C. Schultz,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-5746-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-005-5746-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-005-5746-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-005-5746-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-006-9009-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-05-24", "title": "Productivity And Nutrient Cycling In Young Acacia Senegal Farming Systems On Vertisol In The Blue Nile Region, Sudan", "description": "Acacia senegal, the gum arabic-producing tree, is the most important component of traditional dryland agroforestry systems in the\u2423Sudan. The spatial arrangement of trees and the type of agricultural crop used influence the interaction between trees and crops. Tree and crop growth, gum and crop yields and nutrient cycling were investigated over a period of 4 years. Trees were grown at 5 \u00d7 5 m and 10 \u00d7 10 m spacing alone or in mixtures with sorghum or sesame. No statistically significant differences in sorghum or sesame yields between the intercropping and control treatments were observed (mean values were 1.54 and 1.54 t ha\u22121 for sorghum grain and 0.36 and 0.42 t ha\u22121 for sesame seed in the mixed and mono-crop plots, respectively). At an early stage of agroforestry system management, A. senegal had no detrimental effect on crop yield; however, the pattern of resource capture by trees and crops may change as the system matures. A significant positive relationship existed between the second gum picking and the total gum yield. The second gum picking seems to be a decisive factor in gum production and could be used as an indicator for the prediction of the total gum yield. Soil organic carbon, N, P and K contents were not increased by agroforestry as compared to the initial levels. Soil OC was not increased by agroforestry as compared to sole cropping. There was no evidence that P increased in the topsoil as the agroforestry plantations aged. At a stocking density of 400 trees ha\u22121 (5 \u00d7 5 m spacing), A. senegal accumulated in its biomass a total of 18.0, 1.21, 7.8 and 972 kg ha\u22121 of N, P, K and OC, respectively. Agroforestry contributed ca. 217 and 1500 kg ha\u22121 of K and OC, respectively, to the top 25-cm of soil during the first four years of intercropping.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-006-9009-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-006-9009-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-006-9009-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-006-9009-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-05-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-006-9027-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-01-17", "title": "Effects Of Organic And Mineral Fertilizer Inputs On Maize Yield And Soil Chemical Properties In A Maize Cropping System In Meru South District, Kenya", "description": "Soil nutrient depletion as a result of continuous cultivation of soils without adequate addition of external inputs is a major challenge in the highlands of Kenya. An experiment was set up in Meru South District, Kenya in 2000 to investigate the effects of different soil-incorporated organic (manure, Tithonia diversifolia, Calliandra calothyrsus, Leucaena leucocephala) and mineral fertilizer inputs on maize yield, and soil chemical properties over seven seasons. On average, tithonia treatments (with or without half recommended rate of mineral fertilizer) gave the highest grain yield (5.5 and 5.4\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 respectively) while the control treatment gave the lowest yield (1.5\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121). After 2\u00a0years of trial implementation, total soil carbon and nitrogen contents were improved with the application of organic residues, and manure in particular improved soil calcium content. Results of the economic analysis indicated that on average across the seven seasons, tithonia with half recommended rate of mineral fertilizer treatment recorded the highest net benefit (USD 787\u00a0ha\u22121) while the control recorded the lowest (USD 272\u00a0ha\u22121). However, returns to labor or benefit-cost ratios were in most cases not significantly improved when organic materials were used.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil fertility", "yields", "forestry", "cropping systems", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "fertilidad del suelo", "15. Life on land", "maize", "6. Clean water", "ma\u00edz", "sistemas de cultivo", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "inorganic fertilizers", "organic fertilizers", "abonos org\u00e1nicos", "abonos inorg\u00e1nicos", "rendimiento"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-006-9027-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-006-9027-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-006-9027-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-006-9027-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-01-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-007-9061-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-04-03", "title": "Nutrient Use Efficiency And Biomass Production Of Tree Species For Rotational Woodlot Systems In Semi-Arid Morogoro, Tanzania", "description": "Frequent nutrient removals accompanying wood and crop harvests from rotational woodlot systems may contribute to declining site productivity and sustainability because of soil nutrient depletion. However, selecting for nutrient-efficient tree species may well sustain productivity under this system. To test this hypothesis, a randomized complete block experiment was adopted to assess effects of five tree species on soil nutrients status, nutrient use efficiency and wood yield in semi-arid Tanzania. After 5 years rotation, top soils under Gliricidia sepium (Jaqua), Acacia polyacantha Willd. and Acacia mangium Willd. were the most fertile with soil organic carbon and exchangeable cation status raised close to those in natural Miombo systems. Soil inorganic N and extractable P levels reached sufficiency levels for subsequent maize culture. Wood productivity in tree fallows averaged three times higher than that of Miombo woodlands indicating the high potential of the woodlot system to supply fuelwood, and consequently relieve harvesting pressures on the natural forests. Acacia crassicarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth. produced the most wood (51 Mg ha\u22121) at low nutrient \u201ccosts\u201d presumably due to high nutrient use efficiency. Wood yield of this species was 42 and 120% greater than that of A. polyacantha and A. nilotica, respectively, but contained comparatively less nutrients (42\u201360% less for P, K, and Ca). Gliricidia sepium and A. polyacantha returned the largest amount of nutrients through slash at harvests. Of all test species, A. crassicarpa exhibited the most promise to sustain wood production under rotational woodlot systems due to relatively high productivity and low nutrient export at harvest.