Crop and land management practices affect both the quality and quantity of soil organic matter (SOM) and hence are driving forces for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. The objective of this study was to assess the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effects of tillage, fertilizer application and crop rotation onSOCin an agricultural area of southern Norway, where a soil fertility and crop rotation experiment was initiated in 1953 and a second experiment on tillage practices was initiated in 1983. The first experiment comprised 6\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr crop rotations with cereals only and 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr cereal and 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr grass rotations with recommended (base) and more than the recommended (above base) fertilizer application rates; the second experiment dealt with autumn\uffe2\uff80\uff90ploughed (conventional\uffe2\uff80\uff90till) plots and direct\uffe2\uff80\uff90drilled plots (no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till). Soil samples at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 and 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffc2\uffa0cm depths were collected in autumn 2009 and analysed for their C and N contents. The quality ofSOMin the top layer was determined by13C solid\uffe2\uff80\uff90stateNMRspectroscopy. TheSOCstock did not differ significantly because of rotation or fertilizer application types, even after 56\uffc2\uffa0yr. However, the no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till system showed a significantly higherSOCstock than the conventional\uffe2\uff80\uff90till system at the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310\uffc2\uffa0cm depth after the 26\uffc2\uffa0yr of experiment, but it was not significantly different at the 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffc2\uffa0cm depth. In terms of quality,SOMwas found to differ by tillage type, rate of fertilizer application and crop rotation. The no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till system showed an abundance of O\uffe2\uff80\uff90alkyl C, while conventional\uffe2\uff80\uff90till system indicated an apparently indirect enrichment in alkyl C, suggesting a more advanced stage ofSOMdecomposition. The long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term quantitative and qualitative effects onSOMsuggest that adopting a no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage system and including grass in crop rotation and farmyard manure in fertilizer application may contribute to preserve soil fertility and mitigate climate change.
", "keywords": ["Fertilizer application", "2. Zero hunger", "Crop rotation", " fertilizer application", " soil organic carbon (SOC)", " soil organic matter (SOM)", " tillage", " NMR spectroscopy.", "NMR spectroscopy", "Crop rotation", "Soil organic matter (SOM)", "13. Climate action", "Soil organic carbon (SOC)", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Tillage"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12198"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Use%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/sum.12198", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/sum.12198", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/sum.12198"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-07-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14936177", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:26:09Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Precision Liming Soil Datasets (LimeSoDa) Zenodo Repository", "description": "Overview Precision Liming Soil Datasets (LimeSoDa) is a collection of 31 datasets from a field- and farm-scale soil mapping context. These datasets are 'ready-to-use' for modeling purposes, as they include target soil properties and features in a tidy tabular format. Three target soil properties are present in every dataset: (1) soil organic matter (SOM) or soil organic carbon (SOC), (2) pH, and (3) clay content, while the features for modeling are dataset-specific. The primary goal of `LimeSoDa` is to enable more reliable benchmarking of machine learning methods in digital soil mapping and pedometrics. All the associated materials and data from LimeSoDa can be downloaded in this data repository. However, for a more in-depth analysis, we refer to the published paper 'LimeSoDa: A Dataset Collection for Benchmarking of Machine Learning Regressors in Digital Soil Mapping' by Schmidinger et al. (2025). You may also use our R\u00a0and Python package likewise called LimeSoDa. \u00a0 Citation Upon usage of datasets from LimeSoDa, please cite our associated paper: Schmidinger, J., Vogel, S., Barkov, V., Pham, A.-D., Gebbers, R., Tavakoli, H., Correa, J., Tavares, T.R., Filippi, P., Jones, E. J., Lukas, V., Boenecke, E., Ruehlmann, J., Schroeter, I., Kramer, E., Paetzold, S., Kodaira, M., Wadoux, A.M.J.