{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.7910/DVN/GVNJAB", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:24:53Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2019-06-24", "title": "Physical topsoil properties in Murugusi, Western Kenya", "description": "Open Access<b>General:</b> Lab determined topsoil bulk density, contents of sand, clay and organic carbon in Murugusi, W. Kenya, together with spatial coordinates of where the soil samples were taken (rounded to the closest center point of a 250 m \u00d7 250 m raster). All lab analyses were carried out at the ILRI/CIAT lab in Nairob, Kenya. <br> <b>Soil sampling:</b> At each sample location, one composite topsoil sample was taken; three cores of 7 cm in diameter taken within an area of one square meter. The soil was taken from 0-0.2 m depth below any organic (O) horizon. <br> <b>Determination of soil properties:</b> The bulk density of the soil was determined by taking two undisturbed soil samples (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depth) of known volume (100 cm2) and weighting them after air drying. Soil fractions of clay (<0.002 mm) and sand (0.05-2 mm) were determined by the hydrometer method (Estefan et al., 2014), using 10% sodium hexametaphosphate as the dispersing agent. Soil pH was determined potentiometrically on a soil suspension of 1:2 (soil: water). Total carbon was measured after dry combustion using an elemental analyser (Elementar Vario max cube; ISO 10694, first edition 1995-03-01) <br> <b>Reference: </b>Estefan G., Sommer R., Ryan J. (2014) Analytical Methods for Soil-Plant and Water in Dry Areas. A Manual of Relevance to the West Asia and North Africa Region. 3rd Edition, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, 255 pp. Available online at: http://repo.mel.cgiar.org:8080/handle/20.500.11766/7512?show=full. Verified: October 9, 2018. <br> <b>Acknowledgements: </b> We are deeply thankful for the good services provided by John Mukulama (soil sampling), John Yumbya Mutua (soil sampling) and Francis Mungthu Njenga (lab analyses) The project was carried out within the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE).", "keywords": ["Soil organic matter", "Agricultural Sciences", "Soil organic carbon", "sand", "Kenya", "Carbon", "Latin America and the Caribbean", "soil", "Soil", "Soil bulk density", "Sand", "soil organic matter", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Soil texture", "Murugusi", "Africa", "Clay", "Texture", "Western Kenya", "Agroecosystems and Sustainable Landscapes - ASL"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Piikki, Kristin, S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, Mats, Sommer, Rolf, Da Silva, Mayesse,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/GVNJAB"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.7910/DVN/GVNJAB", "name": "item", "description": "10.7910/DVN/GVNJAB", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.7910/DVN/GVNJAB"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:15:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-04-27", "title": "Analysis Of The Effects Of Rotational Woodlots On The Nutrition And Yield Of Maize Following Trees In Western Tanzania", "description": "Farmers in western Tanzania are establishing rotations of trees and crops in an attempt to overcome the shortage of wood, reverse deforestation of natural forests and improve soil fertility for food security enhancement. We compared fallows of Acacia crassicarpa, A. julifera, A. leptocarpa, Leucaena pallida and Senna siamea, with traditional bush fallow and continuous sole maize (Zea mays L.). The aim of the study was to analyze the effectiveness offallow types in terms of N, Pand K use by maize. Trees were intercropped with maize for the first 3 years. After 5 years, trees were harvested, wood components were removed, and leaves, twigs and grasses were incorporated into the soil. Factorial N,P,Ktrialswere carriedoutwithmaizegrown afterthefallowtypes. Parameters studiedweregrainyield,uptakeof N,PandK,and nutrient use efficiency. The effects offertiliser were much stronger than the effects offallow types. Therewas no clear effect of tree fallows on nutrient use efficiency of the following maize. Non-fertilized maize yielded more after acacia than after the other trees and natural fallow. Upon fertiliser application the influences of fallow types became weaker. Fertiliser N improved maize yields more than fertiliser P, and there was a positive NP interaction. Fertilizer K did not bring about clear effects. N recovery efficiency was improved by the application of P and vice versa. When fertilisers were applied, differences in average maize grain yields between tree fallows and natural fallow varied from 300 kg ha 1 (for A. julifera) to minus 250 kg ha 1 (for S. siamea). A yield increase of 300 kg maize grain could also be obtained by application of 10 kg fertiliser N or 8 kg fertiliser P. The best fallow type for soil fertility improvement was Acacia juliferasuggesting that this acacia is mining the soil for P and K. In conclusion, benefits of rotational woodlots seem larger in terms of wood production than in terms of soil fertility restoration. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "fallow", "soil fertility", "quefts", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "shifting cultivation", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "agroforestry", "africa", "nutrients", "vegetation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "management"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Nyadzi, G.I., Janssen, B.H., Oenema, O.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.013", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.038", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:16:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-03-11", "title": "Land Degradation Impact On Soil Carbon Losses Through Water Erosion And Co2 Emissions", "description": "Abstract Worldwide concerns with global change and its effects on our future environment require an improved understanding of the impact of land cover changes on the global C cycle. Overgrazing causes a reduction in plant cover with accepted consequences on soil infiltration and soil erosion, yet the impact on the loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its associated processes remain unaccounted for. In this study performed in South Africa, our main objective was to evaluate the impact of plant cover reduction on (i) SOC erosion by water in both particulate (POC) and dissolved (DOC) forms, and (ii) soil CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere. The study performed under sandy-loam Acrisols investigated three proportions of soil surface coverage by plants (Cov), from 100% (Cov100) for the \u201cnon-degraded\u201d treatment to 25\u201350% (Cov50) and 0\u20135% (Cov5). POC and DOC losses were evaluated using an artificial rainfall of 30\u00a0mm\u00a0h \u2212\u00a01 applied for a period of 30\u00a0min on bounded 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01\u00a0m\u00b2 microplots (n\u00a0=\u00a03 per treatment). CO 2 emissions from undisturbed soil samples (n\u00a0=\u00a09) were evaluated continuously at the laboratory over a 6-month period. At the \u201cnon-degraded\u201d treatment of Cov100, plant-C inputs to the soil profile were 1950\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0180\u00a0gC\u00a0m \u2212\u00a02 \u00a0y \u2212\u00a01 and SOC stocks in the 0\u20130.02\u00a0m layer were 300.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a016.2\u00a0gC\u00a0m \u2212\u00a02 . While soil-C inputs by plants significantly (P\u00a0 \u2212\u00a02 at Cov100 increased from 66% at Cov50 (i.e. 3.76\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.8\u00a0gC\u00a0m \u2212\u00a02 ) to a staggering 213% at Cov5 (i.e. 7.08\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.9\u00a0gC\u00a0m \u2212\u00a02 ). These losses were for the most part in particulate form (from 88.0% for Cov100 to 98.7% for Cov5). Plant cover reduction significantly decreased both the cumulative C\u2013CO 2 emissions (by 68% at Cov50 and 69% at Cov5) and the mineralization rate of the soil organic matter (from 0.039 gC\u2013CO 2 \u00a0gC \u2212\u00a01 at Cov100 to 0.031\u00a0gC\u2013CO 2 \u00a0gC \u2212\u00a01 at Cov5). These results are expected to increase our understanding of the impact of land degradation on the global C cycle. Further in-situ research studies, however, need to investigate whether or not grassland degradation induces net C-emissions to the atmosphere.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "550", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "South Africa", "13. Climate action", "Particulate and dissolved SOC forms", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Global C Cycle", "Water erosion", "Land use change"], "contacts": [{"organization": "McHunu, C., /Chaplot, Vincent,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.038"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.038", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.038", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.038"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.079", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:16:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-12-07", "title": "Vineyards in transition: A global assessment of the adaptation needs of grape producing regions under climate change", "description": "This paper suggests how climate change may transform vineyards. We consider changes in agro-climatic indicators derived from climatic variables as drivers for adaptation needs. We use two climate scenarios, GCM GFL-ESM2M and HadGEM2-ES, with 0.5\u00b0 spatial resolution and daily time step forced by two emission scenarios, RCP2.6 and 6.0, to estimate the transition of potential vineyards in the major grape production world areas by the late 21st century. We present and discuss changes in three impact indicators - one drought indicator and two temperature ones - aimed at exploring the benefits of transition-based policies. The drought indicator provides insights to prepare adaptation for extreme events in probabilistic terms. The temperature indicators offer information on the transition towards suitable zones of production. Future projections suggest a lack of water to maintain current levels of production in all regions of the world. Furthermore, thermal suitability of grapevine may be greatly affected in China and the Mediterranean region. Nevertheless, the possibility of quality wines is not altered within the regions with adequate suitability. Lastly, a portfolio of strategies to adapt to the future climate is presented.", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "China", "Models", " Statistical", "Mediterranean Region", "Climate Change", "Oceania", "Temperature", "Agriculture", "South America", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Droughts", "South Africa", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "North America", "Vitis", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.079"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.079", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.079", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.079"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:15:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-09-28", "title": "A Simulation-Based Analysis Of Productivity And Soil Carbon In Response To Time-Controlled Rotational Grazing In The West African Sahel Region", "description": "In the Sahel region of West Africa, the traditional organization of the population and the grazing land avoided overexploitation of pastures. Since independence in the 1960s, grazing lands have been opened to all without specific guidance, and the vulnerability of the pastures to degradation has increased. Rotational grazing is postulated as a possible solution to provide higher pasture productivity, higher animal loads per unit land, and perhaps improved soil carbon storage. The objective of this study was to conduct a simulation-based assessment of the impact of rotational grazing management on pasture biomass production, grazing efficiency, animal grazing requirement satisfaction, and soil carbon storage in the Madiama Commune, Mali. The results showed that grazing intensity is the primary factor influencing the productivity of annual pastures and their capacity to provide for animal grazing requirements. Rotating the animals in paddocks is a positive practice for pasture protection that showed advantage as the grazing pressure increased. Increasing the size of the reserve biomass not available for grazing, which triggers the decision of taking the animals off the field, provided better pasture protection but reduced animal grazing requirements satisfaction. In terms of soil carbon storage, all management scenarios led to reduction of soil carbon at the end of the 50-year simulation periods, ranging between 4% and 5% of the initial storage. The differences in reduction as a function of grazing intensity were of no practical significance in these soils with very low organic matter content, mostly resistant to decomposition.", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "Livestock management", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic matter", "Grazing systems", "Rotation", "Rotational grazing", "Pastures", "Soil carbon storage", "Controlled grazing", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Pasture management", "Soil carbon", "Simulation modeling", "Semiarid zones", "Paddocks", "Sahel", "Range management", "West Africa", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Cattle", "Field Scale", "Productivity"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Washington State University Bryan Hall, P.O. Box 645121, Pullman, WA 99164-5121, USA ( host institution ), Badini, Oumarou, St\u00f6ckle, Claudio O., Jones, Jim W., Nelson, Roger, Kodio, Amadou, Keita, Moussa,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2015.02.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:15:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-02-14", "title": "Surface Organic Carbon Enrichment To Explain Greater Co2 Emissions From Short-Term No-Tilled Soils", "description": "The impact of agricultural practices on CO2 emissions from soils needs to be understood and quantified to enhance ecosystem functions, especially the ability of soils to sequester atmospheric carbon (C), while enhancing food and biomass production. The objective of this study was to assess CO2 emissions in the soil surface following tillage abandonment and to investigate some of the underlying soil physical, chemical and biological controls. Maize (Zea mays) was planted under conventional tillage (T) and no-tillage (NT), both without crop residues under smallholder farming conditions in Potshini, South Africa. Intact top-soil (0\u20130.05 m) core samples (N = 54) from three 5 \u00d7 15 m2 plots per treatment were collected two years after conversion of T to NT to evaluate the short-term CO2 emissions. Depending on the treatment, cores were left intact, compacted by 5 and 10 or had surface crusts removed. They were incubated for 20 days with measurements of CO2 fluxes twice a day during the first three days and once a day thereafter. Soil organic C (SOC) content, soil bulk density (\u03c1b), aggregate stability, soil organic matter quality, and microbial biomass and its activity were evaluated at the onset of the incubation. CO2 emissions were 22% lower under NT compared with T with CO2 emissions of 0.9 \u00b1 0.10 vs 1.1 \u00b1 0.10 mg C\u2013CO2 gC\u22121 day\u22121 under NT and T, respectively, suggesting greater SOC protection under NT. However, there were greater total CO2 emissions per unit of surface by 9% under NT compared to T (1.15 \u00b1 0.03 vs 1.05 \u00b1 0.04 g C\u2013CO2 m\u22122 day\u22121). SOC protection significantly increased with the increase in soil bulk density (r = 0.89) and aggregate stability (from 1.7 \u00b1 0.25 mm to 2.3 \u00b1 0.31, r = 0.50), and to the decrease in microbial biomass and its activity (r = \u22120.59 and \u22120.57, respectively). In contrast, the greater NT CO2 emissions per m2 were explained by top-soil enrichment in SOC by 48% (from 12.4 \u00b1 0.2 to 19.1 \u00b1 0.4 g kg\u22121, r = 0.59). These results on the soil controls of tillage impact on CO2 emissions are expected to inform on the required shifts in agricultural practices for enhancing C sequestration in soils. In the context of the study, any mechanism favoring aggregate stability and promoting SOC allocation deep in the soil profile rather than in the top-soil would greatly diminish soil CO2 outputs and thus stimulate C sequestration.", "keywords": ["550", "non travail du sol", "ma\u00efs", "No-tillage", "no-tillage", "[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "Soil Science", "maize", "7. Clean energy", "630", "Sciences de la Terre", "dioxyde de carbone", "non labour", "Climate change", "propri\u00e9t\u00e9 du sol", "2. Zero hunger", "changement climatique", "carbon dioxide", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "No-tillage;Carbon dioxide;Climate change;Maize;Small holders;Africa", "6. Clean water", "Maize", "climate change", "Small holders", "Carbon dioxide", "13. Climate action", "\u00e9mission d'azote", "Africa", "8. Economic growth", "[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "Earth Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "afrique du sud", "small holders", "azote du sol"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.02.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2015.02.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2015.02.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2015.02.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.009", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:15:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-10-20", "title": "Can Carbon Sequestration Markets Benefit Low-Income Producers In Semi-Arid Africa? Potentials And Challenges", "description": "Abstract The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change allows a country that emits C above agreed-upon limits to purchase C offsets from an entity that uses biological means to absorb or reduce greenhouse emissions. The CDM is currently offered for afforestation and reforestation projects, but may apply subsequently to sequestration in agricultural soils. Additionally, markets outside of the Protocol are developing for soil C sequestration. In theory, C markets present win-win opportunities for buyers and sellers of C stocks. In practice, however, C markets are very complex. They presuppose the existence and integration of technical capacity to enhance C storage in production systems, the capacity for resource users to adopt and maintain land resource practices that sequester C, the ability for dealers or brokers to monitor C stocks at a landscape level, the institutional capacity to aggregate C credits, the financial mechanisms for incentive payments to reach farmers, and transparent and accountable governance structures that can ensure equitable distribution of benefits. Hence, while C payments may contribute to increasing rural incomes and promoting productivity enhancement practices, they may also expose resource users to additional social tensions and institutional risks.", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "Poverty reduction", "Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "Payments for environmental services", "Agricultural ecosystems", "Afforestation", "West Africa", "11. Sustainability", "Reforestation", "Poverty", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic matter", "Drylands", "1. No poverty", "Kyoto Protocol", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil carbon", "Semiarid zones", "Carbon credits", "PES", "Greenhouse gases", "Carbon offsets", "Emissions", "Economic incentives", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Carbon markets"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Perez, C., Roncoli, \u202aCarla, Neely, Constance L., Steiner, J. L.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.009"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.009", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.009", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.009"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "093e9dc6-3ff7-4281-beec-1038640fad2c", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[33.91, -4.72], [33.91, 5.5], [41.89, 5.5], [41.89, -4.72], [33.91, -4.72]]]}, "properties": {"rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the ZALF Datenerfassung's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The ZALF Datenerfassung and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2024-10-21", "type": "Service", "created": "2024-10-03", "language": "eng", "title": "Web Map Service of the dataset 'National-Scale High-Resolution Crop Condition Maps: Assessing Drought Impact on Croplands in Kenya Using Sentinel-2'", "description": "This Web Map Service includes spatial information used by datasets 'National-Scale High-Resolution Crop Condition Maps: Assessing Drought Impact on Croplands in Kenya Using Sentinel-2'", "keywords": ["infoMapAccessService", "agriculture", "drought", "climate change", "remote sensing", "agriculture", "drought", "climate change", "remote sensing", "Africa", "Kenya"], "contacts": [{"name": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "organization": "ZALF", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - Workgroup Research Data Management", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 300"}], "emails": [{"value": "dataservice@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "https://ror.org/01ygyzs83", "name_url": "", "description": "ROR", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "S. 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Root zone plant available water holding capacity aggregated at top 30 cm", "description": "Plant available water holding capacity (v%) of the soil fine earth fraction, with field capacity defined at h=200 cm or pF 2.3, aggregated over rootable depth and the top 30 cm, mapped at 1km resolution", "formats": [{"name": "GTiff"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["available water capacity", "root zone", "digital soil mapping", "Soil science", "Africa"], "contacts": [{"name": "Johan Leenaars", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior soil scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "johan.leenaars@wur.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Tom Hengl", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Former staff", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "None"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "distancevalue": "1000", "distanceuom": "m"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/gyga/GYGA_Results/gyga_af_agg_30cm_awcpf23__m_1km.tif", "name": "Download GeoTIFF at aggregated 30 cm depth", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://maps.isric.org/mapserv?map=/map/gyga.map", "name": "gyga_af_agg_30cm_awcpf23__m_1km", "protocol": "OGC:WMS", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.02.046", "name": "Scientific paper", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/projects/afsis-gyga-functional-soil-information-sub-saharan-africa-rz-pawhc-ssa", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://maps.isric.org/mapserv?map=/map/gyga.map&SERVICE=WMS&VERSION=1.3.0&REQUEST=GetMap&BBOX=-35,-24,38,57&CRS=EPSG:4326&WIDTH=1426&HEIGHT=895&LAYERS=gyga_af_agg_30cm_awcpf23__m_1km&STYLES=&FORMAT=png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "09da4e4e-dd3f-4e5a-8ee8-a7e484ee5640", "name": "item", "description": "09da4e4e-dd3f-4e5a-8ee8-a7e484ee5640", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/09da4e4e-dd3f-4e5a-8ee8-a7e484ee5640"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1950-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2015-12-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "10.1002/jsfa.7302", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:14:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-06-10", "title": "Long-Term Impacts Of Grazing Intensity On Soil Carbon Sequestration And Selected Soil Properties In The Arid Eastern Cape, South Africa", "description": "AbstractBACKGROUND

