{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120513", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-10-29", "title": "Microplastic appraisal of soil, water, ditch sediment and airborne dust: The case of agricultural systems", "description": "Although microplastic pollution jeopardizes both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, the movement of plastic particles through terrestrial environments is still poorly understood. Agricultural soils exposed to different managements are important sites of storage and dispersal of microplastics. This study aimed to identify the abundance, distribution, and type of microplastics present in agricultural soils, water, airborne dust, and ditch sediments. Soil health was also assessed using soil macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity. Sixteen fields were evaluated, 6 of which had been exposed to more than 5 years of compost application, 5 were exposed to at least 5 years of plastic mulch use, and 5 were not exposed to any specific management (controls) within the last 5 years. We also evaluated the spread of microplastics from the farms into nearby water bodies and airborne dust. We found 11 types of microplastics in soil, among which Light Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and Light Density Polyethylene covered with pro-oxidant additives (PAC) were the most abundant. The highest concentrations of plastics were found in soils exposed to plastic mulch management (128.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0320\u00a0MPs.g-1 soil and 224.84\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0488\u00a0MPs.g-1 soil, respectively) and the particles measured from 50 to 150\u00a0\u03bcm. Nine types of microplastics were found in water, with the highest concentrations observed in systems exposed to compost. Farms applying compost had higher LDPE and PAC concentrations in ditch sediments as compared to control and mulch systems; a significant correlation between soil polypropylene (PP) microplastics with ditch sediment microplastics (r2 0.7 p\u00a0<\u00a00.05) was found. LDPE, PAC, PE (Polyethylene), and PP were the most abundant microplastics in airborne dust. Soil invertebrates were scarce in the systems using plastic mulch. A cocktail of microplastics was found in all assessed matrices.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "ddc:550", "Microplastics", "Water", "Dust", "15. Life on land", "Polypropylenes", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "Polyethylene", "13. Climate action", "Life Science", "Soil Pollutants", "Plastics", "Ecosystem", "Water Pollutants", " Chemical", "Environmental Monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120513"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Pollution", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120513", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120513", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120513"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122243", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-07-21", "title": "Species-dependent responses of crop plants to polystyrene microplastics", "description": "Only recently there has been a strong focus on the impacts of microplastics on terrestrial crop plants. This study aims to examine and compare the effects of microplastics on two monocotyledonous (barley, Hordeum vulgare and wheat, Triticum aestivum), and two dicotyledonous (carrot, Daucus carota and lettuce, Lactuca sativa) plant species through two complimentary experiments. First, we investigated the effects of low, medium, and high (103, 105, 107 particles per mL) concentrations of 500\u00a0nm polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) on seed germination and early development. We found species-dependent effects on the early development, with microplastics only significantly affecting lettuce and carrot. When acutely exposed during germination, PS-MPs significantly delayed the germination of lettuce by 24%, as well as promoted the shoot growth of carrot by 71% and decreased its biomass by 26%. No effect was recorded on monocot species. Secondly, we performed a chronic (21\u00a0d) hydroponic experiment on lettuce and wheat. We observed that PS-MPs significantly reduced the shoot growth of lettuce by up to 35% and increased its biomass by up to 64%, while no record was reported on wheat. In addition, stress level indicators and defence mechanisms were significantly up-regulated in both lettuce and wheat seedlings. Overall, this study shows that PS-MPs affect plant development: impacts were recorded on both germination and growth for dicots, and responses identified by biochemical markers of stress were increased in both lettuce and wheat. This highlights species-dependent effects as the four crops were grown under identical conditions to allow direct comparison. For future research, our study emphasizes the need to focus on crop specific effects, while also working towards knowledge of plastic-induced impacts at environmentally relevant conditions.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "microplastics", "Microplastics", "Microplastic", "ta1183", "seed germination", "Biochemical indicators of stress", "Agriculture", "Germination", "plant growth", "15. Life on land", "Seed germination", "Seedlings", "Polystyrenes", "microplastic", "Plastics", "Triticum", "agriculture", "Plant growth", "Lactuca"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122243"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Pollution", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122243", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122243", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122243"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-12-06", "title": "Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in soils and crops. A field study in legume plants (Vicia faba L.) grown under different watering regimes", "description": "Social concern has raised during the last years due to the development of antibiotic resistance hotspots in different environmental compartments, including the edible parts of crops. To assess the influence of the water quality used for watering, we collected samples from soil, roots, leaves and beans from the legume plant Vicia faba (broad beans) in three agricultural peri-urban plots (Barcelona, NE Spain), irrigated with either groundwater, river water, or reclaimed water. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) sul1, tetM, qnrS1, blaCTX-M-32,blaOXA-58, mecA, and blaTEM were quantified by real-time PCR, along with 16S rDNA and intl1 sequences, as proxies for bacterial abundance and integron prevalence, respectively. Microbiome composition of all samples were analyzed by high-throughput DNA sequencing. Results show a gradient of bacterial species diversity and of ARG prevalence from highly diverse soil samples to microbially-poor beans and leaves, in which Rhizobiales essentially displaced all other groups, and that presented very small loads of ARGs and integron sequences. The data suggest that the microbiome and the associated resistome were likely influenced by agricultural practices and water quality, and that future irrigation water legal standards should consider the specific Physiology of the different crop plants.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "Agriculture", "Drug Resistance", " Microbial", "Fabaceae", "Wastewater", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Anti-Bacterial Agents", "Vicia faba", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "Genes", " Bacterial", "Spain", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envres.2019.108608", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-07-26", "title": "Antibiotic resistance gene distribution in agricultural fields and crops. A soil-to-food analysis", "description": "Despite the social concern about the generalization of antibiotic resistance hotspots worldwide, very little is known about the contribution of different potential sources to the global risk. Here we present a quantitative analysis of the distribution of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) in soil, rhizospheric soil, roots, leaves and beans in tomato, lettuce and broad beans crops (165 samples in total), grown in nine commercial plots distributed in four geographical zones in the vicinity of Barcelona (North East Spain). We also analyzed five soil samples from a nearby forest, with no record of agricultural activities. DNA samples were analyzed for their content in the ARGs sul1, tetM, qnrS1, blaCTX-M-32, blaOXA-58, mecA, and blaTEM, plus the integron intI1, using qPCR methods. In addition, soil microbiomes from the different plots were analyzed by amplicon-targeted 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our data show a decreasing gradient of ARG loads from soil to fruits and beans, the latter showing only from 0.1 to 0.01% of the abundance values in soil. The type of crop was the main determinant for both ARG distribution and microbiome composition among the different plots, with minor contributions of geographic location and irrigation water source. We propose that soil amendment and/or fertilization, more than irrigation water, are the main drivers of ARG loads on the edible parts of the crop, and that they should therefore be specifically controlled.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "Microbiomes", "Agriculture", "Drug Resistance", " Microbial", "Irrigation water", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Anti-Bacterial Agents", "3. Good health", "qPCR", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "Antibiotic resistance genes", "Genes", " Bacterial", "Spain", "RNA", " Ribosomal", " 16S", "Rhizosphere", "Endophytes", "Food Analysis", "Soil Microbiology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108608"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envres.2019.108608", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envres.2019.108608", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108608"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envres.2023.116434", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-06-19", "title": "A three-dimensional perspective of phosphorus retention across a field-buffer strip transition", "description": "Vegetated filter strips (VFS) act as buffer zones between fields and water bodies that are supposed to retain incoming runoff, sediment, and nutrients. The factors that govern nutrient retention and cycling in VFS are complex and act in all three dimensions. A key element that determines VFS effectivity is flow type, e.g., sheet vs. concentrated flow. These aspects are, however, often insufficiently accounted for in VFS research and design recommendations. In this study, we attempt to tackle these shortcomings by examining the nutrient distribution in detail at two field-VFS transitions, applying a three-dimensional sampling array together with extensive laboratory analyses. Concentrated runoff was the dominant type we found and we argue that flow convergence is the norm rather than the exception. Further complicating this issue is that entry locations of runoff may vary, calling for more sophisticated sampling designs. Overall trends were similar across the analyzed nutrient fractions (different K- and P-pools) and there were distinct trends of decreasing nutrients along the longitudinal (from the field to the VFS) and vertical planes. The horizontal plane (from outside to inside the area of concentrated flow) showed mostly inconclusive or U-shaped gradients. Both sites were similar and close to each other, nevertheless, there were significant differences that affected nutrient retention in the VFS which were linked to site-specific factors. The spatial extent (i.e., width) is often considered the main variable in VFS designs. However, other VFS traits such as vegetation type and structure, as well as external factors such as field topography and the severity of erosive events are equally important and should be attributed more significance.", "keywords": ["Phosphorus", "Agriculture", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116434"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envres.2023.116434", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envres.2023.116434", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116434"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.foreco.2003.11.014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-03-06", "title": "Wildfires In Nw Patagonia: Long-Term Effects On A Nothofagus Forest Soil", "description": "In NW Patagonia, Argentina, poor regeneration after fires of Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. and Endl.) Krasser forests located in drier environments has been attributed to probable edaphic changes. We studied the long-term effects of wildfire on the mineralogical, physical, chemical and biological properties of a soil developed from volcanic-ashes under N. pumilio forests. Soils from six small patches burned in January 1996 and of undisturbed forest were sampled at a depth of 0-10 cm in March 1996,1997, 1998 and 2000. As biological soil indicators we assessed N in microbial biomass (N-MB) and potential N mineralization (pNmin). Chemical properties were analyzed for all 4 years in dry samples, N-BM and pNmin in rewetted samples in 1996 and 1997, and in field-moist samples in 1998 (pNmin) and 2000 (N-MB). Additionally, we measured soil moisture twice during the growing seasons of 1998 and 2000 at 0-16 cm, and mineralogical and physical properties once in 1998. The main effects of fire were: (i) a significant increase in pH, electrical conductivity, extractable P and cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K) and a significant decrease in organic C and total N; 4 years after the fire, C and N were still, respectively, 52 and 20% lower, pH was one unit higher, and electrical conductivity and extractable P were twice as high as in the unburned control; (ii) a considerable decrease in N-MB (>90%), without significant recovery in subsequent years; (iii) an increase of pNmin at the beginning of the incubation period, decreasing afterwards to only 4-44% the levels in the unburned soil; and (iv) a decrease of 31% in field capacity and 56% in soil moisture. No mineralogical changes in the amorphous soil components were observed. Although volcanic soils show a high capacity to stabilize organic matter, buffer pH, retain P and store water, the magnitude of the changes of all soil properties indicated that the intensity of the fire was very high, and might have a powerful effect on seedling emergence and survival. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. (Less)", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Estela Raffaele, Mar\u00eda Julia Mazzarino, Luc\u00eda Roselli, Mar\u0131\u0301a Victoria Alauzis,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2003.11.014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.foreco.2003.11.014", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.foreco.2003.11.014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.foreco.2003.11.014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.foreco.2003.12.015", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-06-02", "title": "Effects Of Afforestation Of A Paramo Grassland On Soil Nutrient Status", "description": "Plantations of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) cover more than 4,000,000 ha worldwide [P.B. Lavery, D.J. Mead, Pinus radiata: a narrow endemic from North America takes on the world, in: D.M. Richardson (Ed.), Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998, pp. 432\u2013449]. In many areas, including the Ecuadorian Andes, these plantations have been established on former grasslands. Although this land use has grown over the past four decades in Ecuador, little is known about the effect of the change in vegetation cover on nutrient cycling in the high-altitude grassland systems where the plantations are frequently established. We examined changes in soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and acidity with stand age, using a chronosequence of stands ranging from 0 to 25 years of age. The effects of planting the grasslands with pine were most notable near the soil surface (0\u201310 cm), although in some cases changes deeper in the A horizon were also large. Total nitrogen concentrations became increasingly depleted along the chronosequence at intermediate depth (P \u00bc 0:04), while N was gained in the litter (P \u00bc 0:02) and upper-A horizon (P \u00bc 0:001) until the plantations reached 20 years, at which point it again declined. In the top 10 cm, concentrations of NO3 \ufffd increased dramatically under pine (P < 0:001), while NH4 \u00fe was lower than in grasslands (P \u00bc 0:04). Unlike nitrogen, neither total nor available phosphorus was significantly altered by the change in vegetation. Soil pH was higher in the grassland soils (5.5) than under pine stands of any age (P < 0:01), all of which had a mean pH of 5.2. Acidification under pine occurred only in the top 10 cm, with no differences in pH at other depths, indicating that it is being driven by soil processes that predominate in the near-surface environment. These results demonstrate that the change of vegetation can affect soil properties on a decadal time scale, with implications for long-term site productivity.