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption"], "contacts": [{"organization": "A.G. Mugasha, Deborah A. Kimaro, Anthony A. Kimaro, V. R. Timmer, Shaban A. O. Chamshama,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-007-9061-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-007-9061-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-007-9061-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-007-9061-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-04-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-007-9072-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-06-06", "description": "Carbon sequestration in the woody biomass of shelterbelts has been investigated but there have been no measurements of the C stocks in soil and tree litter under this agroforestry practice. The objective of this study was to quantify C stored in surface soil layers and tree litter within and adjacent to a 35-year-old shelterbelt in eastern Nebraska, USA. The 2-row shelterbelt was composed of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) and scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris). A sampling grid was estab- lished across a section of the shelterbelt on Tomek silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Pachic Argiudolls). Four soil cores were collected at each grid point, divided into 0-7.5 and 7.5-15 cm depth increments, and composited by depth. Soil samples were analyzed for total, organic, and inorganic C, total N, texture, pH, and nutrient content. Under the shelterbelt, all surface litter in a 0.5 \u00b7 0.5 m 2 area at each grid point", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Scotch pine", "Soil organic carbon", "Natural Resources and Conservation", "Shelterbelt", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Red cedar", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Tree litter", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Sauer, Thomas J., Cambardella, Cynthia A., Brandle, James R.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-007-9072-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-007-9072-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-007-9072-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-007-9072-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-06-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-005-5963-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-09-15", "title": "Soil Carbon Dynamics And Residue Stabilization In A Costa Rican And Southern Canadian Alley Cropping System", "description": "Agroforestry systems can play a major role in the sequestration of carbon (C) because of their higher input of organic material to the soil compared to sole crop agroecosystems. This study quantified C input in a 19-year old tropical alley cropping system with E. poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F Cook in Costa Rica and in a 13-year old hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides \u00d7 nigra DN-177) alley cropping system in southern Canada. Changes in the level of the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool, residue decomposition rate, residue stabilization efficiency, and the annual rate of accumulation of SOC were also quantified in both systems. Carbon input from tree prunings in Costa Rica was 401 g C m\u22122 y\u22121 compared to 117 g C m\u22122 y\u22121 from litterfall at the Canadian site. In southern Canada, crop residue input from maize (Zea mays L.) was 212 g C m\u22122 y\u22121, 83 g C m\u22122 y\u22121 from soybeans (Glycine max L.) and 125 g C m\u22122 y\u22121 for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and was not significantly different (p < 0.05) from the sole crop. The average yearly C input from crop residues in Costa Rica was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the alley crop for maize (134 g C m\u22122 y\u22121) and Phaseolus vulgaris L. bean crops (35 g C m\u22122 y\u22121) compared to the sole crop. The SOC pool was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the Costa Rican alley crop (9536 g m\u22122) compared to its respective sole crop (6143 g m\u22122) to a 20 cm depth, but no such difference was found for the southern Canadian system. Residue stabilization, defined as the efficiency of the stabilization of added residue (crop residues, tree prunings, litterfall) that is added to the soil C pool, is more efficient in southern Canada (31%) compared to the alley cropping system in Costa Rica (40%). This coincides with a lower organic matter decomposition rate (0.03 y\u22121) to a 20 cm depth in Canada compared to the Costa Rican system (0.06 y\u22121). However, the average annual accumulation rate of SOC is greater in Costa Rica (179 g m\u22122 y\u22121) and is likely related to the greater input of organic material derived from tree prunings, compared to that in southern Canada (30 g m\u22122 y\u22121) to a 20 cm depth.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-5963-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-005-5963-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-005-5963-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-005-5963-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-006-9016-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-09-12", "title": "Soil Water Dynamics In Cropping Systems Containing Gliricidia Sepium, Pigeonpea And Maize In Southern Malawi", "description": "The water dynamics of cropping systems containing mixtures of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp trees with maize (Zea mays L.) and/or pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) were examined during three consecutive cropping seasons. The trees were pruned before and during each cropping season, but were left unpruned after harvesting the maize; prunings were returned to the cropping area in all agroforestry systems to provide green leaf manure. The hypothesis was that regular severe pruning of the trees would minimise competition with crops for soil moisture and enhance their growth by providing additional nutrients. Neutron probe measurements were used to determine spatial and temporal changes in soil moisture content during the 1997/98, 1998/99 and 1999/00 cropping seasons for various cropping systems. These included gliricidia intercropped with maize, with and without pigeonpea, a maize\u00a0+\u00a0pigeonpea intercrop, sole maize, sole pigeonpea and sole gliricidia. Soil water content was measured to a depth of 150\u00a0cm in all treatments at 4\u20136\u00a0week intervals during the main cropping season and less frequently at other times. Competition for water was apparently not a critical factor in determining crop performance as rainfall exceeded potential evaporation during the cropping season in all years. The distribution of water in the soil profile was generally comparable in all cropping systems, implying there was no spatial complementarity in water abstraction by tree and crop roots. However, available soil water content at the beginning of the cropping season was generally lower in the tree-based systems, suggesting that the trees continued to deplete available soil water during the dry season. The results show that, under rainfall conditions typical of southern Malawi, the soil profile contains sufficient stored water during the dry season (ca. 75\u2013125\u00a0mm) to support the growth of gliricidia and pigeonpea, and that gliricidia trees pruned before and during the cropping season did not deleteriously compete for water with associated crops. Water use efficiency also appeared to be higher in the tree-based systems than in the sole maize and maize\u00a0+\u00a0pigeonpea treatments, subject to the proviso that the calculations were based on changes in soil water content rather than absolute measurements of water uptake by the trees and crops.