Little is known about how basic soil properties respond to contrasting grazing intensities in the Karoo biome, South Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate impacts of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (>75 years) grazing at 1.18 heads ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (heavy; CGH), 0.78 heads ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (light; CGL), and exclosure on selected soil properties. Soil samples were collected to a depth of 60 cm from the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experimental site of Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute, Eastern Cape. The samples were analyzed for C, N, bulk density and infiltration rate, among others.

RESULTS

Generally, heavy and light grazing reduced soil N storage by 27.5% and 22.6%, respectively, compared with the exclosure. Animal exclusion improved water infiltration rate and C stocks significantly (P < 0.05), which was 0.128, 0.097, and 0.093 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for exclosure, CGL and CGH, respectively. Soil penetration resistance was higher for grazing treatments in the top 3\uffe2\uff80\uff937 cm soil layer but for exclosure at the top 1 cm soil surface.

CONCLUSION

Although livestock exclusion has the potential to improve C sequestration, a sufficient resting period for 1\uffe2\uff80\uff932 years followed by three consecutive grazing years at light stocking rate would be ideal for sustainable livestock production in this arid region of South Africa. \uffc2\uffa9 2015 Society of Chemical Industry

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Clean water", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "soil properties", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7302"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20the%20Science%20of%20Food%20and%20Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/jsfa.7302", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/jsfa.7302", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/jsfa.7302"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-07-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "0df2947b-e8b8-42e5-a52d-16cf5ded1cf2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-29.7, -34.9], [-29.7, 28.7], [55.4, 28.7], [55.4, -34.9], [-29.7, -34.9]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Africa"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "license": "Open Database License (ODbl) v1.0", "updated": "2024-03-01T12:25:03", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "Africa SoilGrids nutrients - Nutrient clusters based on fuzzy k-means", "description": "Nutrient clusters based on fuzzy k-means of the soil fine earth fraction and spatially predicted at 250 m spatial resolution across sub-Saharan Africa using Machine Learning (ensemble between random forest and gradient boosting) using soil data from the Africa Soil Profiles database (AfSP) compiled by AfSIS and recent soil data newly collected by AfSIS in partnership with EthioSIS (Ethiopia), GhaSIS (Ghana) and NiSIS (Nigeria as made possible by OCP Africa and IITA), combined with soil data as made available by Wageningen University and Research, IFDC, VitalSigns, University of California and the OneAcreFund. [Values M = mean value predicted]. For details see below for peer reviewed paper (T. Hengl, J.G.B. Leenaars, K.D. Shepherd, M.G. Walsh, G.B.M. Heuvelink, Tekalign Mamo, H. Tilahun, E. Berkhout, M. Cooper, E. Fegraus, I. Wheeler, N.A. Kwabena, 2017. Soil nutrient maps of Sub-Saharan Africa: assessment of soil nutrient content at 250 m spatial resolution using machine learning. Nutri\u00ebnt Cycling in Agroecosystems 109(1): 77-102). Maps produced for the Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), funded by the Netherlands government, in collaboration with the AfSIS and the Vital Signs projects.", "formats": [{"name": "GTiff"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS"}, {"name": "OGC:WCS"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["nutrients", "digital soil mapping", "Soil science", "Africa"], "contacts": [{"name": "Johan Leenaars", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior soil scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "johan.leenaars@wur.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Tom Hengl", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Former staff", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "None"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Data infodesk", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "distancevalue": "250", "distanceuom": "m"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/af250m_nutrient/af250m_nutrient_ncluster_m.tif", "name": "Download GeoTIFF at depth", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://maps.isric.org/mapserv?map=/map/af250m_nutrient.map", "name": "af250m_nutrient", "protocol": "OGC:WMS", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://maps.isric.org/mapserv?map=/map/af250m_nutrient.map", "name": "af250m_nutrient", "protocol": "OGC:WCS", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/projects/africa-soilgrids-soil-nutrient-maps-sub-saharan-africa-250-m-resolution", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10705-017-9870-x", "name": "Scientific paper", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://maps.isric.org/mapserv?map=/map/af250m_nutrient.map&SERVICE=WMS&VERSION=1.3.0&REQUEST=GetMap&BBOX=-35,-30,29,56&CRS=EPSG:4326&WIDTH=1426&HEIGHT=895&LAYERS=af250m_nutrient_ncluster_m&STYLES=&FORMAT=png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "0df2947b-e8b8-42e5-a52d-16cf5ded1cf2", "name": "item", "description": "0df2947b-e8b8-42e5-a52d-16cf5ded1cf2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/0df2947b-e8b8-42e5-a52d-16cf5ded1cf2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1980-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2016-12-31T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00442-007-0836-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-28T16:14:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-08-27", "title": "Microbial Responses To Nitrogen Addition In Three Contrasting Grassland Ecosystems", "description": "The effects of global N enrichment on soil processes in grassland ecosystems have received relatively little study. We assessed microbial community response to experimental increases in N availability by measuring extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) in soils from three grasslands with contrasting edaphic and climatic characteristics: a semiarid grassland at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico, USA (SEV), and mesic grasslands at Konza Prairie, Kansas, USA (KNZ) and Ukulinga Research Farm, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (SAF). We hypothesized that, with N enrichment, soil microbial communities would increase C and P acquisition activity, decrease N acquisition activity, and reduce oxidative enzyme production (leading to recalcitrant soil organic matter [SOM] accumulation), and that the magnitude of response would decrease with soil age (due to higher stabilization of enzyme pools and P limitation of response). Cellulolytic activities followed the pattern predicted, increasing 35-52% in the youngest soil (SEV), 10-14% in the intermediate soil (KNZ) and remaining constant in the oldest soil (SAF). The magnitude of phosphatase response did not vary among sites. N acquisition activity response was driven by the enzyme closest to its pH optimum in each soil: i.e., leucine aminopeptidase in alkaline soil, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in acidic soil. Oxidative enzyme activity varied widely across ecosystems, but did not decrease with N amendment at any site. Likewise, SOM and %C pools did not respond to N enrichment. Between-site variation in both soil properties and EEA exceeded any treatment response, and a large portion of EEA variability (leucine aminopeptidase and oxidative enzymes), 68% as shown by principal components analysis, was strongly related to soil pH (r = 0.91, P < 0.001). In these grassland ecosystems, soil microbial responses appear constrained by a molecular-scale (pH) edaphic factor, making potential breakdown rates of SOM resistant to N enrichment.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Analysis of Variance", "Bacteria", "Nitrogen", "New Mexico", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Kansas", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Enzymes", "Soil", "South Africa", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0836-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00442-007-0836-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00442-007-0836-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00442-007-0836-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-08-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/qj.4033", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:14:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-04-06", "title": "Sensitivity of some African heavy rainfall events to microphysics and planetary boundary layer schemes: Impacts on localised storms", "description": "Abstract