-C., Bragazza, L., Metzger, K., Huang, J., Valente, D.S.M., Safanelli, J.L., Bottega, E.L., Dalmolin, R.S.D., Farkas, C., Steiger, A., Horst, T. Z., Ramirez-Lopez, L., Scholten, T., Stumpf, F., Rosso, P., Costa, M.M., Zandonadi, R.S., Wetterlind, J. & Atzmueller, M. (2025). LimeSoDa: A Dataset Collection for Benchmarking of Machine Learning Regressors in Digital Soil Mapping.", "keywords": ["Environmental sciences", "Soil Organic Carbon", "Pedometrics", "pH", "Soil Organic Matter", "Clay", "Remote sensing", "Digital Soil Mapping"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14936177"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14936177", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14936177", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14936177"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.7910/DVN/GVNJAB", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:28:41Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2019-06-24", "title": "Physical topsoil properties in Murugusi, Western Kenya", "description": "Open Access<b>General:</b> Lab determined topsoil bulk density, contents of sand, clay and organic carbon in Murugusi, W. Kenya, together with spatial coordinates of where the soil samples were taken (rounded to the closest center point of a 250 m \u00d7 250 m raster). All lab analyses were carried out at the ILRI/CIAT lab in Nairob, Kenya. <br> <b>Soil sampling:</b> At each sample location, one composite topsoil sample was taken; three cores of 7 cm in diameter taken within an area of one square meter. The soil was taken from 0-0.2 m depth below any organic (O) horizon. <br> <b>Determination of soil properties:</b> The bulk density of the soil was determined by taking two undisturbed soil samples (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depth) of known volume (100 cm2) and weighting them after air drying. Soil fractions of clay (<0.002 mm) and sand (0.05-2 mm) were determined by the hydrometer method (Estefan et al., 2014), using 10% sodium hexametaphosphate as the dispersing agent. Soil pH was determined potentiometrically on a soil suspension of 1:2 (soil: water). Total carbon was measured after dry combustion using an elemental analyser (Elementar Vario max cube; ISO 10694, first edition 1995-03-01) <br> <b>Reference: </b>Estefan G., Sommer R., Ryan J. (2014) Analytical Methods for Soil-Plant and Water in Dry Areas. A Manual of Relevance to the West Asia and North Africa Region. 3rd Edition, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, 255 pp. Available online at: http://repo.mel.cgiar.org:8080/handle/20.500.11766/7512?show=full. Verified: October 9, 2018. <br> <b>Acknowledgements: </b> We are deeply thankful for the good services provided by John Mukulama (soil sampling), John Yumbya Mutua (soil sampling) and Francis Mungthu Njenga (lab analyses) The project was carried out within the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE).", "keywords": ["Soil organic matter", "Agricultural Sciences", "Soil organic carbon", "sand", "Kenya", "Carbon", "Latin America and the Caribbean", "soil", "Soil", "Soil bulk density", "Sand", "soil organic matter", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Soil texture", "Murugusi", "Africa", "Clay", "Texture", "Western Kenya", "Agroecosystems and Sustainable Landscapes - ASL"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Piikki, Kristin, S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, Mats, Sommer, Rolf, Da Silva, Mayesse,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/GVNJAB"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.7910/DVN/GVNJAB", "name": "item", "description": "10.7910/DVN/GVNJAB", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.7910/DVN/GVNJAB"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2009.07.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-07-31", "title": "Tillage And Cropping Effects On Soil Organic Carbon In Mediterranean Semiarid Agroecosystems: Testing The Century Model", "description": "Open AccessPeer reviewed", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic carbon", "13. Climate action", "Dryland agroecosystems", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Semiarid Spain", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Simulation modeling", "Tillage"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.07.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2009.07.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2009.07.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2009.07.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.10.023", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-11-07", "title": "Critical review of the impacts of grazing intensity on soil organic carbon storage and other soil quality indicators in extensively managed grasslands", "description": "Livestock grazing intensity (GI) is thought to have a major impact on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and soil quality indicators in grassland agroecosystems. To critically investigate this, we conducted a global review and meta-analysis of 83 studies of extensive grazing, covering 164 sites across different countries and climatic zones. Unlike previous published reviews we normalized the SOC and total nitrogen (TN) data to a 30\u00a0cm depth to be compatible with IPCC guidelines. We also calculated a normalized GI and divided the data into four main groups depending on the regional climate (dry warm, DW; dry cool, DC; moist warm, MW; moist cool, MC). Our results show that taken across all climatic zones and GIs, grazing (below the carrying capacity of the systems) results in a decrease in SOC storage, although its impact on SOC is climate-dependent. When assessed for different regional climates, all GI levels increased SOC stocks under the MW climate (+7.6%) whilst there were reductions under the MC climate (-19%). Under the DW and DC climates, only the low (+5.8%) and low to medium (+16.1%) grazing intensities, respectively, were associated with increased SOC stocks. High GI significantly increased SOC for C4-dominated grassland compared to C3-dominated grassland and C3-C4 mixed grasslands. It was also associated with significant increases in TN and bulk density but had no effect on soil pH. To protect grassland soils from degradation, we recommend that GI and management practices should be optimized according to climate region and