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jumanne A. Maghembe, Paxie W. Chirwa, C. K. Ong, Colin R. Black,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-006-9016-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-006-9016-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-006-9016-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-006-9016-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-09-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-007-9044-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-02-07", "title": "Evaluation And Selection Of Multipurpose Tree For Improving Soil Hydro-Physical Behaviour Under Hilly Eco-System Of North East India", "description": "Soil hydro-physical behaviour was studied under a 20-year old agroforestry plantation consisting of five multipurpose tree species (Pinus kesiya Royle ex-Gordon, Alnus nepalensis D.Don, Parkia roxburghii G.Don, Michelia oblonga Wall. and Gmelina arboria Roxb.) maintained under normal recommended practices at Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Complex, Umiam, Meghalaya, India. The aim was to select tree species, which could act as better bio-ameliorant as well as provides higher economic return in highly degraded soil of northeastern hill region of India. A site without vegetation (no tree) nearby the plantation was also selected as control for comparison. Soil samples for various hydro-physical analysis, were taken from 0\u201315 and 15\u201330\u00a0cm soil depth at a distance of 1\u00a0m from respective tree species during wet and dry season of 2003\u20132004. No appreciable differences in relative contents of textural separates of sand, silt and clay were observed among various tree covers. Surface cover with constant leaf litter fall and extensive root system increased soil organic carbon, helped in better soil aggregation, improved water transmissivity and infiltrability and in turn, reduced soil erosion in the present study. However, due to variation in quantity of leaf litter fall and root biomass, these parameters differed among tree species. Of the tree species, P.\u00a0kesiya, M.\u00a0oblonga and A.\u00a0nepalensis were found to be rated best for bio-amelioration of soils as these tree covers had more root and shoot biomass and more litter fall compared to other species. However, considering both timber production and improvement in hydro-physical behaviour, M.\u00a0oblonga was found best among the tested tree species. The study, thus, suggested that inclusion of tree species M.\u00a0oblonga in agroforestry system is a viable option for natural resource management and could sustain long-term soil productivity in a highly degraded soil of this region as well as for food security of the resource poor people of North East India.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "J. M. S. Tomar, R. Saha, P. K. Ghosh,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-007-9044-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-007-9044-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-007-9044-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-007-9044-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-02-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-007-9063-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-04-21", "title": "Organic Carbon Pools In A Luvisol Under Agroforestry And Conventional Farming Systems In The Semi-Arid Region Of Cear\u00e1, Brazil", "description": "Many environmental benefits have been attributed to agroforestry systems in various ecosystems around the world. However, there is a limited amount of information to evaluate this agricultural system in the semi-arid region, specifically in the region of Ceara, Brazil. The objective of this work was to evaluate five agricultural (four agroforestry and one conventional) systems in order to test the hypothesis that the agroforestry systems promote an increase in the soil organic carbon stocks and organic carbon pools, thus improving soil quality. The following treatments were tested: agrosilvopasture (AGP), silvopasture (SILV), traditional agroforestry (TRAG), intensive cropping (IC), and native forest (NF). The soil samples were collected at four depths: 0\u20136, 6\u201312, 12\u201320 and 20\u201340\u00a0cm. Total soil organic carbon stocks and the organic carbon pools (microbial biomass-C, mineralizable-C, oxidizable-C, free, occluded light fraction organic matter, and C in the humic substances) were analyzed. After 5\u00a0years of experimental cultivation, the soil under the SILV system presented the best results for the attributes studied, preserving, and in some cases, improving these attributes, when compared to the other conditions. The traditional agroforestry system (TRAG) reduced total organic carbon stocks and, consequently, C in some organic matter compartments, indicating that the fallow period was not sufficient to maintain soil quality. The AGP and IC systems presented significant losses in some of the soil organic matter (SOM) pools, suggesting that the soil environment had been degraded. The most labile SOM components were considered sensitive indicators of change in the soil quality. The silvopasture system can, therefore, be recommended as an alternative soil management strategy for food production and for the maintenance of soil quality and agricultural sustainability in the semiarid region of Ceara state.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-007-9063-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-007-9063-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-007-9063-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-007-9063-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-04-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.gca.2019.06.021", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-06-22", "title": "Evaporation of moderately volatile elements from silicate melts: experiments and theory", "description": "Abstract Moderately volatile elements (MVEs) are sensitive tracers of vaporisation in geological and cosmochemical processes owing to their balanced partitioning between vapour and condensed phases. Differences in their volatilities allows the thermodynamic conditions, particularly temperature and oxygen fugacity ( f O 2 ), at which vaporisation occurred to be quantified. However, this exercise is hindered by a lack of experimental data relevant to the evaporation of MVEs from silicate melts. We report a series of experiments in which silicate liquids are evaporated in one-atmosphere (1-atm) gas-mixing furnaces under controlled f O 2 s, from the Fe-\u201cFeO\u201d buffer (iron-wustite, IW) to air (10 -0.68 bars), bracketing the range of most magmatic rocks. Time- ( t ) and temperature ( T) series were conducted from 15 to 930 minutes and 1300-1550\u00b0C, at or above the liquidus for a synthetic ferrobasalt, to which 20 elements, each at 1000 ppm, were added. Refractory elements ( e.g. , Ca, Sc, V, Zr, REE) are quantitatively retained in the melt under all conditions. The MVEs show highly redox-dependent volatilities, where the extent of element loss as a function of f O 2 depends on the stoichiometry of the evaporation reaction(s), each of which has the general form M x+ n O (x+ n )/2 = M x O x/2 + n /4O 2 . Where n is positive (as in most cases), the oxidation state of the element in the gas is more reduced than in the liquid, meaning lower oxygen fugacity promotes evaporation. We develop a general framework, by integrating element vaporisation stoichiometries with Hertz-Knudsen-Langmuir (HKL) theory, to quantify evaporative loss as a function of t , T and f O 2 . Element volatilities from silicate melts differ from those during solar nebular condensation, and can thus constrain the conditions of volatile loss in post-nebular processes. Evaporation in a single event strongly discriminates between MVEs, producing a step-like abundance pattern in the residuum, similar to that observed in the Moon or Vesta. Contrastingly, the gradual depletion of MVEs according to their volatility in the Earth is inconsistent with their loss in a single evaporation event, and