{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1007/s11368-014-1002-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-11-14", "title": "Effect Of Biochar Addition On C Mineralisation And Soil Organic Matter Priming In Two Subsoil Horizons", "description": "The impact of biochar on subsoil organic carbon mineralisation has never been assessed despite its susceptibility to downward transport after soil amendment. In this study, we analysed the potential mineralisation of biochar and plant material as well as their effect on native soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition in subsoil horizons. We used 13C-labelled biochar and plant material to allow disentangling substrate mineralisation and priming effects. The substrates were added to two mountain subsoils under different land use and incubated for 1\u00a0year under optimum conditions. We analysed for physical parameters and C mineralisation in the two soils. Moreover, microbial communities were assessed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses. Our results indicated contrasting potential C mineralisation of subsoils under different land use probably related to sampling depth, contribution of stabilised organic matter compounds, carbon content as well as quality. In general, very low proportions of biochar were mineralised in the two soils as compared to plant material. The mineralisation of each of the added substrates (biochar and plant material) was slightly, but significantly different in the two soils. Native C mineralisation was much higher after plant material addition than after biochar addition. Subsoil type influenced the kind and magnitude of priming effects for both added substrates. Biochar mineralisation and its priming effects in subsoil are small as compared to uncharred plant litter. We suggest that substrate mineralization and priming effects induced on subsoil organic matter are dependent on the composition of the added substrate, as well as soil parameters rather than microbial community characteristics.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "mineralisation", "13. Climate action", "[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "subsoil", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "(13)C-labelled biochar", "priming", "630"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-1002-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-014-1002-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-014-1002-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-014-1002-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-11-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11368-014-1049-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-01-06", "title": "Characterization Of The Amino Acid Composition Of Soils Under Organic And Conventional Management After Addition Of Different Fertilizers", "description": "The classical nitrogen (N) cycling model has provided good understanding of inorganic N dynamics in agricultural soils, but largely ignores organic N available to plants. The ability of numerous crop plant species to take up and use amino acids underlines the importance of this N pool in agricultural systems; therefore, the soil free amino acids (FAA) pool was quantified in soils under organic (organic soil) and conventional (conventional soil) management after addition of different types of fertilizer. After application of the same amount of N as urea, alfalfa, rice straw, or compost\u00a0in the organic soils and urea or alfalfa in the conventional soils, water-extractable amino acid composition and concentrations, and inorganic and microbial N were measured during a 56 day soil incubation. Alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, serine, tryptophan, and valine were the most abundant soil FAA. Organic and conventional soils did not significantly differ in their soil FAA composition and concentrations. Urea significantly modified FAA composition, but only in organic soils, suggesting that urea disrupts microbial structure and/or metabolic pathways in organic soils. Alfalfa and compost did not alter FAA composition and concentrations, indicating that any pulses of amino acids from these materials are short lived. On the contrary, straw significantly increased FAA concentrations after 15\u00a0days, coinciding with an increase in microbial biomass N. FAA concentrations remain low and have a largely constant composition in both organic and conventional soils; however, the addition of some fertilizers can significantly alter FAA composition and concentrations, which may affect the importance of amino acid N in the total N budget of plants. These findings warrant further research into the mechanisms controlling soil FAA composition and concentration in agricultural soils.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Mineralization", "Matter", "Forest Soils", "Field", "Availability", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Plants", "910", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "630", "6. Clean water", "13. Climate action", "Wheat", "Sorption", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Nitrogen Forms"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-1049-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-014-1049-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-014-1049-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-014-1049-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-01-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11368-015-1210-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-08-03", "title": "Effects Of Pasture Management On Soil Fertility And Microbial Communities In The Semi-Arid Grasslands Of Inner Mongolia", "description": "Grasslands are an important ecosystem covering about a quarter of the earth\u2019s surface. Different management practices of grassland ecosystems can have a major impact on the sustainability of these ecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of different pasture management practices on soil properties and microbial communities in the semi-arid grassland ecosystem in Inner Mongolia. Long-term experimental plots were established in the semi-arid grasslands of Inner Mongolia to study the effect of different grazing practices on soil properties and microbial communities. The treatments included (1) enclosure from grazing since 1983 (E83), (2) enclosure from grazing since 1996 (E96), and (3) continuous free grazing (FG). We collected the soil samples from these treatments to study soil properties and microbial biomass abundance and diversity. An incubation study was also conducted using soils from E96 and FG treatments to determine the growth responses of ammonia oxidizers to urea addition. Soil organic matter and total N increased when the grassland was enclosed from grazing, but soil fertility did not increase further with continued enclosure extending from 1996 to 1983. Enclosure also increased microbial biomass but did not significantly affect the microbial diversity. Both ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) grew when supplied with urea-N, but the growth rate was higher in the soil from FG than in the soils from enclosed areas. The phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) of bacteria i15:0, 16:1 \u03c97c, 16:1 \u03c95c, 16:0, 18:1 \u03c97c, and actinomycetes 10-Me-16:0 used the most of the 13C-urea in both the E83 and FG soils. There was higher incorporation of 13C in PLFA 16:0 in the E83 soil after 3 and 7\u00a0days incubation, compared with the FG soil, suggesting higher metabolic activity in the E83 soil than the soil from the FG treatment. Most of the effects by the different pasture management practices were confined to the surface soil (0\u201320\u00a0cm), and there was minimal effect in the subsoils (below 20\u00a0cm). These results suggest that enclosure of grassland from grazing not only affects soil fertility but also microbial biomass and ammonia-oxidizing populations. Microbial communities are sensitive to pasture management changes, and these have implications to nutrient cycling and management in these grassland ecosystems.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1210-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-015-1210-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-015-1210-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-015-1210-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-08-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11368-015-1320-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-12-08", "title": "Differential Responses Of Soil Bacterial Taxa To Long-Term P, N, And Organic Manure Application", "description": "Soil microorganisms and their interactions with environmental factors govern critical ecosystem processes. However, the changes of soil microbial communities (e.g., relative abundance changes of different phylotypes) and the links between specific environmental factors and microbial communities are not well understood. We applied high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons to investigate the effects of mineral fertilizers P (superphosphate), N (urea), and NP and organic manure fertilizer (M) and its combined with mineral fertilizers (NM, PM, NPM) on bacterial and archaeal communities in rain-fed winter wheat soils in a 30-year experiment in the Loess Plateau of northwest China. Dramatic changes of soil respiration and the concentrations of total organic C, total N, and microbial biomass C and N were found in manure application soils (M, NM, PM, NPM) and some of them in NP soil. Soil microbial community structure shifted after fertilization, and a significant difference of prokaryotic community structure was found between mineral fertilizer soils (P, N, and NP) and manure application soils (M, NM, PM, NPM) except the soils between PM and P. The prokaryotic community structure in M soil was different from that in NM and NPM soils and differed between N and P and NP soils. Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the predominant phyla (55.5\u201376.5\u00a0% of abundance) and, together with some other phyla, were changed by fertilization at the phylum or lower taxon ranks. No fertilizer soil had the highest relative abundances of phyla WS3 and Gemmatimonadetes. P soil changed the relative abundances of phyla Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Verrucomicrobia, but only enriched the bacteria at the family level (Micrococcaceae) when combined with N or M application (NP, PM, and NPM). Some copiotrophic bacteria showed different responses to nitrogen and manure applications, e.g., Actinobacteria increased in abundance in nitrogen application soils (N, NP, NM, and NPM), whereas Bacteroidetes and Gammaproteobacteria increased in abundance in manure application soils (M, NM, PM, and NPM). The above patterns of the relative abundance vs nitrogen or manure application were correlated to soil C and N contents or C/N ratio. These results supported the hypothesis that different bacterial taxa would be favorable in P, N, and manure application soils and suggested that the changes of bacteria taxa in fertilized soils appeared to be more driven by nitrogen and manure applications than P application.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Hongfei Ji, Ying Wang, Changqing Gao,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1320-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-015-1320-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-015-1320-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-015-1320-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-12-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.07.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-07-31", "title": "Co-Application Of Biochar And Lignite Fly Ash On Soil Nutrients And Biological Parameters At Different Crop Growth Stages Of Zea Mays", "description": "Abstract   Worldwide, the fly ash, generated in huge quantities from thermal power plants is a menace, especially its handling and disposal. Utilization of fly ash as a soil amendment to improve soil quality has received a great deal of attention. Co-application of biochar with fly ash may further enhance soil quality and crop productivity. Field experiment was conducted in an acidic red soil, from Dhanbad, India, to investigate the effects of lignite fly ash (LFA) and biochar (BC) on soil nutrients, biological properties, and the yield of Zea mays. The treatments were (i) control, (ii) BC (4\u00a0t/ha), (iii) LFA (4\u00a0t/ha), and (iv) BC (2\u00a0t/ha)\u00a0+\u00a0LFA (2\u00a0t/ha). Soil samples were collected at three different crop stages of maize (vegetative, taselling and grain filling) and analyzed for pH, EC, organic carbon, N, P, K, soil enzymes, microbial biomass, and respiration. Soil bulk density and water holding capacity measured after the harvest of crop were not affected by the treatments. Soil P (+110%) and K (+64%) contents increased by LFA\u00a0+\u00a0BC application due to the presence of plant nutrient in BC and LFA. Soil enzymes like dehydrogenase activity (+60.7%), alkaline phosphatase (+32.2%), fluorescein hydrolases activity (12.3%) and microbial biomass (+25.3%) increased due to co-application of LFA and BC probably due to the pH-buffering and sorption of the organic matter to mineral surfaces to create a more reactive network for water, air and nutrient interactions in the soil. Available heavy metal (Zn, Ni, Co, Cu, Cd, and Pb) contents in soil decreased by LFA\u00a0+\u00a0BC application due to surface adsorption and precipitation caused by increase in soil pH. Maize grain yield increased by 11.4% for BC, 28.1% for BC\u00a0+\u00a0LFA treatment, and the yield was not significantly affected for the LFA alone treatment. Regression analysis showed soil P as the major factor for the increase in crop yield.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "12. Responsible consumption"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Md. A. Ansari, Lal C. Ram, Joshy George, V. A. Selvi, R. Ebhin Masto,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.07.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.07.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.07.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.07.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11368-015-1278-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-10-03", "title": "Change In The Abundance And Community Composition Of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria And Archaea At Soil Aggregate Level As Native Pasture Converted To Cropland In A Semiarid Alpine Steppe Of Central Asia", "description": "The study aimed to improve understanding of the transformation of N in the Ili River Valley by investigating the abundance and community composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) under different land uses at bulk soil and aggregate levels. Soil samples were collected from plots of three types of land use, i.e., native pasture (NP), conventional farming (CF), and organic farming (OF). Soil aggregates were separated using wet-sieving method. The abundance and structure of AOB and AOA communities were assessed by qPCR and DGGE, respectively. Compared with CF, OF and NP both increased soil TN and SOC stock but via contrasting mechanisms. The abundance of AOB under cropland uses\u00a0(CF and OF) was higher than those of NP. The AOB sequences, belonging to Nitrosospira cluster 1, which is adaptable to high mineral N content in cold region, increased in CF than in other land uses. Conversion of NP to cropland did not affect the abundance, but the community structure of AOA. The abundance of AOB and AOA in large macroaggregate and silt and clay aggregate were significantly lower than those in small macroaggregate under cropland uses. In cropland, the small macroaggregate provided the microenvironment for the growth of AOB and AOA, thereby serving as a potential hotspot for ammonia oxidation. Reclamation of grassland to cropland significantly increased the AOB abundance, and shifted the community structure and spatial distribution variation of AOB and AOA at the soil aggregates. The results indicated that soil N cycle could be substantially altered and this should be well integrated in the improvement of regional land utilization.