{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1007/978-94-007-0394-0_20", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:25Z", "created": "2011-02-08", "title": "Biofuels, Greenhouse Gases And Climate Change", "description": "Biofuels are fuels produced from biomass, mostly in liquid form, within a time frame sufficiently short to consider that their feedstock (biomass) can be renewed, contrarily to fossil fuels. This paper reviews the current and future biofuel technologies, and their development impacts (including on the climate) within given policy and economic frameworks. Current technologies make it possible to provide first generation biodiesel, ethanol or biogas to the transport sector to be blended with fossil fuels. Still under-development 2nd generation biofuels from lignocellulose should be available on the market by 2020. Research is active on the improvement of their conversion efficiency. A ten-fold increase compared with current cost-effective capacities would make them highly competitive. Within bioenergy policies, emphasis has been put on biofuels for transportation as this sector is fast-growing and represents a major source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Compared with fossil fuels, biofuel combustion can emit less greenhouse gases throughout their life cycle, considering that part of the emitted returns to the atmosphere where it was fixed from by photosynthesis in the first place. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is commonly used to assess the potential environmental impacts of biofuel chains, notably the impact on global warming. This tool, whose holistic nature is fundamental to avoid pollution trade-offs, is a standardised methodology that should make comparisons between biofuel and fossil fuel chains objective and thorough. However, it is a complex and time-consuming process, which requires lots of data, and whose methodology is still lacking harmonisation. Hence the life-cycle performances of biofuel chains vary widely in the literature. Furthermore, LCA is a site- and time- independent tool that cannot take into account the spatial and temporal dimensions of emissions, and can hardly serve as a decision-making tool either at local or regional levels. Focusing on greenhouse gases, emission factors used in LCAs give a rough estimate of the potential average emissions on a national level. However, they do not take into account the types of crop, soil or management practices, for instance. Modelling the impact of local factors on the determinism of greenhouse gas emissions can provide better estimates for LCA on the local level, which would be the relevant scale and degree of reliability for decision-making purposes. Nevertheless, a deeper understanding of the processes involved, most notably emissions, is still needed to definitely improve the accuracy of LCA. Perennial crops are a promising option for biofuels, due to their rapid and efficient use of nitrogen, and their limited farming operations. However, the main overall limiting factor to biofuel development will ultimately be land availability. Given the available land areas, population growth rate and consumption behaviours, it would be possible to reach by 2030 a global 10% biofuel share in the transport sector, contributing to lower global greenhouse gas emissions by up to (IEA, 2006), provided that harmonised policies ensure that sustainability criteria for the production systems are respected worldwide. Furthermore, policies should also be more integrative across sectors, so that changes in energy efficiency, the automotive sector and global consumption patterns converge towards drastic reduction of the pressure on resources. Indeed, neither biofuels nor other energy source or carriers are likely to mitigate the impacts of anthropogenic pressure on resources in a range that would compensate for this pressure growth. Hence, the first step is to reduce this pressure by starting from the variable that drives it up, i.e. anthropic consumptions.", "keywords": ["effet de serre", "BIOFUELS;ENERGY CROPS;PERENNIALS;LCA;GREENHOUSE GASES;CLIMATE CHANGE;POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FRAMEWORKS;BIOENERGY POTENTIAL;LAND-USE CHANGE;NITROUS OXIDE;CARBON DIOXIDE;AGRICULTURAL PRATICES \u00a0;AGRONOMIE;", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "dioxyde de carbone", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "biomasse", "pratique culturale", "\u00e9nergie", "2. Zero hunger", "changement climatique", "oxyde nitreux", "gaz trace", "\u00e9mission", "Agricultural sciences", "flux", "culture \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique", "cycle de vie", "biocarburant", "13. Climate action", "politique \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique", "impact sur l'environnement", "Sciences agricoles"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0394-0_20"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/978-94-007-0394-0_20", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/978-94-007-0394-0_20", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/978-94-007-0394-0_20"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jaap.2018.11.026", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:16:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-11-27", "title": "Influence of step duration in fractionated Py-GC/MS of lignocellulosic biomass", "description": "

Fractionated pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) appears as an interesting analytical tool for elucidating lignocellulosic biomass structure, as it allows the progressive release of chemical fragments representative of biomass macromolecular composition. In this paper the effect of fractionated pyrolysis time (from 5 s to 300 s) on the degradation of lignin and carbohydrates from beech wood was studied at temperatures between 250 \u00b0C and 500 \u00b0C. Fractionated Py-GC/MS showed that the release temperature of the volatile degradation products varied between the volatile species detected. In addition, the step duration time changed the thermal degradation behavior of lignocellulosic components. Shortening the constant step duration time from 300 s to 5 s shifted the maximum weight loss to the higher temperatures. The result was opposite at long step duration times. Time optimization at each pyrolysis temperature (250 \u00b0C, 40 s; 300 \u00b0C, 30 s; 350 \u00b0C, 25 s; 370 \u00b0C, 20 s; 400 \u00b0C, 15 s; 450 \u00b0C, 10 s; 500 \u00b0C, 5 s) enhanced the yield of both lignin and carbohydrate volatile pyrolysis degradation products. In addition, two multiple temperature maxima were shown for some lignin and carbohydrate derivatives. This behavior may be due to the two different pathways of formation and macromolecular origins of compounds in beech wood. At optimized conditions lignin derivatives having a 3-carbon side chain substituent had a maximum at lower temperature than that of lignin derivatives with a 1-carbon side chain substituent. That phenomenon follows the order of primary and secondary pyrolysis reactions. Similar behaviors were observed among the degradation products of hemicelluloses and cellulose. Degradation products of hemicelluloses were mainly released at lower temperatures than those of cellulose derivatives, which illustrates the lower thermal stability of hemicelluloses compared to cellulose.