High\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) simulations of heavy rainfall events are known to be strongly sensitive to the choice of the sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90grid scale parameterisation schemes. In the African continent, studies on such a choice at the convective\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolving scales are not numerous. By exploiting a state\uffe2\uff80\uff90of\uffe2\uff80\uff90the\uffe2\uff80\uff90art NWP model, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, the sensitivity of the simulation of three heavy rainfall events in Sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90Saharan Africa to the microphysical (MP) and planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes is studied. Validating the numerical outputs against rainfall satellite estimates, ground\uffe2\uff80\uff90based weather stations, radiosonde profiles and satellite\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived cloud\uffe2\uff80\uff90top temperature maps with an object\uffe2\uff80\uff90based tool, the best\uffe2\uff80\uff90performing setup is identified. In terms of heavy rainfall forecast location, it is found that the PBL scheme has a greater impact than the MP, which is shown to control the cloud\uffe2\uff80\uff90top temperature simulation. Among the schemes considered, the best performances are achieved with a six\uffe2\uff80\uff90class single\uffe2\uff80\uff90moment microphysical scheme and a non\uffe2\uff80\uff90local planetary boundary layer scheme which properly includes the vertical mixing by the large eddies in the atmosphere.

", "keywords": ["NWP model", "13. Climate action", "Africa", "WRF", "Africa; heavy rainfall; microphysics; MODE; NWP model; planetary boundary layer; WRF;", "heavy rainfall", "microphysics", "MODE", "01 natural sciences", "planetary boundary layer", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1206957/1/Quart%20J%20Royal%20Meteoro%20Soc%20-%202021%20-%20Meroni%20-%20Sensitivity%20of%20some%20African%20heavy%20rainfall%20events%20to%20microphysics%20and%20planetary.pdf"}, {"href": "https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/qj.4033"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4033"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Quarterly%20Journal%20of%20the%20Royal%20Meteorological%20Society", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/qj.4033", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/qj.4033", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/qj.4033"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-004-1927-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:15:00Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-03-15", "title": "Long-Term Effects Of Fallow Systems And Lengths On Crop Production And Soil Fertility Maintenance In West Africa", "description": "In the development of short fallow systems as alternatives to shifting cultivation in West Africa, a long-term trial was established at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) on an Alfisol in the forest-savanna transitional zone of southwestern Nigeria, comparing three fallow systems; natural regrowth fallow, cover crop fallow and alley cropping on soil productivity and crop yield sustainability. The natural fallow system consisted of natural regrowth of mainly Chromolaena odorata shrub as fallow vegetation. The cover crop fallow system consisted of Pueraria phaseoloides, a herbaceous legume as fallow vegetation. The alley cropping system consisted of woody hedgerows of Leucaena leucocephala as fallow vegetation. The fallow lengths were 0 (continuous cropping), 1, 2 and 3 years after 1 year of maize/cassava intercropping. Biomass produced from natural fallow and cover crop fallow was burnt during the land preparation. Fertilizer was not applied throughout the study. Without fertilizer application, maize yield declined from above 3.0 t ha\u22121 to below 0.5 t ha\u22121 during 12 years of cultivation (1989\u20132000) on a land cleared from a 23-year old secondary forest. Temporal change in cassava tuber yield was erratic. Mean maize grain yields from 1993\u20132000 except for 1999 were higher in cover crop fallow system (1.89 t ha\u22121) than in natural fallow system (1.73 t ha\u22121), while natural fallow system outperformed alley cropping system (1.46 t ha\u22121). During the above 7 years, mean cassava tuber yield in cover crop system (7.7 t ha\u22121) did not differ from natural fallow system (8.2 t ha\u22121), and both systems showed higher cassava tuber than the alley cropping system (5.7 t ha\u22121). The positive effect of fallowing on crop yields was observed for both crops in the three systems, however, insignificant effects were seen when fallow length exceeded 1 year for cover crop and alley cropping, and 2 years for natural fallow. Soil pH, organic carbon, available P and exchangeable Ca, Mg and K decreased considerably after 12 years of cultivation, even in a 3-year fallow subplot. After 12 years, soil organic carbon (SOC) within 0\u20135 cm depth in alley cropping (13.9 g kg\u22121) and natural fallow (13.7 g kg\u22121) was higher than in cover crop fallow (11.6 g kg\u22121). Whereas significant increase in SOC with either natural fallow or alley cropping was observed only after 2 or 3 years of fallow, the SOC in the 1-year fallow alley cropping subplot was higher than that in continuous cropping natural fallow subplot. It can be concluded from our study that in transforming shifting cultivation to a permanent cropping, fallow with natural vegetation (natural fallow), herbaceous legumes (cover crop fallow) and woody legumes (alley cropping) can contribute to the maintenance of crop production and soil fertility, however, length of fallow period does not need to exceed 2 years. When the fallow length is reduced to 1 year, a better alternative to natural regrowth fallow would be the cover crop for higher maize yield and alley cropping for higher soil organic matter. For fallow length of 2 years, West African farmers would be better off with the natural fallow system.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil management", "Soil organic matter", "Crop yields", "Conservation agriculture", "Cover crops", "Nigeria", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil fertility", "Soil degradation", "01 natural sciences", "Soil quality", "Woody species", "Long-term trial", "West Africa", "Shifting cultivation", "Fallow", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Field Scale"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Guanglong Tian, Guanglong Tian, B. T. Kang, F. K. Salako, P. Idinoba, G.O. Kolawole,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-004-1927-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10705-004-1927-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10705-004-1927-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10705-004-1927-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00442-009-1490-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-28T16:14:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-03-06", "title": "Frequent Fire Affects Soil Nitrogen And Carbon In An African Savanna By Changing Woody Cover", "description": "When tropical and sub-tropical ecosystems burn, considerable amounts of N present in the biomass fuel may be released. This ultimately results in a loss of fixed N to the atmosphere. It is often assumed that this volatilization loss of N with frequent fire will result in a reduction of plant-available N and total system N. By changing the amount of woody biomass fire may, however, also have indirect effects on N and C dynamics. Here we consider the effects of 50 years of frequent fire on total soil N and soil organic C (SOC) and total soil N in a mesic savanna in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. We also determine how changes in woody biomass may affect total soil N and SOC. We measured soil and fine root N and C concentrations as well as total soil N and SOC pools in four burning treatments, including fire exclusion, of a long-term fire experiment. Our results show that regardless of soil depth, fire treatment had no significant effect on total soil N and SOC. Our results also show that under trees total soil N and SOC concentrations of the surface soil increase, and pools of N and SOC increase to a depth of 7 cm. However, the extent to which soil N and C dynamics differed under canopies and away from canopies was dependent on fire treatment. Our results show that the effect of fire on soil N and C is mediated both through the indirect effect of changes in woody cover and the direct effects of fire (volatilization losses of nutrients). We suggest that woody thickening in this mesic savanna will have pronounced effects on long-term N and C dynamics.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Carbon Isotopes", "Time Factors", "Nitrogen Isotopes", "Nitrogen", "Rain", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Wood", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Fires", "Trees", "Soil", "South Africa", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Seasons", "Volatilization", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1490-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00442-009-1490-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00442-009-1490-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00442-009-1490-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-03-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10530-010-9921-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:14:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-12-10", "title": "Frequent Burning Promotes Invasions Of Alien Plants Into A Mesic African Savanna", "description": "Fire is both inevitable and necessary for maintaining the structure and functioning of mesic savannas. Without disturbances such as fire and herbivory, tree cover can increase at the expense of grass cover and over time dominate mesic savannas. Consequently, repeated burning is widely used to suppress tree recruitment and control bush encroachment. However, the effect of regular burning on invasion by alien plant species is little understood. Here, vegetation data from a long-term fire experiment, which began in 1953 in a mesic Zimbabwean savanna, were used to test whether the frequency of burning promoted alien plant invasion. The fire treatments consisted of late season fires, lit at 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-year intervals, and these regularly burnt plots were compared with unburnt plots. Results show that over half a century of frequent burning promoted the invasion by alien plants relative to areas where fire was excluded. More alien plant species became established in plots that had a higher frequency of burning. The proportion of alien species in the species assemblage was highest in the annually burnt plots followed by plots burnt biennially. Alien plant invasion was lowest in plots protected from fire but did not differ significantly between plots burnt triennially and quadrennially. Further, the abundance of five alien forbs increased significantly as the interval (in years) between fires became shorter. On average, the density of these alien forbs in annually burnt plots was at least ten times as high as the density of unburnt plots. Plant diversity was also altered by long-term burning. Total plant species richness was significantly lower in the unburnt plots compared to regularly burnt plots. These findings suggest that frequent burning of mesic savannas enhances invasion by alien plants, with short intervals between fires favouring alien forbs. Therefore, reducing the frequency of burning may be a key to minimising the risk of alien plant spread into mesic savannas, which is important because invasive plants pose a threat to native biodiversity and may alter savanna functioning.", "keywords": ["disturbance", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Ecology", "kruger-national-park", "south-africa", "biological invasions", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "METIS-302982", "vegetation", "ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE", "evolution", "ecology", "propagule pressure", "ecosystems", "fire-management", "Ecology", " Evolution", " Behavior and Systematics"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9921-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biological%20Invasions", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10530-010-9921-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10530-010-9921-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10530-010-9921-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-12-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-006-9049-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:15:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-10-15", "title": "Appropriate Technologies To Replenish Soil Fertility In Southern Africa", "description": "In southern Africa, soil nutrient reserves are being depleted because of continued nutrient mining without adequate replenishment. The consequent downward spiral of soil fertility has led to a corresponding decline in crop yields, food insecurity, food aid and environmental degradation. The central issue for improving agricultural productivity in southern Africa is how to build up and maintain soil fertility despite the low incomes of smallholder farmers and the increasing land and labour constraints they face. Under this review five main options namely: inorganic fertilizers, grain legumes, animal manures, integrated nutrient management and agroforestry options appropriate to smallholder farmers are presented. Issues addressed in the use of inorganic fertilizers are reduction in fertilizer costs, timely availability and use efficiency. Legumes can be used to diversify farm system productivity but this requires P and lime application to support better legume growth and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) as well as development of markets for various legume products. Manure availability and quality are central issues in increasing smallholder farm productivity and increasing its efficiency through proper handling and application methods. Integrated nutrient management of soil fertility by combined application of both inputs will increase use efficiency of inputs and reduce costs and increase profitability; but the challenge is often how to raise adequate amounts of either inorganic or organic inputs. Issues such as quality of inputs, nutrient balancing, labour to collect and transport organic inputs and their management need to be optimized. These are the challenges of adoption as are the scaling up of these options to millions of small-scale farmers.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "grain legumes", "fertilidad del suelo", "leguminosas de grano", "01 natural sciences", "agroforestry", "12. Responsible consumption", "africa meridional", "inorganic fertilizers", "organic fertilizers", "abonos org\u00e1nicos", "2. Zero hunger", "soil fertility", "1. No poverty", "tecnolog\u00eda apropiada", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "feed crops", "6. Clean water", "appropriate technology", "13. Climate action", "manejo del suelo", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil management", "agroforesteria", "abonos inorg\u00e1nicos"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Mafongoya, P.L., Bationo, B. Andr\u00e9, Kihara, Job Maguta, Waswa, Boaz Shaban,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-006-9049-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10705-006-9049-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10705-006-9049-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10705-006-9049-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-11-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2016.12.007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-28T16:17:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-01-08", "title": "Tillage, Mulch And Fertiliser Impacts On Soil Nitrogen Availability And Maize Production In Semi-Arid Zimbabwe", "description": "Conservation agriculture has been promoted widely in sub-Saharan African to cushion smallholder farmers against the adverse effects of soil fertility decline, stabilize crop yields and increase resilience to climate change and variability. Our study aimed to determine if aspects of CA, namely tillage and mulching with manure and fertiliser application, improved soil mineral N release, plant N uptake and maize yields in cropping systems on poor soils in semi-arid Matobo, Zimbabwe. The experiment, run for three seasons (2012/13\u20132014/15), was a split-split plot design with three replicates. Tillage (animal-drawn ploughing and ripping) was the main plot treatment and residue application was the sub plot treatment with two levels (100% residues removed or retained after harvest). Five fertility amendments (mineral fertiliser at 0, 20 and 40 kg N ha-1, 5 t ha-1 manure only and 5 t ha-1 manure + 20 kg N ha-1) were sub-sub plot treatments. Plough tillage stimulated N mineralisation by 4\u201319 kg N ha-1 and maize N uptake 13\u201323% more than the ripper tillage. When mulch was added to the plough tillage, mineralisation was slowed resulting in less crop N uptake (by 5\u201319%) compared with no mulch application. N uptake was highest in the manure treatments. N recovery and agronomic N efficiency by maize were highly variable over the three seasons, reflecting the uncertainty complicating farmers\u2019 decision making. Nitrogen recovery in the manure treatments was generally poor in the first season resulting in low grain yields in the range 100\u2013260 kg ha-1 regardless of tillage, though higher in subsequent seasons. In the second season manure application gave the largest grain yields under the ripper tillage, both with and without mulch averaging 1850 and 2228 kg ha-1 respectively. Under the plough tillage, the 40 kg N ha-1 treatment gave the highest grain yields of 1985 kg ha-1. In the third season yields were generally poor under all treatments due to low and poorly-distributed rainfall. The CA principles of minimum soil disturbance and maintenance of a permanent mulch cover resulted in reduced soil mineral N availability for crop uptake and poor maize yields. Nutrient inputs through mineral fertilisers and manure are key to ensuring production in such infertile, sandy soils which predominate in semi-arid regions of southern Africa.", "keywords": ["Zimbabwe", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil Science", "Crop residue retention", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "6. Clean water", "Maize", "Apparent N recovery", "African Agriculture", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizer Applications", "Agronomic efficiency"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2016.12.007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2016.12.007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2016.12.007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2016.12.007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-006-9041-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Restricted", "updated": "2026-04-28T16:15:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-08-14", "title": "Integrated Pearl Millet Management In The Sahel: Effects Of Legume Rotation And Fallow Management On Productivity And Striga Hermonthica Infestation", "description": "Increasing population density and food needs in the Sahel are major drivers behind the conversion of land under natural vegetation to arable land. Intensification of agriculture is a necessity for farmers to produce enough food. As manure is scarce and fertilizers expensive, this study looks into the potential role of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and short duration fallow in maintaining soil fertility and productivity and in reducing the major weed problem Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. The research was carried out \u2018on-farm\u2019 in a traditional millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) growing area in the Malian Sahel, near Bankass. The four year experiment combined 0, 2, 5, and 7\u00a0years of preceding fallow with (i) 4\u00a0years of millet, (ii) 1\u00a0year of cowpea\u00a0+\u00a03\u00a0years of millet, and (iii) 1\u00a0year of cowpea\u00a0+\u00a03\u00a0years of millet/cowpea inter-cropping. Total millet production (4\u00a0years) was 1440\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121 for all systems with 2, 5 or 7\u00a0years of preceding fallow against 1180\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121 for systems without fallow. Cowpea grain production showed no significant differences between fallow treatments. Over 4\u00a0years, all cropping systems produced similar total amounts of millet grain, implying that the millet \u2018lost\u2019 during the year with a pure cowpea crop in treatments (ii) and (iii) was compensated within three years, while the cowpea grain production was an additional benefit. Such compensation was however not observed for increasing number of preceding fallow years, showing that there is no additional production benefit in 5\u20137\u00a0years of fallow as compared to 2\u00a0years. The soil organic carbon content decreased more slowly in treatments with a cowpea pure crop in 1998 than in the millet pure crop, while overall higher contents were observed after preceding fallow also after four years of cropping. Striga hermonthica infestation decreased linearly with duration of preceding fallow, but also after seven years of fallow and one year of cowpea the hemi-parasitic weed still re-appeared. Overall the intensification through a cowpea pure crop and cowpea intercrop in these millet-based systems improved production and a number of other characteristics of the system, making it more viable.", "keywords": ["nutrient flows", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "NRS", "soil fertility", "continuous cultivation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "semiarid tropics", "cowpea", "ADLIB-ART-2493", "systems", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "sorghum", "west-africa", "crop productivity"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9041-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-006-9041-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-006-9041-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-006-9041-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-010-0626-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:15:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-11-11", "title": "Does the combined application of organic and mineral nutrient sources influence maize productivity? A meta-analysis", "description": "The combined application of organic resources (ORs) and mineral fertilizers is increasingly gaining recognition as a viable approach to address soil fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We conducted a meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive and quantitative synthesis of conditions under which ORs, N fertilizers, and combined ORs with N fertilizers positively or negatively influence Zea mays (maize) yields, agronomic N use efficiency and soil organic C (SOC) in SSA. Four OR quality classes were assessed; classes I (high quality) and II (intermediate quality) had >2.5% N while classes III (intermediate quality) and IV (low quality) had <2.5% N and classes I and III had <4% polyphenol and <15% lignin. On the average, yield responses over the control were 60%, 84% and 114% following the addition of ORs, N fertilizers and ORs + N fertilizers, respectively. There was a general increase in yield responses with increasing OR quality and OR-N quantity, both when ORs were added alone or with N fertilizers. Surprisingly, greater OR residual effects were observed with high quality ORs and declined with decreasing OR quality. The greater yield responses with ORs + N fertilizers than either resource alone were mostly due to extra N added and not improved N utilization efficiency because negative interactive effects were, most often, observed when combining ORs with N fertilizers. Additionally, their agronomic N use efficiency was not different from sole added ORs but lower than N fertilizers added alone. Nevertheless, positive interactive effects were observed in sandy soils with low quality ORs whereas agronomic use efficiency was greater when smaller quantities of N were added in all soils. Compared to sole added ORs, yield responses for the combined treatment increased with decreasing OR quality and greater yield increases were observed in sandy (68%) than clayey soils (25%). While ORs and ORs + N fertilizer additions increased SOC by at least 12% compared to the control, N fertilizer additions were not different from control suggesting that ORs are needed to increase SOC. Thus, the addition of ORs will likely improve nutrient storage while crop yields are increased and more so for high quality ORs. Furthermore, interactive effects are seldom occurring, but agronomic N use efficiency of ORs + N fertilizers were greater with low quantities of N added, offering potential for increasing crop productivity.", "keywords": ["Soil nutrients", "0106 biological sciences", "Soil management", "Soil Science", "Plant Science", "fertilidad del suelo", "maize", "Soil fertility", "Soil degradation", "Agronomic n use efficiency", "01 natural sciences", "Soil quality", "ma\u00edz", "Soil", "abonos npk", "npk fertilizers", "Field Scale", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic matter", "Sub-Saharan Africa", "soil fertility", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Interactive effects", "15. Life on land", "Organic resource quality", "Yield response", "Integrated soil fertility management", "Meta-analysis", "Zea maize", "Soil conservation", "Fertilization", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0626-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-010-0626-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-010-0626-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-010-0626-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-11-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-010-0462-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-28T16:15:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-06-16", "title": "Agronomic Use Efficiency Of N Fertilizer In Maize-Based Systems In Sub-Saharan Africa Within The Context Of Integrated Soil Fertility Management", "description": "Traditionally, crop production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) depends primarily on mining soil nutrients. Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) is an approach for intensifying agriculture in SSA that aims at maximizing the agronomic efficiency (AE) of applied nutrient inputs. ISFM contains the following essential components: proper fertilizer management, use of improved varieties, the combined application of organic inputs and fertilizer, and adaptation of input application rates to within-farm soil fertility gradients where these are important. This paper evaluates, through meta-analysis, the impact of these components on the AE of fertilizer N (N-AE), defined as extra grain yield per kg fertilizer N applied, in maize-based systems in SSA. Since N-AE is low for excessive fertilizer N application rates or when fertilizer is applied on fertile, unresponsive soil, as was confirmed by scatter plots against control yields and fertilizer N application rates, such values were removed from the database in order to focus on and elucidate the more variable and complex responses under less than ideal conditions typical for SSA. Compared with local varieties, the use of hybrid maize varieties significantly increased N-AE values (17 and 26\u00a0kg (kg\u00a0N)\u22121, respectively) with no differences observed between local and improved, open-pollinated varieties. Mixing fertilizer with manure or compost resulted in the highest N-AE values [36\u00a0kg (kg\u00a0N)\u22121] while organic inputs of medium quality also showed significantly higher N-AE values compared with the sole fertilizer treatment but only at low organic input application rates (40 and 23\u00a0kg (kg\u00a0N)\u22121, respectively). High quality organic inputs (Class I) and those with a high C-to-N ratio (Class III) or high lignin content (Class IV) did not affect N-AE values in comparison with the sole fertilizer treatment. Application of N fertilizer on infields resulted in significantly higher N-AE values [31\u00a0kg (kg\u00a0N)\u22121] compared with the outfields [17\u00a0kg (kg\u00a0N)\u22121]. The obtained information indicates that N-AE is amenable to improved management practices and that the various components embedded in the ISFM definition result in improvements in N-AE.", "keywords": ["germoplasma", "2. Zero hunger", "nitrogen fertilizers", "soil fertility", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "abonos nitrogenados", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "germplasm", "fertilidad del suelo", "15. Life on land", "maize", "africa al sur del sahara", "ma\u00edz"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0462-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-010-0462-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-010-0462-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-010-0462-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-06-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2012.06.008", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-28T16:15:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-07-21", "title": "Water Erosion-Induced Co2 Emissions From Tilled And No-Tilled Soils And Sediments", "description": "Abstract The acceleration of soil erosion by water in most regions of the world in response to the anthropogenic modification of landscapes is a serious threat to natural ecosystem functionalities because of the loss of invaluable constituents such as soil particles and organic carbon (OC). While soil OC erosion is likely to be a major component of the global C cycle, water erosion-induced CO2 emissions remain uncertain. In this study, our main objective was to compare the release of CO2 from eroded topsoils and from the sediments exported by diffuse erosion during an entire rainy season. Conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) maize treatments were considered in an attempt to set up best management practices to mitigate gaseous OC losses from agricultural soils. The study was conducted in the KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa, whereas in many other areas of the developing world, erosion is severe and crop residue scarcity is the main challenge. CO2 emissions from undisturbed 0\u20130.02\u00a0m soil samples collected within 2.25\u00a0m\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\u00a0m runoff plots and from exported sediments by water erosion, were evaluated continuously at the laboratory over a 140-day period and compared to soil OC stocks. NT significantly reduced CO2 emissions from both soils and sediments. Overall NT, which exhibited a greater carbon density than CT (17.70 vs 13.19\u00a0kg\u00a0C\u00a0m\u22123), reduced soil gaseous emissions by 4.4% (10.40 vs 10.88\u00a0g\u00a0CO2-C\u00a0m\u22122, P", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "570", "550", "Global warming", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Greenhouse gases", "13. Climate action", "Africa", "Climate change", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Land degradation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.06.008"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2012.06.008", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2012.06.008", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2012.06.008"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2012.10.003", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-28T16:15:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-11-22", "title": "Medium-Term Impact Of Tillage And Residue Management On Soil Aggregate Stability, Soil Carbon And Crop Productivity", "description": "Conservation agriculture is widely promoted for soil conservation and crop productivity increase, although rigorous empirical evidence from sub-Saharan Africa is still limited. This study aimed to quantify the medium-term impact of tillage (conventional and reduced) and crop residue management (retention and removal) on soil and crop performance in a maize\u2013soybean rotation. A replicated field trial was started in sub-humid Western Kenya in 2003, and measurements were taken from 2005 to 2008. Conventional tillage negatively affected soil aggregate stability when compared to reduced tillage, as indicated by lower mean weight diameter values upon wet sieving at 0\u201315 cm (PT < 0.001). This suggests increased susceptibility to slaking and soil erosion. Tillage and residue management alone did not affect soil C contents after 11 cropping seasons, but when residue was incorporated by tillage, soil C was higher at 15\u201330 cm (PT*R = 0.037). Lack of treatment effects on the C content of different aggregate fractions indicated that reduced tillage and/or residue retention did not increase physical C protection. The weak residue effect on aggregate stability and soil C may be attributed to insufficient residue retention. Soybean grain yields tended to be suppressed under reduced tillage without residue retention, especially in wet seasons (PT*R = 0.070). Consequently, future research should establish, for different climatic zones and soil types, the critical minimum residue retention levels for soil conservation and crop productivity.", "keywords": ["organic-matter dynamics", "crop residues", "agregados del suelo", "no-till", "yields", "nitrogen", "conservaci\u00f3n del suelo", "crop rotation", "2. Zero hunger", "rotaci\u00f3n de cultivos", "carbon", "soil conservation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbono", "protection", "stabilization", "conservation agriculture", "kenya", "soil aggregates", "africa", "tillage", "systems", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "labranza", "residuos de cosecha", "rendimiento", "africa al sur del sahara"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.10.003"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2012.10.003", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2012.10.003", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2012.10.003"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:15:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-04-02", "title": "Long-Term Piliostigma Reticulatum Intercropping In The Sahel: Crop Productivity, Carbon Sequestration, Nutrient Cycling, And Soil Quality", "description": "Abstract Throughout the Sahel, food insecurity remains a persistent threat. A few studies have shown that Piliostigma reticulatum , a dominant native shrub in parklands from Senegal to Sudan, can positively impact crop yields. However, there are no experiments that measure whether this species can stabilize long-term crop productivity under erratic rainfall. Therefore, an 11-year study of an optimized P. reticulatum intercropping system (1000 shrubs ha \u22121 with annual coppiced residue soil amendments) was initiated in 2004 in Senegal, West Africa to determine its impacts on crop productivity and soil quality. The experiment was a split-plot factorial design with the main plot shrubs (with and without) and the subplot fertilizer rate (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 times the recommended N-P-K rate) with an annual groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea ) and pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ) crop rotation. Yield, biomass, soil carbon, and soil and plant nutrient data from 2011 to 2015 were compared with data from 2004 to 2007. The presence of shrubs increased millet and groundnut yield from 2011 to 2015 and rainfall water use efficiency (WUE) between 2004 and 2015. Without fertilizer addition, the shrub plots had approximately 2 times greater millet yield throughout the duration of this experiment. The presence of shrubs also improved soil quality, as evidenced by significantly greater C in the fraction P. reticulatum intercropping promotes C sequestration. In addition, five macronutrients (N, K, Ca, Mg, S) and two micronutrients (Mn and Cu) were significantly greater in the shrub plots. The results provide strong evidence that intercropping with P. reticulatum is an ecological agroforestry system for the Sahel that can remediate soils, increase crop yields, and buffer climate change.", "keywords": ["580", "Pearl millet", "2. Zero hunger", "Parklands", "Groundnut", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Agroforestry", "15. Life on land", "West africa", "Shrub intercropping", "630", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2017.04.016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:16:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-05-05", "title": "Is Maize-Cowpea Intercropping A Viable Option For Smallholder Farms In The Risky Environments Of Semi-Arid Southern Africa?", "description": "Intercropping cereals with legumes can potentially enhance productivity and soil fertility. There is limited experimental evidence on the mechanisms underlying benefits or risks in intercropping systems and below-ground interactions in intercrops remain largely unstudied. Such understanding can inform strategies towards maximising returns to investments, particularly in poor fertility soils on smallholder farms in semi-arid areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Additive intercropping experiments were established covering several seasons (2010/11\u20132014/15) and different conditions (on-station and on-farm) to determine effects on soil chemical variables, root dynamics and yield of intercrops. Maize was planted with the first effective rains and received either no fertiliser or 40 kg N ha\u22121. Cowpea was planted on the same date as maize or three weeks after planting maize in intercrops or sole stands and received no fertiliser. End-of-season available N was highest (P 1. Intercropping, however, resulted in compromised cowpea yields especially under the relay intercrop compared with the sole cowpea stands whilst maize yield was either not affected or improved. We attributed this to the lack of below-ground niche differentiation in root distribution between maize and cowpea. Maize\u2013cowpea intercropping with low doses of N fertiliser resulted in over-yielding compared with monocropping. Intercropping proved to be a robust option across seasons and soil types, confirming that it is a promising option for resource-poor smallholders.", "keywords": ["Zimbabwe", "Interspecific facilitation", "Root length density", "2. Zero hunger", "570", "Cereals", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "Land-use efficiency", "Maize", "Soil", "Niche differentiation", "Intercropping", "Drylands Agriculture", "African Agriculture", "Legume Crops", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Crop Yield", "Root distribution", "Southern Africa", "Below-ground complementarity"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.04.016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2017.04.016", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2017.04.016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.04.016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.02.004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:16:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-03-07", "title": "Changes In Soil Nutrients, Vegetation Structure And Herbaceous Biomass In Response To Grazing In A Semi-Arid Savanna Of Ethiopia", "description": "The effect of grazing was studied on vegetation structure, herbaceous biomass, basal and bare ground covers, together with soil nutrient concentrations in two locations in an Ethiopian semi-arid savanna. The lightly grazed sites had significantly higher herbaceous diversity, total abundance, basal cover and aboveground biomass, and a lower percentage of bare ground compared with the heavy grazed sites. Grazing pressure had no effect on the density and number of woody species as well as on the proportion of encroaching woody species. The light grazing sites had higher organic carbon, phosphorus and exchangeable bases, and therefore a higher pH and higher electrical conductance, indicating an improved soil nutrient status compared with heavy grazing sites, mainly attributed to the higher basal cover and standing biomass at light grazed sites, and the export of nutrients through grazing and dung collection from the heavily grazed sites. There were significantly higher soil nutrients, species diversity, aboveground biomass and basal cover in the light grazing sites compared with heavy grazing sites. We concluded that changes in herbaceous vegetation, standing biomass and soil compositions are caused by interactions between grazing, soil and vegetation, and these interactions determine the transitions of semi-arid savannas.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "long-term", "middle awash valley", "south-africa", "grasslands", "african savanna", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "rangelands", "redistribution", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "mineralization", "phosphorus"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.02.004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Arid%20Environments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.02.004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.02.004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.02.004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.01.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:16:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-02-27", "title": "Soil Microbial Functional Capacity And Diversity In A Millet-Shrub Intercropping System Of Semi-Arid Senegal", "description": "Abstract A few species of shrubs grow with dryland row crops in farmers\u2019 fields throughout the Sahel and can significantly increase crop yield. The presence of shrub roots and litter inputs should have implications for soil nutrient pool sizes but there is limited information on the interactions of these shrubs with microbial communities involved in biogeochemical processes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the microbial composition and functional capacity of soil from the rooting zone of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) grown in the presence or absence of the shrub Piliostigma reticulatum in Senegal. Soil samples were collected from a long-term field study where millet was cultivated alone or intercropped with P.\u00a0reticulatum with annual incorporation of coppiced shrub residues. Higher nutrient contents and distinct differences in microbial communities (DGGE profiles) were found between soils from beneath the canopy compared to soil outside the influence of shrubs. The catabolic response profile (MicroResp\u2122) showed that the soil microbial community at both shrub and non-shrub sampling locations, metabolized a wide range of substrates. Trehalose that can work as a signaling molecule was more rapidly degraded in the rooting zone of millet growing in the presence of P.\u00a0reticulatum over millet\u00a0alone. Urease, arylsulfatase and dehydrogenase activities in the millet root zone soil were higher when intercropped with P.\u00a0reticulatum which indicates enhanced potential of biogeochemical processes to proceed in the presence of this shrub. It is concluded that the native shrub P.\u00a0reticulatum promotes a more diverse and active microbial community in the rooting zone of millet and further indicates greater potential to perform decomposition and mineralize nutrients.", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "580", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "Sub-Saharan Africa", "16S- and ITS-DGGE profiling", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "MicroResp\u2122", "15. Life on land", "Piliostigma reticulatum", "630", "6. Clean water", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "MicroResp (TM)", "16S-and ITS-DGGE profiling", "Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.", "Soil enzyme activity"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.01.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Arid%20Environments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.01.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.01.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.01.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112861", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-28T16:16:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-06-01", "title": "Looking into individual choices and local realities to define adaptation options to drought and climate change", "description": "Climate change adaptation choices defined by local communities reflect individual risk perception and contextual factors. This study examines how local contextual environmental factors contribute to individual choices for adapting to water scarcity in three locations in central Spain. The study evaluates citizens' choices by audience segmentation and explore the role of geographical location in segments' engagement with adaptation and adaptation measure preference. The results of the analysis of the effect of local experience support the findings of other studies that suggest that local experience is linked to risk perception but does not necessarily drive adaptive behaviour. The results suggest that respondents from most degraded areas show a higher local risk perception, but do not show homogeneous commitment to adaptation. The results also indicate differences over adaptation measure preferences across locations. Respondents of less degraded areas have a lower risk perception and show individualistic responses as compared to respondents in water stressed communities. These results highlight the relevance of local experience-driven risk perception in support to adaptation actions. Spain exemplifies many countries in southern Europe and North Africa, where drought is already a challenge to society and it is affecting an increasing number of people.", "keywords": ["Europe", "03 medical and health sciences", "0302 clinical medicine", "Africa", " Northern", "Spain", "13. Climate action", "Climate Change", "11. Sustainability", "1. No poverty", "Humans", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Droughts"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112861"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112861", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112861", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112861"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106065", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-02-28", "title": "Expansion of olive orchards and their impact on the cultivation and landscape through a case study in the countryside of Cordoba (Spain)", "description": "Open Access\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 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\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a.", "keywords": ["Period (music)", "Soil Degradation", "Vascular Flora of Mediterranean Europe and North Africa", "Soil Science", "Orchard", "Plant Science", "Mediterranean", "Horticulture", "Genetic and Environmental Factors in Grapevine Cultivation", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental science", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Pathology", "Ecosystem services", "Landscape elements", "Agroforestry", "Irrigation", "Biology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Geography", "Ecology", "Physics", "Common agricultural policy", "Olive groves", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "Forestry", "Acoustics", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil Erosion and Agricultural Sustainability", "Olive trees", "Agronomy", "Sustainability", "Archaeology", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Shifting cultivation", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Vegetation (pathology)"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106065"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land%20Use%20Policy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106065", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106065", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106065"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1017/s0014479708006443", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Restricted", "updated": "2026-04-28T16:17:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-06-20", "title": "The Role Of Cattle Manure In Enhancing On-Farm Productivity, Macro- And Micro-Nutrient Uptake, And Profitability Of Maize In The Guinea Savanna", "description": "SUMMARY