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1278-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-015-1278-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-015-1278-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-015-1278-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-10-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11368-015-1349-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-01-15", "title": "Biochar Addition Drives Soil Aggregation And Carbon Sequestration In Aggregate Fractions From An Intensive Agricultural System", "description": "Biochar application is deemed to modify soil properties, but current research has been mostly conducted on the degraded land in tropical regions. Using six consecutive years of biochar field trial, we investigated effects of biochar on soil aggregates, structural stability, and soil organic carbon (SOC) and black C (BC) concentrations in aggregate fractions. The findings have important implications in managing soil structure and SOC sequestration in high fertility soils of the temperate areas. The study had four treatments: control; biochar rate at 4.5 (B4.5) and biochar rate at 9.0\u00a0t\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0year\u22121 (B9.0); and straw return (SR). Soil samples were collected from 0\u201310-cm layer, and aggregate size distribution was determined with the wet-sieving method. Then, the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates and the aggregate ratio (AR), i.e., the ratio of the >250\u00a0\u03bcm to the 53\u2013250\u00a0\u03bcm size were calculated to assess the structural stability. Total SOC and BC concentrations in bulk soil ( 2000, 250\u20132000, 53\u2013250, and  2000, 250\u20132000, and 53\u2013250\u00a0\u03bcm) and BC in extracted fractions under biochar soils were observed. These results implied that biochar addition enhanced both native SOC and BC physical protection by aggregation. Biochar application is effective in mediating soil aggregation, and thus improves both native SOC and BC stabilization in an intensive cropping system of North China.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Yiding Wang, Zhangliu Du, Jian-Kun Zhao, Qingzhong Zhang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1349-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-015-1349-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-015-1349-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-015-1349-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-01-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11368-016-1602-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-11-24", "title": "Plant-Soil Interaction Affects The Mineralization Of Soil Organic Carbon: Evidence From 73-Year-Old Plantations With Three Coniferous Tree Species In Subtropical Australia", "description": "Plantation is an important strategy for forest restoration and carbon (C) storage. Plantations with different tree species could significantly affect soil properties, including soil pH, soil nutrient content, soil microbial activities, and soil dissolved organic C. Changes in these abiotic and biotic factors could regulate mineralization of soil organic C (SOC). However, it remains unclear to what extent these factors affect the mineralization of SOC under different tree species plantations. Soil was collected at 0\u201310\u00a0cm depth from plantations with Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii, Araucaria cunninghamii, and Agathis australis, respectively, in southeast Queensland, Australia. Soil samples were assayed for soil organic C; organic N and mineralization of SOC; soil particle size; total C, N, and P; and pH. In addition, a 42-day laboratory incubation with substrate additions was done to examine the influence of different substrates and their combinations on bio-available organic C. Our results suggested that SOC mineralization was mainly determined by soil pH and soil C content among plantations with different tree species, whereas SOC mineralization was not correlated with soil N and P contents. These results were further confirmed by the substrate addition experiments. SOC mineralization of soils from slash pine showed greater response to C (glucose) addition than soils from other two plantations, which suggested significant differences in SOC mineralization among plantations with different tree species. However, neither N addition nor P addition had significant effects on SOC mineralization. Our results indicated that plantations with different tree species substantially affect the mineralization and stability of soil organic C pool mainly by soil pH and soil C content.", "keywords": ["Environmental sciences", "Earth sciences", "Agricultural", "570", "Soil biology", "veterinary and food sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1602-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-016-1602-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-016-1602-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-016-1602-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-11-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11368-017-1671-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-02-11", "title": "Changes In Soil Bacterial Communities In An Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest In East China Following 4 Years Of Nitrogen Addition", "description": "Evergreen broad-leaved forest ecosystems are common in east China, where they are both ecologically and economically important. However, nitrogen (N) addition over many years has had a detrimental effect on these ecosystems. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of 4\u00a0years of N addition on microbial communities in an evergreen broad-leaved forest in southern Anhui, China. Allochthonous N in the form of aqueous NH4NO3 and phosphorus (P) in the form of Ca(H2PO4)2\u00b7H2O were applied at three doses with a control (CK, stream water only without fertilizer): low-N (50\u00a0kg N ha\u22121\u00a0year\u22121), high-N (100\u00a0kg N\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0year\u22121) and high-N+P (100\u00a0kg N\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0year\u22121\u00a0+\u00a050\u00a0kg P\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0year\u22121). Quantitative PCR analysis of microbial community size and Illumina platform-based sequencing analysis of the V3-V4 16S rRNA gene region were performed to characterize soil bacterial community abundance, structure, and diversity. Bacterial diversity was increased in low-N and high-N treatments and decreased in the high-N+P treatment, but \u03b1-diversity indices were not significantly affected by N additions. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the predominant phyla in all treatments, and the relative abundance of different genera varied among treatments. Only soil pH (P\u00a0=\u00a00.051) showed a weak correlation with the bacterial community in CK and low-N treatment. The composition of the bacterial community and the abundance of different phyla were significantly altered by N addition. The results of the present study indicate that soil bacterial communities in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest are, to a certain extent, resilient to changes derived from N additions.", "keywords": ["0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-017-1671-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-017-1671-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-017-1671-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-017-1671-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-02-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116636", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:17:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-08-11", "title": "Exploitation of the SoilPRO\u00ae (SP) apparatus to measure soil surface reflectance in the field: Five case studies", "description": "The SoilPRO\u00ae (SP) is an assembly designed to acquire soil reflectance information in the field without disturbing the soil surface, and regardless of atmospheric and solar radiation conditions. This paper summarizes five case studies in which the SP assembly was used for different applications. The case studies consisted of: (1) generating surface spectral measurements under any atmospheric condition; (2) comparing the performance of the SP to the traditional bare fiber method for vicarious calibration of hyperspectral satellite sensors; (3) assessing water repellency of a soil surface governed by organic matter hydrophobicity; (4) spatial prediction of the rate of water infiltration into the soil profile as governed by the soil surface seal; and (5) using the SP apparatus to measure soil surface reflectance in South Shetland Island, Antartica under severe weather conditions. The case studies included calculation of spectral quality, prediction accuracy and measurement stability. The paper discusses each of the cases in detail and concludes that the SP (or similar assembly) is the best way to measure the reflectance of the original soil surface in the field. In the first case study, the spectrum collected by the SP under daily changing illumination was shown to be stable relative to the traditional measurement methods of contact probe or bare fiber. The second case study indicated that use of the SP for vicarious calibration is much more efficient (in terms of time and stability) than ground-truth practice over a large area, and in the third case study, the SP was able to assess a soil surface property governed by organic matter hydrophobicity better than the contact probe, which destroys the soil surface organic seal. A similar achievement was gained in the fourth case study, providing a better assessment of the water-infiltration rate into the soil. In the fifth case study, the SP demonstrated impressive high-quality acquisition of soil surface reflectance with a very low sun angle over the South Pole. Based on these case studies and the high quality of the data generated by the SP in the field, we suggest building, in parallel to the classical soil spectral libraries generated in the laboratory, field soil spectral libraries that will preserve the soil surface properties scanned in the field. We anticipate the development of more applications for the SP assembly based on the capabilities shown in this paper.", "keywords": ["EJP SOIL", "ProbeField", "Field measurements", "Science", "Soil reflectance", "EJPSOIL", "Q", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences", "SoilPRO", "Soil surface properties", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116636"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116636", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116636", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116636"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11368-016-1363-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-01-27", "title": "Phosphorus And Carbon Status Of A Paddy Soil Under Different Fertilization Regimes", "description": "Phosphorus (P) in soil particulate fraction (PF; >53\u00a0\u03bcm) is suggested to have a significant importance in soil P cycling. However, the effects of continuous fertilization on P-PF and its association with soil organic carbon (SOC) in paddy soils have not been well studied. We sampled paddy soils at 0\u201320\u00a0cm from a long-term field experiment (initiated in 1981) conducted under humid subtropical conditions in China, which has five fertilization treatments with equivalent P input (135\u00a0kg\u00a0P2O5\u2009ha\u22121\u00a0year\u22121) except the control treatment (CK). Changes in total P (Pt), inorganic P (Pi), organic P (Po), and SOC under different fertilization managements were evaluated in the whole soil, in the PF, and in the mineral-associated fraction (MAF; <53\u00a0\u03bcm). Continuous fertilization increased the contents of SOC and P in all soil fractions. Both Po and organic carbon in PF were the most sensitive variables to fertilization, indicating that they constitute a useful tool to detect the effects of management practices. Among the fertilization treatments, organic amendments significantly increased Po-PF contents more than chemical fertilizer applied only (p\u2009<\u20090.05), although they had equivalent P input. The paddy soil without fertilization showed a more significant decrease in Pi compared with Po. The SOC/Po ratios were significantly lower in fertilization treatments (especially those with manure or straw incorporation) than in CK and decreased from PF to MAF. A significant relationship was found between Po-PF contents and rice P uptake during the growing season. These results demonstrate that Po-PF may also play a significant role in P cycling of paddy soil, and thus, it would be better to consider Po-PF in soil diagnosis to promote P management of paddy soil, especially for that under long-term organic amendments.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1363-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-016-1363-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-016-1363-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-016-1363-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-01-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11368-017-1657-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-01-21", "title": "Contrasting Impacts Of Two Subtropical Earthworm Species On Leaf Litter Carbon Sequestration Into Soil Aggregates", "description": "Earthworms influence soil carbon sequestration based on the balance between mineralization and stabilization of litter carbon. However, specific impacts and mechanisms of epi-endogeic or endogeic earthworms on litter carbon sequestration need to be clarified. A 126-day laboratory experiment examined how two ecological group earthworms (Amynthas sp. (epi-endogeic species) and Pontoscolex corethrurus (endogeic species)) with distinct feeding habits influence the dynamics and distribution of 13C labeled Schima superba carbon leaf litter into soil aggregates. Accordingly, three treatments were set as: (i) soil and litter (CK), (ii) soil, litter, and endogeic earthworms (En), (iii) soil, litter, and epi-endogeic earthworms (Ep).                            Amynthas sp. significantly increased decomposition rate of litter and soil respiration due to the increase of the total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), bacterial PLFAs, and fungal PLFAs and the direct consumption of leaf litter, while P. corethrurus had no effects on these two aspects. Higher proportion of large macroaggregates (>2000\u00a0\u03bcm) was generated in the presence of earthworms, with the highest in the treatment with endogeic earthworms. Besides, both the two species increased the proportion of non-labile organic carbon in large macroaggregates, which was conducive to carbon protection. At the end of incubation, the 13C signatures of soil indicated that the distribution of litter-derived carbon was significantly affected by the consumption and excretion activities of earthworms, with the result that more carbon was sequestrated in large macroaggregates (>2000\u00a0\u03bcm). Consistent with our hypothesis, Amynthas sp., an epi-endogeic earthworms, could rapidly consume organic residues and stimulate microbial biomass to increase litter decomposition rate and incorporate organic carbon into soil structures, while P. corethrurus, an endogeic earthworms, would stabilize the organic carbon that has been already incorporated into the soil through the formation of large macroaggregates and the transformation of soil organic carbon fractions to more recalcitrant forms.