instead likely reflects accretion from many smaller bodies that had each experienced different degrees of volatilisation.", "keywords": ["[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "Experiment", "550", "Moderately volatile element", "Volatile depletion", "13. Climate action", "Evaporation", "Silicate melts", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/206614/3/01_Sossi_Evaporation_of_moderately_2019.pdf.jpg"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.06.021"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geochimica%20et%20Cosmochimica%20Acta", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.gca.2019.06.021", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.gca.2019.06.021", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.gca.2019.06.021"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-007-9073-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-06-14", "title": "Seasonal Dynamics Of Mineral N Pools And N-Mineralization In Soils Under Homegarden Trees In South Andaman, India", "description": "Agroforestry trees are now well known to play a central role in the build up of nutrients pools and their transformations similar to that of forest ecosystem, however, information on the potential of homegarden trees accumulating and releasing nitrogen (mineralization) is lacking. The present study reports seasonal variations in pool sizes of mineral N (NH 4 + -N and NO 3 \u2212 -N), and net N-mineralization rate in relation to rainfall and temperature under coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt. Nees) trees in a coconut-spice trees plantation for two annual cycles in the equatorial humid climate of South Andaman Island of India. Concentration of NH 4 + -N was the highest during wet season (May\u2013October) and the lowest during post-wet season (November\u2013January) under all the tree species. On the contrary, concentration of NO 3 \u2212 -N was the lowest in the wet season and the highest during the post-wet season. However, concentrations of the mineral N were the highest under the nutmeg and the lowest under the coconut trees. Like the pool sizes, mean annual mineralization was the highest under the nutmeg (561\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\u22121\u00a0yr\u22121) and the lowest under the coconut trees (393\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\u22121\u00a0yr\u22121). Rate of mineralization was the highest during the post-wet season and the lowest during the dry season (February\u2013April) under all the tree species. High rainfall during the wet season, however, reduced the rate of nitrification under all the tree species. The mean annual mineralization was logarithmically related with rainfall amount and mean monthly temperature.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lalita Singh, C. B. Pandey, Ram Bahal Rai,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-007-9073-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-007-9073-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-007-9073-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-007-9073-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-06-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107937", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:13Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-08-21", "title": "Nanoscaffold effects on the performance of air-cathodes for microbial fuel cells: Sustainable Fe/N-carbon electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction under neutral pH conditions", "description": "Nanostructured electrocatalysts for microbial fuel cell air-cathodes were obtained via use of conductive carbon blacks for the synthesis of high performing 3D conductive networks. We used two commercially available nanocarbons, Black Pearls 2000 and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, as conductive scaffolds for the synthesis of nanocomposite electrodes by combining: a hydrothermally carbonized resin, a sacrificial polymeric template, a nitrogenated organic precursor and iron centers. The resulting materials are micro-mesoporous, possess high specific surface area and display N-sites (N/C of 3-5 at%) and Fe-centers (Fe/C\u00a0<\u00a01.5at.%) at the carbon surface as evidenced from characterization methods. Voltammetry studies of oxygen reduction reaction activity were carried out at neutral pH, which is relevant to microbial fuel cell applications, and activity trends are discussed in light of catalyst morphology and composition. Tests of the electrocatalyst using microbial fuel cell devices indicate that optimization of the nanocarbon scaffold for the Pt-free carbon-based electrocatalysts results in maximum power densities that are 25% better than those of Pt/C cathodes, at a fraction of the materials costs. Therefore, the proposed Fe/N-carbon catalysts are promising and sustainable high-performance cathodic materials for microbial fuel cells.", "keywords": ["Bioelectric Energy Sources", "Nanotubes", " Carbon", "Microbial fuel cells", "Electric Conductivity", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Catalysis", "Oxygen reduction reaction", "[PHYS] Physics [physics]", "12. Responsible consumption", "0104 chemical sciences", "Air cathode; Carbon; Electrocatalysis; Microbial fuel cells; Oxygen reduction reaction", "13. Climate action", "[CHIM] Chemical Sciences", "Air cathode", "Electrocatalysis"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/868457/2/1-s2.0-S1567539421002000-main.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107937"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bioelectrochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107937", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107937", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107937"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-007-9075-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-08-17", "title": "Above- And Belowground Biomass, Nutrient And Carbon Stocks Contrasting An Open-Grown And A Shaded Coffee Plantation", "description": "Coffee (Coffea canephora var robusta) is grown in Southwestern Togo under shade of native Albizia adianthifolia as a low input cropping system. However, there is no information on carbon and nutrient cycling in these shaded coffee systems. Hence, a study was conducted in a mature coffee plantation in Southwestern Togo to determine carbon and nutrient stocks in shaded versus open-grown coffee systems. Biomass of Albizia trees was predicted by allometry, whereas biomass of coffee bushes was estimated through destructive sampling. Above- and belowground biomass estimates were respectively, 140\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 and 32\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 in the coffee\u2013Albizia association, and 29.7\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 and 18.7\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 in the open-grown system. Albizia trees contributed 87% of total aboveground biomass and 55% of total root biomass in the shaded coffee system. Individual coffee bushes consistently had higher biomass in the open-grown than in the shaded coffee system. Total C stock was 81\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 in the shaded coffee system and only 22.9\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 for coffee grown in the open. Apart from P and Mg, considerable amounts of major nutrients were stored in the shade tree biomass in non-easily recyclable fractions. Plant tissues in the shaded coffee system had higher N concentration, suggesting possible N fixation. Given the potential for competition between the shade trees and coffee for nutrients, particularly in low soil fertility conditions, it is suggested that the shade trees be periodically pruned in order to increase organic matter addition and nutrient return to the soil.