", "keywords": ["Beech", "ta114", "[CHIM.GENI] Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering", "[SPI.GPROC] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering", "Fractionated pyrolysis", "Carbohydrates", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "540", "Py-GC/MS", "Lignin", "7. Clean energy", "13. Climate action", "Thermal degradation", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "G\u00e9nie chimique", "SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy", "G\u00e9nie des proc\u00e9d\u00e9s", "ta116", "ta215"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/27243/1/GonzalezMartinez_27243.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.11.026"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Analytical%20and%20Applied%20Pyrolysis", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jaap.2018.11.026", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jaap.2018.11.026", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.11.026"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.034", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:16:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-09-08", "title": "Spatio-temporal assessment of integrating intermittent electricity in the EU and Western Balkans power sector under ambitious CO2 emission policies", "description": "This work investigates a power dispatch system that aims to supply the power demand of the EU and Western Balkans (EUWB) based on low-carbon generation units, enabled by the expansion of biomass, solar, and wind based electricity. A spatially explicit techno-economic optimization tool simulates the EUWB power sector to explore the dispatch of new renewable electricity capacity on a EUWB scale, under ambitious CO2 emission policies. The results show that utility-scale deployment of renewable electricity is feasible and can contribute about 9\u201339% of the total generation mix, for a carbon price range of 0\u2013200 \u20ac/tCO2 and with the existing capacities of the cross-border transmission network. Even without any explicit carbon incentive (carbon price of 0 \u20ac/tCO2), more than 35% of the variable power in the most ambitious CO2 mitigation scenario (carbon price of 200 \u20ac/tCO2) would be economically feasible to deploy. Spatial assessment of bio-electricity potential (based on forest and agriculture feedstock) showed limited presence in the optimal generation mix (0\u20136%), marginalizing its effect as baseload. Expansion of the existing cross-border transmission capacities helps even out the variability of solar and wind technologies, but may also result in lower installed RE capacity in favor of state-of-the-art natural gas with relatively low sensitivity to increasing carbon taxes. A sensitivity analysis of the investment cost, even under a low-investment scenario and at the high end of the CO2 price range, showed natural gas remains at around 11% of the total generation, emphasizing how costly it would be to achieve the final percentages toward a 100% renewable system.", "keywords": ["Optimization", "Renewable electricity", "330", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "Decarbonization", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "Geospatial modeling", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Intermittency", "Power transmission"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/15514/1/Spatio-temporal%20assessment%20of%20integrating%20RE%20in%20EU-WB%20power%20sector_postprint.pdf"}, {"href": "https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/15514/1/Spatio-temporal%20assessment%20of%20integrating%20RE%20in%20EU-WB%20power%20sector_postprint.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.034"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Energy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.034", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.034", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.034"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.019", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:16:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-02-14", "title": "Assessing the suitability of recovering shrub biowaste involved in wildland fires in the South of Europe through torrefaction mobile units", "description": "Several types of shrubs and oak inducing high wildland fire risk in the South of Europe were evaluated for their potential valorization through torrefaction. Biomasses were firstly characterized in terms of macromolecular and elemental composition. Lab-scale TGA-GC/MS torrefaction experiments allowed the in-depth study of the solid mass transformation and the production profile of 23 volatile species (200 to 300\u202f\u00b0C at 3\u202f\u00b0C\u00b7min-1 and 300\u202f\u00b0C for 30\u202fmin). The proportion of the torrefied products (solid, CO, CO2, water and volatile species) was evaluated through mass balance in a lab-scale furnace under typical torrefaction conditions (300\u202f\u00b0C, 40\u202fmin). The results show a similar characterization and behavior in torrefaction for oak and shrublands, and slightly different characteristics for fern. However, fern may grow separately from shrublands and is considered to present a low fire risk. This suggests that the in-situ direct valorization of these biomasses through torrefaction mobile units seems promising. However, other properties, such as density, flowability and grindability need to be studied to confirm the feasibility of the process. Regarding torrefaction products, a higher carbon content and an interesting increase in heating value were measured for the torrefied solid, which makes it suitable for energetic valorization, among other uses. The composition of permanent gases was evaluated and found in agreement with previous studies. Finally, the volatile species released were studied in function of the torrefaction temperature, in view of their possible valorization as green chemicals.", "keywords": ["[SPI.GPROC] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering", "Volatile species", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "333", "Torrefaction", "Wildfires", "[CHIM.GENI]Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "G\u00e9nie chimique", "[SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering", "SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy", "Biomass", "G\u00e9nie des proc\u00e9d\u00e9s", "ta215", "ta218", "660", "[SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "[CHIM.GENI] Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering", "Temperature", "Solid mass loss", "15. Life on land", "Europe", "Oak", "[SDE.IE] Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "Shrubs", "Gases", "Wildland fire"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/24261/1/Gonzalez%20Martinez_24261.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.019"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.019", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.019", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.019"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/09593330.2013.824012", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:18:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-08-20", "title": "Household Anaerobic Digester For Bioenergy Production In Developing Countries: Opportunities And Challenges", "description": "Access to clean and affordable energy is vital for advancing development objectives, particularly in rural areas of developing countries. There are some three billion people in these regions, however, who lack consistent access to energy and rely on traditional solid fuels such as firewood, cattle manure, and crop residues for meeting cooking and heating needs. Excessive use of such highly polluting resources creates serious environmental, social and public health issues. In this context, household digesters (which convert readily available feedstocks such as cattle manure, human excreta, and crop residues into biogas) have the potential to play a significant role in supplying methane as a clean, renewable energy resource for remote geographies. In addition to bioenergy production, the slurry generated from anaerobic digestion is rich in nutrients and can improve the physical, chemical, and biological attributes of soil when applied to agricultural land. This type of approach has the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions while simultaneously improving the quality of life. Despite a long history of research and innovation for the development and optimization of household digesters, little is known and has been reported for the application of these systems in decentralized communities. The primary purpose of this paper seeks to review the dearth of literature pertaining to small-scale anaerobic digesters in remote geographies and in regions where much of the world's population reside.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Sewage", "1. No poverty", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "Waste Disposal", " Fluid", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "Refuse Disposal", "12. Responsible consumption", "Manure", "Bioreactors", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Animals", "Humans", "Cattle", "Anaerobiosis", "Biomass", "Developing Countries", "Biotechnology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2013.824012"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/09593330.2013.824012", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/09593330.2013.824012", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/09593330.2013.824012"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110327", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:16:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-03-26", "title": "Management of poultry manure in Poland \u2013 Current state and future perspectives", "description": "This review aimed to analyse the current state of management practices for poultry manure in Poland and present future perspectives in terms of technologies allowing closing the loops for circular economy, and thus recovery of nutrients and energy. The scope of the review focused primarily on: (1) the analysis of poultry production and generation of poultry manure with special references to quantities, properties (e.g. fertilizing properties), seasonality, etc.; (2) the overview of current practices and methods for managing poultry manure including advantages and limitations; (3) the analysis of potential and realistic threats and risk related to managing poultry manure, and also (4) the analysis of promising technologies for converting poultry manure into added value products and energy. The review addressed the following technologies: composting of poultry manure to obtain fertilizers and soil improvers, anaerobic digestion of poultry manure for energy recovery, and also pyrolysis of poultry manure into different types of biochar that can be applied in agriculture, horticulture and industry. Poultry manure is rich in macro- and micronutrients but also can contain various contaminants such as antibiotics or pesticides, and thus posing a realistic threat to soil and living organisms when applied to soil directly or after biological treatment. The main challenge in poultry manure processing is to assure sufficient closing of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous loops and safe application to soil.", "keywords": ["LITTER", "Nitrogen", "SEWAGE-SLUDGE", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Circular", "ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION", "02 engineering and technology", "SORPTION", "Poultry manure", "Poultry", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil", "METHANE", "Nutrient and energy recovery", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Animals", "BIOGAS PRODUCTION", "ORGANIC FRACTION", "Fertilizers", "PRODUCTION", "2. Zero hunger", "BIOCHAR", "PYROLYSIS", "Composting", "Agriculture", "15. Life on land", "Management", "Manure", "economy", "CHICKEN MANURE", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Poland"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110327"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110327", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110327", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110327"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.nexus.2021.100017", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:16:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-08", "title": "Economic contributions and synergies of biogas with the SDGs in Ethiopia", "description": "Domestic biogas technology helps to foster sustainable development in different ways. It is particularly important in countries like Ethiopia where about 80% of the population lives in rural areas, and more than 90% of the households use solid biomass for cooking. In light of this, the Government of Ethiopia has launched a National Biogas Programme in 2008. The Programme, now in its third phase, has successfully installed tens of thousands of biogas digesters. This paper aims to give a macroeconomic insight on the role of the biogas sector in Ethiopia. The annual gross value of biogas outputs reached USD 7.7 million in 2015/16. Installing biogas digesters contributes USD 1.4 million each year to the construction industry. Results of the study indicate that the micro and macroeconomic contributions of biogas sector partly rely on the effective utilization of its co-product (i.e., the slurry) as fertilizer. Agricultural policies of the country should therefore highlight and link domestic biogas production with the extension services.", "keywords": ["Domestic biogas", "2. Zero hunger", "Domestic biogas", " Rural energy", " Energy transition", " SDGs", " Ethiopia", "Agriculture (General)", "1. No poverty", "Rural energy", "TJ807-830", "02 engineering and technology", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "Renewable energy sources", "S1-972", "12. Responsible consumption", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Ethiopia", "Energy transition", "SDGs", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.unive.it/bitstream/10278/5009820/2/Yalew_2021_Economic%20contributions%20and%20synergies%20of%20biogas%20with%20the%20SDGs%20in%20Ethiopia.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2021.100017"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Energy%20Nexus", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.nexus.2021.100017", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.nexus.2021.100017", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.nexus.2021.100017"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.njas.2011.05.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:16:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-06-27", "title": "Life Cycle Analysis Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Organic And Conventional Food Production Systems, With And Without Bio-Energy Options", "description": "AbstractThe Nafferton Factorial Systems Comparison experiments were begun in 2003 to provide data on the production and quality effects of a whole spectrum of different crop production systems ranging from fully conventional to fully organic. In this paper, the crop production data for the first 4 years of the experiments have been used to conduct a life cycle analysis of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from organic and conventional production systems. Actual yield and field activity data from two of the treatments in the experiments (a stocked organic system and a stockless conventional system) were used to determine the GHG emissions per hectare and per MJ of human food energy produced, using both the farm gate and wider society as system boundaries. Emissions from these two baseline scenarios were compared with six other modelled scenarios: conventional stocked system, a stockless system where all crop residues were incorporated into the soil, two stocked systems where manure was used for biogas production, and two stockless systems where all crop residues were removed from the field and used for bio-energy production. Changing the system boundary from the farm gate to wider society did not substantially alter the GHG emissions per hectare of land when organic production methods were used; however, in conventional systems, which rely on more off-farm inputs, emissions were much greater per hectare when societal boundaries were used. Incorporating on-farm bioenergy production into the system allowed GHG emissions to be offset by energy generation. In the case of the organic system that included pyrolysis of crop residues, net GHG emissions were negative, indicating that energy offsets and sequestration of C in biochar can completely offset emissions of GHG from food production. The analysis demonstrates the importance of considering system boundaries and the end use of all agricultural products when conducting life cycle analyses of food production systems.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Carbon sequestration", "Organic farming", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Plant Science", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "Development", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Mixed farming", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Greenhouse gas emissions", "Crop production systems", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Animal Science and Zoology", "Off-farm inputs", "Life cycle analysis", "Agronomy and Crop Science", "Food Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2011.05.002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/NJAS%3A%20Wageningen%20Journal%20of%20Life%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.njas.2011.05.002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.njas.2011.05.002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.njas.2011.05.002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/bbb.286", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-05-12", "title": "Impacts Of Co-Location, Co-Production, And Process Energy Source On Life Cycle Energy Use And Greenhouse Gas Emissions Of Lignocellulosic Ethanol", "description": "Abstract

The performance of lignocellulosic ethanol in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil energy use when substituting for gasoline depends on production technologies and system decisions, many of which have not been considered in life cycle studies. We investigate ethanol production from short rotation forestry feedstock via an uncatalyzed steam explosion pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis process developed by Mascoma Canada, Inc., and examine a set of production system decisions (co\uffe2\uff80\uff90location, co\uffe2\uff80\uff90production, and process energy options) in terms of their influence on life cycle emissions and energy consumption. All production options are found to reduce emissions and petroleum use relative to gasoline on a well\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90wheel (WTW) basis; GHG reductions vary by production scenario. Land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use\uffe2\uff80\uff90change effects are not included due to a lack of applicable data on short rotation forestry feedstock. Ethanol production with wood pellet co\uffe2\uff80\uff90product, displacing coal in electricity generation, performs best amongst co\uffe2\uff80\uff90products in terms of GHG mitigation (\uffe2\uff88\uff92109% relative to gasoline, WTW basis). Maximizing pellet output, although requiring import of predominately fossil\uffe2\uff80\uff90based process energy, improves overall GHG\uffe2\uff80\uff90mitigation performance (\uffe2\uff88\uff92130% relative to gasoline, WTW). Similarly, lower ethanol yields result in greater GHG reductions because of increased co\uffe2\uff80\uff90product output. Co\uffe2\uff80\uff90locating ethanol production with facilities exporting excess steam and biomass\uffe2\uff80\uff90based electricity (e.g. pulp mills) achieves the greatest GHG mitigation (\uffe2\uff88\uff92174% relative to gasoline, WTW) by maximizing pellet output and utilizing low\uffe2\uff80\uff90GHG process energy. By exploiting co\uffe2\uff80\uff90location opportunities and strategically selecting co\uffe2\uff80\uff90products, lignocellulosic ethanol can provide large emission reductions, particularly if based upon sustainably grown, high yield, low input feedstocks. \uffc2\uffa9 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.286"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biofuels%2C%20Bioproducts%20and%20Biorefining", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/bbb.286", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/bbb.286", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/bbb.286"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/bbb.294", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-07-14", "title": "Impact Assessment At The Bioenergy-Water Nexus", "description": "Abstract