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "Stratigraphy", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Earth-Surface Processes"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-017-1657-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-017-1657-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-017-1657-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-017-1657-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-01-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11368-017-1695-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-04-11", "title": "Effect Of Grazing Intensity On Protozoan Community, Microbial Biomass, And Enzyme Activity In An Alpine Meadow On The Tibetan Plateau", "description": "The alpine meadow has received mounting attention due to its degradation resulting from overgrazing on the Tibetan Plateau. However, belowground biotic characteristics under varied grazing stresses in this ecosystem are poorly understood. Here, the responses of soil protozoan abundance, community composition, microbial biomass, and enzyme activity to five grazing patterns including (1) artificial grassland without grazing (AG), (2) winter grazing (WG), (3) grazing for 7\u00a0months within a fence (GF), (4) continuous grazing for a whole year (CG), and (5) natural heavy grazing (HG) were investigated for two continuous years. Soil protozoan community composition was investigated using the most possible number (MPN) method, and soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity were analyzed using chloroform fumigation extraction and substrate utilization methods, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis, the analysis of variance (ANOVA), multiple comparisons, and correlation analysis were together performed. The WG treatment had the highest abundance of total protozoa (2342\u20132524\u00a0cell\u00a0g\u22121). Compared with AG treatment, HG treatment significantly reduced the abundance of soil total, flagellate and ciliate protozoa, and protease activities in 2012 and 2013. Significantly, lower soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) was also observed in the HG (6.60 and 14.6\u00a0mg\u00a0N\u00a0kg\u22121) than those in other four treatments (22.3\u201382.9\u00a0mg\u00a0N\u00a0kg\u22121) both in 2012 and 2013, whereas significantly higher microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was observed in HG than that in AG treatment in 2012. Moreover, significantly positive correlations were detected between the abundance of soil protozoa and soil moisture, pH, organic C, total N, and MBN. Our results indicated that soil protozoa showed a negative response to increasing grazing intensities and therefore, suggesting that aboveground grazing practices also exerted strong impact on belowground protozoa, not only on soil microbial characteristics. Soil protozoan community composition was apparently different between the HG treatment and other four grazing patterns and was potentially impacted by altered soil properties and MBC and/or MBN. Our results suggested that moderate grazing may sustain better belowground biotic diversity and ecosystem functioning in this alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-017-1695-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-017-1695-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-017-1695-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-017-1695-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-04-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11368-017-1706-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-04-13", "title": "Methodological perspectives on the application of compound-specific stable isotope fingerprinting for sediment source apportionment", "description": "Compound-specific stable isotope (CSSI) fingerprinting of sediment sources is a recently introduced tool to overcome some limitations of conventional approaches for sediment source apportionment. The technique uses the 13C CSSI signature of plant-derived fatty acids (\u03b413C-fatty acids) associated with soil minerals as a tracer. This paper provides methodological perspectives to advance the use of CSSI fingerprinting in combination with stable isotope mixing models (SIMMs) to apportion the relative contributions of different sediment sources (i.e. land uses) to sediments. CSSI fingerprinting allows quantitative estimation of the relative contribution of sediment sources within a catchment at a spatio-temporal resolution, taking into account the following approaches. First, application of CSSI fingerprinting techniques to complex catchments presents particular challenges and calls for well-designed sampling strategies and data handling. Hereby, it is essential to balance the effort required for representative sample collection and analyses against the need to accurately quantify the variability within the system. Second, robustness of the CSSI approach depends on the specificity and conservativeness of the \u03b413C-FA fingerprint. Therefore, saturated long-chain (>20 carbon atoms) FAs, which are biosynthesised exclusively by higher plants and are more stable than the more commonly used short-chain FAs, should be used. Third, given that FA concentrations can vary largely between sources, concentration-dependent SIMMs that are also able to incorporate \u03b413C-FA variability should be standard operation procedures to correctly assess the contribution of sediment sources via SIMMs. This paper reflects on the use of \u03b413C-FAs in erosion studies and provides recommendations for its application. We strongly advise the use of saturated long-chain (>20 carbon atoms) FAs as tracers and concentration-dependent Bayesian SIMMs. We anticipate progress in CSSI sediment fingerprinting from two current developments: (i) development of hierarchical Bayesian SIMMs to better address catchment complexity and (ii) incorporation of dual isotope approaches (\u03b4                            13C- and \u03b4                            2H-FA) to improve estimates of sediment sources.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11368-017-1706-4.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-017-1706-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-017-1706-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-017-1706-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-017-1706-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-04-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11368-018-2120-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-08-23", "title": "Liming effects on soil pH and crop yield depend on lime material type, application method and rate, and crop species: a global meta-analysis", "description": "The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the interactive effects of environmental and managerial factors on soil pH and crop yield related to liming across different cropping systems on a global scale. This study examined the effects of liming rate, lime application method, and liming material type on various soil chemical properties and crop yield based on data collected from 175 published studies worldwide since 1980. The most important variables that drive changes in soil pH and crop yield were liming rate and crop species, respectively. Soil conditions, such as initial soil organic matter and soil pH, were more important for increasing soil pH in field-based experiments, while lime material type and application method were more important for improving crop yield. To effectively neutralize soil acidity, the optimum liming duration, rate, and material type were\u2009<\u20093\u00a0years, 3\u20136\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121, and Ca (OH)2, respectively. Averaged across different crop species, the application of CaO, CaCO3, Ca (OH)2, and CaMg (CO3)2 increased yield by 13.2, 34.3, 29.2, and 66.5%, respectively. This meta-analysis will help design liming management strategies to ameliorate soil acidity and thus improve crop yield in agroecosystems.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-2120-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-018-2120-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-018-2120-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-018-2120-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-08-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11368-019-02513-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-11-27", "title": "A global synthesis reveals more response sensitivity of soil carbon flux than pool to warming", "description": "Climate change continues to garner attention in the public sphere. Most recognize its potential to affect global carbon (C) dynamics in the biosphere. Many posit that global warming promotes the decomposition of soil organic C (SOC) and increases soil C release. However, it remains unclear how soil C dynamics respond to different influencing factors (e.g., warming method, magnitude/duration, mean annual temperature (MAT) and precipitation (MAP)) across ecosystems on a global scale. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to identify the general global patterns of how warming impacts soil C dynamics. Across all terrestrial ecosystems, warming reduced SOC by 4.96% and stimulated soil microbial biomass C (MBC), soil respiration (SR), and heterotrophic respiration (HR) by 6.30, 14.56, and 8.42%, respectively. Warming affected soil C pools in grasslands and soil C fluxes in forests. The changes in SOC did not correlate to warming magnitude/duration or climate factors (MAT and MAP). However, changes in both MBC and SR did correlate to warming magnitude/duration and MAT. The changes in HR showed a quadratic response to warming magnitude and a linear response to MAP. Open-top chamber method can effectively affect soil C pools. SR proved to be more sensitive than HR to most warming methods. Our results showed that soil C release exhibited more sensitivity to warming magnitude/duration or MAT/MAP than did net soil C sequestration. These results indicate that warming induces accelerated transition of soils from C sink to C source. Furthermore, they show the potential for global warming effects to exacerbate the positive feedback loop in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the declining rates-of-change in SR and HR under high magnitude warming may mitigate the positive feedback. Our analyses can improve the predictions of feedback between atmospheric and soil C pools.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02513-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-019-02513-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-019-02513-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-019-02513-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-11-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11430-009-0056-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-05-07", "title": "Soil Organic Carbon And Nitrogen Content Of Density Fractions And Effect Of Meadow Degradation To Soil Carbon And Nitrogen Of Fractions In Alpine Kobresia Meadow", "description": "This research was conducted on the non-disturbed native alpine Kobresia meadow (YF) and the severely degraded meadow (SDL) of Dari County of Qinghai Province. By a density fractionation approach, each soil sample was divided into two fractions: light fraction (LF) and heavy fraction (HF). The obtained fractions were analyzed for organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) concentrations. The results showed: (1) the OC concentration in HF and LF was 3.84% and 28.63% respectively while the nitrogen concentration in HF and LF was 0.362% and 1.192% respectively in 0\u201310 cm depth. C:N ratio was 10.6 in HF and 23.8 in LF respectively. (2) As far as the ratio of OC in given fraction to that in gross sample was concerned, dominance of OC in HF was obvious in the whole soil profile. OC in HF increased from 78.95% to 90.33%, while OC in LF decreased from 21.05% to 9.68% with depths. (3) Soil total OC amounted to 47.47 in YF while 17.63 g \u00b7 kg\u22121 in SDL, in which the OC content in HF decreased from 37.31 to 16.01 g \u00b7 kg\u22121 while OC content in LF decreased from 10.01 to 1.62 g \u00b7 kg\u22121. In other words, results of OC and N content show meadow degradation led to the loss of 57% OC in HF and 84% OC in LF from originally native ecosystem on alpine meadow. In addition, meadow degradation led to the loss of 43% N in HF and 79% N in LF from originally native ecosystem on alpine meadow. (4) The main reason for loss of C and N in LF during meadow degradation was not attributed to the decrease of OC and N concentration in LF and LF, but to the decrease in LF dry weight. Loss of N was far lower than loss of C in HF. This may suggest that there is difference in protection mode of C and N in HF.", "keywords": ["0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "QiJi Wang, ZiYu Lu, WenYing Wang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-009-0056-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20in%20China%20Series%20D%3A%20Earth%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11430-009-0056-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11430-009-0056-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11430-009-0056-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11430-015-5058-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-04-10", "title": "Effect Of Vegetation Type, Wetting Intensity, And Nitrogen Supply On External Carbon Stimulated Heterotrophic Respiration And Microbial Biomass Carbon In Forest Soils", "description": "By using packed soil-core incubation experiments, we have studied stimulating effects of addition of external carbon (C) (glucose, 6.4 g C m\u22122) on heterotrophic respiration and microbial biomass C of a mature broadleaf and Korean pine mixed forest (BKPF) and an adjacent white birch forest (WBF) soil under different wetting intensities (55% and 80% WFPS, water-filled pore space) and nitrogen (N) supply (NH4Cl and KNO3, 4.5 g N m\u22122) conditions. The results showed that for the control, the cumulative carbon dioxide (CO2) flux from WBF soil during the 15-day incubation ranged from 5.44 to 5.82 g CO2-C m\u22122, which was significantly larger than that from BKPF soil (2.86 to 3.36 g CO2-C m\u22122). With increasing wetting intensity, the cumulative CO2 flux from the control was decreased for the WBF soil, whereas an increase in the CO2 flux was observed in the BKPF soil (P < 0.05). The addition of NH4Cl or KNO3 alone significantly reduced the cumulative CO2 fluxes by 9.2%\u201321.6 % from the two soils, especially from WBF soil at low wetting intensity. The addition of glucose alone significantly increased soil heterotrophic respiration, microbial biomass C (MBC), and microbial metabolic quotient. The glucose-induced cumulative CO2 fluxes and soil MBC during the incubation ranged from 8.7 to 11.7 g CO2-C m\u22122 and from 7.4 to 23.9 g C m\u22122, which are larger than the dose of added C. Hence, the addition of external carbon can increase the decomposition of soil native organic C. The glucose-induced average and maximum rates of CO2 fluxes during the incubation were significantly influenced by wetting intensity (WI) and vegetation type (VT), and by WI\u00d7VT, NH4Cl\u00d7VT and WI\u00d7VT\u00d7NH4Cl (P<0.05). The addition of NH4Cl, instead of KNO3, significantly decreased the glucose-induced MBC of WBF soil (P<0.05), whereas adding NH4Cl and KNO3 both significantly increased the glucose-induced MBC of BKPF soil at high moisture (P<0.05). According to the differences in soil labile C pools, MBC and CO2 fluxes in the presence and absence of glucose, it can be concluded that the stimulating effects of glucose on soil heterotrophic respiration and MBC under temperate forests were dependent on vegetation type, soil moisture, and amount and type of the N added.