grassland type (C3, C4 or C3-C4 mixed).", "keywords": ["330", "QH301 Biology", "630", "Article", "QH301", "NE/M021327/1", "Grazing intensity", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "grazing", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic carbon", "Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)", "NE/P019455/1", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Grassland", "soil organic carbon", "Grazing", "grazing intensity", "total nitrogen", "13. Climate action", "NE/M016900/1", "NE/M019713/1", "Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "BB/N013484/1", "grassland", "BB/N013468/1"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.10.023"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.10.023", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.10.023", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2017.10.023"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.15454/J9H4BS", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:21:49Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Donn\u00e9es de r\u00e9plication pour\u00a0: Biogeography of soil bacteria and archaea across France", "description": "These data concern the study 'Biogeography of soil bacteria and archaea across France' Karimi B, Terrat S, Dequiedt S, Saby NPA, Horrigue W, Leli\u00e8vre M, Nowak V, Jolivet C, Arrouays D, Wincker P, Cruaud C, Bispo A, Maron PA, Bour\u00e9 NCP, Ranjard L. Sci Adv. 2018 Jul 4;4(7):eaat1808. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aat1808 and is based on data from the RMQS program (French Soil Quality Monitoring Network). The French Soil Quality Monitoring Network (RMQS) is a national program for the assessment and long-term monitoring of the quality of French soils. This network is based on the monitoring of 2240 sites representative of French soils and their land use. These sites are spread over the whole French territory (metropolitan and overseas) along a systematic square grid of 16 km x 16 km cells. The network covers a broad spectrum of climatic, soil and land-use conditions (croplands, permanent grasslands, woodlands, orchards and vineyards, natural or scarcely anthropogenic land and urban parkland). The physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil are measured on each site. These soil analyses were carried out by the Soil Analysis Laboratory of INRAE (Arras, France). The spatial and temporal variability of soil properties are explained by biophysical variables, sources of contamination, history of land-use and management practices on each plot. The first sampling campaign in metropolitan France took place from 2000 to 2009 and the second campaign has begun in 2016. At each site, 25 core samples were taken by layer with an auger within a 20 m \u00d7 20 m plot and combined into a composite sample. Analyses used in this study only concern the surface layer (generally 0\u201330 cm layer) of samplings from the first campaign in metropolitan France. The dataset published contains all the raw data used in the statistical analysis in order to make them available for any further study. The table contains soil properties, observations on land use, and coordinates. We warn the user that coordinates published here are not the right coordinates, the RMQS site can be located until 1 km around this point. Real coordinates can not be made publicly available because of confidential information.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "silt", "Earth and Environmental Science", "cation exchange capacity", "Evapotranspiration", "Soils and soil sciences", "pH", "land use", "clay", "sand", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "soil", "air temperature", "soil organic carbon", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Land Use", "Soil Sciences", "calcium carbonate", "phosphorus content", "Environmental Research", "Natural Sciences", "Geosciences", "altitude"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Saby, Nicolas, Boulonne, Line, Rati\u00e9, C\u00e9line, Arrouays, Dominique, Chenu, Jean-Philippe, Toutain, Beno\u00eet, Bispo, Antonio, Jolivet, Claudy,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.15454/J9H4BS"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.15454/J9H4BS", "name": "item", "description": "10.15454/J9H4BS", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.15454/J9H4BS"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agwat.2016.04.009", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:51Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-04-27", "title": "Irrigation Regime Affected Soc Content Rather Than Plow Layer Thickness Of Rice Paddies: A County Level Survey From A River Basin In Lower Yangtze Valley, China", "description": "Abstract While the impacts of farm management practices such as fertilization, tillage and straw return on soil organic carbon dynamics in croplands have been widely studied, the effects of irrigation management in irrigated rice paddies have not yet been widely assessed. Changes in plow layer thickness and soil organic carbon content of rice paddies were analyzed using data obtained in a county-level survey of soil fertility conducted in 2005 and 2006 in Guichi County, Anhui Province, China. Both soil thickness and organic carbon content of plow layer showed skewed normal distributions, with their averages of 14.58\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.92\u00a0cm, and 16.45\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.02\u00a0g/kg, respectively. The irrigation method was found to have significant influences on both plow layer thickness and soil organic carbon content, as the plow layer thickness and soil organic carbon content had