Bioenergy expansion can significantly impact water resources in the region in which it occurs. Investment, policy, and resource management decisions related to bioenergy should therefore take this critical consideration into account. Water resource impacts can defy easy quantification because water consumption varies spatially and temporally, different water sources are not necessarily commensurable, and impact depends on the state of the resource base that is drawn upon. This perspective offers an assessment framework that operators and policy\uffe2\uff80\uff90makers can use in evaluating projects to avoid or mitigate detrimental effects. We adapt water footprint (WF) and life cycle assessment (LCA) techniques to the bioenergy context, describing comprehensive life cycle inventory (LCI) approaches that account for blue and green water use as well as for pollution effects, varying sources, coproduct allocation, and spatial heterogeneity. Impact assessment requires that characterization (weighting) factors be derived so that consumption values can be summed and compared across resources and locations. We recommend that characterization draw on metrics of water stress, accounting for environmental flow requirements, climatic variability, and non\uffe2\uff80\uff90linearity of water stress effects. Finally, we describe some location\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific impacts of concern that may not be revealed through common analytical approaches and may warrant closer consideration. \uffc2\uffa9 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "12. Responsible consumption"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Kevin Fingerman, Stuart Orr, Brian Richter, P. Vugteveen, G\u00f6ran Berndes,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.294"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biofuels%2C%20Bioproducts%20and%20Biorefining", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/bbb.294", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/bbb.294", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/bbb.294"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/bbb.1396", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-03-19", "title": "Assessing The Effect Of Stricter Sustainability Criteria On Eu Biomass Crop Potential", "description": "Abstract

This paper investigates how different sustainability criteria restrict the supply of cropped biomass sources within the EU. There are already mandatory sustainability criteria formulated in the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) at EU level for biomass feedstocks to be used for conversion into biofuels. For solid and gaseous biomass feedstock, however, there are only recommendations formulated by the European Commission (EC) to be adopted on a voluntary basis by the EU member states (MS). This paper specifically focuses on the potential supply of biomass from crops for all bioenergy sectors when applying stricter sustainability criteria. These criteria relate to greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation targets, including indirect land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use change (iLUC) related GHG emissions, and the introduction of no\uffe2\uff80\uff90go areas, such as areas of high biodiversity value and high carbon stock. The results show that stricter criteria indeed reduce the cropping potential and change the crop mix significantly, as rotational arable crops for biofuels do no longer comply with the stricter mitigation criteria. This is because they usually compete with food and feed crops for higher quality land requiring a compensation for iLUC emissions. The stricter sustainability criteria can only be applied successfully if they are accompanied by a change in demand, in particular for lignocellulosic biomass for advanced biofuels and other bioenergy uses. Without stimulation of such pathways, it will be difficult to realize improved sustainability in the bio\uffe2\uff80\uff90energy sector. \uffc2\uffa9 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

", "keywords": ["economic-analysis", "330", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "conservation", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "333", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1396"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biofuels%2C%20Bioproducts%20and%20Biorefining", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/bbb.1396", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/bbb.1396", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/bbb.1396"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/bbb.1407", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-04-12", "title": "The \u2018Debt\u2019 Is In The Detail: A Synthesis Of Recent Temporal Forest Carbon Analyses On Woody Biomass For\u2009Energy", "description": "Abstract

The temporal imbalance between the release and sequestration of forest carbon has raised a fundamental concern about the climate mitigation potential of forest biomass for energy. The potential carbon debt caused by harvest and the resulting time spans needed to reach pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90harvest carbon levels (payback) or those of a reference case (parity) have become important parameters for climate and bioenergy policy developments. The present range of analyses however varies in assumptions, regional scopes, and conclusions. Comparing these modeling efforts, we reveal that they apply different principle modeling frameworks while results are largely affected by the same parameters. The size of the carbon debt is mostly determined by the type and amount of biomass harvested and whether land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use change emissions need to be accounted for. Payback times are mainly determined by plant growth rates, i.e. the forest biome, tree species, site productivity and management. Parity times are primarily influenced by the choice and construction of the reference scenario and fossil carbon displacement efficiencies. Using small residual biomass (harvesting/processing), deadwood from highly insect\uffe2\uff80\uff90infected sites, or new plantations on highly productive or marginal land offers (almost) immediate net carbon benefits. Their eventual climate mitigation potential however is determined by the effectiveness of the fossil fuel displacement. We deem it therefore unsuitable to define political guidance by feedstock alone. Current global wood pellet production is predominantly residue based. Production increases based on low\uffe2\uff80\uff90grade stemwood are expected in regions with a downturn in the local wood product sector, highlighting the importance of accounting for regional forest carbon trends. \uffc2\uffa9 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

", "keywords": ["carbon payback", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "carbon neutrality", "02 engineering and technology", "bioenergy", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "forest biomass", "carbon parity", "Temporal carbon", "carbon debt", "SDG 15 - Life on Land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1407"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biofuels%2C%20Bioproducts%20and%20Biorefining", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/bbb.1407", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/bbb.1407", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/bbb.1407"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-04-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/bbb.2656", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-07-06", "title": "Feasibility of using phytoremediation biomass for sustainable biofuel production via thermochemical conversion", "description": "Abstract

This study explores a novel approach that combines soil recovery with biofuel production, presenting a strategy that addresses the increasing demand for biofuels while sidestepping the food\uffe2\uff80\uff93fuel debate. It also introduces an innovative method for recovering heavy metals from soils through their translocation into the solid product of the conversion process. Phytoremediation trials were conducted under real field conditions, and the thermochemical conversion of the harvested biomass was carried out at lab scale. Field trials took place in 2021\uffe2\uff80\uff932023 in Lithuania and Serbia. In Serbia, the contamination primarily involved heavy metals, whereas the Lithuanian site was predominantly contaminated with hydrocarbons from petroleum products. The harvested biomass underwent pretreatment and was then used as feedstock for conversion into high\uffe2\uff80\uff90energy carriers. The conversion products were evaluated for their potential to substitute fossil fuels. Finally, the value chain, encompassing key stakeholders and factors impacting the profitability of this approach, was established, and initial estimates were made regarding the size of individual cost components.The main objective of this life cycle assessment (LCA) study is to determine the environmental consequences of the inclusion of second\uffe2\uff80\uff90generation biofuels (bioethanol from palm oil biomass) toward current palm oil biodiesel production through a \uffe2\uff80\uff98seed\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90wheel\uffe2\uff80\uff99 LCA analysis. Their energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission indicators are evaluated with consequential approach for system delimitation. Although all scenarios provide positive environmental impact, it is found that the inclusion of bioethanol production in the current palm oil processing will decrease the net energy ratio (NER) and net carbon emission ratio (NCER) values by 27.5% and 66.6%, respectively. Moreover, carbon emission savings (CES) value is also found to decrease by a total of 21.9%. This indicates that a higher amount of energy input and GHG emissions is actually required for the bioethanol processing than the amount of energy it will produce and the GHG from fossil fuels it will displace. The sensitivity analysis performed on the yields of bioethanol shows that the minimum conversion threshold should be larger than 60% in order to have a higher energy and GHG emission ratio than current palm oil biodiesel processing. Sensitivity analysis on direct land use change and waste\uffe2\uff80\uff90water treatment is also carried out which discourages the expansion of palm oil plantation to primary forest (including peatland) and emphasizes the need for a biogas harvesting system. Copyright \uffc2\uffa9 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.271"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biofuels%2C%20Bioproducts%20and%20Biorefining", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/bbb.271", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/bbb.271", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/bbb.271"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-02-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/bbb.276", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-01-28", "title": "The Indirect Effects Of Biofuels And What To Do About Them: The Case Of Grass Biomethane And Its Impact On Livestock", "description": "Abstract

Grass biomethane surpasses the 60% greenhouse gas (GHG) savings relative to the fossil fuel replaced required by EU Directive 2009/28/EC. However, there are growing concerns that when the indirect effects of biofuels are taken into account, GHG savings may become negative. There has been no research to date into the indirect effects of grass biomethane; this paper aims to fill that knowledge gap. A causal\uffe2\uff80\uff90descriptive assessment is carried out and identifies the likely indirect effect of a grass biomethane industry in Ireland as a reduction in beef exports to the UK. Three main scenarios are then analyzed: an increase in indigenous UK beef production, an increase in beef imported to the UK from other countries (EU, New Zealand and Brazil), and a decrease in beef consumption leading to increased poultry consumption. The GHG emissions from each of these scenarios are determined and the resulting savings relative to fossil diesel vary between \uffe2\uff80\uff93636% and 102%. The significance of the findings is then discussed. It is the view of the authors that, while consideration of indirect effects is important, an Irish grass biomethane industry cannot be held accountable for the associated emissions. A global GHG accounting system is therefore proposed; however, the difficulty of implementing such a system is acknowledged, as is its probable ineffectualness. Such a system would not treat the source of the problem \uffe2\uff80\uff93 rising consumption. The authors conclude that the most effective method of combating the indirect effects of biofuels is a reduction in general consumption. \uffc2\uffa9 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

", "keywords": ["/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/2100/2105", "2. Zero hunger", "/dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/affordable_and_clean_energy", "Sustainability and the Environment", "330", "name=Bioengineering", "name=SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy", "02 engineering and technology", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "13. Climate action", "name=Renewable Energy", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1500/1502", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.276"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biofuels%2C%20Bioproducts%20and%20Biorefining", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/bbb.276", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/bbb.276", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/bbb.276"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/cjce.24572", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:13Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-07-30", "title": "Computational analysis of flow conditions in hydrodynamic cavitation generator for water treatment processes", "description": "Abstract

The research on the potential of cavitation exploitation is currently an extremely interesting topic. To reduce the costs and time of the cavitation reactor optimization, nowadays, experimental optimization is supplemented and even replaced using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). One of the approaches towards sustainable water treatment is the use of the cavitation reactor with bluff elements mounted on its stator and rotor. The experimental results show that, besides the rotational speed, the spacing of the rotor pins has the most significant effect on the cavitation intensity and effectiveness, while the pin diameter and the surface roughness are less significant design parameters. The present paper uses a simplified CFD approach to investigate the conditions in the reactor and to select the optimal among a number of geometry variations.