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Eugene F. Kelly, Kathleen A. Farley,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2003.12.015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.foreco.2003.12.015", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.foreco.2003.12.015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.foreco.2003.12.015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envsci.2011.07.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-08-14", "title": "Carbon Accounting And The Climate Politics Of Forestry", "description": "AbstractMany proposals have been made for the more successful inclusion of LULUCF (Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry) in the Kyoto framework. Though the positions of individual states or the goal of avoided deforestation guide many approaches, our model sets cost-effective strategies for climate change mitigation and the efficient and balanced use of forest resources at its center. Current approaches to forest resource-based carbon accounting consider only a fraction of its potential and fail to adequately mobilize the LULUCF sector for the successful stabilization of atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. The presence of a significantly large \u201cincentive gap\u201d justifies the urgency of reforming the current LULUCF carbon accounting framework. In addition to significantly broadening the scope of carbon pools accounted under LULUCF, we recommend paying far greater attention to the troika of competing but potentially compatible interests surrounding the promotion of standing forests (in particular for the purposes of carbon sequestration, biodiversity protection and ecosystem promotion/ preservation), harvested wood products (HWP) and bioenergy use. The successful balancing of competing interests, the enhancement of efficiency and effectiveness and the balanced use of forest resources require an accounting mechanism that weighs and rewards each component according to its real climate mitigation potential. Further, our data suggest the benefits of such a broadly based carbon accounting strategy and the inclusion of LULUCF in national and international accounting and emission trading mechanisms far outweigh potential disadvantages. Political arguments suggesting countries could take advantage of LULUCF accounting to reduce their commitments are not supported by the evidence we present.", "keywords": ["Carbon accounting", "Geography", " Planning and Development", "LULUCF", "Kyoto Protocol", "Management", " Monitoring", " Policy and Law", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "Climate change mitigation", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Bioenergy", "HWP", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2011.07.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Policy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envsci.2011.07.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envsci.2011.07.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envsci.2011.07.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envsci.2013.02.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-03-13", "title": "A Review Of Variability In Indirect Land Use Change Assessment And Modeling In Biofuel Policy", "description": "Abstract   The inclusion of indirect land use change (ILUC) can dramatically affect the calculated greenhouse gas (GHG) benefits of biofuels in comparison to conventional fuels. Due to the potential magnitude and impacts of ILUC, this concept is being included in many biofuel policies, such as the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) and California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS). The approaches to modeling ILUC are complex and fraught with uncertainties, and results tend to lack agreement. In this work, we have investigated the modeling approaches and emission factor databases employed to determine their effects on ILUC variability in several key studies, with particular focus on U.S. policy. The amount and location of ILUC, which is predicted by agro-economic models, vary greatly from the studies investigated:  Searchinger et al. (2008)  predicted more than twice the amount of land conversion compared to more recent studies that have used updated models. Even more influential, yet more understated, is the estimation of the type of land converted, since conversion of forests results in significantly greater GHG emissions than conversion from other land types, and RFS2 and LCFS have estimated only a fraction of conversion of forest in comparison to Searchinger. Additionally, many studies investigated have relied on the Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC) emission factor database to determine GHG emissions from ILUC, but each has applied data differently to arrive at different results. It is recognized that this database is coarse, so a more spatially explicit approach in the Winrock database, which has carbon stock data for over 750 regions worldwide, has been used in the RFS2 fuel policy.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Amber Broch, Stefan Unnasch, S. Kent Hoekman,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2013.02.002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Policy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envsci.2013.02.002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envsci.2013.02.002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envsci.2013.02.002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envsci.2010.10.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-11-11", "title": "Potential Effects Of Future Land-Use Change On Regional Carbon Stocks In The Uk", "description": "Abstract   In order to explore the impact of land-use change on carbon (C) stocks in South West England, three scenarios were explored based on current UK national- and regional-scale policies and plans. The scenarios assessed were: (i) Rebuilding Biodiversity (RB), involving habitat restoration of 824,244\u00a0ha of strategic nature areas; (ii) Forest Strategy (FS), involving establishment of 16,000\u00a0ha of new woodlands; and (iii) Biomass Strategy (BS), involving conversion of 65,513\u00a0ha of arable land into bioenergy crops. It was assumed that each of these targets would be implemented by the year 2020, with carbon build-up times of 100, 100 and 30 years, respectively. Estimates of C-stock changes were produced by compiling vegetation and soil organic C-density data for 11 land-use types from a systematic literature review. Results indicated that FS would lead to the highest yearly potential carbon sequestration (up to 3.63\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0yr \u22121 ). However, the total C-stocks would be the highest under RB (up to 20% increase), owing to the greater area of pastures and arable land being converted into broadleaved forest when compared to FS. BS would have the least effect on C (C-stock increase of up to 0.3% and up to 0.41\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0yr \u22121  sequestered). The spatially explicit analytical approach adopted here provides an indication of which land-use changes would contribute most to C-sequestration within the South West region, and could contribute to achieving national emission reduction targets post-2012.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2010.10.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Policy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envsci.2010.10.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envsci.2010.10.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envsci.2010.10.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envsoft.2023.105920", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-12-06", "title": "Assessing dependence between soil ecosystem services as a function of weather and soil: Application of vine copula modeling", "description": "Soils are natural ecosystems that provide ecosystem services, whose provision depends on multiple soil properties, climate conditions and human management. Dependence among soil ecosystem services (SESs) must therefore be considered to reliably assess risks of improving SES, as a function of weather conditions or soil properties. The present study described dependence among regulating and provisioning SESs predicted by a biophysical soil and crop model, based on a dataset of soils in France. We applied vine copula modeling as a statistical method that can model joint distribution functions of three SESs and enabled us to estimate probabilities of exceeding a level of one SES as a function of another SES. Trade-offs may need to be made between them to manage soil and water resources and achieve a given yield. By highlighting the degree of dependence among multiple SESs, copula models thus provide information that may improve understanding or management of ESs.", "keywords": ["[STAT]Statistics [stat]", "Soil ecosystem services", "[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "500", "Soil properties", "Weather conditions", "15. Life on land", "Dependence", "[STAT] Statistics [stat]"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2023.105920"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Modelling%20%26amp%3B%20Software", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envsoft.2023.105920", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envsoft.2023.105920", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envsoft.2023.105920"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envsci.2012.05.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-11-05", "title": "Land Use Structure Optimization Based On Carbon Storage In Several Regional Terrestrial Ecosystems Across China", "description": "Abstract   Land use change is a main driver of carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems. Based on land use data, research results related to carbon densities in vegetation and soil as well as government policies related to development in different regions of China, this paper optimized land use structure in 2020 for different regions with the goal of increasing terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage. We defined seven types of land use: (1) cultivated land, (2) garden land, (3) woodland, (4) pasture land, (5) other agricultural land, (6) urbanized land, and (7) a mixture of other land which we call mixed land which included open water, swamps, glaciers and other land as defined below. We found: (1) For most eastern regions, woodland has the highest carbon (C) densities while C densities of pasture land and cultivated land did not differ widely. Both have C densities higher than urbanized land while urbanized land has higher carbon densities than the areas placed in the mixed land type. (2) Under an optimized land use structure projected for 2020, the area of cultivated land will decrease compared with 2005 for most regions. The areas of garden land, pasture land and other agricultural land are much smaller compared with the mixed land use type, and the changes there are not obvious and their contributions to increased carbon storage are not significant. The area of woodland will increase the most obviously and it will contribute the most to increased carbon storage. The increasing urbanization of land and the decreasing trend of other land types make it difficult to change carbon storage patterns since the Chinese economy is expanding rapidly. (3) The optimized land use structure presented here will have effects on the entire country though with regional differences. Some inland regions will always have a larger potential to increase carbon storage than other areas because the potentialities in some coastal regions are limited by social and economic development.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.05.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Policy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envsci.2012.05.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envsci.2012.05.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.05.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envsci.2013.05.003", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-06-15", "title": "Identifying Key Drivers Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Biomass Feedstocks For Energy Production", "description": "Many policies in the United States, at both the federal and state levels, encourage the adoption of renewable energy from biomass. Though largely motivated by a desire to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, these policies do not explicitly identify scenarios in which the use of biomass will produce the greatest benefits. We have modeled \u201cfarm-to-hopper\u201d emissions associated with seven biomass feedstocks, under a wide variety of scenarios and production choices, to characterize the uncertainty in emissions. We demonstrate that only a handful of factors have a significant impact on life cycle emissions: choice of feedstock, geographic location, prior land use, and time dynamics. Within a given production scenario, the remaining variability in emissions is driven by uncertainty in feedstock yields and the release rate of N2O into the atmosphere from nitrogen fertilizers. With few exceptions, transport and processing choices have relatively little impact on total emissions. These results illustrate the key decisions that will determine the success of biomass programs in reducing the emissions profile of energy production, and our publicly available model provides a useful tool for identifying the most beneficial production scenarios. While model data and results are restricted to biomass production in the contiguous United States, we provide qualitative guidance for identifying favorable production scenarios that should be applicable in other regions.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "12. Responsible consumption"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Aimee E. Curtright, David R. Johnson, Henry H. Willis,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2013.05.003"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Policy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envsci.2013.05.003", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envsci.2013.05.003", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envsci.2013.05.003"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.foreco.2004.03.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-06-12", "title": "Effects Of Chronic Nitrogen Amendment On Dissolved Organic Matter And Inorganic Nitrogen In Soil Solution", "description": "Abstract   Increased atmospheric deposition of N to forests is an issue of global concern, with largely undocumented long-term effects on soil solution chemistry. In contrast to bulk soil properties, which are typically slow to respond to a chronic stress, soil solution chemistry may provide an early indication of the long-term changes in soils associated with a chronic stress. At the Harvard Forest, soil solution was collected beneath the forest floor in zero tension lysimeters for 10 years (1993\u20132002) as part of an N saturation experiment. The experiment was begun in 1988 with 5 or 15\u00a0g\u00a0N\u00a0m\u22122 per year added to hardwood and pine forest plots, and our samples thus characterize the long-term response to N fertilization. Samples were routinely analyzed for inorganic nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC); selected samples were also analyzed to determine qualitative changes in the composition of dissolved organic matter. Fluxes of DOC, DON, and inorganic N were calculated based on modeled water loss from the forest floor and observed concentrations in lysimeter samples. The concentration and flux of inorganic N lost from the forest floor in percolating soil solution are strongly affected by N fertilization and have not shown any consistent trends over time. On average, inorganic N fluxes have reached or exceeded the level of fertilizer application in most plots. Concentrations of DOC were unchanged by N fertilization in both the hardwood and pine stands, with long-term seasonal averages ranging from 31\u201357\u00a0mg\u00a0l\u22121 (hardwood) and 36\u201393\u00a0mg\u00a0l\u22121 (pine). Annual fluxes of DOC ranged from 30\u201350\u00a0g\u00a0m\u22122 per year. DON concentrations more than doubled, resulting in a shift toward N-rich organic matter in soil solution percolating from the plots, and DON fluxes of 1\u20133\u00a0g\u00a0m\u22122 per year. The DOC:DON ratio of soil solution under high N application (10\u201320) was about half that of controls. The organic chemistry of soil solution undergoes large qualitative changes in response to N addition. With N saturation, there is proportionally more hydrophilic material in the total DON pool, and a lower C:N ratio in the hydrophobic fraction of the total DOM pool. Overall, our data show that fundamental changes in the chemistry of forest floor solution have occurred in response to N fertilization prior to initiation of our sampling. During the decade of this study (years 5\u201314 of N application) both inorganic N and dissolved organic matter concentrations have changed little despite the significant biotic changes that have accompanied N saturation.