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-015-5058-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20China%20Earth%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11430-015-5058-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11430-015-5058-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11430-015-5058-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-04-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11434-012-5474-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-10-30", "title": "Impacts Of Changed Litter Inputs On Soil Co2 Efflux In Three Forest Types In Central South China", "description": "Climate change is expected to cause the alteration of litter production in forests, which may result in substantial changes in soil CO2 efflux (FCO2) process as litter represents a major pathway of carbon from vegetation to the soils. In this study, we conducted an aboveground litter manipulation experiment to examine the influence of litter addition and exclusion on soil FCO2 in Camphor tree, Masson pine, and mixed Camphor tree and Masson pine forests in central south China. Litter input manipulation included three treatments: non-litter input (litter exclusion), double litter input (litter addition), and natural litter input (control). On average, litter exclusion significantly reduced soil FCO2 rate by approximately 39%, 24% and 22% in Camphor tree forests, the Mixed forests, and Masson pine forests, respectively. On a yearly basis, double litter addition significantly increased soil CO2 by 12% in the Mixed forests (P=0.02) but not in both Camphor tree and Masson pine forests (P>0.05), when compared with their corresponding control treatments. However, litter addition increased soil FCO2 rates in the months of June-August in Camphor tree and Masson pine forests, coinciding with high soil temperature of summer conditions. Litter exclusion reduced soil FCO2 more than litter addition increased it in the study sites. Responses of soil respiration to litter input treatments varied with forest types. Litter input treatments did not alter the seasonal patterns of soil temperature and soil water content. Our results indicated that changes in aboveground litter as a result of global climate change and/or forest management have a great potential to alter soil respiration and soil carbon balance in forest ecosystems.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "General"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Wende Yan, Dalun Tian, Xiao-Yong Chen, Guangjun Wang, Wei Zheng, Yuanying Peng, Yuanying Peng,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5474-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Chinese%20Science%20Bulletin", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11434-012-5474-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11434-012-5474-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11434-012-5474-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-10-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11442-011-0833-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-03-12", "title": "Effects Of Afforestation On Soil Carbon Turnover In China'S Subtropical Region", "description": "Afforestation in China's subtropics plays an important role in sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere and in storage of soil carbon (C). Compared with natural forests, plantation forests have lower soil organic carbon (SOC) content and great potential to store more C. To better evaluate the effects of afforestation on soil C turnover, we investigated SOC and its stable C isotope (\u03b4 13 C) composition in three planted forests at Qianyanzhou Ecological Ex- perimental Station in southern China. Litter and soil samples were collected and analyzed for total organic C, \u03b4 13 C and total nitrogen. Similarly to the vertical distribution of SOC in natural forests, SOC concentrations decrease exponentially with depth. The land cover type (grass- land) before plantation had a significant influence on the vertical distribution of SOC. The SOC \u03b4 13 C composition of the upper soil layer of two plantation forests has been mainly af- with depth, and C replacement. The upper soil layer SOC turnover in masson pine (a mean 34% of replacement in the 10 cm after 20 years) was more than twice as fast as that of slash pine (16% of replacement) under subtropical conditions. The results demonstrate that mas- son pine and slash pine plantations cannot rapidly sequester SOC into long-term storage pools in subtropical China.", "keywords": ["0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-011-0833-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geographical%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11442-011-0833-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11442-011-0833-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11442-011-0833-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11442-012-0929-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-03-06", "title": "Effects Of A Conversion From Grassland To Cropland On The Different Soil Organic Carbon Fractions In Inner Mongolia, China", "description": "Cultivation is one of the most important human activities affecting the grassland ecosystem besides grazing, but its impacts on soil total organic carbon (C), especially on the liable organic C fractions have not been fully understood yet. In this paper, the role of cropping in soil organic C pool of different fractions was investigated in a meadow steppe region in Inner Mongolia of China, and the relationships between different C fractions were also discussed. The results indicated that the concentrations of different C fractions at steppe and cultivated land all decreased progressively with soil depth. After the conversion from steppe to spring wheat field for 36 years, total organic carbon (TOC) concentration at the 0 to 100 cm soil depth has decreased by 12.3% to 28.2%, and TOC of the surface soil horizon, especially those of 0\u201330 cm decreased more significantly (p<0.01). The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) at the depth of 0\u201340 cm were found to have decreased by 66.7% to 77.1% and 36.5% to 42.4%, respectively. In the S. baicalensis steppe, the ratios of soil DOC to TOC varied between 0.52% and 0.60%, and those in the spring wheat field were only in the range of 0.18%\u20130.20%. The microbial quotients (qMBs) in the spring wheat field, varying from 1.11% to 1.40%, were also lower than those in the S. baicalensis steppe, which were in the range of 1.50%\u20131.63%. The change of DOC was much more sensitive to cultivation disturbance. Soil TOC, DOC, and MBC were significantly positive correlated with each other in the S. baicalensis steppe, but in the spring wheat field, the correlativity between DOC and TOC and that between DOC and MBC did not reach the significance level of 0.05.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Xinchao Liu, Qin Peng, Shengsheng Xiao, Zhijie Yang, Junqiang Jia, Liangjie Sun, Yunshe Dong, Yuchun Qi, Yating He,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-012-0929-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geographical%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11442-012-0929-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11442-012-0929-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11442-012-0929-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-03-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.116862", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:17:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-03-27", "title": "Is the organic carbon-to-clay ratio a reliable indicator of soil health?", "description": "Climate action plans under the Paris Climate Agreement and other national commitments aimed at improving soil-based ecosystem services require the operational monitoring of soil carbon (C). The European Union is aiming to enhance soil health, and as part of the proposed Soil Monitoring Law, the European Commission recommends the monitoring of the soil C loss indicator among other soil health indicators. In this study, we evaluate the feasibility of the proposed soil C loss indicator by assessing its performance using the EU-wide 2009 LUCAS soil survey data. The proposed indicator is the soil organic carbon (SOC) to clay ratio, with a threshold value of 1:13. The results are also compared with the C stock changes reported by countries to the climate convention (UNFCCC). Our results reveal that the variation in SOC and clay content at European scale exceeds that of the data used to develop the proposed indicator. We also found that the variation in the SOC content was influenced not only by clay content but also by climate and land-use reflecting C input levels. Therefore, the defined threshold is inadequate for detecting degraded soils if the SOC and clay content are beyond the conditions used to establish the criteria. Furthermore, major discrepancies were observed between the soil carbon stock changes reported by the national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories and the proportions of degraded soils identified by using the soil C loss indicator. We conclude that employing a single indicator such as SOC:Clay ratio with one threshold value for all soils across various land covers, management practices, and climatic conditions, as defined by the European Commission for the Soil Monitoring Law, is inappropriate for monitoring soil C loss.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "agricultural soil", "550", "Forest soil", " agricultural soil", "Science", "Q", "Soil organic carbon (SOC)", "Soil monitoring", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "SOC:Clay ratio", "15. Life on land", "forest soil", "01 natural sciences", "630", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "soil organic carbon", "13. Climate action", "soil monitoring", "LUCAS soil survey", "11. Sustainability", "soc:clay ratio", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "European mineral soils", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.116862"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.116862", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.116862", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.116862"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11442-012-0968-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-07-27", "title": "Land-Use Impact On Soil Carbon And Nitrogen Sequestration In Typical Steppe Ecosystems, Inner Mongolia", "description": "To explore the optimal land-use for soil carbon (C) sequestration in Inner Mongolian grasslands, we investigated C and nitrogen (N) storage in soil and soil fractions in 8 floristically and topographically similar sites which subjected to different land-use types (free-grazing, grazing exclusion, mowing, winter grazing, and reclamation). Compared with free-grazing grasslands, C and N storage in the 0-50 cm layer increased by 18.3% (15.5 Mg C ha\u22121) and 9.3% (0.8 Mg N ha\u22121) after 10-yr of grazing exclusion, respectively, and 21.9% (18.5 Mg C ha\u22121) and 11.5% (0.9 Mg N ha\u22121) after 30-yr grazing exclusion, respectively. Similarly, soil C and N storage increased by 15.3% (12.9 Mg C ha\u22121) and 10.2% (0.8 Mg N ha\u22121) after 10-yr mowing, respectively, and 19.2% (16.2 Mg C ha\u22121) and 7.1% (0.6 Mg N ha\u22121) after 26-yr mowing, respectively. In contrast, soil C and N storage declined by 10.6% (9.0 Mg C ha\u22121) and 11.4% (0.9 Mg N ha\u22121) after 49-yr reclamation, respectively. Moreover, increases in C and N storage mainly occurred in sand and silt fractions in the 0-10 cm soil layer with grazing exclusion and mowing. Our findings provided evidence that Inner Mongolian grasslands have the capacity to sequester C and N in soil with improved management practices, which were in the order: grazing exclusion > mowing > winter grazing > reclamation.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-012-0968-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geographical%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11442-012-0968-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11442-012-0968-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11442-012-0968-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-07-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11629-013-2645-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-03-12", "title": "Soil Organic Carbon Stock As Affected By Land Use/Cover Changes In The Humid Region Of Northern Iran", "description": "This study was conducted to determine the changes in the soil carbon stocks as influenced by land use in a humid zone of Deylaman district (10,876 ha), a mountainous region of northern Iran. For this, land use maps were produced from TM and ETM+ images for 1985, 2000 and 2010 years; and this was supplemented by field measurement of soil carbon in 2010. The results showed that the mean soil organic carbon (SOC) density was 6.7\u00b11.8 kg C m-2, 5.2\u00b13.4 kg C m-2 and 3.2\u00b11.8 kg C m-2 for 0-20 cm soil layer and 4.8\u00b11.9 kg C m-2, 3.1\u00b12 kg C m-2 and 2.7\u00b11.8 kg C m-2 for 20-40 cm soil layer in forest, rangeland and cultivated land, respectively. During the past 25 years, 14.4% of the forest area had been converted to rangeland; and 28.4% of rangelands had been converted to cultivated land. According to the historical land use changes in the study area, the highest loss of SOC stocks resulted from the conversion of the forest to rangeland (0.45\u00d7104 Mg C in 0-40 cm depth layer); and the conversion of rangeland to cultivated land (0.37\u00d7104 Mg C in 0-40 cm), which typically led to the loss of soil carbon in the area studied. The knowledge on the historical land use changes and its influence on overall SOC stocks could be helpful for making management decision for farmers and policy managers in the future, for enhancing the potential of C sequestration in northern Iran.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-013-2645-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Mountain%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11629-013-2645-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11629-013-2645-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11629-013-2645-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.rhisph.2017.10.004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:17:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-10-23", "title": "Modelling water dynamics in the rhizosphere", "description": "Abstract   We review the recent progress in the use of image based modelling to describe water dynamics in the rhizosphere. In addition, we describe traditional modelling and experimental methods, and how images obtained from X-ray Computed Tomography can be used in combination with direct pore-scale modelling to answer questions on water movement in the rhizosphere. The focus of this review is on the need for micro-scale experiments to parameterize image-based modelling on the pore-scale, and to show how variations in these parameters can lead to different macroscopic parameters when considering the movement of water on the plant scale. We finish the review with an illustrative example which highlights the importance of fluid-to-fluid contact angle, and the need for care in image preparation when using detailed models of this type.", "keywords": ["550", "13. Climate action", "0207 environmental engineering", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "02 engineering and technology", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/415238/1/171019_WaterDynamicsReview_Accepted.