An on-farm trial was conducted in the northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria, over a period of five years, with the objectives of quantifying the effects on maize of applying cattle manure in combination with synthetic fertilizer with regard to soil characteristics, yield, plant nutrition and profitability. Maize grain yield was significantly increased by the annual application of cattle manure, compared to maize receiving an equal amount of N through synthetic fertilizer, but only from the third year of the experiment. The application of manure resulted in higher soil Kjel N, Bray-I P and exchangeable K values, and an increased N utilization efficiency by maize, suggesting that yield-limiting factors other than N deficiencies were of lesser importance than in the treatment receiving sole inorganic fertilizer. Nutrients other than N applied via the manure, particularly P, K and/or B, may have contributed to the higher grain yields in treatments receiving manure. A partial budgeting analysis revealed that, over a 5-year period, investments in the application of manure, in combination with synthetic fertilizer, resulted in higher margins than the application of fertilizer alone. However, analyses of marginal rates of return of changes from low urea N to high urea N or additional manure applications suggested that it was more profitable to invest in additional urea than in organic manure in the first two years of the experiment. The results suggested that manure applications, even when applied at relatively high rates, did not serve as a quick fix to on-farm soil fertility problems, but over a longer period, manure applied in combination with synthetic fertilizers did provide a significant and profitable contribution to enhanced cereal production.