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "E. L. Dossa, E. L. Dossa, Erick C.M. Fernandes, Erick C.M. Fernandes, W. S. Reid, K.S. Ezui,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-007-9075-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-007-9075-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-007-9075-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-007-9075-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-06-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-008-9144-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-05-12", "title": "Temporal Change In Carbon Stocks Of Cocoa\u2013Gliricidia Agroforests In Central Sulawesi, Indonesia", "description": "In a false-time series, the temporal development of cocoa\u2013gliricidia carbon (C) stocks and soil organic carbon (SOC) were investigated in Napu and Palolo Valleys of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. As a first step, the Functional Branch Analysis (FBA) method was used to develop allometric equations for the above- and below-ground growth of cocoa and gliricidia. FBA resulted in shoot\u2013root ratios of 2.54 and 2.05 for cocoa and gliricidia, respectively. In Napu and Palolo, the trunk diameter and carbon levels per gliricidia tree were always much greater than that of cocoa. The highest aerial carbon levels were attained at year four in Napu (aerial cocoa\u2013gliricidia\u00a0=\u00a020,745.2\u00a0kg\u00a0C\u00a0ha\u22121) and at year five in Palolo (aerial cocoa\u2013gliricidia\u00a0=\u00a038,857.0\u00a0kg\u00a0C\u00a0ha\u22121). After years four or five, however, the reduced stocking density of gliricidia attributed to a loss of aerial C. During the time spans in question, SOC remained fairly stable though slightly decreasing in Napu and slightly increasing in Palolo. The SOC harbored a vastly greater amount of system C (one-half and one-third of SOC in the 0\u201315\u00a0cm stratum in Napu and Palolo, respectively) relative to tree components. Eight years (Napu) or 15\u00a0years (Palolo) after conversion of a rainforest to cocoa\u2013gliricidia agroforestry caused an 88% and 87% reduction of aerial C-stocks in Napu and Palolo, respectively.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "G. L. Smiley, J. Kroschel,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-008-9144-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-008-9144-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-008-9144-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-008-9144-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-05-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-009-9224-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-03-30", "title": "The Effect Of Hedgerow Loss On Microclimate In The Mediterranean Region: An Investigation In Central Spain", "description": "In Central Spain hedgerows are an important component of the landscape although many have been lost due to landscape planning and reallotment programmes. Loss of hedgerows can produce changes in environmental conditions that can be especially critical in summer, corresponding with the dry period in Mediterranean ecosystems. In order to show the effects of hedgerow removal on summer Mediterranean environmental conditions in rural landscapes, this paper describes a comparison of some key environmental conditions between areas where hedgerows are still present, compared to areas where they have been removed. Through a two-way ANOVA, it was found that temperatures in the hedgerows were significantly different from those in the fields, whilst air temperatures beneath the hedgerows were lower, and steadier, than those of surrounding areas. When temperatures of the fields were compared to those sites where hedgerows had been removed, significant differences in temperatures were detected belowground and sometimes at soil surface level but not at higher levels. The levels of soil water content and organic carbon were higher where hedgerows were still in place. These differences indicate potentially negative environmental impacts due to hedgerow removal. The implications of hedgerow conservation for environmental protection and for cropland productivity are discussed.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-009-9224-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-009-9224-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-009-9224-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-009-9224-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-03-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-008-9167-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-08-14", "title": "Early Growth Performance And Water Use Of Planted West African Provenances Of Vitellaria Paradoxa C. F. Gaertn (Karite) In Gonse, Burkina Faso", "description": "A participatory selection trial of five provenances from Burkina Faso (3), Mali (1) and Senegal (1) was established in Burkina Faso in 1997 with the aim of addressing issues of the long juvenile phase and the large variability in annual fruit yields of Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn in West Africa. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate survival rate and the growth performance of the five provenances, characterize the wetting profile under which the trees of these provenances are growing and quantify the variation in their seasonal transpiration. The design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with single tree as the experimental unit which was replicated 70 times. The results showed a mean survival rate of 50% for all provenances. Passore (Burkina Faso), Djonon-Karaba (Mali) and Botou-Fada (Burkina Faso) provenances showed the highest height and collar diameter whereas the provenance of Gonse (Burkina Faso) performed poorly. Djonon-Karaba provenance displayed the highest water use (2.70 l day\u22121 tree\u22121 in 2004 and 2.85 l day\u22121 tree\u22121 in 2005). Soil water content under Passore provenance was the lowest (9.38%) whereas its content under Gonse provenance (11%) was the highest with no clear pattern according to the distance from tree trunk. Samecouta and Djonon-Karaba provenances showed the highest transpiration values per sapwood unit area in 2004 (0.079 l cm\u22122 day\u22121) and in 2005 (0.069 l m\u22122 day\u22121), respectively. Based on growth performance and water use, it can be recommended at this early stage the selection of Djonon-Karaba and Passore provenances as the most suitable for semi-arid regions of West Africa. However, there is a need for further data to model the long term effects of these provenances on soil water balance and their fruit production before reliable recommendations can be made to farmers.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "J. Bayala, C. K. Ong, S. J. Ou\u00e9draogo,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-008-9167-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-008-9167-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-008-9167-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-008-9167-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-08-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-008-9185-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-10-20", "title": "Carbon Pools In Tree Biomass And The Soil In Improved Fallows In Eastern Zambia", "description": "This study quantified tree and soil C stocks and their response to different tree species and clay contents in improved fallows in eastern Zambia. From 2002 to 2003, soil, and destructively harvested two-year old tree, samples were analysed for C. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in aboveground tree C stocks, and in net organic C (NOC) intake rates across coppicing tree species at Msekera and Kalunga. Aboveground C stocks ranged from 2.9 to 9.8 t ha-1, equivalent to NOC intakes of 0.8\u20134.9 t ha-1 year-1. SOC stocks in non-coppiced fallows at Kalichero and Msekera significantly differed (P < 0.05) across treatments. SOC stocks to 200 cm depth ranged from 64.7 t C ha-1 under non-coppicing fallows at Kalunga to 184.0 t ha-1 in 10-year-old coppicing fallows at Msekera. Therefore, tree and soil C stocks in improved fallows can be increased by planting selected tree species on soils with high clay content.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Tim Bayliss-Smith, Martin L. Kaonga,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-008-9185-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-008-9185-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-008-9185-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-008-9185-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10526-010-9301-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Effects Of Intercropping With Aromatic Plants On The Diversity And Structure Of An Arthropod Community In A Pear Orchard", "description": "Five aromatic plants, Centaurea cyanus, Saturela hortensis, Nepeta cataria, Agerarum houstonianum, and Ocimum basilicum, were assessed as intercrops in a pear orchard, and all significantly reduced the pest population compared with that in the plot natural grasses. The decrease was particularly marked for C. cyanus, S. hortensis, and A. houstonianum, and plots intercropped with these aromatic plants also had significantly higher values of ratios of natural enemies to pests, Simpson\u2019s index, the Shannon\u2013Wiener index, and the evenness index of arthropod species at the flowering, immature-fruits, and fruit-growth stages of the pear trees. In none of the plots except that intercropped with C. cyanus, however, were there any significant changes in the abundance of predators and parasitoids. Intercropping with aromatic plants in pear orchards proved beneficial to the main crop by repelling pests and regulating the structure of the arthropod community in the pear orchard ecosystem.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jie Zhang, Yun Kong, Yun Cong Yao, Yan Li Du, Bei Zhou Song, Jing Hui Hu, Hong Ying Wu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-010-9301-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/BioControl", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10526-010-9301-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10526-010-9301-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10526-010-9301-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-07-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-008-9128-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-03-22", "title": "Soil Water Content And Infiltration In Agroforestry Buffer Strips", "description": "Agroforestry practices are receiving increased attention in temperate zones due to their environmental and economic benefits. To test the hypothesis that agroforestry buffers reduce runoff by increased infiltration, water use, and water storage; profile water content and soil water infiltration were measured for a Putnam soil (fine, smectitic, mesic Vertic Albaqualf). The watershed was under no-till management with a corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation since 1991. Agroforestry buffer strips, 4.5 m wide and 36.5 m apart, were planted with redtop (Agrostis gigantea Roth), brome (Bromus spp.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). Pin oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh.), swamp white oak (Q. bicolor Willd.) and bur oak (Q. macrocarpa Michx.) trees were planted at 3-m intervals in the center of the agroforestry buffers in 1997. Ponded water infiltration was measured in agroforestry and grass buffers and row crop areas. Water content in agroforestry and row crop areas at 5, 10, 20, and 40 cm depths were measured throughout the year. Quasi-steady infiltration rates were not different (P > 0.05) among the treatments. Agroforestry had lower soil water content than row crop areas (P < 0.05) during the growing season. Higher water content after the principal recharge event in the agroforestry treatment was attributed to better infiltration through the root system. Results show that agroforestry buffer strips reduce soil water content during critical times such as fallow periods, and increase water infiltration and water storage. Therefore, adoption of agroforestry buffer practices may reduce runoff and soil loss from watersheds in row crop management.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ranjith P. Udawatta, Stephen H. Anderson, Tshepiso Seobi, Harold E. Garrett,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-008-9128-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-008-9128-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-008-9128-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-008-9128-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-03-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-009-9243-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-07-07", "title": "Effect Of Acacia Senegal On Growth And Yield Of Groundnut, Sesame And Roselle In An Agroforestry System In North Kordofan State, Sudan", "description": "Two field trials were conducted under rainfed conditions at El-Obeid Research Farm and Eldemokeya Forest Reserve, North Kordofan State during the growing seasons 2004/2005 and 2005/2006. The objective was to investigate the effect of Acacia senegal on the performance and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogea), sesame (Sesamum indicum) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) in an agroforestry system. The two trials consisted of seven treatments: three represented the intercropping of groundnut, sesame and roselle with A. senegal, three without trees and one represented A. senegal alone. Data were recorded on soil physical and chemical properties, soil moisture content, crops fresh weight (kg/ha), dry weight (kg/ha), gum yield (g/picking) and crop yield (kg/ha). The trees at El-Obeid yielded no gum, whereas those at Eldemokeya were 15 years old and were tapped as part of the total harvest in the agroforestry plots. Land equivalent ratios (LER) and simple financial analyses of gross surpluses were used to evaluate the productivity of the different treatments. Fresh weight of groundnut, sesame and roselle was significantly different (P < .0.05) at both sites. Higher fresh weights were found under the intercropping system than the sole cropping system. This could be attributed to a shading effect that limits fruit production of the field crops more than vegetative growth. Dry weights were significantly greater for sesame and roselle in both sites, while that of groundnuts was not significantly different. In both sites, intercropping reduced the yield of sesame by 6 and 11% in the first season and 37 and 39% in the second season. The reduction in roselle yield was 19 and 28% in the first season and 15 and 8% in the second season. Yield reduction in groundnut was 35 and 17% in the first season and 35 and 11% in the second season. The combined analysis indicated that intercropping reduced groundnut yield by 26%, sesame by 21% and roselle by 20%. All the treatments gave LER of more than one\u2014indicating the superiority of growing the field crops in intercropping over the sole cropping