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2017.10.004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Rhizosphere", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.rhisph.2017.10.004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.rhisph.2017.10.004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.rhisph.2017.10.004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11442-016-1343-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-10-10", "title": "Effects Of Grazing Intensity On Soil Organic Carbon Of Rangelands In Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, China", "description": "Changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) in rangelands has been extensively investigated. Grazing in outlying rangeland areas has caused severe impacts on ecosystem functions. To reveal the effects of grazing on SOC, we evaluated the grassland in Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, China. Grazing intensity was determined by using two image sets of vegetation index with normalized differences in grazing periods (July 12th and 28th). The range of variation in vegetation index was then used to measure the grazing intensity. The SOC storage and density were obtained by conducting experiments on field soil samples. Results showed that 1) the grazing intensity in Xilin Gol League declined gradually from west to east; by contrast, the spatial distribution of SOC density increased gradually. 2) As grazing intensity increased, the carbon storage of rangeland decreased evidently. Minimum carbon storage was observed in grasslands classified under extreme overgrazing; by comparison, maximum values were found in areas classified under light overgrazing to moderate grazing. 3) The estimated soil carbon storage was 8.48 \u00d7 1011 kg, and the average carbon density was 4.08 kg/m2. Our research demonstrated that grazing intensity likely affects soil carbon. Moderate grazing is an optimum strategy to maintain carbon storage and ensure sustainable grassland utilization.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Xiuqin Wu, Rui Xie,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-016-1343-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geographical%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11442-016-1343-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11442-016-1343-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11442-016-1343-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-10-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11461-007-0041-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-07-16", "title": "C And N Stocks Under Three Plantation Forest Ecosystems Of Chinese Fir, Michelia Macclurei And Their Mixture", "description": "Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), a type of subtropical fast-growing conifer tree, is widely distributed in South China. Its plantation area covers more than 7 \u00d7 106 hm2, accounting for 24% of the total area of plantation forests in the country. In recent decades, the system of successive plantation of Chinese fir has been widely used in southern China due to anticipated high economic return. However, recent studies have documented that the practice of this system has led to dramatic decreases in soil fertility and forest environment as well as in productivity. Some forest ecologists and managers recognize the ecological role performed by broadleaf trees growing in mixtures with conifers, and a great deal of studies on mixture effects have been conducted, particularly on mixture species of temperate and boreal forests, but these research results were not completely consistent. Possibilities include dependence of the mixture effects in large part to specific site conditions, the interactions among species in mixtures and biological characteristics of species. Although some researchers also studied the effects of mixtures of Chinese fir and broadleaf tree species on soil fertility, forest environment and tree growth status, little information is available about the effects of Chinese fir and its mixtures with broadleaves on carbon and nitrogen stocks. The experimental site is situated at the Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Province (26\u00b040\u2032\u201327\u00b009\u2032 N, 109\u00b026\u2032\u2013110\u00b008\u2032 E). It is located at the transition zone from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the low mountains and hills of the southern bank of the Yangtze River at an altitude of 300\u20131,100 m above mean sea level. At the same time, the site is also a member of the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN), sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). This region has a humid mid-subtropical monsoon climate with a mean annual precipitation of 1,200\u20131,400 mm, most of the rain falling between April and August, and a mean temperature of 16.5\u00b0C with a mean minimum of 4.9\u00b0C in January and a mean maximum of 26.6\u00b0C in July. The experimental field has red-yellow soil. After a clear-cutting of the first generation Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation forest in 1982, three different plantation forest ecosystems, viz. mixture of Michelia macclurei and Chinese fir (MCM), pure Michelia macclurei stand (PMS) and pure Chinese fir stand (PCS), were established in the spring of 1983. A comparative study on C and N stocks under these three plantation forest ecosystems was conducted in 2004. Results showed that carbon stocks were greater under the mixtures than under the pure Chinese fir forest and the pure broad-leaved forest, and the broadleaves and the mixtures showed higher values in nitrogen stocks compared with the pure Chinese fir forest. The spatial distribution of carbon and nitrogen stocks was basically consistent, the value being greater in soil layer, followed by tree layer, roots, understory and litter layer. The carbon and nitrogen stocks in soil layer were both highly correlated with the biomass in understory and litter layer, indicating that understory and forest litterfall exerted a profound effect on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks under plantation ecosystems. However, correlations among soil carbon, nitrogen stocks and below ground biomass of stand have not been observed in this study.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Feng Zongwei, Wang Hua, Huang Yu, Wang Silong,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11461-007-0041-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20of%20Forestry%20in%20China", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11461-007-0041-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11461-007-0041-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11461-007-0041-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11625-006-0014-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-03-05", "title": "Soil Management Practices For Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems", "description": "A doubling of the global food demand projected for the next 50\u00a0years poses a huge challenge for the sustainability of both food production and global and local environments. Today\u2019s agricultural technologies may be increasing productivity to meet world food demand, but they may also be threatening agricultural ecosystems. For the global environment, agricultural systems provide both sources and sinks of greenhouse gases (GHGs), which include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). This paper addresses the importance of soil organic carbon (SOC) for agro-ecosystems and GHG uptake and emission in agriculture, especially SOC changes associated with soil management. Soil management strategies have great potential to contribute to carbon sequestration, since the carbon sink capacity of the world\u2019s agricultural and degraded soil is 50\u201366% of the historic carbon loss of 42\u201372\u00a0Pg (1\u00a0Pg=1015\u00a0g), although the actual carbon storage in cultivated soil may be smaller if climate changes lead to increasing mineralization. The importance of SOC in agricultural soil is, however, not controversial, as SOC helps to sustain soil fertility and conserve soil and water quality, and organic carbon compounds play a variety of roles in the nutrient, water, and biological cycles. No-tillage practices, cover crop management, and manure application are recommended to enhance SOC storage and to contribute to sustainable food production, which also improves soil quality. SOC sequestration could be increased at the expense of increasing the amount of non-CO2 GHG emissions; however, soil testing, synchronized fertilization techniques, and optimum water control for flooding paddy fields, among other things, can reduce these emissions. Since increasing SOC may also be able to mitigate some local environmental problems, it will be necessary to have integrated soil management practices that are compatible with increasing SOM management and controlling soil residual nutrients. Cover crops would be a critical tool for sustainable soil management because they can scavenge soil residual nitrogen and their ecological functions can be utilized to establish an optimal nitrogen cycle. In addition to developing soil management strategies for sustainable agro-ecosystems, some political and social approaches will be needed, based on a common understanding that soil and agro-ecosystems are essential for a sustainable society.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-006-0014-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Sustainability%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11625-006-0014-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11625-006-0014-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11625-006-0014-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-03-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11629-008-0189-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-08-27", "title": "Effects Of Terracing And Agroforestry On Soil And Water Loss In Hilly Areas Of The Sichuan Basin, China", "description": "Soil erosion in hilly areas of the Sichuan Basin is a serious concern over sustainable crop production and sound ecosystem. A 3-year experiment was conducted using the method of runoff plots to examine the effects of terracing and agroforestry in farmland systems on soil and water conservation of slope fields in the hilly areas in Jianyang County, Sichuan Province, Southwestern China. A power function (Y = aX(b)) can statistically describe the relationship between water runoff (Y) and rainfall (X). The regression equation for the treatment of sloping terraces with crops (Plot 2) is remarkably different from that for the treatment of sloping terraces with grasses and trees (Plot 1) and the conventional up-and down-slope crop system (Plot 3) regarding equation coefficients, while regression equations are similar between Plot 1 and Plot 3. Water runoff amount and runoff coefficient of slope fields increased by 21.5 similar to 41.0 % and 27.5 similar to 69.7 % respectively, compared to those of sloping terraces, suggesting that terracing notably reduced the water runoff in the field. In the case of sloping terraces, lower amount of water runoff was observed on sloping terraces with crops than on sloping terraces with grasses and trees. Sediment yields on the slope fields in the normal year of rainfall distribution were notably higher (34.41 similar to 331.67 % and 37.06 similar to 403.44 % for Plot 1 and Plot 2, respectively) than those on sloping terraces, implying that terracing also plays a significant role in the reduction in soil erosion. It is suggested that terracing with crops is significantly effective for soil and water conservation in cultivated farmland, while the conventional practice of up-and down-slope cultivation creates high rates of water runoff and soil sediment transport. Terracing with grasses and fruit trees shows a less reduction in water runoff than terracing with crops, which was observed in the 3-year experiments.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jinshan Zhang, Zhiman Su, Guangyue Liu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-008-0189-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Mountain%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11629-008-0189-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11629-008-0189-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11629-008-0189-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-08-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11629-012-2401-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-09-17", "title": "Soil And Vegetation Seasonal Changes In The Grazing Andean Mountain Grasslands", "description": "Andean grasslands ecosystems are fragile environments with rigorous climatologic conditions and low and variable food for the grazing. The Apolobamba area is located in the Bolivian Andean Mountains. Its high grasslands provide a natural habitat for wild and domestic camelids such as vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) and alpaca (Lama pacos). The botanical diversity plays an essential role in maintaining vital ecosystem functions. The objectives of this research were to determine the seasonal changes in soil properties, to study the vegetation changes during the wet and dry seasons and the influence of soil properties and camelid densities on the vegetation in the Apolobamba grasslands. Four zones with different vicuna populations were selected to be studied. The following soil parameters were determined: total organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations, pH and texture. The vegetation season changes were studied through botanical identification, above-ground biomass, plant cover and species richness. Results showed that some soil properties such as C/N ratio, CEC, silt and clay percentages kept stable against the seasonal changes. Generally, soil nutrients were relatively higher during the dry season in the surface and subsurface. The results did not point out the predominant vegetation growth during the wet season. The seasonal vegetation growth depended on each species. The good soil fertility corresponded to the highest plant cover. Soil fertility presented no influence on the above-ground biomass of the collected species. The negative influence of camelid grazing on soil properties could not be assessed. However, overgrazing could affect some plant species. Therefore, protection is needed in order to preserve the biodiversity in the Andean mountain grasslands.