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Scientific Contribution Number 2219", "Forest Sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.03.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.foreco.2004.03.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.foreco.2004.03.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.03.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.foreco.2004.03.012", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-05-08", "title": "Short-Term Soil Respiration And Nitrogen Immobilization Response To Nitrogen Applications In Control And Nitrogen-Enriched Temperate Forests", "description": "Forest stands at the Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA, receiving experimentally elevated N inputs have shown greatly increased N leaching loss yet still retain over 70% of the added N in soils, presumably in organic form. Whether microbial or abiotic mechanisms are responsible for the high N retention is not well understood. We monitored soil respiration and extractable NH4N and NO3-N following monthly applications of NH4NO3 to a hardwood forest and a pine plantation during the fifth year of chronic fertilizer applications (15 g N as NH4NO3 m \ufffd 2 per year). We hypothesized that individual N applications would increase short-term soil respiration (within 1 month) in previously unamended and N-limited soil, but that little or no increase would occur following N applications to chronically N-amended soils, assumed to be carbon-limited to some degree after 5 years of N additions. Short-term soil respiration did not increase after N additions in either the chronically amended or previously untreated soils except for one instance in the latter. However, extractable N levels in both previously unamended plots returned to preapplication levels within 2 weeks of the N addition. This rapid disappearance of the applied N suggests microbial immobilization, but in all but one instance there was no accompanying CO2 efflux increase indicating increased microbial biomass growth. A model of N immobilization through microbial biomass production, driven by the observed apparent net N immobilization, predicted soil CO2 efflux 4\u201017 times greater than measured rates. Microbial biomass production does not appear to be the mechanism by which the fertilizer N immobilization occurred, according to our assumptions about microbial C:N ratios and carbon use efficiency. Hardwood stand average soil respiration rates over the study period were significantly higher in the previously unamended plot than in the control, and the control and chronically N-treated plot respiration rates were similar. Soil respiration rates for all pine stand treatments were similar. These results are insufficient to support our hypotheses concerning carbon versus nitrogen limitation in these soils. Our results, along with evidence from other studies, suggest that abiotic mechanisms play a role in the high retention of long-term N additions in these soils. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.03.012"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.foreco.2004.03.012", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.foreco.2004.03.012", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.03.012"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.esd.2011.01.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-02-07", "title": "Integrating Bioenergy And Food Production-A Case Study Of Combined Ethanol And Dairy Production In Pontal, Brazil", "description": "Increased Brazilian sugarcane ethanol production is expected in response to increasing domestic and international ethanol demand. The Pontal do Paranapanema region, located in the western parts of the Sao Paulo state, is one of the regions where sugarcane is expected to expand on a large scale. This expansion will most likely affect small-scale dairy farmers in the region and may lead to displaced milk production. Interviews have been made with small-scale dairy farmers in areas where sugarcane has already been established. These interviews show that many farmers who substitute milk production for sugarcane production experience economic stagnation after the change. However, both systems can coexist, using sugarcane residues as high-quality cattle feed. This feed can easily be made at the ethanol mills using sugarcane residues and some additional protein and mineral supplements. Analyses indicate that the dairy farmers can increase their income ten-fold by adopting this integrated system. The increased total output and higher land-use efficiency in dairy production may counteract possible indirect land-use change. Greenhouse gas emissions per unit of milk produced as well as liter ethanol produced depend on several factors, including effects of diverting bagasse from other uses to feed production.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "G\u00f6ran Berndes, Gerd Sparovek, Stina Gustafsson, Flavio L. M. Freitas, Andrea Egeskog,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2011.01.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Energy%20for%20Sustainable%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.esd.2011.01.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.esd.2011.01.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.esd.2011.01.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2003.11.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-01-23", "title": "Elevated Atmospheric Co2 Effects On N Fertilization In Grain Sorghum And Soybean", "description": "Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration has led to concerns about global changes to the environment. One area of global change that has not been fully addressed is the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on agriculture production inputs. Elevated CO2 concentration alterations of plant growth and C:N ratios may modify C and N cycling in soil and N fertility. This study was conducted to examine the effects of legume, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and non-legume, grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) carbon dioxide-enriched agro-ecosystems on N soil fertility in a Blanton loamy sand (loamy siliceous, thermic, Grossarenic Paleudults). The study was a split-plot design replicated three times with crop species (soybean and grain sorghum) as the main plots and CO2 concentration (ambient and twice ambient) as subplots using open top field chambers. Fertilizer application was made with 15 N-depleted NH4NO3 to act as a fertilizer tracer. Elevated CO2 increased total biomass production in all 3 years of both grain sorghum (average 30%) and soybean (average 40%). With soybean, while no impact on the plant C:N ratio was observed, the total N content was greatly increased (average 29%) due to increased atmospheric N2 fixation with elevated CO2 concentration. With grain sorghum, the total N uptake was not affected, but the C:N ratio was markedly increased (average 31%) by elevated CO2. No impact of elevated CO2 level was observed for fertilizer N in grain sorghum. The results from this study indicated that while elevated CO2 may enhance crop production and change N status in plant tissue, changes to soil N fertilizer application practices may not be needed. # 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2003.11.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2003.11.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2003.11.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2003.11.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2004.10.006", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-12-31", "title": "Long-Term Effect Of Fertilizer And Manure Application On Soil Organic Carbon Storage, Soil Quality And Yield Sustainability Under Sub-Humid And Semi-Arid Tropical India", "description": "Abstract   In south Asian countries, production fatigue has been observed as yields which have started declining or stagnating under long-term experiments in multiple cropping systems due to continuous cultivation. We examined the potential impact of continuous cultivation of crops in rotation, and fertilizer and manure application on yield trends, soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, soil quality parameters (active fractions of SOC in particular) and sustainable yield index (SYI). Crop rotations included in the study were: rice\u2013wheat\u2013jute, soybean\u2013wheat and sorghum\u2013wheat system at Barrackpore (Typic Eutrochrept), Ranchi (Typic Haplustalf) and Akola (Typic Haplustert), respectively. Field treatments included unfertilized (control), 100% N, 100% NP, 100% NPK and 100% NPK\u00a0+\u00a0FYM. The negative yield trend was observed in unbalanced use of inorganic N and NP application at all the three sites. The positive yield trend was observed in the NPK and NPK\u00a0+\u00a0FYM treatments at Ranchi and Akola. However, significantly negative-yield trends were observed in these treatments at Barrackpore under rice-based system. Results showed that the SOC in the unfertilized plot (control) decreased by 41.5, 24.5, and 15.5% compared to initial values in Barrackpore, Ranchi and Akola, respectively, wherein the treatment receiving NPK and NPK\u00a0+\u00a0FYM either maintained or improved it over initial SOC content in these sites. The estimated annual C input values in NPK\u00a0+\u00a0FYM treatments were 4392, 4159 and 3113\u00a0kg\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0year \u22121  in rice\u2013wheat\u2013jute, sorghum\u2013wheat and soybean\u2013wheat system, respectively. Active fractions of SOC, viz., water-soluble carbon and hydrolysable carbohydrates, soil microbial biomass C and N, dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity, improved significantly with the application of NPK and NPK\u00a0+\u00a0FYM. The content of SOC significantly ( p \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.05) correlated with SYI and active fractions of SOC, which support better sustainable productivity. Results suggest that current fertilizer recommendations of 100% recommended NPK are adequate for maintaining SOC and its active fractions as well. The causes of yield decline are mostly location specific but depletion of SOC and its active fractions seems to be a general cause.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.10.006"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2004.10.006", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2004.10.006", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.10.006"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2006.08.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-11-21", "title": "Optimizing Water And Fertilizer Input Using An Elasticity Index: A Case Study With Maize In The Loess Plateau Of China", "description": "Matching fertilizer rates with available water supplies in water-scarce environments remains a major challenge for improving water use efficiency and crop yield. The objectives are to (i) develop a new approach to characterizing interrelations of yield (Y), evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE), and soil fertility using an elasticity index, and (ii) to further derive optimal-coupling domains of water and fertilizer inputs using maize data of 1997 and 1998, as an example. The experiment was an incomplete factorial design with two factors (water supply and fertilizer input) with five levels each, and had a total of 13 treatments with three replicates each. A maize cultivar (Zhongdan 2, Zea mays L.) was grown in a loessial silt loam in the hilly region of the Loess Plateau of China. Irrigation was hand applied at predetermined amounts as needed, and fertilizers including nitrogen, phosphate, and yard manure were applied at planting and jointing at predetermined rates. Approaches on how to use the crop-water production function and elasticity index (EI) to characterize the interrelations of Y, ET, and WUE were presented, and further extended to derive the optimal-coupling domains of water and fertilizer inputs. Yield responses to water and fertilizer inputs followed a quadratic function with a positive interactive term. When constrained by local maximum yields, the optimal-coupling domain took a half-ellipse form with the global maximum WUE and Y (or maximum ET) corresponding to the left and right end points on its long axis. As water supply increased, WUE reached its maximum before yield did. If water supply is limiting, fertilizer rates that maximize WUE rather than yield should be used; otherwise, seeking maximum yield may be desirable. For irrigation management, total water supply to maize should not exceed 550 mm in the region. Furthermore, the optimal domain can be used to determine optimal fertilizer rates for any given water supply, which may be estimated from seasonal climate forecasts in the case of dryland fanning or based on available water supply for future irrigation. For a given water supply, fertilizer rates should be between the rate of reaching local maximum WUE and the rate of reaching local maximum yield. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.08.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2006.08.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2006.08.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.08.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2007.12.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-02-06", "title": "Productivity And Sustainability Of A Spring Wheat-Field Pea Rotation In A Semi-Arid Environment Under Conventional And Conservation Tillage Systems", "description": "A long-term rotation experiment was established in 2001 to compare conservation tillage techniques with conventional tillage in a semi-arid environment in the western Loess Plateau of China. We examined resource use efficiencies and crop productivity in a spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-field pea (Pisum arvense L.) rotation. The experimental design included a factorial combination of tillage with different ground covers (complete stubble removal, stubble retained and plastic film mulch). Results showed that there was more soil water in 0-30 cm at sowing under the no-till with stubble retained treatment than the conventional tillage with stubble removed treatment for both field pea (60 mm vs. 55 mm) and spring wheat (60 mm vs. 53 mm). The fallow rainfall efficiency was up to 18% on the no-till with stubble retained treatment compared to only 8% for the conventional tillage with stubble removed treatment. The water use efficiency was the highest in the no-till with stubble retained treatment for both field pea (10.2 kg/ha mm) and spring wheat (8.0 kg/ha mm), but the lowest on the no-till with stubble removed treatment for both crops (8.4 kg/ha mm vs. 6.9 kg/ha mm). Spring wheat also had the highest nitrogen use efficiency on the no-till with stubble retained treatment (24.5%) and the lowest on the no-till with stubble removed treatment (15.5%). As a result, grain yields were the highest under no-till with stubble retained treatment, but the lowest under no-till with no ground cover treatment for both spring wheat (2.4 t/ha vs. 1.9 t/ha) and field pea (1.8 t/ha vs. 1.4 t/ha). The important finding from this study is that conservation tillage has to be adopted as a system, combining both no-tillage and retention of crop residues. Adoption of a no-till system with stubble removal will result in reductions in grain yields and a combination of soil degradation and erosion. Plastic film mulch increased crop yields in the short-term compared with the conventional tillage practice. However, use of non-biodegradable plastic film creates a disposal problem and contamination risk for soil and water resources. It was concluded that no-till with stubble retained treatment was the best option in terms of higher and more efficient use of water and nutrient resources and would result in increased crop productivity and sustainability for the semi-arid region in the Loess Plateau. The prospects for adoption of conservation tillage under local conditions were also discussed.