systems. The highest LER of (1.71) was obtained when roselle was intercropped with A. senegal, while the lowest LER (1.48) was obtained when groundnuts were intercropped with A. senegal. All the treatments gave positive net revenues, the highest being for intercropped roselle (438 SDG/ha). The intercropping of sesame gave the second highest net revenue (387 SDG/ha), while the sole roselle gave the lowest net revenue (97 SDG/ha).", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Salih Elagab El sheikh, Kamal Eldin Mohammed Fadl,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-009-9243-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-009-9243-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-009-9243-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-009-9243-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-07-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-008-9152-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-05-23", "title": "Combining Napier Grass With Leguminous Shrubs In Contour Hedgerows Controls Soil Erosion Without Competing With Crops", "description": "We established hedges/barriers of calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner), leucaena (Leucaena trichandra (Zucc.) Urban)) and napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) and combination hedges of either calliandra or leucaena with napier grass on slopes exceeding 5% to study the effect of vegetative barriers on productivity of arable steep-lands in central Kenya. Hedges/barriers were pruned regularly and biomass incorporated into the plots. Hedge plots were monitored for soil fertility, soil losses and maize crop yield changes. Inorganic-N concentration in the tree hedge plots was higher than in the control and napier barrier plots after 20 months. Napier grass barriers were the most effective in reducing erosion losses across the two seasons. The effectiveness of napier grass to significantly reduce soil erosion was detectable in one year old napier barriers. Soil loss from all the other one year old vegetative treatments was similar to soil loss from the control. Seventeen month old combination hedge plots recorded lower soil losses than tree hedges of the same age (P = 0.012). Maize crop yields throughout the trial period were high and similar for leguminous and combination hedge plots, but lower in the napier grass and control plots. Overall, we observed that the combination hedges seemed to provide a win-win scenario of reduction in soil erosion combined with improvement of maize crop yields and soil fertility enhancement. We conclude that vegetative hedges have a potential for improving soil productivity in arable steep-lands of the central highlands of Kenya, and that in adoption of vegetative hedges for this purpose there are trade-offs between soil conservation, soil fertility and maize crop yields to be considered.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "soil erosion", "soil fertility", "forestry", "Soil erosion", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "leucaena", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Contour hedges", "15. Life on land", "Soil fertility", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-008-9152-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-008-9152-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-008-9152-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-008-9152-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-05-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-008-9170-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-10-09", "title": "Crop Residue Effect On Crop Performance, Soil N2o And Co2 Emissions In Alley Cropping Systems In Subtropical China", "description": "Land management practices that simultaneously improve soil properties are crucial to high crop production and minimize detrimental impact on the environment. We examined the effects of crop residues on crop performance, the fluxes of soil N2O and CO2 under wheat-maize (WM) and/or faba bean-maize (FM) rotations in Amorpha fruticosa (A) and Vetiveria zizanioides (V) intercropping systems on a loamy clay soil, in subtropical China. Crop performance, soil N2O and CO2 as well as some potential factors such as soil water content, soil carbon, soil nitrogen, microbial biomass and N mineralization were recorded during 2006 maize crop cultivation. Soil N2O and CO2 fluxes are determined using a closed-based chamber. Maize yield was greater after faba bean than after wheat may be due to differences in supply of N from residues. The presence of hedgerow significantly improved maize grain yields. N2O emissions from soils with maize were considerably greater after faba bean (345 g N2O\u2013N ha\u22121) than after wheat (289 g N2O\u2013N ha\u22121). However, the cumulated N2O emissions did not differ significantly between WM and FM. The difference in N2O emissions between WM and FM was mostly due to the amounts of crop residues. Hedgerow alley cropping tended to emit more N2O than WM and FM, in particular A. fruticosa intercropping systems. Over the entire 118 days of measurement, the N2O fluxes represented 534 g N2O\u2013N ha\u22121 (AWM) and 512 g N2O\u2013N ha\u22121 (AFM) under A. fruticosa species, 403 g N2O\u2013N ha\u22121 (VWM) and 423 g N2O\u2013N ha\u22121 (VFM) under Vetiver grass. We observed significantly higher CO2 emission in AFM (5,335 kg CO2\u2013C ha\u22121) from June to October, whereas no significant difference was observed among WM (3,480 kg CO2\u2013C ha\u22121), FM (3,302 kg CO2\u2013C ha\u22121), AWM (3,877 kg CO2\u2013C ha\u22121), VWM (3,124 kg CO2\u2013C ha\u22121) and VFM (3,309 kg CO2\u2013C ha\u22121), indicating the importance of A. fruticosa along with faba bean residue on CO2 fluxes. As a result, crop residues and land conversion from agricultural to agroforestry can, in turn, influence microbial biomass, N mineralization, soil C and N content, which can further alter the magnitude of crop growth, soil N2O and CO2 emissions in the present environmental conditions.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-008-9170-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-008-9170-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-008-9170-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-008-9170-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-008-9196-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-01-06", "title": "Potential Of Natural And Improved Fallow Using Indigenous Trees To Facilitate Cacao Replanting In Ghana", "description": "Poor establishment, due to loss of soil fertility, weeds and lack of appropriate shade, is a major constraint to replanting cacao on previously used land. Spathodea campanulata, Newbouldia laevis and Ricinodendron heudelotii planted as monospecific improved fallow and Terminalia ivorensis, T. superba and Antiaris toxicaria planted as a multispecies improved fallow and a natural tree fallow were assessed for their potential to facilitate cacao replanting in a randomized complete block design experiment. Simpson and Shannon diversity indices and species richness in the natural tree fallow were 0.6, 1.6 and 20, respectively, at 4 years after trial inception. The Multispecies and the R. heudelotii improved fallows had better height growth, crown development and light transmission characteristics, which are desirable for cacao shade. However, these were not comparable to S. campanulata or the natural tree fallow in terms of improving microsite topsoil pH, % organic carbon and % total nitrogen and site capture. Since optimum fallow period is shortened by growing fast-growing trees, the height growth rate >2.0 m per annum in all the treatments except N. laevis indicates the suitability of these species for improved fallow. The trees species showed different and complementary characteristics and from a standpoint of biodiversity conservation and the future floristic composition of the landscape the natural tree fallow with its diversity of tree species may be recommended as a rehabilitation technique to facilitate the replanting of cacao with a diverse overhead shade.