", "keywords": ["fertility", "northern nigeria", "2. Zero hunger", "livestock systems", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "west-africa", "continuous cultivation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "yield", "organic-matter", "management", "nitrogen", "soil"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0014479708006443"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Experimental%20Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1017/s0014479708006443", "name": "item", "description": "10.1017/s0014479708006443", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1017/s0014479708006443"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1017/s0014479709990469", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Restricted", "updated": "2026-04-28T16:17:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-10-27", "title": "Risk Analysis Of Maize-Legume Crop Combinations With Smallholder Farmers Varying In Resource Endowment In Central Malawi", "description": "SUMMARY

Using farmer resource typologies, adaptability analysis and an on-farm mother and baby trial approach, we evaluated the production risks of alternative maize-legume crop combinations for smallholder farmers in Chisepo, central Malawi between 1998 and 2002. Production benefits and risks of four soil fertility and food legumes, pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), tephrosia (Tephrosia vogelii) and mucuna (Mucuna pruriens), intercropped or rotated with maize, were compared by 32 farmers in 4 farmer resource groups (RGs) of different wealth status. The calculation of lower confidence limits was used to determine the production risk of the crops. Alternative crop technologies presented different risks to farmers of different wealth status, and the degree of risk affected their choice of soil fertility management strategy. The better-resourced farmers (RG 1) had larger yields with all crop combinations than the poorly resourced farmers (RG 4). Legumes integrated with maize significantly (p< 0.001) raised maize grain yields by between 0.5 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921and 3.4 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, when compared with sole crop unfertilized maize. Fertilized maize was less of a risk for the better-resourced farmers (RG 1 and RG 2), and it yielded well when combined with the legumes. Maize-legume intercrops yielded more and were associated with less risk than the maize-legume rotations. Maize intercropped with pigeonpea was predicted overall to be the least risky technology for all RGs. We conclude that new crop technologies may pose more risk to poorly resourced farmers than to wealthier farmers.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "southern africa", "soil fertility", "highlands", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "technologies"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Kamanga, B., Waddington, S.R., Robertson, M.J., Giller, K.E.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0014479709990469"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Experimental%20Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1017/s0014479709990469", "name": "item", "description": "10.1017/s0014479709990469", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1017/s0014479709990469"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-10-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/a:1004873206350", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-28T16:17:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "description": "Open AccessUsing a three year trial in Nigeria, this article examines the effectiveness of leguminous cover crops on maize yield in West Africa. Testing multiple types of cover crops, the study universally demonstrates the cover crops conserve nitrogen and result in improvements for maize yield in both drier and wetter years. While the cover crop was more effective in improving nitrogen in wetter conditions, yields still improved during the drier year with the cover crop.", "keywords": ["Soil nutrients", "Soil management", "fertilizers", "Conservation agriculture", "Nitrogen concentration", "legumes", "trials", "Green manure crops", "crops", "Soil fertility", "Soil quality", "Biomass production", "Legume cover crops", "Soil conservation", "Nitrogen fertilizer replacement index", "West Africa", "Maize yield", "Field Scale"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Tian, G., Kolawole, G.O., Kang, B.T., Kirchhof, G.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1004873206350"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/a:1004873206350", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/a:1004873206350", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/a:1004873206350"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2021ms002730", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-28T16:17:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-02-17", "title": "Characterising the response of vegetation cover to water limitation in Africa using geostationary satellites", "description": "Abstract

Hydrological interactions between vegetation, soil, and topography are complex, and heterogeneous in semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90arid landscapes. This along with data scarcity poses challenges for large\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale modeling of vegetation\uffe2\uff80\uff90water interactions. Here, we exploit metrics derived from daily Meteosat data over Africa at ca. 5\uffc2\uffa0km spatial resolution for ecohydrological analysis. Their spatial patterns are based on Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) time series and emphasize limiting conditions of the seasonal wet to dry transition: the minimum and maximum FVC of temporal record, the FVC decay rate and the FVC integral over the decay period. We investigate the relevance of these metrics for large scale ecohydrological studies by assessing their co\uffe2\uff80\uff90variation with soil moisture, and with topographic, soil, and vegetation factors. Consistent with our initial hypothesis, FVC minimum and maximum increase with soil moisture, while the FVC integral and decay rate peak at intermediate soil moisture. We find evidence for the relevance of topographic moisture variations in arid regions, which, counter\uffe2\uff80\uff90intuitively, is detectable in the maximum but not in the minimum FVC. We find no clear evidence for wide\uffe2\uff80\uff90spread occurrence of the \uffe2\uff80\uff9cinverse texture effect\uffe2\uff80\uff9d on FVC. The FVC integral over the decay period correlates with independent data sets of plant water storage capacity or rooting depth while correlations increase with aridity. In arid regions, the FVC decay rate decreases with canopy height and tree cover fraction as expected for ecosystems with a more conservative water\uffe2\uff80\uff90use strategy. Thus, our observation\uffe2\uff80\uff90based products have large potential for better understanding complex vegetation\uffe2\uff80\uff90water interactions from regional to continental scales.

", "keywords": ["Physical geography", "GROUNDWATER-DEPENDENT ECOSYSTEMS", "water limitation", "GC1-1581", "geostationary", "SOIL-MOISTURE", "Oceanography", "01 natural sciences", "ecohydrology", "ROOTING DEPTH", "ACTIVE-ROLE", "WOODY COVER", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "fractional vegetation cover", "HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "GB3-5030", "MODEL", "CLIMATE", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "PRECIPITATION", "Africa", "PATTERNS", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2021MS002730"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ms002730"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Advances%20in%20Modeling%20Earth%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2021ms002730", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2021ms002730", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2021ms002730"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-11-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41598-019-56741-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:17:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-01-20", "title": "Seasonal epiphytic microbial dynamics on grapevine leaves under biocontrol and copper fungicide treatments", "description": "Abstract

Winemakers have long used copper as a conventional fungicide treatment on grapevine and only recently, the use of biocontrol agents depicted a promising alternative. Most of the studies that investigate the impact of fungicide treatments, focus on specific pathogenic microbes. In the present work instead, a field experiment conducted in South Africa shows the seasonal microbial change occurring on grapevine leaves, periodically treated with two different fungicide treatments: copper sulphate and Lactobacillus plantarum MW-1. In this work, NGS data were combined with strain-specific and community qPCRs to reveal the shift of the microbial communities throughout the growing season and highlight the impact of fungicides on the microbiota. Only the family of Lactobacillaceae systematically changed between treatments, while the bacterial community remained relatively stable over time. MW-1 was exclusively detected on biocontrol-sprayed leaves. Conversely, the fungal community was largely shaped by sampling time, underlining the succession of different dominant taxa over the months. Between treatments, only a few fungal taxa appeared to change significantly and the fungal load was also comparable. Monitoring the dynamics of the microbial community under different fungicide treatments may advise the best timing to apply treatments to the plants, toward the realization of more sustainable agricultural practices.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "0303 health sciences", "Copper Sulfate", "Agriculture", "Article", "Fungicides", " Industrial", "3. Good health", "Plant Leaves", "South Africa", "03 medical and health sciences", "Vitis", "Seasons", "Lactobacillus plantarum", "Mycobiome"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56741-z.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56741-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41598-019-56741-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41598-019-56741-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41598-019-56741-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-01-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/rs10060969", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:21:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-18", "title": "Relation between Convective Rainfall Properties and Antecedent Soil Moisture Heterogeneity Conditions in North Africa", "description": "

Recent observational studies have demonstrated the relevance of soil moisture heterogeneity and the associated thermally-induced circulation on deep convection and rainfall triggering. However, whether this dynamical mechanism further influences rainfall properties\uffe2\uff80\uff94such as rain volume or timing\uffe2\uff80\uff94has yet to be confirmed by observational data. Here, we analyze 10 years of satellite-based sub-daily soil moisture and precipitation records and explore the potential of strong spatial gradients in morning soil moisture to influence the properties of afternoon rainfall in the North African region, at the 100-km scale. We find that the convective rain systems that form over locally drier soils and anomalously strong soil moisture gradients have a tendency to initiate earlier in the afternoon; they also yield lower volumes of rain, weaker intensity and lower spatial variability. The strongest sensitivity to antecedent soil conditions is identified for the timing of the rain onset; it is found to be correlated with the magnitude of the soil moisture gradient. Further analysis shows that the early initiation of rainfall over dry soils and strong surface gradients yet requires the presence of a very moist boundary layer on that day. Our findings agree well with the expected effects of thermally-induced circulation on rainfall properties suggested by theoretical studies and point to the potential of locally drier and heterogeneous soils to influence convective rainfall development. The systematic nature of the identified effect of soil moisture state on the onset time of rainstorms in the region is of particular relevance and may help foster research on rainfall predictability.