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "070301 - Agro-ecosystem Function and Prediction", "571", "pea", "rotation", "01 natural sciences", "630", "12. Responsible consumption", "wheat", "Physical Sciences and Mathematics", "Productivity", "conventional", "2. Zero hunger", "spring", "conservation", "arid", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "sustainability", "field", "6. Clean water", "semi", "tillage", "systems", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "environment", "under"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2007.12.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2007.12.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2007.12.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2007.12.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2010.04.012", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-05-25", "title": "Growing Maize In Clumps As A Strategy For Marginal Climatic Conditions", "description": "Abstract   Under dryland conditions of the Texas High Plains, maize ( Zea mays ) production is limited by sparse and erratic precipitation that results in severe water stress particularly during grain formation. When plant populations are reduced to 2.0\u20133.0\u00a0plants\u00a0m \u22122  to conserve soil water for use during grain filling, tillers often form during the vegetative growth and negate the expected economic benefit. We hypothesized that growing maize in clumps spaced 1.0\u00a0m apart would reduce tiller formation, increase mutual shading among the plants, and conserve soil water for grain filling that would result in higher grain yield. Studies were conducted during 2006 and 2007 at Bushland, TX. with two planting geometries (clump vs. equidistant), two irrigation methods (low-energy precision applicator, LEPA, and low-elevation spray applicator, LESA) at three irrigation levels (dryland, 75\u00a0mm and 125\u00a0mm in 2006; and dryland, 50\u00a0mm and 100\u00a0mm in 2007). For dryland plots in 2007, clump plants had only 0.17 tillers (0.66\u00a0tillers\u00a0m \u22122 ) compared with 1.56 tillers per plant (6.08\u00a0tillers\u00a0m \u22122 ) for equidistant spacing. Tillers accounted for 10% of the stover for the equidistant plants, but less than 3% of the grain. Clump planting produced significantly greater grain yields (321\u00a0g\u00a0m \u22122  vs. 225\u00a0g\u00a0m \u22122  and 454\u00a0g\u00a0m \u22122  vs. 292\u00a0g\u00a0m \u22122  during 2006 and 2007, respectively) and Harvest Indexes (0.54 vs. 0.49 and 0.52 vs. 0.39 during 2006 and 2007, respectively) compared with equidistant plants in dryland conditions. Water use efficiency (WUE) measurements in 2007 indicated that clumps had a lower evapotranspiration (ET) threshold for initiating grain production, but the production function slopes were 2.5\u00a0kg\u00a0m \u22123  for equidistant treatments compared to 2.0\u00a0kg\u00a0m \u22123  for clump treatments. There was no yield difference for method of irrigation on water use efficiency. Our results suggest that growing maize in clumps compared with equidistant spacing reduced the number of tillers, early vegetative growth, and Leaf Area Index (LAI) so that more soil water was available during the grain filling stage. This may be a useful strategy for growing maize with low plant populations in dryland areas where severe water stress is common.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2010.04.012"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2010.04.012", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2010.04.012", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2010.04.012"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2006.07.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-08-18", "title": "The Value Of Catch Crops And Organic Manures For Spring Barley In Organic Arable Farming", "description": "The effect of nitrogen (N) supply and weeds on grain yield of spring barley was investigated in an organic farming crop rotation experiment on three different soil types in Denmark from 1997 to 2001. Three experimental factors were included in the experiment in a factorial design: 1) crop rotation (lupin or pea/barley as previous crop to barley), 2) cover crop (with and without), and 3) manure (with and without). The crop rotations included grass-clover as a green manure crop. Animal manure was applied as slurry in rates corresponding to 40% of the N demand of the cereal crops.   Application of 50 kg NH4-N ha-1 in manure (slurry) increased barley grain DM yield by 1.0 to 1.3 Mg DM ha-1, whereas the use of cover crops (primarily perennial ryegrass) increased grain DM yield by 0.4 to 0.7 Mg DM ha-1 with the smallest effect on the sandy loam soil and the highest effect on the coarse sandy soil. Model estimations showed that the yield reduction from weeds varied from 0.3 to 1.6 Mg DM ha-1 depending on weed species and density. The yield effects of N supply were thus more predictable and less variable than the effects of weed infestation.   The N use efficiency of NH4-N in applied manure varied from 25 to 39% corresponding to N use efficiencies obtained with mineral N fertilisers. The N use efficiency of above-ground weeds and cover crops sampled in November prior to the spring barley varied from 13 to 57%. Pea/barley and lupin increased grain yield by 0.2 and 0.8 Mg DM ha-1 over winter wheat as a previous crop. This could not be explained by N in the above-ground residues of the previous crop. Grass-clover as a green manure crop three years prior to the spring barley increased grain yield by about 0.5 Mg DM ha-1 at Flakkebjerg. Cropping history was thus equally important for grain yield as manure application.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Farming Systems"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Olesen, J\u00f8rgen E., Hansen, Elly M\u00f8ller, Askegaard, Margrethe, Rasmussen, Ilse Ankj\u00e6r,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.07.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2006.07.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2006.07.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.07.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2008.02.013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-05-06", "title": "Field Crop Responses To Lime In The Mid-North Region Of South Australia", "description": "Abstract   In the cropping regions of South Australia there is little information on whether acidity and acidification associated with high-input agriculture is affecting crop production and profitability. In much of the mid-north of South Australia, where thermic Calcic Palexeralf soils predominate, the levels of Al are low compared with other acid-soil types reported in comparable studies in Australia. In this study lime requirement curves have been used to predict the lime rate that achieves 80\u201390% maximum yield for different crop species on 3 sites on the red-brown earth soil type in the mid-north of South Australia. The results given demonstrate that the approach used for predicting lime responsiveness, with lime requirement calculated using the model of [Hochman, Z., Godyn, D.L., Scott, B.J., 1989. The integration of data on lime use by modelling. In: Robson, A.D. (Ed.). Soil Acidity and Plant Growth. Academic Press, Sydney, Australia, pp. 265\u2013301], has provided good estimates of final pH changes. Yield response curves show that the largest yield gains mostly occurred in the second season of the experiment when lime at about 2.0\u00a0t/ha increased pHCa to 5.5\u20136.0. With the lime treatments calculated, yield of wheat, barley and faba beans were increased by about 70%, and durum by 30% compared with the control. It would appear that liming to achieve a pHCa of 5.2 has removed Al toxicity, and further liming to achieve pHCa 5.5\u20136.0 may have improved other soil properties to realise further yield gains. With cropping in this region commonly using practices that include high fertiliser nitrogen input and retention of crop residues, acidification is likely to be an on-going issue with these red-brown earth soils. Thus it is appropriate that soil testing and, where required, liming at the rate of 1.5\u00a0t/ha is used by farmers to both improve cropping profitability and also offset acid input associated with the farming practice.", "keywords": ["Acidification", "2. Zero hunger", "Lime application", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Acidity amelioration", "333", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Farhoodi, A., Coventry, D.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.02.013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2008.02.013", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2008.02.013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.02.013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.056", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-09-28", "title": "Impacts Of Temperature Increase And Change In Precipitation Pattern On Crop Yield And Yield Quality Of Barley", "description": "Spring barley was grown in a field experiment under moderately elevated soil temperature and changed summer precipitation (amount and frequency). Elevated temperature affected the performance and grain quality characteristics more significant than changes in rainfall. Except for the decrease in thousand grain weight, warming had no impacts on aboveground biomass and grain yield traits. In grains, several proteinogenic amino acids concentrations were increased, whereas their composition was only slightly altered. Concentration and yield of total protein remained unaffected under warming. The concentrations of total non-structural carbohydrates, starch, fructose and raffinose were lower in plants grown at high temperatures, whereas maltose was higher. Crude fibre remained unaffected by warming, whereas concentrations of lipids and aluminium were reduced. Manipulation of precipitation only marginally affected barley grains: amount reduction increased the concentrations of several minerals (sodium, copper) and amino acids (leucine). The projected climate changes may most likely affect grain quality traits of interest for different markets and utilisation requirements.", "keywords": ["Quality Control", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Plant Extracts", "Climate", "Rain", "Temperature", "Hordeum", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Seasons", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.056"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Food%20Chemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.056", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.056", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.056"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2009.10.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-11-03", "title": "Agronomic Performance Of Late-Season Rice Under Different Tillage, Straw, And Nitrogen Management", "description": "Abstract   In double rice-cropping system in China, zero tillage in late-season rice with straw return from early season rice is an emerging technology for saving inputs, shortening the lag time between rice crops, avoiding straw burning, and conserving natural resources. The objective of this 2-year field study was to determine the effects of tillage and straw return on N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency of late-season rice. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with four combinations of tillage and straw return as main plots and three N management practices as subplots. Tillage was either conventional soil puddling or zero tillage with newly harvested crop residue from early season rice either removed or placed on the soil surface without incorporation. The N treatments were zero-N control, site-specific N management (SSNM), and farmers\u2019 N-fertilizer practice (FFP). Straw return regardless of tillage or N management did not reduce rice yield. In the second year, straw return significantly increased grain yield in the zero-N control. Chlorophyll meter readings at heading and total N uptake at maturity were higher with straw return in the zero-N control, suggesting that straw provides nutrients to rice in the late growing period. Zero tillage did not reduce N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency compared with conventional tillage. Despite large differences in timing and rate of N application between FFP and SSNM, these two N treatments resulted in comparable N uptake and grain yield of late-season rice regardless of tillage and straw return. These results suggest that zero tillage after early rice with straw return could replace conventional tillage for late rice in the double rice-cropping system in China.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lixiao Nie, Bo Xu, Jianliang Huang, Roland J. Buresh, Shaobing Peng, Kehui Cui, Youzun Xu, Weihua Gong,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.10.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2009.10.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2009.10.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.10.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2010.08.012", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-09-29", "title": "The Effect Of Tillage, Crop Rotation And Residue Management On Maize And Wheat Growth And Development Evaluated With An Optical Sensor", "description": "Abstract   Crop growth and development as well as yield are the result of the efficiency of the chosen agricultural management system within the boundaries of the agro-ecological environment. End-of-season yield results do not permit the evaluation of within-season management interactions with the production environment and do not allow for full understanding of the management practice applied. Crop growth and development were measured during the 2004, 2006 and 2008 crop cycles with an optical handheld NDVI sensor for all plots of the different management treatments of a long-term (since 1991) sustainability trial in the highlands of Mexico. Cropping systems varying in (1) tillage (conventional vs. zero tillage); (2) residue management (retention vs. removal); (3) rotation (monocropping vs. a maize [ Zea mays  L.]/wheat [ Triticum aestivum  L.] rotation) were compared. The NDVI-handheld sensor was evaluated as a tool to monitor crop growth and development and was found to be an excellent tool for this purpose. There was a strong relation between NDVI and biomass accumulation of maize and wheat. The measurement with the handheld sensor was non-destructive and fast so that a representative plot area could be measured easily and time-efficiently. Zero tillage induced different crop growth dynamics over time compared to conventional tillage. Zero tillage with residue retention is characterized by a slower initial crop growth, compensated for by an increased growth in the later stages, positively influencing final grain yield. Also crop rotation influenced early crop growth, with lower NDVI values for crops sown after wheat than crops after maize. Zero tillage with residue removal had low NDVI values throughout the growing season. Zero tillage with retention of crop residues results in time efficient use of resources, as opposed to conventional tillage, regardless of residue management, and zero tillage with residue removal. The results indicated that different tillage, rotation and residue management practices influence crop growth and development. It is important to monitor and understand crop growth under different management systems to select the right varieties and adjust timing and practice of input supply (fertilizer, irrigation etc.) in a holistic way in each cropping system.