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles Mu\u00f1oz, \u00c1ngel Faz,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-012-2401-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Mountain%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11629-012-2401-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11629-012-2401-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11629-012-2401-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11442-019-1678-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-14", "title": "The impact of land use and cover change on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen storage in the Heihe River Basin: A meta-analysis", "description": "Land use and cover change (LUCC) is an important indicator of the human-earth system under climate/environmental change, which also serves as a key impact factor of carbon balance, and a major source/sink of soil carbon cycles. The Heihe River Basin (HRB) is known as a typical ecologically fragile area in the arid/semi-arid regions of northwestern China, which makes it more sensitive to the LUCC. However, its sensitivity varies in a broad range of controlling factors, such as soil layers, LUCCs and calculation methods (e.g. the fixed depth method, FD, and the equivalent mass method, ESM). In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the response of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) storage to the LUCC as well as method bias based on 383 sets of SOC data and 148 sets of TN data from the HRB. We first evaluated the calculation methods and found that based on the FD method, the LUCC caused SOC and TN storage to decrease by 17.39% and 14.27%, respectively; while the losses estimated using the ESM method were 19.31% and 18.52%, respectively. The deviations between two methods were mainly due to the fact that the FD method ignores the heterogeneity of soil bulk density (BD), which may underestimate the results subsequently. We then analyzed the response of SOC and TN storage to various types of the LUCC. In particular, when woodland and grassland were converted into cultivated land or other land types, SOC and TN suffered from heavy losses, while other LUCCs had minor influences. Finally, we showed that increasing the depth of the soil layers would reduce the losses of SOC and TN storage. In summary, we identified a series of controlling factors (e.g. soil layer, the LUCC and calculation method) to evaluate the impact of the LUCC on SOC and TN storage in the HRB, which should be considered in future research.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-019-1678-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geographical%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11442-019-1678-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11442-019-1678-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11442-019-1678-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11461-007-0060-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-09-22", "title": "Effects Of Different Vegetation Restoration Models On Soil Microbial Biomass In Eroded Hilly Loess Plateau, China", "description": "Vegetation restoration is a key measure to improve the eco-environment in Loess Plateau, China. In order to find the effect of soil microbial biomass under different vegetation restoration models in this region, six trial sites located in Zhifanggou watershed were selected in this study. Results showed that soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration and physical and chemical properties increased apparently. After 30 years of vegetation restoration, soil microbial biomass C, N, P (SMBC, SMBN, SMBP) and microbial respiration, increased by 109.01%\u2013144.22%, 34.17%\u2013117.09%, 31.79%\u201379.94% and 26.78%\u201387.59% respectively, as compared with the farmland. However, metabolic quotient declined dramatically by 57.45%\u201377.49%. Effects of different models of vegetation restoration are different on improving the properties of soil. In general, mixed stands of Pinus tabulaeformis-Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudoacacia-A. fruticosa had the most remarkable effect, followed by R. pseudoacacia and Caragana korshinkii, fallow land and P. tabulaeformis was the lowest. Restoration of mixed forest had greater effective than pure forest in eroded Hilly Loess Plateau. The significant relationships were observed among SMBC, SMBP, microbial respiration, and physical and chemical properties of soil. It was concluded that microbial biomass can be used as indicators of soil quality.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lan Xue, Liu Guobin, Yu Na, Dai Quanhou, Xue Sha,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11461-007-0060-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20of%20Forestry%20in%20China", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11461-007-0060-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11461-007-0060-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11461-007-0060-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11538-019-00656-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-22", "title": "Multiple Scale Homogenisation of Nutrient Movement and Crop Growth in Partially Saturated Soil", "description": "In this paper, we use multiple scale homogenisation to derive a set of averaged macroscale equations that describe the movement of nutrients in partially saturated soil that contains growing potato tubers. The soil is modelled as a poroelastic material, which is deformed by the growth of the tubers, where the growth of each tuber is dependent on the uptake of nutrients via a sink term within the soil representing root nutrient uptake. Special attention is paid to the reduction in void space, resulting change in local water content and the impact on nutrient diffusion within the soil as the tubers increase in size. To validate the multiple scale homogenisation procedure, we compare the system of homogenised equations to the original set of equations and find that the solutions between the two models differ by [Formula: see text]. However, we find that the computation time between the two sets of equations differs by several orders of magnitude. This is due to the combined effects of the complex three-dimensional geometry and the implementation of a moving boundary condition to capture tuber growth.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "570", "Water", "Mathematical Concepts", "Nutrients", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Models", " Biological", "Elasticity", "510", "Diffusion", "Plant Tubers", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Original Article", "Porosity", "Solanum tuberosum"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/433288/1/Simon_3.pdf"}, {"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11538-019-00656-3.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538-019-00656-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bulletin%20of%20Mathematical%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11538-019-00656-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11538-019-00656-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11538-019-00656-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11676-009-0004-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-01-18", "title": "Responses Of Biomass To The Addition Of Water, Nitrogen And Phosphorus In Keerqin Sandy Grassland, Inner Mongolia, China", "description": "The effects of water, nitrogen and phosphorus on productivity of sandy grassland were investigated with a fully factorial experiment to find out the main factors limiting natural restoration of grassland productivity in the southeastern Keerqin sandy land. In total, eight treatments were designed as water addition (W), nitrogen fertilizer addition (N), phosphorus fertilizer addition (P), water + nitrogen fertilizer addition (WN), water + phosphorus fertilizer addition (WP), nitrogen fertilizer + phosphorus fertilizer addition (NP), water + nitrogen fertilizer + phosphorus fertilizer addition (WNP) and control (CK). Each treatment was replicated six times and randomly assigned to 48 plots (4 m \u00d7 4 m) that were separated by a 2-m buffer. Results show that restoration of productivity is only limited by nitrogen factor for sandy grassland of Keerqin sandy land and not limited by water and phosphorus. Relative to CK plots, the biomass and the aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of all the plots added with nitrogen fertilizer were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) in 2005 growing season. Grass root mass is dominant in underground biomass. The present study possibly underestimates net primary productivity of grassland in northern China, due to limitation of underground biomass measurements.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "De-Hui Zeng, Zhan-Yuan Yu, Feng-qi Jiang, Qiong Zhao,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-009-0004-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Forestry%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11676-009-0004-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11676-009-0004-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11676-009-0004-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-01-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11629-009-1034-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-05-09", "title": "Micromorphological Analysis Of Soil Structure Under No Tillage Management In The Black Soil Zone Of Northeast China", "description": "The structure of the 'black soil' in Northeast China has been greatly deteriorated by long-term intensive conventional mouldboard plow tillage (CT) practices. In this study, micromorphological observation and image analysis of soil thin sections were conducted to evaluate the impacts of 21 years (1986-2007) of no tillage (NT) on soil structure as compared to CT in an experiment near Gongzhuling City, Jilin Province. Soil organic matter (SOM), wet aggregate stability and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were also analyzed. Total SOM was not significantly affected by tillage systems, but fresher SOM was observed in the surface layer under NT. The aggregates under NT showed different hierarchies in the form of crumbs, and the mean weight diameter (MWD) of NT was significant higher than that of CT in the surface layer. Platy and blocky aggregates were frequently observed in the lower layers under CT practice. The compound pore structure with intertwined intra- and inter- aggregates pores under NT was well developed in a layer from 0-5 cm to 20-25 cm. While under CT system, more inter-aggregate pores and fewer intraaggregate pores were observed, and planes and channels were frequently found in the 20-25 cm layer, where macroporosity decreased significantly and a plow pan was evident. The Ks values of NT were significantly lower at 0-5 cm but significantly higher at 20-25 cm compared with CT, which showed the same trend with macroporosity. These results confirmed that long-term CT practice fragmented the tillage layer soil and compacted the lower layer soil and formed a plow pan. While long-term NT practice in the black soil region favored soil aggregation and a stable porous soil structure was formed, which are important to the water infiltration and prevent soil erosion.", "keywords": ["0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-009-1034-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Mountain%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11629-009-1034-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11629-009-1034-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11629-009-1034-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-05-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11629-014-3035-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-07-29", "title": "Clipping Alters The Response Of Biomass Production To Experimental Warming: A Case Study In An Alpine Meadow On The Tibetan Plateau, China", "description": "Predicting how human activity will influence the response of alpine grasslands to future warming has many uncertainties. In this study, a field experiment with controlled warming and clipping was conducted in an alpine meadow at three elevations (4313 m, 4513 m and 4693 m) in Northern Tibet to test the hypothesis that clipping would alter warming effect on biomass production. Open top chambers (OTCs) were used to increase temperature since July, 2008 and the OTCs increased air temperature by approximately 0.9A degrees C similar to 1.8A degrees C during the growing in 2012. Clipping was conducted three times one year during growing season and the aboveground parts of all live plants were clipped to approximately 0.01 m in height using scissors since 2009. Gross primary production (GPP) was calculated from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer GPP algorithm and aboveground plant production was estimated using the surface-measured normalized difference vegetation index in 2012. Warming decreased the GPP, aboveground biomass (AGB) and aboveground net primary production (ANPP) at all three elevations when clipping was not applied. In contrast, warming increased AGB at all three elevations, GPP at the two lower elevations and ANPP at the two higher elevations when clipping was applied. These findings show that clipping reduced the negative effect of warming on GPP, AGB and ANPP, suggesting that clipping may reduce the effect of climate warming on GPP, AGB and ANPP in alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau, and therefore, may be a viable strategy for mitigating the effects of climate change on grazing and animal husbandry on the Tibetan Plateau.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Xianzhou Zhang, Yun-Long Li, Zhenxi Shen, Nan Zhou, Pengwan Yang, Chengqun Yu, Gang Fu, Wei Sun,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-014-3035-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Mountain%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11629-014-3035-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11629-014-3035-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11629-014-3035-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11629-018-5131-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-01-18", "title": "Grazing Impact On Forage Quality And Macronutrient Content Of Rangelands In Qilian Mountains, Nw China", "description": "An important indicator of the rangeland health, associated with land degradation, is the ability of semi-natural rangelands to provide forage of sufficient quality for livestock production. In Qilian Mountains (Gansu Province, NW China) biomass production and forage quality are dependent on the seasonality of precipitation and temperature; most of the precipitation falls during summer season, when sheep, goats and yaks graze mountain rangelands. To sustain the rangelands and to improve the management strategies, the assessment of the forage quality should be implemented. The purpose of this research was to study the response of biomass, forage quality and macronutrient content different levels of grazing intensity in Qilian rangelands. We sampled aboveground biomass in the growing seasons in 2012 and 2013 within spring/autumn or summer grazing regimes in two altitudinal zones below and above 3000 m a.s.l. (montane-subalpine and subalpine-alpine respectively). In order to estimate forage quality, biomass was sampled in 1 m \u00d7 1 m plots, assigned to the center of 10 \u00d710 m sites, from which we collected different indicator parameters of rangeland health. Mineral and fiber content of forage biomass was estimated under different levels of grazing intensity with regard to the growing period. It was found that an increase in grazing intensity led to a decrease in dry matter weight. No linearity was observed in the relationship between nutritive value and grazing intensity. The highest fiber content (59.20 %) was found in plots mostly disturbed by grazing. The highest protein (16.30 %) and the lowest fiber (51.30 %) contents were associated with slightly grazing intensity. Concentrations of the mineral elements, such as Zn, P, K and S varied significantly and showed maximum values under low grazing intensity.