", "keywords": ["0211 other engineering and technologies", "computational fluid dynamics", "02 engineering and technology", "ra\u010dunalni\u0161ka dinamika teko\u010din", "hydrodynamic cavitation generators", "generatorji hidrodinamske kavitacije", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "kavitacija", "Editor's Choice", "cavitation", "numerical simulation", "info:eu-repo/classification/udc/532", "numeri\u010dne simulacije", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "cavitation", " computational fluid dynamics", " numerical simulation", " hydrodynamic cavitation generators", "kavitacija", " ra\u010dunalni\u0161ka dinamika teko\u010din", " numeri\u010dne simulacije", " generatorji hidrodinamske kavitacije", "info:eu-repo/classification/udc/532:519.2"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gosti\u0161a, Jurij, Dre\u0161ar, Primo\u017e, Ho\u010devar, Marko, Dular, Matev\u017e,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/cjce.24572"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.24572"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20Canadian%20Journal%20of%20Chemical%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/cjce.24572", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/cjce.24572", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/cjce.24572"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-08-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/er.1853", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-05-11", "title": "Comparative Resource Analyses For Ethanol Produced From Corn And Sugarcane In Different Climatic Zones", "description": "SUMMARY Comparative analysis of resource input for ethanol produced from corn and sugarcane in temperate, dry, and tropical climate zones was conducted. Parameters such as the Net Energy Value (NEV), water requirement, land requirement, carbon dioxide emission with and without impact of changes in land use, and fertilizer released to the environment\u2014as surface runoff for nitrogen and phosphate, were compared for corn and sugarcane ethanol production. The estimates of NEV for corn ethanol varied from \u2212462 to 1757\u2009kJ\u2009l\u22121, while those of sugarcane ethanol were between 16\u2009057 and 17\u2009092\u2009kJ\u2009l\u22121 for the three climatic zones considered in this study. The results of the study also indicate that ethanol produced from sugarcane uses less or comparable amount of resources in contrast to ethanol produced from corn. Copyright \u00a9 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Asfaw Beyene, Temesgen Garoma, Monia Ben-Khaled,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/er.1853"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/International%20Journal%20of%20Energy%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/er.1853", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/er.1853", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/er.1853"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-05-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/jctb.2666", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-06-15", "title": "A Viable Technology To Generate Third-Generation Biofuel", "description": "Abstract

First generation biofuels are widely available because the production technologies are well developed. However, growth of the raw materials conflicts with food security, so that first\uffe2\uff80\uff90 generation biofuels are not so promising. The second generation of biofuels will not compete directly with food but requires several energy intensive processes to produce them, and also increases land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use change, which reduces its environmental and economic feasibility. The production of third\uffe2\uff80\uff90generation biofuels avoids the issues met with first\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and second\uffe2\uff80\uff90 generation biofuels, namely food\uffe2\uff80\uff93fuel competition, land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use change, etc., and is thus considered a viable alternative energy resource. On all dimensions of sustainability (environmental, social and economical), a life cycle assessment approach is most relevant to avoid issues in problem shifting. The utilization of organic waste and carbon dioxide in flue gases for the production of biomass further increases the sustainability of third generation biofuels, as it minimizes greenhouse gas emissions and disposal problems. Copyright \uffc2\uffa9 2011 Society of Chemical Industry

", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2666"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Chemical%20Technology%20%26amp%3B%20Biotechnology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/jctb.2666", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/jctb.2666", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/jctb.2666"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-06-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/jctb.6842", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-03-12", "title": "Phosphorus recovery from liquid digestate by chemical precipitation using low-cost ion sources", "description": "AbstractBACKGROUND

Phosphorus (P) recovered and recycled from agricultural waste, such precipitation of struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) and calcium phosphates from the effluent after anaerobic digestion of wastes, is an important approach to developing environmentally sustainable fertilizers. However, for controlled phosphorus precipitation/recovery, it is usually necessary to supplement Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions; this represents more than 75% of the total operational costs and, as a result, hinders a more extensive application of this process. Therefore, there is a need to investigate alternative and low\uffe2\uff80\uff90cost cation sources to recover phosphorus by precipitation. This study investigated limestone powder as calcium source and seawater as a magnesium source for phosphorus recovery by precipitation from the liquid fraction of digestate. The main parameters affecting the efficiency of the precipitation process were assessed under (i) four different pH values and (ii) three different molar ratios (Ca or Mg: P).

RESULTS

The maximum phosphate removal rate was 44% for limestone powder at molar ratio 2:1 and pH\uffc2\uffa07. Higher phosphate removal using limestone powder was possibly inhibited by calcite precipitation. For seawater, the phosphate removal rate was 65% at molar ratio 2:1 and pH\uffc2\uffa010. Results of experiments using seawater at molar ratio 2:1 showed a decrease in K+ concentration and phosphate, suggesting that K\uffe2\uff80\uff90struvite precipitation may have occurred.

CONCLUSION

Limestone powder and seawater have a great potential to be used partially or totally as ion source for industrial recovery of P, mainly due to its very low cost. The recovered product could potentially be used as soil amendment and/or as phosphate rock substitute for fertilizer production. \uffc2\uffa9 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jctb.6842"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6842"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Chemical%20Technology%20%26amp%3B%20Biotechnology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/jctb.6842", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/jctb.6842", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/jctb.6842"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-07-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/wcc.241", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-07-11", "title": "Biofuels: Economic, Environmental And Social Benefits And Costs For Developing Countries In Asia", "description": "

Biofuels are being supported by many governments for a range of perceived benefits including improved domestic energy security, reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when compared with fossil\uffe2\uff80\uff90fuel counterparts, and economic development and employment generation, particularly in rural areas. Life\uffe2\uff80\uff90cycle, cost\uffe2\uff80\uff90benefit, and systems analyses, however, indicate that the expansion of biofuels can have complex effects on, and interactions with, land use and food and fuel prices. This article reviews the economic, environmental, and social benefits and costs of biofuels using experiences from developing countries in Asia. The review reveals the following: (1) biofuels are generally not economically competitive with fossil fuels and government support, though prevailing, is costly and questionable. (2) Although biofuels are generally viewed to be a threat to food security, if properly managed, their development could lead to improved productivity in the agriculture sector over the long term with benefits for rural livelihoods and food security. (3) Even though reducing GHG emissions is a key driver for the development of biofuels, effects in terms of soil quality, biodiversity, and water quality must also be assessed; the environmental benefits of biofuels are debatable and depend on a range of fuel\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific factors, management, and agricultural practices. On the basis of this assessment a range of strategies are suggested to further improve the sustainability of biofuels in Asia. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:497\uffe2\uff80\uff93511. doi: 10.1002/wcc.241

This article is categorized under:

The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Benefits of Mitigation

Climate and Development > Decoupling Emissions from Development

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "1. No poverty", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.241"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/WIREs%20Climate%20Change", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/wcc.241", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/wcc.241", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/wcc.241"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-07-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/pl00009135", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-04-10", "title": "Validierung Software-intensiver eingebetteter Systeme", "description": "Eingebettete Systeme sind aus unserer taglichen Umgebung nicht mehr wegzudenken: Man findet sie in Haushaltsgeraten und Kraftfahrzeugen ebenso wie in Prozeskontrollsystemen. Software ist ein wichtiger, standig wachsender Bestandteil solcher Systeme. Das Versagen eingebetteter Systeme kann zu erheblichen Schaden fuhren. Deshalb werden i.a. hohe Anforderungen an ihre Verlaslichkeit und somit auch an ihre Validierung gestellt. Der Aufsatz zeigt Unterschiede zu klassischer Software auf, fuhrt in die synchrone objektorientierte Technologie ein und demonstriert, wie dieser zeitgesteuerte Ansatz die Validierung unterstutzt. Als Demonstrationsbeispiel dient die Steuerung einer Fusgangerampel.", "keywords": ["0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Monika M\u00fcllerburg", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/pl00009135"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Informatik%20Forschung%20und%20Entwicklung", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/pl00009135", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/pl00009135", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/pl00009135"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.009", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:16:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-01-23", "title": "The New Competition For Land: Food, Energy, And Climate Change", "description": "Abstract The paper addresses the new competition for land arising from growing and changing demand for food when combined with increasing global demand for transport energy, under conditions of declining petro-chemical resources and the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The paper starts from the premise of a \u2018food, energy and environment trilemma\u2019 ( Tilman et al., 2009 ), where all demands to expand the area of cultivated land present high risks of increasing the carbon footprint of agriculture. Having reviewed the main drivers of demand for food and for liquid transport fuels, the paper weighs the controversies surrounding biofuels arising from food-price spikes, the demand for land, and consequent direct and indirect land-use change. It suggests that we need a more complex, and geographically differentiated, analysis of the interactions between direct and indirect land-use change. The paper then reviews evidence of land availability, and suggests that in addition to technical availability in terms of soil, water, and climate, political, social, and technological factors have significantly shaped the competition for land in different global regions, particularly the three major biofuel producing ones of the USA, Brazil and Europe. This point is further developed by reviewing the different innovation pathways for biofuels in these three regions. The main conclusion of this review is firstly that any analysis requires an integrated approach to the food-energy-environment trilemma, and secondly that strategic political direction of innovation and sustainability regulation are required to bring about major shifts in agriculture leading to sustainable intensification of cultivation ( Royal Society, 2009 ), rather than the continued expansion of cultivated area. The consequent perspective is one of considerable global variety in technologies, agricultural productive systems, and use of natural resources. This contrasts sharply with the world of a dominant global and integrated technology platform based on petro-chemicals to which we have become accustomed.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "330", "food", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "HM Sociology", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "630", "biofuels", "innovation", "12. Responsible consumption", "competition for land", "climate change", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.009"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Food%20Policy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.009", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.009", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.009"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00138-009-0244-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-02-01", "title": "A robust automatic crack detection method from noisy concrete surfaces", "description": "In maintenance of concrete structures, crack detection is important for the inspection and diagnosis of concrete structures. However, it is difficult to detect cracks automatically. In this paper, we propose a robust automatic crack-detection method from noisy concrete surface images. The proposed method includes two preprocessing steps and two detection steps. The first preprocessing step is a subtraction process using the median filter to remove slight variations like shadings from concrete surface images; only an original image is used in the preprocessing. In the second preprocessing step, a multi-scale line filter with the Hessian matrix is used both to emphasize cracks against blebs or stains and to adapt the width variation of cracks. After the preprocessing, probabilistic relaxation is used to detect cracks coarsely and to prevent noises. It is unnecessary to optimize any parameters in probabilistic relaxation. Finally, using the results from the relaxation process, a locally adaptive thresholding is performed to detect cracks more finely. We evaluate robustness and accuracy of the proposed method quantitatively using 60 actual noisy concrete surface images.", "keywords": ["0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Yusuke Fujita, Yoshihiko Hamamoto,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00138-009-0244-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Machine%20Vision%20and%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00138-009-0244-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00138-009-0244-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00138-009-0244-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-02-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00521-020-05253-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-08-03", "title": "Source localization in resource-constrained sensor networks based on deep learning", "description": "Source localization with a network of low-cost motes with limited processing, memory, and energy resources is considered in this paper. The state-of-the-art methods are mostly based on complicated signal processing approaches in which motes send their (processed) data to a fusion center (FC) wherein the source is localized. These methods are resource-demanding and mostly do not meet the limitations of motes and network. In this paper, we consider distributed detection where each mote performs a binary hypothesis test to detect locally the existence of a desired source and sends its (potentially erroneous) decision to FC during just one bit (1 indicates source existence and 0 otherwise). Hence, both processing and bandwidth constraints are met. We propose to use an artificial neural network (ANN) to correct erroneous local decisions. After error correction, the region affected by the source is specified by nodes with decision 1. Moreover, we propose to localize the source by deep learning in FC which converts the network of decisions 1 and 0 to a black and white image with white pixels in the locations of motes with decision 1. The proposed schemes of error correction by ANN (ECANN) and source localization with deep learning (SoLDeL) were evaluated in a fire detection application. We showed that SoLDeL performs appropriately and scales well into large networks. Moreover, the applicability of ECANN in delineation of farm management zones was illustrated.", "keywords": ["Artificial neural network (ANN)", "Internet of things (IoT)", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Deep learning", "Target tracking", "Error type II", "02 engineering and technology", "Decentralized detection", "15. Life on land", "Wireless sensor networks (WSN)", "Error type I", "Source localization"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-020-05253-3.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-020-05253-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Neural%20Computing%20and%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00521-020-05253-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00521-020-05253-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00521-020-05253-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-08-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1088/1742-6596/1618/4/042019", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:18:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-09-22", "title": "A method to reduce model uncertainty by fusing the output from multiple stochastic simulators", "description": "Open AccessJournal of Physics: Conference Series, 1618 (042019)", "keywords": ["0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "0101 mathematics", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1618/4/042019"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Physics%3A%20Conference%20Series", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1088/1742-6596/1618/4/042019", "name": "item", "description": "10.1088/1742-6596/1618/4/042019", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1088/1742-6596/1618/4/042019"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1051/agro/2010029", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:17:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-09-24", "title": "Renewable Energy For Sustainable Agriculture", "description": "Agriculture is the sole provider of human food. Most farm machines are driven by fossil fuels, which contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and, in turn, accelerate climate change. Such environmental damage can be mitigated by the promotion of renewable resources such as solar, wind, biomass, tidal, geo-thermal, small-scale hydro, biofuels and wave-generated power. These renewable resources have a huge potential for the agriculture industry. The farmers should be encouraged by subsidies to use renewable energy technology. The concept of sustainable agriculture lies on a delicate balance of maximizing crop productivity and maintaining economic stability, while minimizing the utilization of finite natural resources and detrimental environmental impacts. Sustainable agriculture also depends on replenishing the soil while minimizing the use of non-renewable resources, such as natural gas, which is used in converting atmospheric nitrogen into synthetic fertilizer, and mineral ores, e.g. phosphate or fossil fuel used in diesel generators for water pumping for irrigation. Hence, there is a need for promoting use of renewable energy systems for sustainable agriculture, e.g. solar photovoltaic water pumps and electricity, greenhouse technologies, solar dryers for post-harvest processing, and solar hot water heaters. In remote agricultural lands, the underground submersible solar photovoltaic water pump is economically viable and also an environmentally-friendly option as compared with a diesel generator set. If there are adverse climatic conditions for the growth of particular plants in cold climatic zones then there is need for renewable energy technology such as greenhouses for maintaining the optimum plant ambient temperature conditions for the growth of plants and vegetables. The economics of using greenhouses for plants and vegetables, and solar photovoltaic water pumps for sustainable agriculture and the environment are presented in this article. Clean development provides industrialized countries with an incentive to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries to achieve a reduction in CO2 emissions at the lowest cost. The mechanism of clean development is discussed in brief for the use of renewable systems for sustainable agricultural development specific to solar photovoltaic water pumps in India and the world. This article explains in detail the role of renewable energy in farming by connecting all aspects of agronomy with ecology, the environment, economics and societal change.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "[SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment", "9. Industry and infrastructure", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "1. No poverty", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2010029"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20for%20Sustainable%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1051/agro/2010029", "name": "item", "description": "10.1051/agro/2010029", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1051/agro/2010029"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10584-010-9876-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-06-14", "title": "Energy And Co2 Analysis Of Wood Substitution In Construction", "description": "Comparative analysis of the energy and carbon balances of wood vs. non-wood products is a complex issue. In this paper we discuss the definition of an appropriate functional unit and the establishment of effective system boundaries in terms of activity, time and space, with an emphasis on the comparison of buildings. The functional unit can be defined at the level of building component, complete building, or services provided by the built environment. Energy use or carbon emissions per unit of mass or volume of material is inadequate as a functional unit because equal masses or volumes of different materials do not fulfil the same function. Activity-based system boundaries include life cycle processes such as material production, product operation, and post-use material management. If the products compared are functionally equivalent, such that the impacts occurring during the operation phase are equal, we suggest that this phase may be dropped from the analysis allowing a focus on material flows. The use of wood co-products as biofuel can be analytically treated through system expansion, and compared to an alternative of providing the same energy service with fossil fuels. The assumed production of electricity used for material processing is another important energy-related issue, and we suggest that using marginal production data is more appropriate than average production. Temporal system boundaries include such aspects of the wood life cycle as the dynamics of forest growth including regeneration and saturation, the availability of residue biofuels at different times, and the duration of carbon storage in products. The establishment of spatial boundaries can be problematic, because using wood-based materials instead of non-wood materials requires more land area to capture solar energy and accumulate biomass. We discuss several possible approaches to meet this challenge, including the intensification of land use to increase the time rate of biomass production. Finally, we discuss issues related to scaling up an analysis of wood substitution from the micro-level to the macro-level of national, regional or global.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9876-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Climatic%20Change", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10584-010-9876-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10584-010-9876-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10584-010-9876-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-06-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10584-011-0164-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-07-28", "title": "Biofuels And Carbon Management", "description": "Public policy supports biofuels for their benefits to agricultural economies, energy security and the environment. The environmental rationale is premised on greenhouse gas (GHG, \u201ccarbon\u201d) emissions reduction, which is a matter of contention. This issue is challenging to resolve because of critical but difficult-to-verify assumptions in lifecycle analysis (LCA), limits of available data and disputes about system boundaries. Although LCA has been the presumptive basis of climate policy for fuels, careful consideration indicates that it is inappropriate for defining regulations. This paper proposes a method using annual basis carbon (ABC) accounting to track the stocks and flows of carbon and other relevant GHGs throughout fuel supply chains. Such an approach makes fuel and feedstock production facilities the focus of accounting while treating the CO2 emissions from fuel end-use at face value regardless of the origin of the fuel carbon (bio- or fossil). Integrated into cap-and-trade policy and including provisions for mitigating indirect land-use change impacts, also evaluated on an annual basis, an ABC approach would provide a sound carbon management framework for the transportation fuels sector.", "keywords": ["Energy", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "Science", "11. Sustainability", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Natural Resources and Environment", "02 engineering and technology", "Fuels", "7. Clean energy", "Climate Policy", "12. Responsible consumption"], "contacts": [{"organization": "DeCicco, John M.", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0164-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Climatic%20Change", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10584-011-0164-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10584-011-0164-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10584-011-0164-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-07-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10584-012-0650-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-12-17", "title": "Implications Of Simultaneously Mitigating And Adapting To Climate Change: Initial Experiments Using Gcam", "description": "Most research on future climate change discusses mitigation and impacts/adaptation separately. However, mitigation will have implications for impacts and adaptation. Similarly, impacts and adaptation will affect mitigation. This paper begins to explore these two veins of research simultaneously using an integrated assessment model. We begin by discussing the types of interactions one might expect by impact sector. Then, we develop a numerical experiment in the agriculture sector to illustrate the importance of considering mitigation, impacts, and adaptation at the same time. In our experiment, we find that climate change can reduce crop yields, resulting in an expansion of cropland to feed a growing population and a reduction in bioenergy production. These two effects, in combination, result in an increase in the cost of mitigation.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0650-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Climatic%20Change", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10584-012-0650-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10584-012-0650-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10584-012-0650-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-12-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10584-012-0680-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:14:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-02-05", "title": "The Role Of Negative Co2 Emissions For Reaching 2\u00a0\u00b0C\u2014Insights From Integrated Assessment Modelling", "description": "Limiting climate change to 2 \u00b0C with a high probability requires reducing cumulative emissions to about 1600 GtCO2 over the 2000\u20132100 period. This requires unprecedented rates of decarbonization even in the short-run. The availability of the option of net negative emissions, such as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) or reforestation/afforestation, allows to delay some of these emission reductions. In the paper, we assess the demand and potential for negative emissions in particular from BECCS. Both stylized calculations and model runs show that without the possibility of negative emissions, pathways meeting the 2 \u00b0C target with high probability need almost immediate emission reductions or simply become infeasible. The potential for negative emissions is uncertain. We show that negative emissions from BECCS are probably limited to around 0 to 10 GtCO2/year in 2050 and 0 to 20 GtCO2/year in 2100. Estimates on the potential of afforestation options are in the order of 0\u20134 GtCO2/year. Given the importance and the uncertainty concerning BECCS, we stress the importance of near-term assessments of its availability as today\u2019s decisions has important consequences for climate change mitigation in the long run.", "keywords": ["Atmospheric Science", "Global and Planetary Change", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0680-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Climatic%20Change", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10584-012-0680-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10584-012-0680-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10584-012-0680-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-02-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10994-018-5744-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:15:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-07-11", "title": "Ensembles for multi-target regression with random output selections", "description": "We address the task of multi-target regression, where we generate global models that simultaneously predict multiple continuous variables. We use ensembles of generalized decision trees, called predictive clustering trees (PCTs), in particular bagging and random forests (RF) of PCTs and extremely randomized PCTs (extra PCTs). We add another dimension of randomization to these ensemble methods by learning individual base models that consider random subsets of target variables, while leaving the input space randomizations (in RF PCTs and extra PCTs) intact. Moreover, we propose a new ensemble prediction aggregation function, where the final ensemble prediction for a given target is influenced only by those base models that considered it during learning. An extensive experimental evaluation on a range of benchmark datasets has been conducted, where the extended ensemble methods were compared to the original ensemble methods, individual multi-target regression trees, and ensembles of single-target regression trees in terms of predictive performance, running times and model sizes. The results show that the proposed ensemble extension can yield better predictive performance, reduce learning time or both, without a considerable change in model size. The newly proposed aggregation function gives best results when used with extremely randomized PCTs. We also include a comparison with three competing methods, namely random linear target combinations and two variants of random projections.", "keywords": ["Ensemble methods", "Predictive clustering trees", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Structured outputs", "02 engineering and technology", "Multi-target regression", "Output space decomposition"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-018-5744-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Machine%20Learning", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10994-018-5744-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10994-018-5744-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10994-018-5744-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-07-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10994-020-05918-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:15:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-10-28", "title": "Incremental predictive clustering trees for online semi-supervised multi-target regression", "description": "Abstract