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Conservation agriculture", "Ecoagriculture", "Residue management", "Triticum aestivum", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Crop rotations", "Semiarid zones", "Zero tillage", "Soil conservation", "Crop growth", "Zea mays l.", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Field Scale", "Rainfed agriculture", "Ndvi hand-held sensor"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2010.08.012"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2010.08.012", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2010.08.012", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2010.08.012"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.01.014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-02-24", "title": "Effects And Fate Of Biochar From Rice Residues In Rice-Based Systems", "description": "Abstract   Although crop residues constitute an enormous resource, actual residue management practices in rice-based systems have various negative side effects and contribute to global warming. The concept of a combined bioenergy/biochar system could tackle these problems in a new way. Rice residues would be used for energy production, thereby reducing field burning and the use of fossil fuels, and the biochar by-product could help to improve soils, avoid methane emissions, and sequester carbon in soils. To examine some of these promises, we conducted field experiments from 2005 to 2008 in three different rice production systems. Objectives were to study the effect of biochar from rice husks on soil characteristics, assess the stability of carbonized rice residues in these different systems, and evaluate the agronomic effect of biochar applications. The results showed that application of untreated and carbonized rice husks (RH and CRH) increased total organic carbon, total soil N, the C/N ratio, and available P and K. Not significant or small effects were observed for soil reaction, exchangeable Ca, Mg, Na, and the CEC. On a fertile soil, the high C/N ratio of CRH seemed to have limited N availability, thereby slightly reducing grain yields in the first three seasons after application. On a poor soil, where the crop also suffered from water stress, soil chemical and physical improvements increased yields by 16\u201335%. Together with a parallel study including methane and CO 2  emission measurements at one site, the results strongly suggest that CRH is very stable in various rice soils and systems, possibly for thousands of years. However, the study also showed that CRH was very mobile in some soils. Especially in poor sandy soil, about half of the applied carbon seemed to have moved below 0.30\u00a0m in the soil profile within 4 years after application. We concluded that biochar from rice residues can be beneficial in rice-based systems but that actual effects on soil fertility, grain yield, and soil organic carbon will depend on site-specific conditions. Long-term studies on biochar in field trials seem essential to better understand biochar effects and to investigate its behavior in soils.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.01.014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.01.014", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.01.014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.01.014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.10.017", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-12-09", "title": "Soil Water Balance With Cover Crops And Conservation Agriculture In A Mediterranean Climate", "description": "Modern conservation agriculture practices aim to maintain year-round ground cover in order to maximise soil protection from extremes of temperature and minimise erosion risk. However, in Mediterranean-style environments with hot dry summer periods, maintaining ground cover can be difficult, as these periods are generally too arid for plant growth. In this research, we investigated the use of cover crops, grown solely to increase ground cover and not harvested for grain or biomass, in a Mediterranean climate. Specifically, we examined the impact of cover crops and residue retention on evapotranspiration, both over the summer fallow period and during the winter and spring crop growth period, and on deep drainage from subsequent crops, on two contrasting soil types in south-western Australia. The impact of cover crops on weed populations and nitrogen dynamics is described in a companion paper. In contrast to previously published research, cover crops and residue retention were found to have limited impact on total evaporation during the summer and autumn period, although there were occasional short-term impacts on the rate of evaporation shortly after rainfall. There was also limited evidence of changes in evaporation during early crop growth. Drainage from crops grown after cover crops was not consistently different to drainage from crops grown after conventional crops. The inclusion of cover crops in farming systems in regions with a Mediterranean climate is unlikely to have major impacts on the water balance, but may still increase overall sustainability of the farming system.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.10.017"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.10.017", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.10.017", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.10.017"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.11.020", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-12-14", "title": "Effects Of Biochar Amendment On Soil Quality, Crop Yield And Greenhouse Gas Emission In A Chinese Rice Paddy: A Field Study Of 2 Consecutive Rice Growing Cycles", "description": "Abstract   Biochar production and application from crop straw had been proposed as one effective countermeasure to mitigate climate change. We conducted a 2-year consecutive field experiment in 2009 and 2010 in rice paddy to gain insight into the consistency over years of biochar effects on rice production and greenhouse gases emissions. Biochar was amended in 2009 before rice transplanting at rates of 0, 10, 20 and 40\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 , soil emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) were monitored with closed chamber method at 7 days interval throughout the whole rice growing season (WRGS) both in 2009 and 2010. The results showed that biochar amendment increased rice productivity, soil pH, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen but decreased soil bulk density in both cycles of rice growth. Soil respiration observed no significant difference between biochar amendment and the corresponding control both in the first and second cycle, respectively. However, biochar amendment decreased nitrous oxide emission but increased methane emission in both cycles. No significant difference in carbon intensity of rice production (GHGI) and global warming potential (GWP) were observed between the biochar amendment at the rate of 10\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121  and 40\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121  and control though the GWP and GHGI was increased by 39% and 26% at the rate of 20\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121  respectively, in the first cycle. However, in the second cycle, both of overall GWP and GHGI were observed significantly decreased under biochar amendment as compared to control, ranging from 7.1% to 18.7% and from 12.4% to 34.8%, respectively. The biochar effect intensity on global warming potential were observed from \u22122.5% to 39.2% in the first cycle, and from \u221218.7% to \u22127.1% in the second cycle. However, the biochar effect intensity on C intensity of rice production was observed from \u221210.2% to 25.8% in the first cycle, and from \u221236.9% to \u221218.6% in the second cycle. Therefore, biochar effect on reducing the overall C intensity of rice production could become stronger in the subsequent cycles than that in the first cycle though a consistently strong effect on reducing N 2 O emission in a single crop cycle after biochar amendment. Nevertheless, these effects were not found in proportional to biochar amendment rates and a high rice yield but lowest C intensity was achieved under biochar amendment at 10\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121  in both cycles of the rice paddy in the present study.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.11.020"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.11.020", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.11.020", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.11.020"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.015", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-01-28", "title": "The Effects Of The Tillage System On Chickpea Root Growth", "description": "A well-developed root system is crucial for plant growth, especially under dryland farming conditions. A two-year field study (2003\u20132004 and 2005\u20132006) was conducted to determine the effects of the tillage system on root growth in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grown in continuous rotation with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a typical Vertisol in southern Spain as part of the long-term \u201cMalagon\u201d experiment begun in 1986. The tillage treatments were either no tillage (NT) or conventional tillage (CT), and the experiment was designed as a randomized complete block with three replications. Both soil cores and a minirhizotron were used to evaluate the root system. Measurements of the root parameters were performed at different depths and included the following: root length, root biomass, root nitrogen and root length density. Root length measurements were performed during five chickpea growth stages. The CT was more favourable than NT for chickpea root development (0.34 mm cm\u22123 versus 0.18 mm cm\u22123), which is one of the factors that induced higher yields during the drier year. The nitrogen content of the roots represented 15% of the total N extracted by the plant. The measured root lengths were larger when using the soil core method than with the minirhizotron (2.5 mm cm\u22123 versus 1.3 mm cm\u22123), which can be attributed to the cracks that occur in Mediterranean Vertisols that can separate the tube from the soil, resulting in the underestimation of the root length.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Root length", "Conventional tillage", "No tillage", "Root biomass", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Vertisol", "Minirhizotron", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Mu\u00f1oz-Romero, Ver\u00f3nica, L\u00f3pez Bellido, Luis, L\u00f3pez-Bellido Garrido, Rafael J.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.015", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2010.10.013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-12-09", "title": "Conventional And Glyphosate-Resistant Maize Yields Across Plant Densities In Single- And Twin-Row Configurations", "description": "Maize (Zea mays L.) produced in narrow rows can increase yields and accelerate canopy closure. Costly equipment modifications make narrow rows impractical, but a twin-row configuration may boost production with fewer equipment modifications. Four field experiments were conducted to measure weed biomass, leaf area index (LAI), and yield for a conventional (CN) and a glyphosate-resistant (GR) hybrid across three plant densities (low 4.0\u20134.4 plants m \u22122 ; medium 5.9\u20136.4 plants m \u22122 ; and high 7.9\u20138.4 plants m \u22122 ) and two row configurations (single vs. twin) in a conservation tillage system during the 2005 growing season. The experimental design was a split\u2013split plot with a RCB arrangement of whole plots where hybrids were assigned to main plots, row configurations to subplots, and plant density to sub-subplots with four replications. Row configuration had little effect on weed biomass compared to plant density and hybrid. Leaf area index increased with higher plant density at all locations. In general, LAI increased with the twin-row configuration, but LAI also varied with hybrid based on interactions between hybrid and plant density or row configuration. Row configuration had little impact on maize yields, while plant density had the most effect on yields. Plant density also interacted with hybrid or row configuration at multiple locations, although maize yields did not always increase with higher plant density. Conventional hybrids may also provide an alternative to GR hybrids, particularly at lower plant densities. Maize yield increases with twin rows were minimal and may not justify twin row conversion under dryland conditions, but growers that already utilize twin-row equipment will not suffer yield decreases by planting twin rows. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Conservation systems", "Rye", "330", "Cover crop", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Agricultural Science", "Oat", "01 natural sciences", "630"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Balkcom, Kipling S., Satterwhite, Jason L., Arriaga, Francisco J., Price, Andrew J., Van Santen, Edzard,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2010.10.013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2010.10.013", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2010.10.013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2010.10.013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.08.014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-10-12", "title": "Agronomic Biofortification Of Maize With Selenium (Se) In Malawi", "description": "Abstract   Suboptimal dietary Se intake is widespread in Malawi due to low levels of plant-available Se in most soils and narrow food choices. The aim of this study was to determine the potential for biofortifying maize using Se-enriched fertilisers in Malawi. The response of maize to three forms of selenate-Se fertiliser was determined. Crops were treated with a liquid drench of Na2SeO4(aq) (0\u2013100\u00a0g\u00a0Se\u00a0ha\u22121), a compound NPK\u00a0+\u00a0Se fertiliser (0\u20136\u00a0g\u00a0Se\u00a0ha\u22121), or Se-enriched calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN\u00a0+\u00a0Se; 0\u201320\u00a0g\u00a0Se\u00a0ha\u22121). Experiments with Na2SeO4(aq) and NPK\u00a0+\u00a0Se were conducted at six field sites, and at a subset of three sites with CAN\u00a0+\u00a0Se, in 2008/09 and 2009/10 (i.e. 30 experimental units). The increase in grain Se concentration was approximately linear for all Se forms and application rates (R2\u00a0>\u00a00.90 for 27 of the 30 experimental units). On average, whole-grain Se increased by 20, 21 and 15\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0Se\u00a0kg\u22121for each gram of Se applied as Na2SeO4(aq), NPK\u00a0+\u00a0Se and CAN\u00a0+\u00a0Se, respectively. Grain and stover yields were unaffected by Se applications. An application of 5\u00a0g\u00a0Se\u00a0ha\u22121 to maize crops in Malawi would increase dietary Se intake by 26\u201337\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0Se\u00a0person\u22121\u00a0d\u22121 based on national maize consumption patterns. Agronomic biofortification with Se in Malawi is feasible in theory through the existing national Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP) if deemed to be economically and politically acceptable.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.08.014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.08.014", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.08.014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.08.014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.11.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-12-14", "title": "Long-Term Effect Of Different Integrated Nutrient Management On Soil Organic Carbon And Its Fractions And Sustainability Of Rice\u2013Wheat System In Indo Gangetic Plains Of India", "description": "Abstract   Rice\u2013wheat rotation is the most important cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and is responsible for the food security of the region. The effect of different integrated nutrient management practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and its fractions, SOC sequestration potential as well as the sustainability of the rice\u2013wheat system were evaluated in long term experiments at different agro-climatic zones of IGP. Application of NPK either through inorganic fertilizers or through combination of inorganic fertilizer and organics such as farm yard manure (FYM) or crop residue or green manure improved the SOC, particulate organic carbon (POC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) concentration and their sequestration rate. Application of 50% NPK\u00a0+\u00a050%\u00a0N through FYM in rice and 100% NPK in wheat, sequestered 0.39, 0.50, 0.51 and 0.62\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0yr\u22121 over control (no N\u2013P\u2013K fertilizers or organics), respectively at Ludhiana, Kanpur, Sabour and Kalyani using the mass of SOC in the control treatment as reference point. Soil carbon sequestration with response to application of fertilizer partially substituted (50% on N basis) with organics were higher in Kalyani and Sabour lying in humid climate than Ludhiana and Kanpur lying in semiarid climate. The rice yield recorded a significant declining trend in Ludhiana and Kanpur where as the yield trend was stable at Sabour and Kalyani under unfertilized control. The system productivity in N\u2013P\u2013K fertilized plots and NPK along with organics showed either an increasing trend or remained stable at all locations during last two and half decades of the experiment.", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "2. Zero hunger", "Kanpur", "Soil organic carbon", "Indo-Gangetic Plains", "Kalyani", "Nutrient management", "India", "Green manure", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Semiarid zones", "Ludhiana", "Humid zones", "Wheat", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Rice", "SOC", "Field Scale", "Sabour"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.11.