", "keywords": ["Science", "0207 environmental engineering", "UNITED-STATES", "EVIDENCE", "soil moisture-precipitation coupling", "02 engineering and technology", "01 natural sciences", "soil moisture-precipitation coupling; soil moisture heterogeneity; convective rainfall initiation; semi-arid Sahel", "Soilmoisture heterogeneity", "convective rainfall initiation", "LARGE-EDDY SIMULATIONS", "Soilmoisture-precipitation coupling", "WEST-AFRICA", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Semi-arid Sahel", "PRECIPITATION FEEDBACK", "Convective rainfall initiation", "Q", "PASSIVE MICROWAVE", "15. Life on land", "LAND-SURFACE", "DIURNAL CYCLES", "semi-arid Sahel", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "AMMA CAMPAIGN", "OBSERVATIONAL", "soil moisture heterogeneity", "BOUNDARY-LAYER INTERACTIONS"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/969/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060969"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs10060969", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs10060969", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs10060969"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-06-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/02571862.2005.10634705", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:18:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-01-15", "title": "Ecosystem Carbon Storage Under Different Land Uses In Three Semi-Arid Shrublands And A Mesic Grassland In South Africa", "description": "Carbon (C) storage in biomass and soils is a function of climate, vegetation type, soil type and land management. Carbon storage was examined in intact indigenous vegetation and under different land uses in thicket (250\u2013400 mm mean annual precipitation), xeric shrubland (350 mm), karoo (250 mm), and grassland (900\u20131200 mm). Carbon storage was as follows: (i) mean soil C (0\u201350 cm): thicket (T) = grassland (G) > xeric shrubland on Dwyka sediments (XS) > xeric shrubland on dolerite (XSD) > karoo (K) (168, 164, 65, 34 & 26 t ha\u22121, respectively); (ii) mean root C: T > G > XS = XSD (25.4, 11.4, 7.2 & 7.1 t ha\u22121); (iii) mean above-ground C including leaf litter: T>XS>G>K> XSD (51.6, 12.9, 2.0, 1.7 & 1.51 ha\u22121). Carbon stocks in intact indigenous vegetation were related more to woodiness of vegetation and frequency of fire than to climate. Biomass C was greatest in woody thicket and soil C stocks were greatest in thicket and grassland. Total C storage of 245 t ha\u22129 in thicket is exceptionally high for a semi-arid...", "keywords": ["580", "2. Zero hunger", "biomass", "Sub-Saharan Africa", "Eastern Hemisphere", "World", "land management", "land use", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "South Africa", "carbon cycle", "Africa", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Arida", "Southern Africa"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2005.10634705"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/South%20African%20Journal%20of%20Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/02571862.2005.10634705", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/02571862.2005.10634705", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/02571862.2005.10634705"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/02571862.2007.10634780", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-28T16:18:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-01-15", "title": "Depletion Of Nutrients In Adjacent Crop Landsby Eucalyptus Camaldulensis", "description": "Fine root distribution of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh and effects on soil fertility attributes were studied under field conditions in Badessa, Eastern Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected from inside the stand, edge of the stand and 10 m away from the stand at two depths viz., surface (0\u201315 cm) and subsurface (30\u201345 cm) and analysed for fine root biomass and nutrients. Fine root biomasses (root length density (RLD) and root weight density (RWD)) from within the stand and away from the stand were similar. However, RLD and RWD in the surface soils were 50\u201370% and 28\u201375% higher than those in the immediate subsurface soils, respectively, at all distances. The organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P) and exchangeable potassium (K+) contents of surface and subsurface soils inside the stand were 28\u201360% and 23\u201332% higher than those away from the stand, respectively. Surface soils had significantly higher organic C, total N, available P and exchangeable K+ than subsurface soils due to d...", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Eucalyptus", "biomass", "soil nutrient", "Sub-Saharan Africa", "550", "organic carbon", "potassium", "soil fertility", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "fine root", "East Africa", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "Africa", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Eucalyptus camaldulensis", "Ethiopia", "phosphorus"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2007.10634780"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/South%20African%20Journal%20of%20Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/02571862.2007.10634780", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/02571862.2007.10634780", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/02571862.2007.10634780"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/15324980301596", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Restricted", "updated": "2026-04-28T16:18:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-11-25", "title": "Managing Parkia Biglobosa And Vitellaria Paradoxa Prunings For Crop Production And Improved Soil Properties In The Sub-Sudanian Zone Of Burkina Faso", "description": "Tree pruning generates organic resources whose nitrogen content is not always recycled appropriately. A field experiment was conducted in the central plateau of Burkina Faso to test the possibilities of improving soil properties and crop production through the application of Parkia biglobosa (nere) and Vitellaria paradoxa (karite) prunings as mulch. Two rates of leaf material of each species were applied and compared with a control (without mulch). Each treatment was repeated four times. Positions from the trees (around the trunk, eastern side, western side and outside the crown) were considered as blocks in a randomized blocks design. The physical and chemical properties of soil were measured during the second year whereas millet production was assessed over two cropping seasons. Two laboratory experiments were conducted with leachates of the leaves of each species to test the possible inhibition of crop germination or growth. The results of the field experiment showed a depressing effect of the mulch of...", "keywords": ["fertility", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "nere", "systems", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "west-africa", "trees", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "jacq benth", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Bayala, J., Mando, A., Ou\u00e9draogo, E., Teklehaimanot, Z.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15324980301596"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Arid%20Land%20Research%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/15324980301596", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/15324980301596", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/15324980301596"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.13288", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-28T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-03-19", "title": "Ethiopian Agriculture Has Greater Potential For Carbon Sequestration Than Previously Estimated", "description": "Abstract

More than half of the cultivation\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced carbon loss from agricultural soils could be restored through improved management. To incentivise carbon sequestration, the potential of improved practices needs to be verified. To date, there is sparse empirical evidence of carbon sequestration through improved practices in East\uffe2\uff80\uff90Africa. Here, we show that agroforestry and restrained grazing had a greater stock of soil carbon than their bordering pair\uffe2\uff80\uff90matched controls, but the difference was less obvious with terracing. The controls were treeless cultivated fields for agroforestry, on slopes not terraced for terracing, and permanent pasture for restrained grazing, representing traditionally managed agricultural practices dominant in the case regions. The gain by the improved management depended on the carbon stocks in the control plots. Agroforestry for 6\uffe2\uff80\uff9320\uffc2\uffa0years led to 11.4 Mg\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and restrained grazing for 6\uffe2\uff80\uff9317\uffc2\uffa0years to 9.6\uffc2\uffa0Mg\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 greater median soil carbon stock compared with the traditional management. The empirical estimates are higher than previous process\uffe2\uff80\uff90model\uffe2\uff80\uff90based estimates and indicate that Ethiopian agriculture has greater potential to sequester carbon in soil than previously estimated.

", "keywords": ["AFRICA", "Carbon Sequestration", "ta1172", "agricultural practices", "GREENHOUSE-GAS MITIGATION", "East-Africa", "soil", "HIGHLANDS", "mitigation", "Soil", "NORTHERN ETHIOPIA", "SYSTEMS", "MANAGEMENT", "STOCKS", "2. Zero hunger", "SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER", "CLIMATE-CHANGE", "LAND-USE", "carbon stock", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "ta4111", "Models", " Theoretical", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Environmental sciences", "climate change", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13288"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.13288", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.13288", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.13288"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.17089", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:18:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-12-11", "title": "Controls on timescales of soil organic carbon persistence across sub\u2010Saharan Africa", "description": "Abstract

Given the importance of soil for the global carbon cycle, it is essential to understand not only how much carbon soil stores but also how long this carbon persists. Previous studies have shown that the amount and age of soil carbon are strongly affected by the interaction of climate, vegetation, and mineralogy. However, these findings are primarily based on studies from temperate regions and from fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale studies, leaving large knowledge gaps for soils from understudied regions such as sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90Saharan Africa. In addition, there is a lack of data to validate modeled soil C dynamics at broad scales. Here, we present insights into organic carbon cycling, based on a new broad\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale radiocarbon and mineral dataset for sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90Saharan Africa. We found that in moderately weathered soils in seasonal climate zones with poorly crystalline and reactive clay minerals, organic carbon persists longer on average (topsoil: 201\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff89130\uffe2\uff80\uff89years; subsoil: 645\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff89385\uffe2\uff80\uff89years) than in highly weathered soils in humid regions (topsoil: 140\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff8946\uffe2\uff80\uff89years; subsoil: 454\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff89247\uffe2\uff80\uff89years) with less reactive minerals. Soils in arid climate zones (topsoil: 396\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff89339\uffe2\uff80\uff89years; subsoil: 963\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff89669\uffe2\uff80\uff89years) store organic carbon for periods more similar to those in seasonal climate zones, likely reflecting climatic constraints on weathering, carbon inputs and microbial decomposition. These insights into the timescales of organic carbon persistence in soils of sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90Saharan Africa suggest that a process\uffe2\uff80\uff90oriented grouping of soils based on pedo\uffe2\uff80\uff90climatic conditions may be useful to improve predictions of soil responses to climate change at broader scales.We examine the influence of climate, soil properties and vegetation characteristics on soil organic carbon (SOC) along a transect of West African ecosystems sampled across a precipitation gradient on contrasting soil types stretching from Ghana (15\uffc2\uffb0N) to Mali (7\uffc2\uffb0N). Our findings derive from a total of 1108 soil cores sampled over 14 permanent plots. The observed pattern in SOC stocks reflects the very different climatic conditions and contrasting soil properties existing along the latitudinal transect. The combined effects of these factors strongly influence vegetation structure. SOC stocks in the first 2\uffc2\uffa0m of soil ranged from 20\uffc2\uffa0Mg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for a Sahelian savanna in Mali to over 120\uffc2\uffa0Mg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for a transitional forest in Ghana. The degree of interdependence between soil bulk density (SBD) and soil properties is highlighted by the strong negative relationships observed between SBD and SOC (r2\uffc2\uffa0>\uffc2\uffa00.84). A simple predictive function capable of encompassing the effect of climate, soil properties and vegetation type on SOC stocks showed that available water and sand content taken together could explain 0.84 and 0.86 of the total variability in SOC stocks observed to 0.3 and 1.0\uffc2\uffa0m depth respectively. Used in combination with a suitable climatic parameter, sand content is a good predictor of SOC stored in highly weathered dry tropical ecosystems with arguably less confounding effects than provided by clay content. There was an increased contribution of resistant SOC to the total SOC pool for lower rainfall soils, this likely being the result of more frequent fire events in the grassier savannas of the more arid regions. This work provides new insights into the mechanisms determining the distribution of carbon storage in tropical soils and should contribute significantly to the development of robust predictive models of biogeochemical cycling and vegetation dynamics in tropical regions.

", "keywords": ["550", "Tropical ecosystems", "biotic controls", "West africa", "01 natural sciences", "forest soils", "land-use change", "Precipitation gradient", "Soil bulk density", "senegal", "cycle feedback", "Life Science", "Resistant organic carbon", "organic-matter", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "savanna soils", "ddc:550", "Soil organic carbon", "sequestration", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "stabilization", "Earth sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "texture", "Soil carbon stocks"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-03-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01832.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:19:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-03-28", "title": "Scale Of Nutrient Patchiness Mediates Resource Partitioning Between Trees And Grasses In A Semi-Arid Savanna", "description": "1. Scaling theory predicts that organisms respond to different scales of resource patchiness in relation to their own size. We tested the hypothesis that the scale of nutrient patchiness mediates resource partitioning between large trees and small grasses in a semi-arid savanna. 2. In a factorial field experiment, Colophospermum mopane trees and associated grasses were fertilized at either a fine or coarse scale of patchiness with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) or N + P. The growth of marked tree shoots, herbaceous biomass and leafNand P concentrations were monitored for 2 years following fertilization. 3. Responses of trees were partly scale dependent. Tree leaf N concentration and shoot length relatively increased with fertilization at a coarse scale. Tree leaf mass decreased when P was supplied at a fine scale of patchiness, suggesting intensified grass competition. 4. Phosphorus fertilization increased leaf P concentrations more in grasses than trees, whereas N fertilization increased leaf N concentration moderately in both trees and grasses. Herbaceous above-ground biomass around focal trees was negatively correlated with tree size when fertilized with N, suggesting intensified tree competition. 5. Synthesis. Our results support the hypothesis that trees benefit more from nutrients supplied at a relatively coarse scale of patchiness. No direct responses of grasses to scale were detected. In trees, the scale effect was surpassed by the effect of sample year, when rainfall varied", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "south-africa", "Plant Ecology", "availability", "water", "woody cover", "african savanna", "dynamics", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "vegetation", "ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE", "cattle dung", "METIS-303151", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "heterogeneity"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01832.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01832.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01832.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01832.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-03-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1186/s13071-022-05581-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:19:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-03-01", "title": "The pipeline for drugs for control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases: 1. Anti-infective drugs for regulatory registration", "description": "Abstract