In many application settings, labeling data examples is a costly endeavor, while unlabeled examples are abundant and cheap to produce. Labeling examples can be particularly problematic in an online setting, where there can be arbitrarily many examples that arrive at high frequencies. It is also problematic when we need to predict complex values (e.g., multiple real values), a task that has started receiving considerable attention, but mostly in the batch setting. In this paper, we propose a method for online semi-supervised multi-target regression. It is based on incremental trees for multi-target regression and the predictive clustering framework. Furthermore, it utilizes unlabeled examples to improve its predictive performance as compared to using just the labeled examples. We compare the proposed iSOUP-PCT method with supervised tree methods, which do not use unlabeled examples, and to an oracle method, which uses unlabeled examples as though they were labeled. Additionally, we compare the proposed method to the available state-of-the-art methods. The method achieves good predictive performance on account of increased consumption of computational resources as compared to its supervised variant. The proposed method also beats the state-of-the-art in the case of very few labeled examples in terms of performance, while achieving comparable performance when the labeled examples are more common.-1) depending on the biomass. For HTC liquid the total acidity was low (220 meq l-1). The most concentrated liquid, which showed greatest potential for practical use, was derived from pyrolysis of willow wood. Its required application rate for decreasing the pH of the slurries from >7.5 to 6.0 was 20-50 l t-1. This study suggests that there is a possibility of using liquids from pyrolysis process for acidification of animal slurries. Producing more concentrated liquids, further concentration of these acidiferous streams and the effects of the liquid addition on the properties of slurry are worth further studying.", "keywords": ["ta412", "600", "02 engineering and technology", "kuivatislaus", "pyrolysis", "01 natural sciences", "hydrothermal carbonization", "acidification", "13. Climate action", "happamoituminen", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy", "ta116", "animal slurry", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12649-017-9910-4.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-9910-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Waste%20and%20Biomass%20Valorization", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s12649-017-9910-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s12649-017-9910-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s12649-017-9910-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-03-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11367-022-02044-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:15:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-04-20", "title": "Critical analysis of life cycle inventory datasets for organic crop production systems", "description": "Abstract Purpose

Organic agriculture (OA) has gained widespread popularity due to its view as a more sustainable method of farming. Yet OA and conventional agriculture (CA) can be found to have similar or varying environmental performance using tools such as life cycle assessment (LCA). However, the current state of LCA does not accurately reflect the effects of OA; thus the aim of the present study was to identify gaps in the inventory stage and suggest improvements.

Methods

This article presents for the first time a critical analysis of the life cycle inventory (LCI) of state-of-the-art organic crop LCIs from current and recommended LCA databases ecoinvent and AGRIBALYSE\uffc2\uffae. The effects of these limitations on LCA results were analyzed and detailed ways to improve upon them were proposed.

Results and discussion

Through this analysis, unrepresentative plant protection product (PPP) manufacturing and organic fertilizer treatment inventories were found to be the main limitations in background processes, due to either the lack of available usage statistics, exclusion from the study, or use of unrepresentative proxies. Many organic crop LCIs used synthetic pesticide or mineral fertilizer proxies, which may indirectly contain OA prohibited chemicals. The effect of using these proxies can contribute between 4\uffe2\uff80\uff9378% to resource and energy-related impact categories. In a foreground analysis, the fertilizer and PPP emission models utilized by ecoinvent and AGRIBALYSE\uffc2\uffae were not well adapted to organic-authorized inputs and used simplified modeling assumptions. These critical aspects can be transferred to respective LCAs that use this data, potentially yielding unrepresentative results for relevant categories. To improve accuracy and to contribute novel data to the scientific community, new manufacturing LCIs were created for a few of the missing PPPs, as well as recommendations for fertilizer treatment LCIs and more precise emission models for PPPs and fertilizers.

Conclusions

The findings in the present article add much needed transparency regarding the limitations of available OA LCIs, offers guidance on how to make OA LCIs more representative, allow for more accurate comparisons between conventional and OA, and help practitioners to better adapt LCA methodology to OA systems.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "502", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11367-022-02044-x.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-022-02044-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20International%20Journal%20of%20Life%20Cycle%20Assessment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11367-022-02044-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11367-022-02044-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11367-022-02044-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11367-012-0488-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:15:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-09-10", "title": "Baseline Time Accounting: Considering Global Land Use Dynamics When Estimating The Climate Impact Of Indirect Land Use Change Caused By Biofuels", "description": "Abstract Purpose

Current estimations of the climate impact from indirect land use change (ILUC) caused by biofuels are heavily influenced by assumptions regarding the biofuel production period. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new method (baseline time accounting) that takes global land use dynamics into account that is consistent with the global warming potential, that is applicable to any phenomenon causing land use change, and that is independent of production period assumptions.

Methods

We consider ILUC in two forms. The first is called \uffe2\uff80\uff9caccelerated expansion\uffe2\uff80\uff9d and concerns ILUC in regions with an expanding agricultural area. The second is called \uffe2\uff80\uff9cdelayed reversion\uffe2\uff80\uff9d and concerns ILUC in regions with a decreasing agricultural area. We use recent trends in international land use and projections of future land use change to assess how ILUC from biofuels will alter the development in global agricultural land use dynamics compared to the existing trend (i.e., the baseline development). We then use the definition of the global warming potential to determine the CO2 equivalence of the change in land use dynamics.

Results and discussion

We apply baseline time accounting to two existing ILUC studies in the literature. With current trends in global agricultural land use, the method significantly reduces the estimated climate impact in the previous ILUC studies (by more than half). Sensitivity analyses show that results are somewhat sensitive to assumptions regarding carbon sequestration and assumptions regarding postreversion ecosystems.