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.11.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.11.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.11.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-01-25", "title": "On-Farm Evaluation Of Yield And Economic Benefit Of Short Term Maize Legume Intercropping Systems Under Conservation Agriculture In Malawi", "description": "Abstract   Low crop yields due to continuous monocropping and deteriorating soil health in smallholder farmers\u2019 fields of sub-Saharan Africa have led to a quest for sustainable production practices with greater resource use efficiency. The aim of the study was to elucidate the short term effects of conservation agriculture (CA) systems on soil quality, crop productivity and profitability. In Balaka market and Ntonda sections of Manjawira Extension Planning Area (EPA), in Ntcheu district, central Malawi, we compared continuous monocropped maize (Zea mays) under conventional tillage practice (CP) with different CA systems in continuous monocropped maize (CAM) and intercropping with pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan ) (CAMP),  Mucuna pruriens  (CAMM), and  Lablab purpureus  ( L. ) (Sweet) (CAML). The study was conducted from 2008 to 2011 in 72 plots in 24 farmers\u2019 fields. In Balaka market section CA plots with maize\u00a0+\u00a0legumes produced up to 4.3\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121  of vegetative biomass against 3.5\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121  for maize alone in CP. In Ntonda section CA plots with maize\u00a0+\u00a0legumes produced up to 4.6\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121  of vegetative biomass against 2.4\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121  for maize alone in CP. In both sections, during the entire study period, CA did not have a negative effect on crop yields. During the drier seasons of 2009/10 and 2010/11, CA had a positive effect on maize grain yield at both sites (average yield of 4.4 and 3.3\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121  in CA and CP respectively). However, associating maize with legumes reduced maize yields compared to CAM particularly in drier years of 2009\u201310 and 2010\u201311. Farmers spent at most 47\u00a0days\u00a0ha \u22121  producing maize under CA systems compared to 65\u00a0days\u00a0ha \u22121  spent under conventional tillage practices. However, total variable costs were higher in CA systems compared to conventional practice (at most US$416 versus US$344\u00a0ha \u22121 ). CAMP resulted in more than double gross margin compared to CPM (US$705 versus US$344\u00a0ha \u22121 ). Infiltration estimated as time to pond was highest in CA maize legume intercrops (8.1\u00a0s) than CP (6.8\u00a0s). Although it was not feasible to directly estimate effects on water balances of these farmer-managed experiments, it can be assumed that the yield differences between CA and CP could be attributed to tillage and crop residue cover since other farm operations were generally the same. Intercropping maize and pigeonpea under CA presents a win-win scenario due to crop yield improvement and attractive economic returns provided future prices of maize and pigeonpea grain remain favourable.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Symon Mkwinda, Jens B. Aune, A. Ngwira,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.014", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.021", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-02-08", "title": "Effects Of Rotational Tillage Practices On Soil Properties, Winter Wheat Yields And Water-Use Efficiency In Semi-Arid Areas Of North-West China", "description": "Abstract   Soil degradation caused by continuous conventional tillage and long-term minimum and no-tillage in rain-fed areas of north-west China is known to reduce water-use efficiency and crop yield, because of the reduced soil porosity and decreased availability of soil water and nutrients. A 3-year field study was conducted to determine the effects of interval with no-tillage and subsoiling to overcome some of the tillage after crop harvesting on soil properties, crop yields and water-use efficiency in semi-arid areas of southern Ningxia. Three tillage treatments were tested: conventional tillage (CT) for 3 years as the control; no-tillage in year 1, subsoiling in year 2, and no-tillage in year 3 (NT/ST/NT); subsoiling in year 1, no-tillage in year 2, and subsoiling in year 3 (ST/NT/ST). The mean soil bulk density of tilth soil (0\u201340\u00a0cm) was significantly decreased by 3.5% and 6.2% compared with CT under NT/ST/NT and ST/NT/ST, respectively, and both treatments greatly improved total soil porosity. Rotational tillage could increase water-stable aggregates, soil organic matter and the available N and P content. Rotational tillage significantly in the 0\u201340\u00a0cm soil layers, with a higher effect under ST/NT/ST. Rotational tillage significantly improved soil water status, increased the amount of soil water stored during the summer fallow and wheat growing season compared with conventional tillage. Higher yield improvements coupled with greater water-use efficiency were achieved with NT/ST/NT and ST/NT/ST compared with CT, and these treatments increased wheat yields by 9.6% and 10.7%, along with water-use efficiency improvements of 7.2% and 7.7%, respectively. The results showed that the interval of no-tillage and subsoiling (rotational tillage) could improve soil physical and chemical properties, and thus significantly increase crop yields and water-use efficiency. This method could have important applications in the semi-arid areas of north-west China.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Qingfang Han, Zhikuan Jia, Baoping Yang, Wei Wang, Xianqing Hou, Rong Li,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.021"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.021", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.021", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.021"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/08-0172.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-09-17", "title": "Effects Of Warming And Altered Precipitation On Plant And Nutrient Dynamics Of A New England Salt Marsh", "description": "<p>Salt marsh structure and function, and consequently ability to support a range of species and to provide ecosystem services, may be affected by climate change. To better understand how salt marshes will respond to warming and associated shifts in precipitation, we conducted a manipulative experiment in a tidal salt marsh in Massachusetts, USA. We exposed two plant communities (one dominated by Spartina patens\uffe2\uff80\uff93Distichlis spicata and one dominated by short form Spartina alterniflora) to five climate manipulations: warming via passive open\uffe2\uff80\uff90topped chambers, doubled precipitation, warming and doubled precipitation, extreme drought via rainout shelter, and ambient conditions. Modest daytime warming increased total aboveground biomass of the S. alterniflora community (24%), but not the S. patens\uffe2\uff80\uff93D. spicata community. Warming also increased maximum stem heights of S. alterniflora (8%), S. patens (8%), and D. spicata (15%). Decomposition was marginally accelerated by warming in the S. alterniflora community. Drought markedly increased total biomass of the S. alterniflora community (53%) and live S. patens (69%), perhaps by alleviating waterlogging of sediments. Decomposition was accelerated by increased precipitation and slowed by drought, particularly in the S. patens\uffe2\uff80\uff93D. spicata community. Flowering phenology responded minimally to the treatments, and pore water salinity, sulfide, ammonium, and phosphate concentrations showed no treatment effects in either plant community. Our results suggest that these salt marsh communities may be resilient to modest amounts of warming and large changes in precipitation. If production increases under climate change, marshes will have a greater ability to keep pace with sea\uffe2\uff80\uff90level rise, although an increase in decomposition could offset this. As long as marshes are not inundated by flooding due to sea\uffe2\uff80\uff90level rise, increases in aboveground biomass and stem heights suggest that marshes may continue to export carbon and nutrients to coastal waters and may be able to increase their carbon storage capability by increasing plant growth under future climate conditions.</p>", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "0106 biological sciences", "570", "Spartina patens", "Time Factors", "open-topped chamber", "Light", "Rain", "Plant Development", "Distichlis spicata", "Sodium Chloride", "01 natural sciences", "Spartina alterniflora", "Distichlis spicata;", "Spartina alterniflora;", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "decomposition", "Temperature", "Water", "nutrient cycling", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Circadian Rhythm", "salt marsh", "climate change", "Massachusetts", "13. Climate action", "Wetlands", "altered precipitation", "ecosystem services"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0172.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/08-0172.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/08-0172.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/08-0172.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.01.013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-02-14", "title": "Effect Of Tillage On Soil And Crop Properties Of Wet-Seeded Flooded Rice", "description": "Abstract   No-tillage (NT) is an alternative cropping system for saving costs and conserving soils relative to conventional tillage (CT). However, NT effects on paddy soil and rice growth are still controversial or not fully understood. A fixed field experiment was conducted to compare soil and crop properties between NT and CT wet-seeded flooded super hybrid rice in Changsha, Hunan Province, China. After 6 years of continuous cropping, NT had higher contents of active organic carbon, NaOH hydrolysable N and NH4OAc extractable K and higher activities of invertase, urease and acid phosphatase at 0\u20135\u00a0cm soil depth, higher bulk density at 5\u201310\u00a0cm soil depth, and higher contents of double acid P at 5\u201310\u00a0cm and 10\u201320\u00a0cm soil depths. NT or associated soil compaction caused an adverse root environment for NT rice at early growth stage, which resulted in a lower capacity of photosynthetic carbon metabolism and consequent reductions in number of tillers and aboveground biomass accumulation before heading. However, no reductions were observed in total aboveground biomass and grain yield in NT rice, because the negative effects of NT or associated soil compaction on aboveground biomass production before heading were compensated for by its positive effects on aboveground biomass accumulation after heading. On one hand, the reduction in growth before heading of NT rice made its population density lower but more suitable during heading to 20 days after heading, which led to a more appropriate leaf area index, a lower leaf senescence and a consequent increase in net assimilation rate. On the other hand, N uptake was delayed in NT rice, which was another critical factor in determining its low leaf senescence. Our study suggests that the negative effects of NT or associated soil compaction on crop growth at early growth stage do not necessarily become concerns in NT wet-seeded flooded rice production.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.01.013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.01.013", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.01.013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.01.013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-08-10", "title": "Long-Term Effect Of Nutrient Management On Soil Fertility And Soil Organic Carbon Pools Under A 6-Year-Old Pearl Millet-Wheat Cropping System In An Inceptisol Of Subtropical India", "description": "Abstract   We studied the long-term effect of nutrient management on soil fertility and soil organic carbon (SOC) pools under a 6-year-old pearl millet\u2013wheat cropping system in an Inceptisol of subtropical India. Significant build-up in soil fertility in terms of alkaline KMnO 4 -N, Olsen-P, NH 4 OAc-K and CaCl 2 -S as well as SOC pools namely, total organic carbon (TOC), Walkley and Black organic carbon (WBC), labile organic carbon (LBC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) were maintained under FYM and integrated nutrient management involving FYM and NPK than unfertilized control plot in 0\u201315 and 15\u201330\u00a0cm soil depths. The highest values of TOC (11.48\u00a0g\u00a0kg \u22121 ) and WBC (7.86\u00a0g\u00a0kg \u22121 ) were maintained in FYM treated plot, while the highest values of LBC (1.36\u00a0g\u00a0kg \u22121 ) and MBC (273\u00a0mg\u00a0kg \u22121 ) were found in FYM\u00a0+\u00a0NPK. The magnitude of change in pools of SOC in sub-surface (15\u201330\u00a0cm) soil was low as compared to the surface soil (0\u201315\u00a0cm). Significant increase in all the pools of SOC in FYM treated plots indicates the importance of application of organic manure like FYM in maintaining organic carbon in soil. Highly strong relationships were exhibited between LBC and MBC with yield, indicating that these pools are more important for nutrient turn-over and their availability to plants than total SOC. Carbon management index revealed that integrated nutrient management could be followed for enhancing crop productivity, nutrient availability and soil carbon pools for long-term. These results conclude that for sustainable crop production and maintaining soil quality, input of organic manure like FYM is of major importance and should be advocated in the nutrient management of intensive cropping system for improving soil fertility and biological properties of soils.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "P. C. Moharana, B. M. Sharma, Brahma S. Dwivedi, Ravender Singh, Dipak Ranjan Biswas,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.08.017", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-10-13", "title": "A Comparative Analysis Of Conservation Agriculture Systems: Benefits And Challenges Of Rotations And Intercropping In Zimbabwe", "description": "Abstract   Increasing soil degradation in southern Africa and the potentially negative effects of climate change demand \u201cgreener\u201d solutions to reverse this trend. Conservation agriculture (CA) has been proposed as one of those solutions and field level data show marked benefits of this new cropping system. Nevertheless, the use of rotations and/or associations in CA systems is challenging at both the farm and community level. Intercropped maize ( Zea mays  L.) with grain legumes, cowpea and pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan  L. (Millsp.)), as well as maize rotated with cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata  L. (Walp)) and sunnhemp ( Crotalaria ochroleuca  L.) was studied for up to eight seasons under CA and conventional agriculture in Zimbabwe. The objective of this study, carried out on-farm and on-station, was to highlight the effects of CA systems on some soil quality indicators and crop productivity. Where possible the specific effects of rotation and intercropping was separated and compared with monocropping. The on-station and on-farm results show: an increase of up to 331% in water infiltration, a 31% greater soil carbon in the top 60\u00a0cm than on adjacent conventionally ploughed fields, a 6% lower bulk density in the top 10\u00a0cm and 32.5\u201336\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121  less cumulative soil erosion in CA fields after seven cropping seasons compared with the conventional control treatment. The comparative productivity analysis between continuous maize, maize intercropped with cowpea or pigeonpea and maize in rotation with cowpea or sunnhemp, shows marked benefits of rotation especially in CA systems. The benefits of CA especially when rotated with leguminous crops, increase over time, suggesting that there are improvements in soil structure and fertility. However, field level benefits will not increase the overall adoption of rotations and intercropping in CA systems, unless the socio-economic constraints at the farm and community level are addressed.