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Kwabena Osei-Bonsu, Gilbert John Anim-Kwapong,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-008-9196-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-008-9196-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-008-9196-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-008-9196-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-01-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-009-9219-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-03-04", "title": "Soil Organic Carbon And Aggregation Under Poplar Based Agroforestry System In Relation To Tree Age And Soil Type", "description": "The poplar based agroforestry system improves aggregation of soil through huge amounts of organic matter in the form of leaf biomass. The extent of improvement may be affected by the age of the poplar trees and the soil type. The surface and subsurface soil samples from agroforestry and adjoining non-agroforestry sites with different years of poplar plantation (1, 3 and 6\u00a0years) and varying soil textures (loamy sand and sandy clay) were analyzed for soil organic carbon, its sequestration and aggregate size distribution. The average soil organic carbon increased from 0.36 in sole crop to 0.66% in agroforestry soils. The increase was higher in loamy sand than sandy clay. The soil organic carbon increased with increase in tree age. The soils under agroforestry had 2.9\u20134.8\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 higher soil organic carbon than in sole crop. The poplar trees could sequester higher soil organic carbon in 0\u201330\u00a0cm profile during the first year of their plantation (6.07\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0year\u22121) than the subsequent years (1.95\u20132.63\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0year\u22121). The sandy clay could sequester higher carbon (2.85\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0year\u22121) than in loamy sand (2.32\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0year\u22121). The mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates increased by 3.2, 7.3 and 13.3 times in soils with 1, 3 and 6\u00a0years plantation, respectively from that in sole crop. The increase in MWD with agroforestry was higher in loamy sand than sandy clay soil. The water stable aggregates (WSA >0.25\u00a0mm) increased by 14.4, 32.6 and 56.9 times in soils with 1, 3 and 6\u00a0years plantation, respectively, from that in sole crop. The WSA >0.25\u00a0mm were 6.02 times higher in loamy sand and 2.2 times in sandy clay than in sole crop soils.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Naveen Gupta, S.S. Bawa, Surinder S. Kukal, G. S. Dhaliwal,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-009-9219-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-009-9219-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-009-9219-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-009-9219-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-009-9210-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-01-19", "title": "Spice Crops Agroforestry Systems In The East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania: Growth Analysis", "description": "A scarcity of cultivation land calls for more intensive and productive land use in the East Usambara Mountains in NE Tanzania. Spice crops could generate cash in higher parts of the mountains, but the present cultivation methods are depleting the valuable forest resources. The trial was established at the end of 2000 to find out how the two popular cash crops, cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton.) and black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), normally grown under the natural forest, will produce in intensive agroforestry system with two multipurpose farm trees, Grevillea robusta A.Cunn. and nitrogen fixing Gliricidia sepium Jacq. Results from 6 years showed that cardamom produced better with grevillea than in natural forest; 5.5 times more in the fourth year than the average in the area. The Land Equivalent Ratios for black pepper and cardamom showed that pepper intercropped with grevillea produced 3.9 times more than in monoculture whereas cardamom intercropped with grevillea and pepper produced 2.3 times more than in monoculture. Gliricidia improved the nitrogen and organic matter content of the soil over the levels found in natural forest. Soil acidity was, however, preventing the plants from using the available mineral nutrients more effectively.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-009-9210-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-009-9210-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-009-9210-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-009-9210-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-01-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-009-9249-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-08-20", "title": "Influence Of Improved Fallow Systems And Phosphorus Application On Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Symbiosis In Maize Grown In Western Kenya", "description": "A field study was carried out on a six-year-old on-farm field trial during long-rains season (April\u2013August) 2003 to investigate the effect of improved fallow systems and phosphorus application on arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) symbiosis in maize. The trial comprised of maize rotated with a fast growing leguminous Crotalariagrahamiana fallow and a non-leguminous Tithonia diversifolia fallow for 3 years followed by continuous maize. The experiment was randomized complete block design with three cropping (continuous maize, Crotalaria fallow and Tithonia fallow) systems and two phosphorus levels (0 and 50 kg P/ha). AMF colonization in maize roots, maize yield and macro-nutrients uptake were recorded. Phosphorus applications improved (P < 0.05) early (<8 weeks old maize) AMF colonization, nutrient uptake and maize yield in improved fallow systems. Greater differences due to phosphorus application were noted in maize in Tithonia fallow than in Crotalaria fallow. Following phosphorus application, a positive relationship existed between early AMF colonization and maize yield (r = 0.38), and phosphorus and nitrogen uptake (r = 0.40 and r = 0.43, respectively), demonstrating the importance of phosphorus fertilization in enhancing low-input technologies (improved fallows systems) in phosphorus deficient and acidic soils of western Kenya.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-009-9249-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-009-9249-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-009-9249-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-009-9249-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-08-21T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=0&offset=1550&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=0&offset=1550&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=0&offset=1500", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=0&offset=1600", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 17019, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-04T13:57:48.527379Z"}