Conclusions

The global dynamic development in land use has important implications for the time accounting step when estimating the climate impact of ILUC caused by biofuel production or other issues affecting land use. Ignoring this may lead to erroneous conclusions about the actual climate impact of ILUC. Several land use projections indicate that the global agricultural area will keep expanding up to and beyond 2050. We therefore recommend to apply the baseline time accounting concept as an integrated part of future ILUC studies and to update the results on a regular basis.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Environmental Science(all)", "13. Climate action", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Steffen Mueller, Jesper Hedal Kl\u00f8verpris,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-012-0488-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20International%20Journal%20of%20Life%20Cycle%20Assessment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11367-012-0488-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11367-012-0488-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11367-012-0488-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-09-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11367-012-0500-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:15:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-09-19", "title": "Life Cycle Assessment In Green Chemistry: Overview Of Key Parameters And Methodological Concerns", "description": "Several articles within the area of green chemistry often promote new techniques or products as \u2018green\u2019 or \u2018more environmentally benign\u2019 than their conventional counterpart although these articles often do not quantitatively assess the environmental performance. In order to do this, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a valuable methodology. However, on the planning stage, a full-scale LCA is considered to be too time consuming and complicated. Two reasons for this have been recognised, the method is too comprehensive and it is hard to find inventory data. In this review, key parameters are presented with the purpose to reduce the time-consuming steps in LCA. In this review, several LCAs of so-called \u2018green chemicals\u2019 are analysed and key parameters and methodological concerns are identified. Further, some conclusions on the environmental performance of chemicals were drawn. For fossil-based platform chemicals several LCAs exists but for chemicals produced with industrial biotechnology or from renewable resources the number of LCAs is limited, with the exception of biofuels, for which a large number of studies are made. In the review, a significant difference in the environmental performance of bulk and fine chemicals was identified. The environmental performance of bulk chemicals are closely connected to the production of the raw material and thereby different land use aspects. Here, a lot can be learnt from biofuel LCAs. In many of the reviewed articles focusing on bulk chemicals a comparison regarding fossil and renewable raw material was done. In most of the comparisons the renewable alternative turned out to be more environmentally preferable, especially for the impact on GWP and energy use. However, some environmental concerns were identified as important to include to assess overall environmental concern, for example eutrophication and the use of land. To assess the environmental performance of green chemicals, quantitative methods are needed. For this purpose, both simple metrics and more comprehensive methods have been developed, one recognised method being LCA. However, this method is often too time consuming to be valuable in the process planning stage. This is partly due to a lack of available inventory data, but also because the method itself is too comprehensive. Here, key parameters for the environmental performance and methodological concerns were described to facilitate a faster and simpler use of LCA of green chemicals in the future.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-012-0500-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20International%20Journal%20of%20Life%20Cycle%20Assessment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11367-012-0500-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11367-012-0500-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11367-012-0500-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-09-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11356-020-08905-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:15:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-04-27", "title": "Towards upscaling the valorization of wheat straw residues: alkaline pretreatment using sodium hydroxide, enzymatic hydrolysis and biogas production", "description": "Lignocellulosic biomass is considered as a recalcitrant substrate for anaerobic digestion due to its complex nature that limits its biological degradation. Therefore, suitable preprocessing for the improvement of the performance of conventional anaerobic digestion remains a challenge in the development of anaerobic digestion technology. The physical and chemical characteristics of wheat straw (WS), as a representative lignocellulosic biomass, have a significant impact on the anaerobic digestion process in terms of quantity and quality of the produced biogas. This study aimed at investigating the enzymatic saccharification and detoxification of straw prior to anaerobic digestion with the final objective of enhancing the performance of conventional anaerobic systems of recalcitrant fractions of agricultural waste. The experimental activity was performed in lab and pilot scale treating WS. Alkaline delignification of straw using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was studied prior to enzymatic hydrolysis for the production of easily biodegradable sugars. After defining the optimum conditions for the pretreatment scheme, the anaerobic digestability of the effluents produced was measured. Finally, the final liquid effluents were fed to a pilot scale anaerobic digester of 0.5\u00a0m3 volume, applying an increasing organic loading rate (OLR) regime (in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from 0.2 to 15\u00a0kg COD/m3/day). The optimum conditions for the delignification and enzymatic hydrolysis of WS were defined as 0.5\u00a0M NaOH at 50\u00a0\u00b0C for 3-5\u00a0h and 15\u00a0\u03bcL Cellic CTec2/g pretreated straw at 50\u00a0\u00b0C. It was proven that the resulting liquid effluents could be fed to an anaerobic digester in the ratio that they are produced with satisfactory COD removal efficiencies (over 70%) for OLRs up to 10\u00a0kg COD/m3/day. This value is correspondent to a hydraulic retention time of around 7.5\u00a0days, much lower than the respective one for untreated straw (over 12\u00a0days).", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Hydrolysis", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Biofuels", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Sodium Hydroxide", "Anaerobiosis", "Biomass", "Methane", "Triticum"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-020-08905-y.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08905-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20and%20Pollution%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11356-020-08905-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11356-020-08905-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11356-020-08905-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-04-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11367-012-0512-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:15:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-10-09", "title": "Life-Cycle Climate Impacts Of Peat Fuel: Calculation Methods And Methodological Challenges", "description": "There has been lively debate, especially in Finland and Sweden, on the climate impacts of peat fuel. Previous studies of peat fuel's life-cycle climate impacts were controversial in their interpretation. The aim of this paper is conclusive examination of the issues of LCA methodology, derived from critical review of previous studies and recalculation based on the latest knowledge of greenhouse gas balances related to peat fuel\u2019s utilisation and the radiative forcing impacts of greenhouse gases. The most recent findings on emissions and the gas fluxes between soil, vegetation and atmosphere were used in calculation of the life-cycle climate impacts of the various peat fuel utilisation chains by means of LCA methodology. In the main, the calculation methods and rules were the same as in the previous studies, with the aim being to distinguish the impact of peat fuel\u2019s utilisation from that of the natural or semi-natural situation. A dynamic method was employed for assessing changes in radiative forcing. The results of alternative peat fuel utilisation chains were compared to the corresponding result for coal. There are many steps in peat fuel LCA, where different assumptions lead to different outcomes. Determining the functional unit, reference situations and system boundaries, as well as the emission calculation methods, is important from this point of view. Determination of the initial reference situation emerged as one of the critical points in the calculations. Time scale can strongly affect the final outcomes in a study where effects of long-term land-use change are considered. Each peatland area is unique. The higher the greenhouse gas emissions in the initial reference situation, the greater is the climate impact of the area and the more suitable the area is for peat extraction. The study showed that more greenhouse gas flux measurements are needed, for better assessment of the climate impacts of different potential peat extraction sites. Climate change mitigation requires quick actions, and uncertainties related to emissions are higher for longer time spans. Therefore, it can be concluded that a perspective spanning more than 100\u00a0years is inappropriate in peat fuel's life-cycle climate impact assessments.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-012-0512-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20International%20Journal%20of%20Life%20Cycle%20Assessment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11367-012-0512-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11367-012-0512-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11367-012-0512-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-10-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11367-013-0604-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:15:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-06-03", "title": "Application Of Three Independent Consequential Lca Approaches To The Agricultural Sector In Luxembourg", "description": "Consequential Life Cycle Assessment (C-LCA) is a \u201csystem modelling approach in which activities in a product system are linked so that activities are included in the product system to the extent that they are expected to change as a consequence of a change in demand\u201d. Hence, C-LCA focuses on micro-economic actions linked to macro-economic consequences, by identifying the (marginal) suppliers and technologies prone to be affected by variable scale changes in the demand of a product. Detecting the direct and indirect environmental effects due to changes in the production system is not an easy task. Hence, researchers have combined the consequential perspective with different econometric models. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess an increase in biocrops cultivation in Luxembourg using three different consequential modelling approaches to understand the benefits, drawbacks and assumptions linked to each approach as applied to the case study selected. Firstly, a partial equilibrium (PE) model is used to detect changes in land cultivation based on the farmers\u2019 revenue maximisation. Secondly, another PE model is proposed, which considers a different perspective aiming at minimising a total adaptation cost (so-called opportunity cost) to satisfy a given new demand of domestically produced biofuel. Finally, the consequential system delimitation for agricultural LCA approach, as proposed by Schmidt (Int J Life Cycle Assess 13:350\u2013364, 2008), is applied. The two PE models present complex shifts in crop rotation land use changes (LUCs), linked to the optimisation that is performed, while the remaining approach has limited consequential impact on changes in crop patterns since the expert opinion decision tree constitutes a simplification of the ongoing LUCs. However, environmental consequences in the latter were considerably higher due to intercontinental trade assumptions recommended by the experts that were not accounted for in the economic models. Environmental variations between the different scenarios due to LUCs vary based on the different expert- or computational-based assumptions. Finally, environmental consequences as compared with the current state-of-the-art are lame due to the limited impact of the shock within the global trade market. The use of several consequential modelling approaches within the same study may help widen the interpretation of the advantages or risks of applying a specific change to a production system. In fact, different models may not only be good alternatives in terms of comparability of scenarios and assumptions, but there may also be room for complementing these within a unique framework to reduce uncertainties in an integrated way.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-013-0604-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20International%20Journal%20of%20Life%20Cycle%20Assessment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11367-013-0604-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11367-013-0604-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11367-013-0604-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-06-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11367-011-0376-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:15:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-01-10", "title": "Life Cycle Assessment Of Energy And Ghg Emissions During Ethanol Production From Grass Straws Using Various Pretreatment Processes", "description": "Purpose The aim of this study was to perform a well-to-pump life cycle assessment (LCA) to investigate the overall net energy balance and environmental impact of bioethanol production using Tall Fescue grass straw as feedstock. The energy requirements and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were compared to those of gasoline to explore the potential of bioethanol as sustainable fuel.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-011-0376-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20International%20Journal%20of%20Life%20Cycle%20Assessment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11367-011-0376-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11367-011-0376-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11367-011-0376-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-01-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11367-012-0444-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:15:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-05-30", "title": "Environmental Life Cycle Assessment For Rapeseed-Derived Biodiesel", "description": "Purpose Biofuels have received special research interest, driven by concerns over high fuel prices, security of energy supplies, global climate change as well as the search of opportunities for rural economic development. This work examines the production of biodiesel derived from the transesterification of crude rapeseed oil, one of the most important sources of biodiesel in Europe, paying special attention to the environmental profile-associated to the manufacture life cycle (i.e., cradle-to-gate perspective).", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-012-0444-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20International%20Journal%20of%20Life%20Cycle%20Assessment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11367-012-0444-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11367-012-0444-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11367-012-0444-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-05-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11367-012-0465-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:15:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-07-02", "title": "Comparative Lca Of Ethanol Versus Gasoline In Brazil Using Different Lcia Methods", "description": "The main objective of this study is to expand the discussion about how, and to what extent, the environmental performance is affected by the use of different life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) illustrated by the case study of the comparison between environmental impacts of gasoline and ethanol form sugarcane in Brazil. The following LCIA methods have been considered in the evaluation: CML 2001, Impact 2002+, EDIP 2003, Eco-indicator 99, TRACI 2, ReCiPe, and Ecological Scarcity 2006. Energy allocation was used to split the environmental burdens between ethanol and surplus electricity generated at the sugarcane mill. The phases of feedstock and (bio)fuel production, distribution, and use are included in system boundaries. At the midpoint level, comparison of different LCIA methods showed that ethanol presents lower impacts than gasoline in important categories such as global warming, fossil depletion, and ozone layer depletion. However, ethanol presents higher impacts in acidification, eutrophication, photochemical oxidation, and agricultural land use categories. Regarding to single-score indicators, ethanol presented better performance than gasoline using ReCiPe Endpoint LCIA method. Using IMPACT 2002+, Eco-indicator 99, and Ecological Scarcity 2006, higher scores are verified for ethanol, mainly due to the impacts related to particulate emissions and land use impacts. Although there is a relative agreement on the results regarding equivalent environmental impact categories using different LCIA methods at midpoint level, when single-score indicators are considered, use of different LCIA methods lead to different conclusions. Single-score results also limit the interpretability at endpoint level, as a consequence of small contributions of relevant environmental impact categories weighted in a single-score indicator.