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.08.017"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.08.017", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.08.017", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.08.017"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-10-23", "title": "Upland Rice Production Under Conservation Agriculture Cropping Systems In Cold Conditions Of Tropical Highlands", "description": "In response to the extensive development of upland rice on the hillsides of the Malagasy highlands, alternative cropping systems based on conservation agriculture have been recommended to halt loss of soil fertility. To assess the yield performances of these cropping systems, an experiment was set up in 2003 at Andranomanelatra (1640 m asl) in the Malagasy highlands. Grain yield, yield components, biomass accumulation and nitrogen uptake of upland rice were analyzed in the 2004-2005, 2006-2006, and 2006-2007 seasons, and root length density was measured in the 2007-2008 season. The rice crop was planted every second year following two different crops: maize intercropped with soybean (M + S, with both conventional tillage and no tillage) and maize intercropped with Brachiaria ruziziensis (M + B only with no tillage). For each cropping system, two levels of fertilization were used: no fertilizer or application of organic inputs and mineral fertilizer. The season, cropping system, and fertilization treatment had significant effects on rice grain yields. Higher yields were associated with a greater number of plants per m2, which decreased significantly over the three seasons, probably due to the highly variable beginning of the rains, and in the final season, with attacks by soil insects. The rice yield with conventional tillage was the highest and differed significantly from rice yield when maize was intercropped with Brachiaria under the no-till system, but not when the maize was intercropped with soybean with no tillage. In all three seasons, grain yields were closely linked to crop N at harvest. Differences in N uptake between treatments appeared very early in the crop cycle. Under conventional tillage, root length density at 68 days after sowing was higher between 0 and 30 cm depth than with no tillage. In these cold highlands conditions, plant establishment appeared to be more difficult with no tillage and resulted in reduced plant development and plant N uptake, particularly when rice was planted after maize intercropped with Brachiaria.", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "0106 biological sciences", "Glycine max", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "rendement des cultures", "F50 - Anatomie et morphologie des plantes", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "630", "fertilisation", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16034", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8076", "syst\u00e8me de culture", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3301", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4510", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8511", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10795", "F07 - Fa\u00e7ons culturales", "2. Zero hunger", "syst\u00e8me racinaire", "engrais azot\u00e9", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_26419", "Oryza", "non-travail du sol", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "riz pluvial", "rotation culturale", "6. Clean water", "Brachiaria ruziziensis", "densit\u00e9", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2186", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8504", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5435", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1971", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5195", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6662", "F04 - Fertilisation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.11.015", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-02-28", "title": "Effects Of Amendment Of Biochar-Manure Compost In Conjunction With Pyroligneous Solution On Soil Quality And Wheat Yield Of A Salt-Stressed Cropland From Central China Great Plain", "description": "Abstract   Salt stress has been one of the extreme conditions threatening world crop production which may become more serious under climate change. This study is to address the potential of using biochar as an organic matter-rich material to ameliorate salt stressed soil in order to enhance crop production in dry croplands. A two year field experiment with soil amendment of biochar poultry manure compost (BPC) and pyroligneous solution (PS) was conducted in a moderately salt stressed Entisol from Central China. The soil was amended with BPC at 12\u00a0t\u00a0ha\u22121 following treatment with diluted PS solution at 0.15\u00a0t\u00a0ha\u22121 1 week before winter wheat sowing. Samples of topsoil and plant were collected while the yield was measured when harvested. The changes in soil salinity, fertility properties as well as crop yield were examined with comparison between the plots treated for one year and for two years. In the first cropping year of 2010\u20132011, a significant decreases under BPC-PS amendment was observed in soil salinity by 3.6\u00a0g\u00a0kg\u22121, soil pH by 0.3 and in soil bulk density by 0.1\u00a0g\u00a0cm\u22123 while increase was seen in SOC and available phosphorous by 2.6\u00a0g\u00a0kg\u22121 and by 27\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\u22121 respectively. The yield was increased over the control by several folds and by 38% under BPC-PS treatment respectively for 1 year and for 2 years. Furthermore, the decrease in soil salinity, soil pH, and bulk density was even greater in the plots treated for 2 years than for one year though the yield under the treatment was not significantly different between the consecutive two years with a spring drought in 2012. These results demonstrated a strong effect of BPC-PS treatment on salinity reduction and crop productivity enhancement in the salt stressed soil, which could sustain for at least two years. Therefore, biochar amendment of biochar compost in conjunction with pyroligneous solution from wheat straw could be an effective option to alleviate the salt stress and improving crop productivity in salt affected croplands.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "3. Good health"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.11.015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.11.015", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.11.015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.11.015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.04.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-05-15", "title": "Assessing Residual Availability Of Selenium Applied To Maize Crops In Malawi", "description": "Abstract   The environmental fate and possible residual effects of applied selenium (Se) are important issues when considering sustainable biofortification of food crops to improve human health. Our objectives were to assess residual effects of Se biofortification of maize in Malawi using a combination of  74 Se-labelling studies and measurements of KH 2 PO 4 -extractable soil Se. Stable  74 Se isotope trials showed recovery rates in maize grain of 6.5 and 10.8% from 10\u00a0g\u00a0Se\u00a0ha \u22121  applied to two contrasting sites, Chitedze and Mbawa; the  74 Se label comprised 69 and 81% of the grain Se content respectively. However, in the following \u2018residual\u2019 year, only 2.0 and 0.78% of Se uptake in grain came from the  74 Se-labelled fertiliser originally applied, amounting to  \u22121 ) at six sites across Malawi varied with soil type but comprised 3.5 and 4.8% of that applied, at Chitedze and Mbawa respectively. However, a second maize crop grown in the same plots in the following cropping season accessed only 0.23 and 0.19% of the original Se application, constituting less than 5% of the phosphate-extractable fertiliser Se measured in the soil at harvest in the previous (fertilised) year. Thus, residual benefits from Se application were measureable but extremely small, probably due to rapid loss of soluble selenate after application or fixation into unavailable organic forms.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.04.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.04.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.04.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.04.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-08-09", "title": "Maize\u2013Grain Legume Intercropping Is An Attractive Option For Ecological Intensification That Reduces Climatic Risk For Smallholder Farmers In Central Mozambique", "description": "Abstract   Many farmers in central Mozambique intercrop maize with grain legumes as a means to improve food security and income. The objective of this study was to understand the farming system, and to evaluate the suitability of maize\u2013legume intercropping to alleviate the biophysical and socio-economic constraints faced by smallholder farmers in Ruaca and Vunduzi villages, central Mozambique. To achieve this we characterised the farming systems and measured grain yields, rainfall infiltration, economic returns and acceptability of maize\u2013legume intercrops under different N and P application rates. Two intercropping strategies were tested: (a) an additive design of within-row intercropping in which legume was intercropped with alternating hills of maize within the same row; maize plant population was the same as sole crop maize, and (b) a substitutive design with distinct alternating rows of maize and legume (local practice). Fertiliser treatments imposed on all treatments were: (i) no fertiliser, (ii) 20\u00a0kg\u00a0P\u00a0ha \u22121 , (iii) 20\u00a0kg\u00a0P\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0+\u00a030\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha \u22121 , and (iv) 20\u00a0kg\u00a0P\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0+\u00a060\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha \u22121 . Intercrops were relatively more productive than the corresponding sole crops; land equivalent ratios (LER) for within-row intercropping ranged between 1.1 and 2.4, and between 1.0 and 1.9 for distinct-row intercropping. Average maize yield penalty for intercropping maize and pigeonpea in the within-row was small (8%) compared with 50% in the distinct-row design; average (season\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0fertiliser) sole maize yield was 3.2\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 . Intercropping maize and cowpea in within-row led to maize yield loss of only 6%, whereas distinct-row intercropping reduced maize yield by 25% from 2.1\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121  of sole maize (season\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0fertiliser). Cowpea yield was less affected by intercropping: sole cowpea had an average yield of 0.9\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 , distinct-row intercropping (0.8\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 ) and the within-row intercropping yielded 0.9\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 . Legumes were comparatively less affected by the long dry spells which were prevalent during the study period. Response to N and P fertiliser was weak due to poor rainfall distribution. In the third season, maize in rotation with pigeonpea and without N fertiliser application yielded 5.6\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 , eight times more than continuous maize which was severely infested by striga ( Striga asiatica ) and yielded only 0.7\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 . Rainfall infiltration increased from 6\u00a0mm\u00a0h \u22121  to 22\u00a0mm\u00a0h \u22121  with long-term maize\u2013legume intercropping due to a combination of good quality biomass production which provided mulch combined with no tillage. Intercropping maize and pigeonpea was profitable with a rate of return of at least 343% over sole maize cropping. Farmers preferred the within-row maize\u2013legume intercropping with an acceptability score of 84% because of good yields for both maize and legume. Intercropping increased the labour required for weeding by 36% compared with the sole crops. Farmers in Ruaca faced labour constraints due to extensification thus maize\u2013pigeonpea intercropping may improve productivity and help reduce the area cultivated. In Vunduzi, land limitation was a major problem and intensification through legumes is amongst the few feasible options to increase both production and productivity. The late maturity of pigeonpea means that free-grazing of cattle has to be delayed, which allows farmers to retain crop residues in the fields as mulch if they choose to; this allows the use of no-tillage practises. We conclude that maize\u2013legume intercropping has potential to: (a) reduce the risk of crop failure, (b) improve productivity and income, and (c) increase food security in vulnerable production systems, and is a feasible entry point to ecological intensification.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "rendement des cultures", "agro\u00e9cologie", "petite exploitation agricole", "extensification", "nitrogen-fixation", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "630", "analyse \u00e9conomique", "l\u00e9gume sec", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6214", "striga", "syst\u00e8me de culture", "intensification", "2. Zero hunger", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10967", "soil fertility", "1. No poverty", "facteur climatique", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Sorghum bicolor", "resource capture", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_92381", "rentabilit\u00e9", "conservation agriculture", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8504", "s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_13199", "E16 - \u00c9conomie de la production", "Vigna unguiculata", "crop-rotation", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_29554", "Cenchrus americanus", "Zea mays", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7247", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176", "Life Science", "decomposition", "15. Life on land", "yield", "Maize", "cowpea", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3351", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_33484", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_33485", "systems", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3910", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2469", "culture intercalaire", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1971", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4964", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8247", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7113"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.014", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.003", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-10-09", "title": "Evolution Of Crop Yields In Different Tillage And Cropping Systems Over Two Decades In Southern Brazil", "description": "Abstract   In the last three decades, the no-tillage system (NT) has provided environmental and economic advantages for farming in southern Brazil, especially when associated with crop rotation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different tillage and cropping systems on the grain yields of soybean, maize and wheat, in a 23-year experiment established on an Oxisol in the southern region of Brazil. The experiment was carried out in randomized block experimental design with four replications. The treatments consisted of three tillage systems [NT, NT with chiseling every three years (NTC), and conventional tillage (CT)] and two cropping systems [an annual crop sequence with wheat in the winter and soybean in the summer, designated as crop succession (CS), and a 4-year crop rotation with the following species in winter\u2013summer, respectively: white lupine\u2013maize; black oat\u2013soybean; wheat\u2013soybean; and wheat\u2013soybean (CR)]. Soybean yields were correlated to the water requirement satisfaction index (WRSI) estimated for the soybean reproductive period. With few exceptions, the NT showed higher soybean yields in relation to CT from the 7th year of the experiment onwards, especially under crop rotation and in growing seasons with lower water availability expressed by lower WRSI values. The percentage of NT soybean yield advantage over CT increased consistently over the time, and this increase was greater in CR than in CS, reaching on average 23%. The yields of wheat and maize were not influenced by the tillage systems, but the wheat yields were increased by crop rotation. In the most of the growing seasons, the soil chiseling, at every three years, did not increase significantly the yields of soybean, maize and wheat. Crop rotation and NT, allowed high and stable crop yields, especially under water-stress conditions. Results indicate the need of minimizing soil disturbance and diversifying cropping system for sustainable grain production in southern Brazil.