The World Health Organization \uffe2\uff80\uff98Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\uffe2\uff80\uff932030\uffe2\uff80\uff99 outlines the targets for control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). New drugs are needed to achieve some of them. We are providing an overview of the pipeline for new anti-infective drugs for regulatory registration and steps to effective use for NTD control and elimination. Considering drugs approved for an NTD by at least one stringent regulatory authority: fexinidazole, included in WHO guidelines for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense African trypanosomiasis, is in development for Chagas disease. Moxidectin, registered in 2018 for treatment of individuals\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff89\uffa5\uffe2\uff80\uff8912\uffc2\uffa0years old with onchocerciasis, is undergoing studies to extend the indication to 4\uffe2\uff80\uff9311-year-old children and obtain additional data to inform WHO and endemic countries' decisions on moxidectin inclusion in guidelines and policies. Moxidectin is also being evaluated for other NTDs. Considering drugs in at least Phase 2 clinical development, a submission is being prepared for registration of acoziborole as an oral treatment for first and second stage T.b. gambiense African trypanosomiasis. Bedaquiline, registered for tuberculosis, is being evaluated for multibacillary leprosy. Phase 2 studies of emodepside and flubentylosin in O. volvulus-infected individuals are ongoing; studies for Trichuris trichuria and hookworm are planned. A trial of fosravuconazole in Madurella mycetomatis-infected patients is ongoing. JNJ-64281802 is undergoing Phase 2 trials for reducing dengue viral load. Studies are ongoing or planned to evaluate oxantel pamoate for onchocerciasis and soil-transmitted helminths, including Trichuris, and oxfendazole for onchocerciasis, Fasciola hepatica, Taenia solium cysticercosis, Echinococcus granulosus and soil-transmitted helminths, including Trichuris. Additional steps from first registration to effective use for NTD control and elimination include country registrations, possibly additional studies to inform WHO guidelines and country policies, and implementation research to address barriers to effective use of new drugs. Relative to the number of people suffering from NTDs, the pipeline is small. Close collaboration and exchange of experience among all stakeholders developing drugs for NTDs may increase the probability that the current pipeline will translate into new drugs effectively implemented in affected countries.

Graphical AbstractMineral dust produced by wind erosion of arid and semiarid surfaces is a major component of atmospheric aerosol that affects climate, weather, ecosystems, and socioeconomic sectors such as human health, transportation, solar energy, and air quality. Understanding these effects and ultimately improving the resilience of affected countries requires a reliable, dense, and diverse set of dust observations, fundamental for the development and the provision of skillful dust-forecast-tailored products. The last decade has seen a notable improvement of dust observational capabilities in terms of considered parameters, geographical coverage, and delivery times, as well as of tailored products of interest to both the scientific community and the various end-users. Given this progress, here we review the current state of observational capabilities, including in situ, ground-based, and satellite remote sensing observations in northern Africa, the Middle East, and Europe for the provision of dust information considering the needs of various users. We also critically discuss observational gaps and related unresolved questions while providing suggestions for overcoming the current limitations. Our review aims to be a milestone for discussing dust observational gaps at a global level to address the needs of users, from research communities to nonscientific stakeholders.Fire and nutrients interact to influence the global distribution and dynamics of the savanna biome, but the results of these interactions are both complex and poorly known. A critical but unresolved question is whether short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term losses of carbon and nutrients caused by fire can trigger long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term and potentially compensatory responses in the nutrient stoichiometry of plants, or in the abundance of dinitrogen\uffe2\uff80\uff90fixing trees. There is disagreement in the literature about the potential role of fire on savanna nutrients, and, in turn, on plant stoichiometry and composition. A major limitation has been the lack of fire manipulations over time scales sufficiently long for these interactions to emerge. We use a 58\uffe2\uff80\uff90year, replicated, large\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale, fire manipulation experiment in Kruger National Park (South Africa) in savanna to quantify the effect of fire on (1) distributions of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus at the ecosystem scale; (2) carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff8a:\uffe2\uff80\uff8anitrogen\uffe2\uff80\uff8a:\uffe2\uff80\uff8aphosphorus stoichiometry of above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground tissues of plant species; and (3) abundance of plant functional groups including nitrogen fixers. Our results show dramatic effects of fire on the relative distribution of nutrients in soils, but that individual plant stoichiometry and plant community composition remained unexpectedly resilient. Moreover, measures of nutrients and carbon stable isotopes allowed us to discount the role of tree cover change in favor of the turnover of herbaceous biomass as the primary mechanism that mediates a transition from low to high soil carbon and nutrients in the absence of fire. We conclude that, in contrast to extra\uffe2\uff80\uff90tropical grasslands or closed\uffe2\uff80\uff90canopy forests, vegetation in the savanna biome may be uniquely adapted to nutrient losses caused by recurring fire.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Tropical Climate", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Fires", "Trees", "Soil", "South Africa", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1158.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/14-1158.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/14-1158.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/14-1158.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.21548/26-2-2129", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:20:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-05-24", "description": "This trial was conducted over a period of ten years on a sandy soil in a Sauvignon blanc/Ramsey vineyard in Lutzville (31\u00b035\u2019S, 18\u00b052\u2019E), situated in the semi-arid Olifants River Valley of the Western Cape. Twenty-three treatments were applied. Eight cover crop species that received the same amount of fertilizer were controlled chemically at the end of August or at the end of November. Two treatments were also applied in which Avena sativa L. v. Saia (\u2018Saia\u2019 oats) and Vicia dasycarpa Ten. (grazing vetch) were controlled mechanically during bud break.\u00a0 In addition to these eighteen treatments, two fertiliser application rates were applied to \u2018Saia\u2019 oats and grazing vetch. A mechanically cultivated control in which no cover crop was sown was included in the trial. Secale cereale L v. Henog and Ornithopus sativus L. v. Emena produced, on average, the highest amount of dry matter at the end of August (3.29 t/ha and 3.06 t/ha, respectively) after receiving on average 278 mm of water, of which 172 mm was supplied by means of a micro-sprinkler irrigation system. The average dry matter produced by Medicago truncatula Gaertn. v. Paraggio and \u2018Saia\u2019 oats at the end of August was not significantly lower than that of the firstmentioned two species. Under conditions of this experiment, it seemed that P and K at a concentration of 10 mg/kg and 78 mg/kg, respectively, in the top 300 mm soil layer supplied the needs of grazing vetch. Saia oats performed poorly unless 30 kg P, 30 kg K and 42 kg N were applied during establishment and the early growing phase. All the species, except M. truncatula Gaertn v. Parabinga, produced additional fibre from September to the end of November following a dry winter (rain and irrigation totaling 201 mm), while none produced additional fibre if the water supply was luxurious up to the end of August (rain and irrigation totaling 364 mm). The cover crops did not produce enough seeds to re-establish successfully over a period of five years. It will, however, be possible to reduce the seeding density of grazing vetch (40% after two seasons) and the two M. truncatula varieties (20% after five seasons) if the species were left to ripen their seeds.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Cover crops", "Vineyards -- South Africa -- Management", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Fourie, J. C., Louw, P. J. E., Agenbag, G. A.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.21548/26-2-2129"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/South%20African%20Journal%20of%20Enology%20%26amp%3B%20Viticulture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.21548/26-2-2129", "name": "item", "description": "10.21548/26-2-2129", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.21548/26-2-2129"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.22004/ag.econ.320304", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:20:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-12-16", "title": "INSPIRE Hackathons and SmartAfriHub \u2013 Roadmap for Addressing the Agriculture Data Challenges in Africa", "description": "

Digital farming holds enormous potential for agricultural development, and giving farmers the tools to boost productivity and profitability. Although the benefits of digitalization are numerous, farmers feel they are not the ones benefiting from the value of data collected on their farms. Several issues were identified as factors restricting farmers from benefiting from data-driven agriculture. From the farmers\u2019 perspective, there is a distinct lack of awareness of the issues surrounding farm data, and the complexity of these issues. This feeds into the imbalance that exists between individual farmers and larger agribusinesses wherein the former lack enough resources to address and analyse the significance of data, and so cannot take advantage of the value in it. There is also limited legislation for the generation, flow, exchange and use of data; where legislation does exist, it is not well understood by farmer organisations. From a policy perspective, moreover, there is very little guidance as to which agricultural data can be considered personal data, and therefore protected by privacy laws. This paper analyses the interactions and effects of the 5 Concepts: Open Agricultural Data, Open-Source Software, Citizen Science, privacy and legal and ethical issues that are assumed to advance the digitalization of African Food System (AFS and the enabling Digital Innovation Hub (DIH) - SmartAfriHub (https://www.smartafrihub.com/home).

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies", "Citizen Science", "Agricultural and Food Policy", "Open Data", "Africa Smart Agriculture", "1. No poverty", "15. Life on land", "Open-Source Software"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.320304"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agris%20on-line%20Papers%20in%20Economics%20and%20Informatics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.22004/ag.econ.320304", "name": "item", "description": "10.22004/ag.econ.320304", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.22004/ag.econ.320304"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/acp-23-5487-2023", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-28T16:22:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-05-17", "title": "Comparison of dust optical depth from multi-sensor products and MONARCH (Multiscale Online Non-hydrostatic AtmospheRe CHemistry) dust reanalysis over North Africa, the Middle East, and Europe", "description": "

Abstract. Aerosol reanalysis datasets are model-based, observationally constrained, continuous 3D aerosol fields with a relatively high temporal frequency that can be used to assess aerosol variations and trends, climate effects, and impacts on socioeconomic sectors, such as health. Here we compare and assess the recently published MONARCH (Multiscale Online Non-hydrostatic AtmospheRe CHemistry) high-resolution regional desert dust reanalysis over northern Africa, the Middle East, and Europe (NAMEE) with a combination of ground-based observations and space-based dust retrievals and products. In particular, we compare the total and coarse dust optical depth (DOD) from the new reanalysis with DOD products derived from MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), MISR (Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer), and IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) spaceborne instruments. Despite the larger uncertainties, satellite-based datasets provide a better geographical coverage than ground-based observations, and the use of different retrievals and products allows at least partially overcoming some single-product weaknesses in the comparison. Nevertheless, limitations and uncertainties due to the type of sensor, its operating principle, its sensitivity, its temporal and spatial resolution, and the methodology for retrieving or further deriving dust products are factors that bias the reanalysis assessment. We, therefore, also use ground-based DOD observations provided by 238 stations of the AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) located within the NAMEE region as a reference evaluation dataset. In particular, prior to the reanalysis assessment, the satellite datasets were evaluated against AERONET, showing moderate underestimations in the vicinities of dust sources and downwind regions, whereas small or significant overestimations, depending on the dataset, can be found in the remote regions. Taking these results into consideration, the MONARCH reanalysis assessment shows that total and coarse-DOD simulations are consistent with satellite- and ground-based data, qualitatively capturing the major dust sources in the area in addition to the dust transport patterns. Moreover, the MONARCH reanalysis reproduces the seasonal dust cycle, identifying the increased dust activity that occurred in the NAMEE region during spring and summer. The quantitative comparison between the MONARCH reanalysis DOD and satellite multi-sensor products shows that the reanalysis tends to slightly overestimate the desert dust that is emitted from the source regions and underestimate the transported dust over the outflow regions, implying that the model's removal of dust particles from the atmosphere, through deposition processes, is too effective. More specifically, small positive biases are found over the Sahara desert (0.04) and negative biases over the Atlantic Ocean and the Arabian Sea (\u22120.04), which constitute the main pathways of the long-range dust transport. Considering the DOD values recorded on average there, such discrepancies can be considered low, as the low relative bias in the Sahara desert (<\u200950\u2009%) and over the adjacent maritime regions (<\u2009100\u2009%) certifies. Similarly, over areas with intense dust activity, the linear correlation coefficient between the MONARCH reanalysis simulations and the ensemble of the satellite products is significantly high for both total and coarse DOD, reaching 0.8 over the Middle East, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Arabian Sea and exceeding it over the African continent. Moreover, the low relative biases and high correlations are associated with regions for which large numbers of observations are available, thus allowing for robust reanalysis assessment.

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