an inverse response to the irrigation intensity derived from different irrigation methods. The land-level performance of irrigation/drainage infrastructure and the irrigation water sources were detected to have significant effect on plow layer thickness, but little influence on soil organic carbon content. While the capacity of irrigation/drainage infrastructure had a remarkable effect on soil organic carbon content but little impact on plow layer thickness. However, the irrigation condition for surveyed fields was detected to have little effect on both plow layer thickness and soil organic carbon content. These results indicated that irrigation management should keep the balance between surface erosion on plow layer thickness and soil organic carbon accumulation. Hence, developing new technique for good irrigation infrastructure and water management in future will help soil organic carbon accumulation as well as improve the soil for enhanced crop growth in rice agriculture.", "keywords": ["330", "QH301 Biology", "01 natural sciences", "QH301", "water management", "land-use", "sequential reduction processes", "P losses", "fields", "SDG 15 - Life on Land", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic carbon", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Irrigation water source", "15. Life on land", "topsoil organic-carbon", "6. Clean water", "lowland rice", "Irrigation management", "13. Climate action", "soil colloidal suspensions", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Rice paddy", "lake region", "stability behavior", "Soil thickness"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.04.009"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agwat.2016.04.009", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agwat.2016.04.009", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.04.009"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.05.007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:18:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-05-25", "title": "Tropical Agricultural Land Management Influences On Soil Microbial Communities Through Its Effect On Soil Organic Carbon", "description": "Abstract We analyzed the microbial community that developed after 4 years of testing different soil-crop management systems in the savannah\u2013forest transition zone of Eastern Ghana where management systems can rapidly alter stored soil carbon as well as soil fertility. The agricultural managements were: (i) the local practice of fallow regrowth of native elephant grass ( Pennisetum purpureum ) followed by biomass burning before planting maize in the spring, (ii) the same practice but without burning and the maize receiving mineral nitrogen fertilizer, (iii) a winter crop of a legume, pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan ), followed by maize, (iv) vegetation free winter period (bare fallow) followed by maize, and (v) unmanaged elephant grass-shrub vegetation. The mean soil organic carbon (SOC) contents of the soils after 4 years were: 1.29, 1.67, 1.54, 0.80 and 1.34%, respectively, differences that should affect resources for the microbial community. From about 290,000 sequences obtained by pyrosequencing the SSU rRNA gene, canonical correspondence analysis showed that SOC was the most important factor that explained differences in microbial community structure among treatments. This analysis as well as phylogenetic ecological network construction indicated that members of the Acidobacteria GP4 and GP6 were more abundant in soils with relatively high SOC whereas Acidobacteria GP1, GP7, and Actinobacteria were more prevalent in soil with lower SOC. Burning of winter fallow vegetation led to an increase in Bacillales, especially those belonging to spore-forming genera. Of the managements, pigeon-pea cultivation during the winter period promoted a higher microbial diversity and also sequestered more SOC, presumably improving soil structure, fertility, and resiliency.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Bacillales", "Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences", "Life on Land", "Agronomy & Agriculture", "SSU rRNA genes", "Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil organic carbon loss", "Acidobacteria", "Pigeon-pea winter-period cultivation", "13. Climate action", "Microbial community", "Zero Hunger", "Environmental Sciences", "Tropical agricultural practices"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt2f60c133/qt2f60c133.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.05.007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.05.007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.05.007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.05.007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115383", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:17:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-08-16", "title": "Long-term soil quality effects of soil and crop management in organic and conventional arable cropping systems", "description": "Improving or maintaining soil health is crucial to support human needs, with the concept of soil quality connecting soil functions and sustainability concerns. In 2019, we assessed soil chemical, physical and biological properties in a long-term crop rotation experiment initiated in 1997 at Foulum, Denmark, with the aim of determining the long-term soil quality effects of the use of cover crops, animal manure, different crop sequences (with or without a legume-based ley) and organic vs conventional management. The concentration of soil organic carbon has been relatively stable across all treatments for 14 years prior to this investigation; in 2019, we