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Julio Cezar Franchini, Jos\u00e9 Renato Bou\u00e7as Farias, Alvadi Antonio Balbinot Junior, Eleno Torres, Maria Cristina de Oliveira, Brenda Cristye Tonon, Henrique Debiasi,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.003"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.003", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.003", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.003"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.10.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-11-20", "title": "Straw Management In A Cold Semi-Arid Region: Impact On Soil Quality And Crop Productivity", "description": "Abstract   There is considerable interest in using straw for industrial fibre or biofuel (ethanol) production. Removing straw from farm fields could have detrimental effects on soil quality. The objective of this work was to evaluate the role of above-ground vs. below-ground crop residues on soil organic C content, soil microbiological and physical properties, and crop yields. In a barley ( Hordeum vulgare  L.), field pea ( Pisum sativa  L.), wheat ( Triticum aestivum  L.), canola ( Brassica napus  L.) crop rotation from 2007 to 2010, we varied straw inputs by removing or retaining straw, with or without N fertilization, and also by fallowing some treatments in some years. Grain yields were unaffected by straw management or crop residue input, probably due to soil moisture deficits in three of the four years. Soil nitrate accumulation was consistently higher in fallow and N-fertilizer treatments, and grain N uptake was reduced after three years of retaining straw on the surface, indicating probable net N immobilization. The coarse (>0.5\u00a0mm) light fraction of soil organic matter was reduced by fallowing the preceding year or disking in the straw, and was significantly correlated with the most recent input amounts of straw or total residue (root plus straw) dry matter (DM). The fine light fraction did not correlate with those residue inputs. Soil aggregation was indicated by mean weight diameter and was not affected by straw management. Non-rhizosphere soil microbial biomass C and \u03b2-glucosidase enzyme activity were consistently lowest in the control (no cropping) treatment and the treatment with straw incorporated by disking, but the amounts of C and N mineralized were not affected by straw treatments. Non-rhizosphere soil MBC was strongly correlated with cumulative total residue DM input. However, because crop yields did not vary much with straw management, they did not correlate with soil quality parameters. Therefore, varying above- and below-ground crop residue inputs, as well as tillage (disking in straw), over four years affected some early indicators of soil quality but not crop yields.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.10.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.10.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.10.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.10.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.12.007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-02-28", "title": "Fate Of Nitrogen-15 As Influenced By Soil And Nutrient Management History In A 19-Year Wheat-Maize Experiment", "description": "Abstract   High soil organic matter content may improve synchronization between N supply and crop demand. To test this hypothesis, we compared the fate of  15 N-labeled fertilizer in soil with different management history. The soils had received no fertilizer (No-F soil), inorganic N, P, and K fertilizer (NPK soil), or manure plus N, P, and K fertilizer (MNPK soil) as part of a 19-year long-term fertilization trial. The N use efficiency (NUE) of wheat ( Triticum aestivum  L.) was 62% in the MNPK soil, higher than that in the NPK soil (50% NUE), and in the No-F soil (13% NUE). At wheat harvest, 38% of the fertilizer  15 N remained in the 0\u2013100\u00a0cm depth of the MNPK soil, significantly less that the amount of fertilizer  15 N that remained in the NPK soil (45%) or in the No-F soil (88%). More than 50% of the fertilizer  15 N in the No-F soil had leached below the 20\u00a0cm depth by wheat harvest, significantly more than in the NPK or MNPK soils. The amount of immobilized  15 N at wheat stem elongation was significantly ( P  15 N between stem elongation and flowering was also significantly higher in the MNPK soil than in the NPK soil ( P  Zea mays  L.) crop took up 9% of the fertilizer  15 N in the No-F soil, 6% of the fertilizer  15 N in the NPK soil, and 2% of the fertilizer  15 N in the MNPK soil. Combined soil profile and crop removal analyses at wheat harvest accounted for nearly 100% of the fertilizer  15 N for all three soils. However, only 45% of the fertilizer  15 N added to the No-F soil could be accounted for at maize harvest, significantly less than the recovery rate in the NPK (83%) and MNPK (85%) soils ( P  15 N was mainly lost from these soils during the maize growing season. We conclude that the combined application of manure and inorganic fertilizers improves synchrony between N supply and crop demand, thus reducing N losses from agriculture.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.12.007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.12.007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.12.007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.12.007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2013.03.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-04-16", "title": "Nitrogen Management To Reduce Yield-Scaled Global Warming Potential In Rice", "description": "Abstract   Fertilizer N is usually required to achieve optimal yields but when applied in excess there is increased risk of pollution, including higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Thus, optimal N management must consider both yields and environmental effects. Yield-scaled GWP (Global Warming Potential), which is the GWP (in CO 2  equivalents) per Mg of grain yield, is a useful metric for evaluating management options where the goal is to achieve both high yields with minimal environmental burden. A 6-year field study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the lowest yield-scaled GHG emissions for rice occur when N is applied at optimal N rates for maximum yields, independent of the source of N applied. We tested this hypothesis for organic (manure) and inorganic (urea) N sources. The N rates and sources in each growing season were: 0, 90, 180 and 270\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha \u22121  applied as either urea alone or pig manure combined with urea (where N was added as manure and supplied 60% of the total N rate). The N rates to achieve maximum yields (90 to 180\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha \u22121  depending on year) were similar for both N sources. Seasonal CH 4  and N 2 O emissions varied significantly between years but the magnitude of emissions was determined largely by N source. Across N rates, application of manure increased GWP by almost 60% relative to the urea treatments due to higher CH 4  and N 2 O emissions. When urea was used as the sole N source, yield-scaled GWP (87\u00a0kg CO 2   eq.  Mg \u22121  grain) was lowest at optimal N rates for maximum yields. In contrast, when manure was used, yield-scaled GWP was higher than for urea and increased with increasing manure-N rates (from 104 to 171\u00a0kg CO 2   eq.  Mg \u22121  grain). The lowest yield-scaled GWP for manure was when no manure was applied \u2013 despite the low yields. Thus, when manure is used as an N source in flooded rice systems, over application should be avoided.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Yushi Ye, C. van Kessel, S.X. Wang, H. Li, X. Q. Liang, G.M. Tian, Bruce A. Linquist, Y.J. Ji,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.03.002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2013.03.002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2013.03.002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.03.002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2013.04.024", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-06-22", "title": "Double No-Till And Permanent Raised Beds In Maize-Wheat Rotation Of North-Western Indo-Gangetic Plains Of India: Effects On Crop Yields, Water Productivity, Profitability And Soil Physical Properties", "description": "Abstract   Excessive pumping of groundwater over the years to meet the high water requirement of flooded rice crop and intensive tillage have threatened the sustainability of irrigated rice\u2013wheat system (RWS) in the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) of South Asia. Replacement of rice with less water requiring crops such as maize in the RWS and identification of effective strategies for alternate tillage systems will promote sustainable cropping systems in the IGP. To this effect a 3-year field experiment was established with annual maize\u2013wheat rotation in the north-western IGP of India to evaluate the effect of 3 tillage systems (conventional flat, CTF; no-till flat, NTF; permanent raised beds, NTB) on crop production, water use efficiency, economic profitability and soil physical quality. Grain yield of maize was highest (8.2\u201373.4%) under NTB followed by NTF and CTF across the years. Wheat yield was significantly higher under NTF during the 1st year while tillage practices had non-significant effect in the succeeding two years. On average, maize planted on NTB recorded about 11% lower water use and 16% higher water use efficiency compared to CT. The NTB and NTF required 24.7% and 10.8% less irrigation water than CTF system, respectively with 11.5% higher system productivity and demonstrated higher water productivity. The NTB and NTF systems provided similar net returns (averaged over 3 years) in maize\u2013wheat system (MWS), which were US$ 281\u00a0ha\u22121 higher compared to CTF system. The CTF system had higher bulk density and penetration resistance in 10\u201315 and 15\u201320\u00a0cm soil layers due to compaction caused by the repeated tillage. The steady-state infiltration rate and soil aggregation (>0.25\u00a0mm) were higher under NTB and NTF and lower in the CTF system. Similarly, mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates was higher under NTF and NTB compared to CTF. The study reveals that NTB and NTF systems could be more viable options for MWS in order to save input costs and enhance profitability; however, the long-term effects of these alternative technologies need to be studied under varying agro-ecologies.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "crop rotation", "13. Climate action", "wheats", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "crop yield", "15. Life on land", "maize", "climate", "6. Clean water", "agriculture"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.04.024"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2013.04.024", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2013.04.024", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.04.024"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2013.06.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-07-17", "title": "Increasing Se Concentration In Maize Grain With Soil- Or Foliar-Applied Selenite On The Loess Plateau In China", "description": "AbstractSelenium (Se) is an essential mineral nutrient for animal and human growth. Deficiency in this element is a worldwide nutrition problem. Thus, this study determined the potential of increasing Se content in maize grain by using various Se fertiliser application techniques to improve the nutritional status of local residents. Field experiments were conducted on the Loess Plateau for two growing seasons to investigate the effects of different Se fertiliser application methods and application rates on the Se content in maize grain as well as the Se recovery, yield and status of other nutrients in maize grain under rain-fed conditions. Results show that soil and foliar Se applications exhibited no significant effects on maize biomass and grain yield as well as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn contents in maize grain. However, both foliar and soil Se applications significantly improved the Se content in maize grain. Selenium content in maize grain is found to be linearly correlated with Se application rates, increasing from 0.12\u03bcgkg\u22121 to 0.33\u03bcgkg\u22121 by soil application at 1g of Se ha\u22121 and from 8.23\u03bcgkg\u22121 to 8.67\u03bcgkg\u22121 by foliar application at the same rate. Foliar application of Se showed higher Se recoveries in the grain compared with soil Se application: the former exhibited a maximum grain Se recovery rate of 52\u2030 and 106\u2030 in maize during the first and second growing seasons, respectively, whereas the latter was only 1.69\u2030 and 0.95\u2030, respectively. On the Loess Plateau in China, both soil and foliar Se applications effectively improved the Se content in maize grain. Compared with soil Se application, foliar Se application can improve the grain Se content in maize at reduced costs.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil application", "Recovery", "Soil Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Foliar application", "Grain", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Agronomy and Crop Science", "Se", "Maize"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jianwei Wang, Jianwei Wang, Hui Mao, Zhaohui Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Hubing Zhao, Donglin Huang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.06.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2013.06.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2013.06.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.06.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2013.12.012", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-01-03", "title": "Nitrogen Use Efficiency In A Wheat-Corn Cropping System From 15 Years Of Manure And Fertilizer Applications", "description": "Low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and adverse environmental impacts caused by N fertilization increasingly threaten the sustainability of agriculture. To develop strategies for efficient nutrient management, we investigated the effects of long-term (1991\u20132005) various fertilization regimes on yield, NUE and N agronomic efficiency (NAE) in a wheat\u2013corn cropping system at four sites (Changping, Zhengzhou, Yangling, and Qiyang) in China. Treatments included unfertilized control (CK), chemical fertilization only (N, NP, NK, and NPK), manure application (supplying 70% N) with NPK (NPKm) and at 1.5\u00d7 rate (1.5NPKm), and NPK with corn stover returned (NPKs). The NP and NPK treatments resulted in generally higher yield, NUE and NAE than the N and NK for both wheat and corn demonstrating the importance of P in NUE improvement. The manure treatments resulted in significant increase or no decrease in the overall system NUE in all four sites with the highest mean NUE (49%) from NPKm treatment. In acid soil at Qiyang, only manure treatments resulted in significant increases of NUE and NAE indicating the importance of organic amendment. Wheat was more responsive to P fertilizer and corn was more responsive to manure in NUE improvement. Thus an effective nutrient management strategy is to ensure adequate P supply for the wheat crop and manure application for the corn crop to improve overall NUE for the wheat\u2013corn production system.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Yinghua Duan, Minggang Xu, Suduan Gao, Xueyun Yang, Shaomin Huang, Hongbin Liu, Bairen Wang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.12.012"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2013.12.012", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2013.12.012", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.12.012"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=15.+Life+on+land&offset=3200&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=15.+Life+on+land&offset=3200&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=15.+Life+on+land&offset=3150", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=15.+Life+on+land&offset=3250", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 12445, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-04T10:58:54.391664Z"}