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-012-0465-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20International%20Journal%20of%20Life%20Cycle%20Assessment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11367-012-0465-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11367-012-0465-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11367-012-0465-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-07-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11367-012-0483-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:15:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-08-10", "title": "Lca Of Energetic Biomass Utilization: Actual Projects And New Developments-April 23, 2012, Berne, Switzerland", "description": "Introduction In the last years, the use of biomass for energy purposes has been seen as a promising option to reduce the use of nonrenewable energy sources and the emissions of fossil carbon. However, LCA studies have shown that the energetic use of biomass also causes impacts on climate change and, furthermore, that different environmental issues arise, such as land use and agricultural emissions. While biomass is renewable, it is not an unlimited resource. Its use, to whatever purpose, must therefore be well studied to promote the most efficient option with the least environmental impacts. The 47th LCA Discussion Forum gathered several national and international speakers who provided a broad and qualified view on the topic. Summary of the topics presented in DF 47 Several aspects of energetic biomass use from a range of projects financed by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) were presented in this Discussion Forum. The first session focused on important aspects of the agricultural biogas production like the use of high energy crops or catch crops as well as the influence of plant size on the environmental performance of biogas. In the second session, other possibilities of biomass treatment like direct combustion, composting, and incineration with municipal waste were presented. Topic of the first afternoon session was the update and harmonization of biomass inventories and the resulting new assessment of biofuels. The short presentations investigated some further aspects of the LCA of bioenergy like the assessment of spatial variation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from bioenergy production in a country, the importance of indirect land use change emissions on the overall results, the assessment of alternative technologies to direct spreading of digestate or the updates of the car operation datasets in ecoinvent. Conclusions One main outcome of this Discussion Forum is that bioenergy is not environmentally friendly per se. In many cases, energetic use of biomass allows a reduction of GHG and fossil energy use. However, there is often a tradeoff with other environmental impacts linked to agricultural production like eutrophication or ecotoxicity. Methodological challenges still exist, like the assessment of direct and indirect land use change emissions and their attribution to the bioenergy production, or the influence of heavy metal flows on the bioenergy assessment. Another challenge is the implementation of a life cycle approach in certification or legislation schemes, as shown by the example of the Renewable Energy Directive of the European Union.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-012-0483-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20International%20Journal%20of%20Life%20Cycle%20Assessment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11367-012-0483-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11367-012-0483-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11367-012-0483-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-08-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11367-012-0486-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:15:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-08-13", "title": "Potential For Optimized Production And Use Of Rapeseed Biodiesel. Based On A Comprehensive Real-Time Lca Case Study In Denmark With Multiple Pathways", "description": "Purpose Several factors contribute to the current increased focus on alternative fuels such as biodiesel, including an increasing awareness of the environmental impact of petrochemical (PC) oil products such as PC diesel, the continuously increasing price of PC oil, and the depletion of PC oil. For these reasons, the European Union has enacted a directive requiring each member state to ensure that the share of energy from renewable sources in transport be at least 10 % of the final consumption of energy by 2020 (The European Parliament and the Council 2009). This LCA study assesses the specific environmental impacts from the production and use of biodiesel as it is today (real-time), based on rapeseed oil and different types of alcohols, and using technologies that are currently available or will be available shortly. Different options are evaluated for the environmental improvement of production methods. The modeling of the LCA is based on a specific Danish biodiesel production facility.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-012-0486-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20International%20Journal%20of%20Life%20Cycle%20Assessment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11367-012-0486-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11367-012-0486-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11367-012-0486-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-08-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.aeue.2017.09.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:15:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-09-08", "title": "Compact circular-patch-based bandpass filter for ultra-wideband wireless communication systems", "description": "Abstract Ultra-wideband (UWB) is a radio technology that enables low-power-level, short-range, and wide-bandwidth communication, and it has been widely applied in personal area networks, precision geolocation, medical, surveillance, and vehicular radar systems. Since Federal Communications Commission released the unlicensed use of the UWB range (3.1\u201310.6\u00a0GHz), a significant attention has been paid to the development of UWB devices, particularly UWB bandpass filters. In this paper, we propose a novel UWB bandpass filter based on circular patch resonator that is grounded by via and perturbed by slits and defected ground structures. The resonator\u2019s behaviour is analysed in detail and it is shown that its specific configuration allows a flexible control of the three lowest resonant modes, which are used to form UWB passband. To demonstrate the potential of the resonator, a UWB filter has been designed, fabricated, and measured. The filter is characterized by the insertion loss lower than 1\u00a0dB and return loss higher than 17\u00a0dB within the passband, as well as by very small group delay variation of only 0.07\u00a0ns. Also, the filter exhibits suppression higher than 19\u00a0dB up to 30\u00a0GHz, and very small overall dimensions of only 0.31 \u03bb g \u00a0\u00d7\u00a00.31 \u03bb g , and thus it outperforms other published UWB filters.", "keywords": ["0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology"], "contacts": [{"organization": "\u0160akoti\u0107, \u017darko, Jankovi\u0107, Nikolina, Crnojevi\u0107-Bengin, Vesna,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2017.09.002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/AEU%20-%20International%20Journal%20of%20Electronics%20and%20Communications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.aeue.2017.09.002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.aeue.2017.09.002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.aeue.2017.09.002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.017", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:15:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-03-01", "title": "Energy Budget In Organic And Conventional Olive Groves", "description": "Abstract An energy analysis, combined with an economic one, in conventional and organic olive groves is useful in evaluating present situation and deciding best management strategies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in the energy budget between organic and conventional olive groves in three locations in the island of Thasos and to calculate CO 2 -emissions based on the used fossil energy. The data were collected through personal interviews with farmers during 2000\u20132003. Twenty-four farmers, who owned olive groves about 1\u00a0ha each, were randomly selected to participate in this study [(4 conventional and 4 organic)\u00a0\u00d7\u00a03 locations]. The means averaged over all locations for fertilizer application energy was significantly higher in conventional than in organic olive groves, while the opposite occurs for insect trapping energy. Means averaged over the two farming systems for weed control energy were significantly higher in the northeastern part of the island, followed by the northwestern and southern part. The means averaged over all locations for labor and fertilizers energy were significantly higher in conventional than in organic olive groves, while the opposite was observed for tools energy. Means averaged over the two farming systems for labor and tools energy were significantly higher in the northwestern part of the island. Means averaged over the two farming systems for electric and pesticides energy were significantly higher in the northwestern part of the island. Total energy inputs were not affected by any of the studied parameters, while outputs were affected by the location, by the farming system and their interaction. Outputs in the northeastern part of the island and production in all parts of the island were significantly lower in organic than in conventional olive groves. Outputs and production were lower in the southern part of the island than in the other parts, since olive groves in southern Thasos are located in slopes with less productive soils. The results show a clear response of energy inputs to energy outputs that resulted from the farming system and location. Global warming potential and CO 2 -emissions were not affected by the farming system and location. Organic olive groves tended to have lower CO 2 -emissions caused by the different uses of fossil energy.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.017"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.017", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.017", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.017"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.solmat.2019.01.008", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:17:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-01-31", "title": "Acceptance criteria for accelerated aging testing of silvered-glass mirrors for concentrated solar power technologies", "description": "Abstract Solar reflectors for Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies are required to maintain their optical properties in demanding environments for more than 20 years of service-life. The durability of the commonly used silvered-glass reflectors is typically qualified by means of accelerated aging. Recently, the Spanish standardization committee UNE has published the first specific standard for this topic, which defines a set of accelerated aging tests for CSP reflectors. However, the standard does not contain pass/fail criteria. This paper proposes useful acceptance criteria for the accelerated tests defined by UNE, helping to interpret the obtained degradation results. The criteria have been determined by analyzing the collected accelerated aging data over the past 5 years in the OPAC laboratory, a joint research group of DLR and CIEMAT. Data from six different 4\u202fmm silvered-glass manufacturers is presented, covering nearly the entire market of commercially available silvered-glass mirrors, and going way beyond the recommended testing times of the UNE standard. The data may be used to benchmark initial reflective properties (before aging) and the performance during accelerated durability testing. In addition, recommendations for improvements of the standard are given and an estimate of the acceleration factor of the Copper Accelerate Salt Spray (CASS) test with respect to a highly corrosive outdoor environment is presented.", "keywords": ["reflectance", "solar reflector", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "durability", "Qualifizierung", "02 engineering and technology", "accelerated aging testing", "7. Clean energy", "acceptance criteria", "concentrated solar power"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://elib.dlr.de/126366/1/Acceptance%20criteria%20for%20accelerated%20aging%20testing_revised.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2019.01.008"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Solar%20Energy%20Materials%20and%20Solar%20Cells", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.solmat.2019.01.008", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.solmat.2019.01.008", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.solmat.2019.01.008"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.036", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:15:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-02-22", "title": "Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Impacts Of The Adoption Of The Eu Directive On Biofuels In Spain. Effect Of The Import Of Raw Materials And Land Use Changes", "description": "Abstract The objective of this paper is to evaluate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions impacts of the use of different alternative biofuels in passenger vehicles in Spain in order to meet EU biofuel goals. Different crop production alternatives are analysed, including the possible import of some raw materials. Availability of land for national production of the raw materials is analysed and indirect land use changes and associated GHG emissions are quantified. There are important differences in GHG emissions of biofuels depending on the raw material used and whether this is domestically produced or imported. Ethanol production using imported cereals and FAME production using domestic rapeseed have the highest GHG emissions per kilometre driven. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production from sunflower has shown the lowest emissions. When taking into account the results of GHG emissions savings per hectare, these findings are somehow reversed. Production of ethanol and around 12% of FAME can be done domestically. The rest will need to be imported and will cause indirect land use change (ILUC). Therefore, ethanol production will not displace any land, whereas FAME production will displace some amounts of land. Calculated ILUC factors are 29%\u201334%. The additional GHG emissions due to these indirect land use changes are significant (67%\u2013344% of life cycle GHG emissions). Standalone, the EU biofuel targets can have important benefits for Spain in terms of global warming emissions avoided. However, when considering the impact of land use change effects, these benefits are significantly reduced and can even be negative.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.036"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biomass%20and%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.036", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.036", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.036"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:15:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-11-18", "title": "A Comparative Study Of Some Environmental Impacts Of Conventional And Organic Farming In Australia", "description": "The provision of food causes environmental impacts that range from local through to global in scale. Organic farming, used in general here to mean farming practices with a greater emphasis on long-term sustainability, is one general approach to reduce these impacts. Whilst organic farming may be argued to be superior to conventional farming on the basis of local impacts, it is not often clear how organic farming performs relative to conventional farming in terms of wider, global impacts. In this paper we present a comparative assessment of on-farm and indirect energy consumption, land disturbance, water use, employment, and emissions of greenhouse gases, NOx, and SO2 of organic and conventional farming in Australia. A hybrid input-output-based life-cycle technique is employed in order to ensure a complete coverage of indirect requirements originating from all upstream production stages. Using data from a detailed survey of organic farms, the results show that direct energy use, energy related emissions, and greenhouse gas emissions are higher for the organic farming sample than for a comparable conventional farm sample. Direct water use and employment are significantly lower for the organic farms than for the conventional farms. However, the indirect contributions for all factors are much higher for the conventional farms, leading to their total impacts being substantially higher. This shows that indirect effects must be taken into account in the consideration of the environmental consequences of farming, in particular for energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, where the majority of impacts usually occur off-farm. Subject to yield uncertainties for organic versus conventional farming, from the sample here we can conclude that in addition to their local benefits, organic farming approaches can reduce the total water, energy and greenhouse gases involved in food production.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=0202+electrical+engineering&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=0202+electrical+engineering&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=0202+electrical+engineering&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=0202+electrical+engineering&offset=50", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 365, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-05-02T08:36:01.818122Z"}