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-018-5131-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Mountain%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11629-018-5131-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11629-018-5131-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11629-018-5131-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11676-008-0006-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-01-24", "title": "Temperature Dependence Of Nitrogen Mineralization And Microbial Status In Oh Horizon Of A Temperate Forest Ecosystem", "description": "It was hypothesized that increasing air and/or soil temperature would increase rates of microbial processes including litter decomposition and net N mineralization, resulting in greater sequestration of carbon and nitrogen in humus, and consequently development in OH horizon (humus horizon). To quantify the effect of temperature on biochemical processes controlling the rate of OH layer development three adjacent forest floors under beech, Norway spruce and mixed species stands were investigated at Solling forest, Germany by an incubation experiment of OH layer for three months. Comparing the fitted curves for temperature sensitivity of OH layers in relation to net N mineralization revealed positive correlation across all sites. For the whole data set of all stands, a Q10 (temperature sensitivity index) value of 2.35\u20132.44 dependent on the measured units was found to be adequate for describing the temperature dependency of net N mineralization at experimental site. Species-specific differences of substrate quality did not result in changes in biochemical properties of OH horizon of the forest floors. Temperature elevation increased net N mineralization without significant changes in microbial status in the range of 1 to 15\u00b0C. A low Cmic/Corg (microbial carbon/organic carbon) ratio at 20\u00b0C indicated that the resource availability for decomposers has been restricted as reflected in significant decrease of microbial biomass.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-008-0006-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Forestry%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11676-008-0006-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11676-008-0006-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11676-008-0006-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11629-015-3733-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-07-19", "title": "Effects Of Experimental Warming On Soil Microbial Communities In Two Contrasting Subalpine Forest Ecosystems, Eastern Tibetan Plateau, China", "description": "Soil microbial communities are primarily regulated by environmental temperature. Our study investigated the effects of global warming on soil microbial community composition as measured via phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and soil chemical characteristics in relation to soil depth in a dragon spruce plantation and a spruce-fir-dominated natural forestin the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. Open-top chambers were utilized to increase the soil and air temperature. Soil samples were collected from the 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm layers after a 4-year warming. Our results showed that the soil microbial community and the contents of TC (Total carbon), TN (Total nitrogen), NO (3) (-) , and NH (4) (+) responded differently to warming in the two contrasting forests, especially at the 0-10 cm soil depth. Warming increased soil microbial biomass at the 0-20 cm depth of soil in natural forest but reduced it at the 0-10 cm depth ofsoil in the plantation. In contrast, the TC and TN contents were reduced in most soil layers of a natural forest but increased in all of the soil layers of the plantation under warming conditions. This result suggested that the effects of warming on soil microbial community and soil C and N pools would differ according to soil depth and forest types; thus, the two contrasting forests would under go differing changes following the future climate warming in this region.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Li Dandan, Li Yue-jiao, Zhao ChunZhang, Zhao ChunZhang, Liu Qing, Zhao Wen-qiang, Zhang Zi-Liang, Sun Di-di,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-015-3733-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Mountain%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11629-015-3733-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11629-015-3733-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11629-015-3733-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-07-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11676-007-0057-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-12-31", "title": "Effects Of Adding Water On Seasonal Variation Of Soil Nitrogen Availability Under Sandy Grasslands In Semi-Arid Region", "description": "Water is usally thought of a limiting factor for the restoration of semi-arid ecosystem. In the growing season of 2006, a study was conducted to determine the effects of modeling precipitation on seasonal patterns in concentrations of soil-available nitrogen and to describe the seasonal patterns in soil nitrogen availability and seasonal variation in the rates of net nitrogen mineralization of topsoil at Daqinggou ecological station in Keerqin sand lands, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Manipulation of water (80 mm) was designed to be added to experiment plots of sandy grasslands in dry season. Water addition (W) treatment and control (CK) treatment were separately taken in six replications and randomly assigned in 12 plots (4 m\u00d74 m for each) with 2-m buffers betweens. Results showed that the content of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization rate were not affected by adding water in sandy grassland of Keerqin sand lands. Net nitrogen mineralization rates ranged from 0.5 \u03bcg\u00b7\u03bcg\u22121\u00b7month\u22121 to 4 \u03bcg\u22121g\u22121\u00b7month\u22121. The highest values of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization occurred on October 15 in control plots. The seasonal changes of soil inorganic nitrogen contents exhibited \u201cV\u201d shape pattern that was related to seasonal patterns of soil ammonium-N (ascending trend) and nitrate-N transformation (descending trend).", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Qian Wei, Yu Zhan-yuan, Huang Xiao-xing, Ai Guiyan, Xu Da-yong,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-007-0057-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Forestry%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11676-007-0057-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11676-007-0057-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11676-007-0057-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11676-008-0007-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-01-24", "title": "Effects Of Freeze-Thaw On Soil Nitrogen And Phosphorus Availability At The Keerqin Sandy Lands, China", "description": "A laboratory simulated freeze-thaw was conducted to determine the effects of freeze-thaw on soil nutrient availability in temperate semi-arid regions. Soil samples were collected from sandy soils (0\u201320 cm) of three typical ecosystems (grassland, Mongolian pine plantation and poplar plantation) in southeastern Keerqin Sandy Lands of China and subjected to freeze-thaw treatment (\u221212\u00b0C for 10 days, then 20\u00b0C for 10 days) or incubated at constant temperature (20\u00b0C for 20 days). Concentrations of the soil NO3                         \u2212-N, NH4                         +-N, NaHCO3 extractable inorganic P (LPi) and microbial biomass P (MBP) were determined on three occasions: at the start of the incubation, immediate post-thawing and at the 10th day post-thawing. The results showed that soil net nitrification and N mineralization rates at three sites were negatively affected by freeze-thaw treatment, and decreased by 50%\u201385% as compared to the control, of which the greatest decline occurred in the soil collected from poplar plantation. In contrast, the concentration of soil NH4                         +-N, NaHCO3 extractable inorganic P (LPi) and microbial biomass P were insignificantly influenced by freeze-thaw except that LPi and NH4                         +-N showed a slight increase immediate post-thawing. The effects of freeze-thaw on soil N transformation were related to soil biological processes and the relatively constant available P was ascribed to severe soil aridity.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Qiong Zhao, Zhiping Fan, De-Hui Zeng,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-008-0007-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Forestry%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11676-008-0007-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11676-008-0007-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11676-008-0007-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11676-013-0417-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-11-08", "title": "Comparative Field Performance Of Some Agricultural Crops Under A Canopy Of Populus Deltoides And Ulmus Wallichiana", "description": "The performance of maize, beans and sunflower was evaluated under a canopy of Populus deltoides and Ulmus wallichiana at Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura. The germination, growth and yield of the three test crops were suppressed under both tree species. The reduction, however, decreased when the cultivation of test crops was continued for three years. The inhibition potential generally is in the order of P. deltoides   U. wallichiana for beans. Available soil N, P and K increased under the canopy of the selected tree species. The soils under U. wallichiana were more fertile than those under P. deltoides. Chromatographic investigation of extracts showed that the soils under P. deltoides and U. wallichiana differed in their composition of phenolic acids and phenolic glycocides. Except for caffic acid, all other allelochemicals disappeared and were no longer recovered in soil samples obtained after the second or third year of cultivation. Tree-crop compatibility can be explored in greater detail for improved management of traditional agro-ecosystems in Kashmir to increase the overall productivity of the land.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-013-0417-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Forestry%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11676-013-0417-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11676-013-0417-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11676-013-0417-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-11-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s12155-008-9019-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-09-25", "title": "Soil Carbon Storage By Switchgrass Grown For Bioenergy", "description": "Life-cycle assessments (LCAs) of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) grown for bioenergy production require data on soil organic carbon (SOC) change and harvested C yields to accurately estimate net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To date, nearly all information on SOC change under switchgrass has been based on modeled assumptions or small plot research, both of which do not take into account spatial variability within or across sites for an agro-ecoregion. To address this need, we measured change in SOC and harvested C yield for switchgrass fields on ten farms in the central and northern Great Plains, USA (930 km latitudinal range). Change in SOC was determined by collecting multiple soil samples in transects across the fields prior to planting switchgrass and again 5 years later after switchgrass had been grown and managed as a bioenergy crop. Harvested aboveground C averaged 2.5\u00b1 0.7 Mg C ha \u22121 over the 5 year study. Across sites, SOC increased significantly at 0-30 cm (P=0.03) and 0-120 cm (P=0.07), with accrual rates of 1.1 and 2.9 Mg C ha \u22121 year \u22121 (4.0 and 10.6 Mg CO2 ha \u22121 year \u22121 ), respectively. Change in SOC across sites varied considerably, however, ranging from \u22120.6 to 4.3 Mg C ha \u22121 year \u22121 for the 0-30 cm depth. Such variation in SOC change must be taken into consideration in LCAs. Net GHG emissions from bioenergy crops vary in space and time. Such variation, coupled with an increased reliance on agriculture for energy production, underscores the need for long-term environmental monitor- ing sites in major agro-ecoregions.", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "2. Zero hunger", "Switchgrass", "Greenhouse gas balance", "Renewable Energy", " Sustainability and the Environment", "Plant Sciences", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Perennial biofeedstocks", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "630", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Bioenergy", "Agronomy and Crop Science", "Energy (miscellaneous)", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Liebig, Mark A., Schmer, Marty R., Vogel, Kenneth P., Mitchell, Robert B.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-008-9019-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/BioEnergy%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s12155-008-9019-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s12155-008-9019-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s12155-008-9019-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-09-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11676-017-0430-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-05-20", "title": "Effects Of Continuous Nitrogen Addition On Microbial Properties And Soil Organic Matter In A Larix Gmelinii Plantation In China", "description": "Continuous increases in anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition are likely to change soil microbial properties, and ultimately to affect soil carbon (C) storage. Temperate plantation forests play key roles in C sequestration, yet mechanisms underlying the influences of N deposition on soil organic matter accumulation are poorly understood. This study assessed the effect of N addition on soil microbial properties and soil organic matter distribution in a larch (Larix gmelinii) plantation. In a 9-year experiment in the plantation, N was applied at 100\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0a\u22121 to study the effects on soil C and N mineralization, microbial biomass, enzyme activity, and C and N in soil organic matter density fractions, and organic matter chemistry. The results showed that N addition had no influence on C and N contents in whole soil. However, soil C in different fractions responded to N addition differently. Soil C in light fractions did not change with N addition, while soil C in heavy fractions increased significantly. These results suggested that more soil C in heavy fractions was stabilized in the N-treated soils. However, microbial biomass C and N and phenol oxidase activity decreased in the N-treated soils and thus soil C increased in heavy fractions. Although N addition reduced microbial biomass and phenol oxidase activity, it had little effect on soil C mineralization, hydrolytic enzyme activities, \u03b413C value in soil and C\u2013H stretch, carboxylates and amides, and C\u2013O stretch in soil organic matter chemistry measured by Fourier transform infrared spectra. We conclude that N addition (1) altered microbial biomass and activity without affecting soil C in light fractions and (2) resulted in an increase in soil C in heavy fractions and that this increase was controlled by phenol oxidase activity and soil N availability.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-017-0430-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Forestry%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11676-017-0430-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11676-017-0430-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11676-017-0430-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-05-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11738-012-1165-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-12-03", "title": "Regulated Deficit Irrigation In Different Phenological Stages Of Potted Geranium Plants: Water Consumption, Water Relations And Ornamental Quality", "description": "Open AccessThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (AGL 2008-05258-C02-1-2, AGL 2011-30022-C02-01) and Fundaci\u00f3n S\u00e9neca (15356/PI/10).", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Evapotranspiration", "Hydraulic conductivity", "Water potential", "Water stress", "Osmotic adjustment", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Gas exchange", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-012-1165-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Acta%20Physiologiae%20Plantarum", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11738-012-1165-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11738-012-1165-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11738-012-1165-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-12-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11769-013-0606-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-05-03", "title": "Effects Of Tillage Management On Infiltration And Preferential Flow In A Black Soil, Northeast China", "description": "The impacts of no-tillage (NT) and moldboard plough (MP) managements on infiltration rate and preferential flow were characterized using a combined technique of double-ring device and dye tracer on a black soil (Mollisols) in Northeast China. The objective of this study is to evaluate how tillage practices enhance soil water infiltration and preferential flow in favor of soil erosion control in the study area. The steady infiltration rates under NT management are 1.6 and 2.1 times as high as those under MP management in the 6th and 8th years of the tillage management in place, while the infiltrated water amounts under NT management are 1.4 and 2.0 times as high as those under MP management, respectively. The depth of methylene blue penetrated into NT soil increases from 43 cm in the 6th year to 57 cm in the 8th year, which are 16 cm and 19 cm deeper than those in MP soil, respectively. The results of morphologic image show that more biological macro-pores occur in NT soil than in MP soil. These macro-pores play a key role in enhancing preferential flow in NT soil, which in turn promotes water infiltration through preferential pathways in NT soil. The results are helpful to policy-making in popularizing NT and have the implications for tillage management in regard to soil erosion control in black soil region of China.", "keywords": ["0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Zhang Xiaoping, Liang Aizhen, Yang Xueming, Jia Shuxia, Chen Xuewen, Fan RuQin,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-013-0606-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Chinese%20Geographical%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11769-013-0606-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11769-013-0606-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11769-013-0606-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-05-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11769-014-0694-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-07-08", "title": "Effects Of Grazing Exclusion On Soil Carbon And Nitrogen Storage In Semi-Arid Grassland In Inner Mongolia, China", "description": "The semi-arid grasslands in Inner Mongolia, China have been degraded by long-term grazing. A series of ecological restoration strategies have been implemented to improve grassland service. However, little is known about the effect of these ecological restoration practices on soil carbon and nitrogen storage. In this study, characteristics of vegetation and soil properties under continued grazing and exclusion of livestock for six years due to a nationwide conservation program\u2014\u2018Returning Grazing Lands to Grasslands (RGLG)\u2019 were examined in semi-arid Hulun Buir grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. The results show that removal of grazing for six years resulted in a significant recovery in vegetation with higher above and below-ground biomass, but a lower soil bulk density and pH value. After six years of grazing exclusion, soil organic C and total N storage increased by 13.9% and 17.1%, respectively, which could be partly explained by decreased loss and increased input of C and N to soil. The effects of grazing exclusion on soil C and N concentration and storage primarily occurred in the upper soil depths. The results indicate that removal of grazing pressure within the RGLG program was an effective restoration approach to control grassland degradation in this region. However, more comprehensive studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the RGLG program and to improve the management strategies for grassland restoration in this area.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "16. Peace & justice", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Wu Xing, Liu Huifeng, Wang Dongbo, LI Zongshan, Fu Bojie, Liu Guohua, Lu Fei,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-014-0694-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Chinese%20Geographical%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11769-014-0694-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11769-014-0694-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11769-014-0694-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-07-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11769-014-0706-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-07-08", "title": "Vegetation Traits And Soil Properties In Response To Utilization Patterns Of Grassland In Hulun Buir City, Inner Mongolia, China", "description": "Numerous studies have focused on vegetation traits and soil properties in grassland, few of which concerned about effects of human utilization patterns on grassland yet. Thus, this study hypothesized that human disturbance (e.g., grazing, mowing and fencing) triggered significant variation of biomass partitioning and carbon reallocation. Besides, there existed some differences of species diversity and soil fertility. To address these hypotheses of grassland with diverse utilization patterns in Hulun Buir City, Inner Mongolia, China, we sampled in situ about aboveground biomass (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB) to evaluate their biomass allocation. Species diversity and soil properties were also investigated. Subsequently, we discussed the relationship of species diversity with environmental conditions, using data collected from 23 sites during the ecological project period of Returning Grazing Lands to Grasslands (RGLG) program. The results were as follows: 1) both AGB and BGB were lower on grazing regime than those on fencing and mowing, but the ratio of root-to-shoot (R/S) was higher on grazing regime than the other two utilization patterns; 2) neither of evenness and Simpson Index was different significantly among all grassland utilization patterns in desert, typical, and meadow grassland at 0.05. In meadow grassland, species richness of fencing pattern was significantly higher than that of grazing pattern (p < 0.05); 3) both of soil organic carbon content and soil available phosphorous content were increased significantly on fencing pattern than grazing pattern (p < 0.05) in desert grassland, and mowing patterns increased the soil nutrients (soil organic carbon, soil total phosphorous, soil available phosphorous, and soil total nitrogen) significantly compared with grazing patterns (p < 0.05) in typical grassland. However, there were no significant differences among utilization patterns in meadow grassland. In conclusion, both of AGB and BGB were increased significantly by fencing. Moreover, species diversity and soil nutrients can be promoted via mowing and fencing. This study suggested that implementation of Ecological Project played a positive role in sustainable grassland utilization of Hulun Buir City and a strong positive influence on the entire temperate grassland.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-014-0706-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Chinese%20Geographical%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11769-014-0706-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11769-014-0706-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11769-014-0706-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-07-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11769-018-0939-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-03-13", "title": "Effect Of Wetland Reclamation On Soil Organic Carbon Stability In Peat Mire Soil Around Xingkai Lake In Northeast China", "description": "Closed AccessLa teneur et la densit\u00e9 du carbone organique du sol (COS) et des fractions de COS labiles et stables dans le sol de tourbi\u00e8re dans les zones humides, les champs de soja et les rizi\u00e8res r\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9es dans les zones humides autour du lac Xingkai dans le nord-est de la Chine ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tudi\u00e9es. Des \u00e9tudes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ues pour \u00e9tudier l'impact de la remise en \u00e9tat des zones humides pour la culture du soja et du riz sur la stabilit\u00e9 du SOC. Apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration, la teneur en COS et la densit\u00e9 dans la couche sup\u00e9rieure du sol de 0 \u00e0 30 cm ont diminu\u00e9, et la teneur en COS et la densit\u00e9 dans le champ de soja \u00e9taient plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es que dans le champ de riz. La teneur et la densit\u00e9 des fractions de COS labiles ont \u00e9galement diminu\u00e9, et la densit\u00e9 des fractions de COS labiles et leurs rapports avec le COS dans les champs de soja \u00e9taient inf\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 ceux observ\u00e9s dans les champs de paddy. Dans la couche de sol de 0 \u00e0 30 cm, les densit\u00e9s des fractions de COS labiles, \u00e0 savoir le carbone organique dissous (COD), le carbone de biomasse microbienne (MBC), le carbone facilement oxyd\u00e9 (roc) et le carbone facilement min\u00e9ralis\u00e9 (RMC), dans les champs de soja et de riz, se sont toutes r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9es inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 celles des zones humides de 34,00\u00a0% et 13,83\u00a0%, 51,74\u00a0% et 35,13\u00a0%, 62,24\u00a0% et 59,00\u00a0%, et 64,24\u00a0% et 17,86\u00a0%, respectivement. Apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration, la densit\u00e9 de COS des micro-agr\u00e9gats (< 0,25 mm) en tant que fraction de COS stable et son rapport avec le COS dans les couches de sol de 0\u20135, 5\u201310, 10\u201320 et 20\u201330 cm ont augment\u00e9. La densit\u00e9 de COS des micro-agr\u00e9gats dans la couche de sol de 0 \u00e0 30 cm dans les champs de soja \u00e9tait de 50,83\u00a0% sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle des rizi\u00e8res. En raison de la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration, la densit\u00e9 de COS et la densit\u00e9 de fraction de COS labile ont diminu\u00e9, mais apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration, la plupart des COS ont \u00e9t\u00e9 stock\u00e9s sous une forme plus complexe et stable. La culture du soja est plus respectueuse de la r\u00e9sidence durable du COS dans les sols que la riziculture.", "keywords": ["Soil Science", "Carbon Dynamics in Peatland Ecosystems", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental science", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Importance of Mangrove Ecosystems in Coastal Protection", "Soil water", "Paddy field", "Soil Carbon Sequestration", "Biology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Soil science", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil Fertility", "Ecology", "Peat", "Total organic carbon", "Life Sciences", "Land reclamation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil carbon", "Bulk density", "Agronomy", "6. Clean water", "Chemistry", "Wetland Restoration", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Wetland", "Environmental chemistry", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lili Huo, Yuanchun Zou, Xianguo Lyu, Zhongsheng Zhang, Xuehong Wang, Yingli An,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-018-0939-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Chinese%20Geographical%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11769-018-0939-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11769-018-0939-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11769-018-0939-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-03-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11769-014-0697-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-07-08", "title": "Effects Of Grazing Exclusion On Plant Productivity And Soil Carbon, Nitrogen Storage In Alpine Meadows In Northern Tibet, China", "description": "Grazing exclusion is widely adopted in restoring degraded alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. However, its effectiveness remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of grazing exclusion on plant productivity, species diversity and soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) storage along a transect spanning from east to west of alpine meadows in northern Tibet, China. After six years of grazing exclusion, plant cover, aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), SOC and STN were increased, but species diversity indices declined. The enhancement of AGB and SOC caused by grazing exclusion was correlated positively with mean annual precipitation (MAP). Grazing exclusion led to remarkable biomass increase of sedge species, especially Kobresia pygmaea, whereas decrease of biomass in forbs and no obvious change in grass, leguminous and noxious species. Root biomass was concentrated in the near surface layer (10 cm) after grazing exclusion. The effects of grazing exclusion on SOC storage were confined to shallow soil layer in sites with lower MAP. It is indicated that grazing exclusion is an effective measure to increase forage production and enhance soil carbon sequestration in the studied region. The effect is more efficient in sites with higher precipitation. However, the results revealed a tradeoff between vegetation restoration and ecological biodiversity. Therefore, carbon pools recover more quickly than plant biodiversity in the alpine meadows. We suggest that grazing exclusion should be combined with other measures to reconcile grassland restoration and biodiversity conservation.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-014-0697-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Chinese%20Geographical%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11769-014-0697-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11769-014-0697-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11769-014-0697-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-07-09T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=CU&offset=1800&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=CU&offset=1800&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=CU&offset=1750", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=CU&offset=1850", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 11775, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-04T13:40:56.010945Z"}