found high aggregate stability, porosity, air permeability and pore organization in all treatments. Bulk density, air permeability and pore organization were affected to some extent by soil and crop management, with bulk density being the lowest in the organic treatment without cover crops, which had the most frequent harrowing. Earthworm density was the greatest in the organic system with grass-clover, especially following the ley year, thanks to a combination of high quality plant input and reduced soil disturbance. From a system perspective, none of the treatments investigated represented extremes, and all maintained good soil quality in the long-term. This indicates that long-term management should take into account the combination of different factors affecting soil quality.", "keywords": ["EUROPE", "05 Environmental Sciences", "Soil Science", "PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES", "COVER CROPS", "CARBON", "Soil health", "07 Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences", "Earthworms", "AGGREGATE STABILITY", "2. Zero hunger", "Science & Technology", "PRODUCTIVITY", "Soil structural stability", "Agriculture", "Agronomy & Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "06 Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "4106 Soil sciences", "NO-TILL", "NITROGEN", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Life Sciences & Biomedicine", "MATTER", "Soil organic C"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115383"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115383", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115383", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115383"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "9b81642374175d90e0b717deca64ff67", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:33:04Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Satellite time series contribution to organic carbon mapping in cultivated soils at various regional scales", "description": "Open AccessLe carbone organique du sol (COS) dans les zones agricoles joue un r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 dans la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire et l'att\u00e9nuation du changement climatique. La quantification du COS est n\u00e9cessaire pour mettre en \u0153uvre des techniques et des pratiques de stockage. Cependant, l'\u00e9chantillonnage du COS dans un monde qui couvre environ 1,5 milliard d'hectares de sols agricoles est un v\u00e9ritable d\u00e9fi. C'est pourquoi l'utilisation de technologies telles que les capteurs satellitaires constitue une alternative prometteuse pour quantifier et cartographier le COS dans diff\u00e9rents types d'agro\u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes \u00e0 travers le monde. L'objectif de cette th\u00e8se est d'\u00e9valuer le potentiel des images satellitaires Sentinel-2 (S2) et Sentinel-1 (S1) pour la cartographie du COS dans les agro-\u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de la France m\u00e9tropolitaine en utilisant des mod\u00e8les spectraux et spatio-spectraux. Le chapitre 1 aborde l'\u00e9tat d'avancement de la cartographie du COS en France et pr\u00e9sente les principales limitations et m\u00e9thodes actuellement utilis\u00e9es avec les donn\u00e9es d'images satellitaires pour la pr\u00e9diction du COS. Le chapitre 2 pr\u00e9sente les zones d'\u00e9tude situ\u00e9es dans les r\u00e9gions Bretagne, Occitanie et Centre Val de Loire. De plus, les principaux ensembles de donn\u00e9es utilis\u00e9s sont d\u00e9crits et une analyse pr\u00e9liminaire de l'une des zones d'\u00e9tude est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e. Le troisi\u00e8me chapitre \u00e9value le potentiel des images S2 et des produits d\u00e9riv\u00e9s de S1 et S2 pour pr\u00e9dire le SOC \u00e0 l'aide d'images \u00e0 date unique. Dans ce chapitre comme dans le second, des limitations li\u00e9es principalement aux conditions de surface du sol ont \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9es ; et les meilleures dates d'image pour d\u00e9tecter le SOC ont \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9es. Dans la quatri\u00e8me au lieu d'images \u00e0 date unique, l'utilisation de mosa\u00efques temporelles S2 de sol nu (S2Bsoil) par p\u00e9riodes est abord\u00e9e comme l'utilisation de covariables d\u00e9riv\u00e9es de l'imagerie satellitaire et du terrain. Ce chapitre traite de l'importance de la s\u00e9lection des p\u00e9riodes de production de S2Bsol et de l'utilisation de covariables pertinentes pour comprendre la variabilit\u00e9 spatiale du COS \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle r\u00e9gionale. Enfin, le dernier chapitre aborde les principaux constats et perspectives \u00e0 envisager dans un futur proche.", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA.AGRO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy", "[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "S\u00e9ries satellitaires Sentinel", "Digital soil mapping", "Soil organic carbon", "Carbone organique du sol", "Bare soil", "Sentinel time series", "Sol nu", "Croplands", "Terres agricoles", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "Cartographie num\u00e9rique des sols"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Urbina Salazar, Diego Fernando", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/9b81642374175d90e0b717deca64ff67"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "9b81642374175d90e0b717deca64ff67", "name": "item", "description": "9b81642374175d90e0b717deca64ff67", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/9b81642374175d90e0b717deca64ff67"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "oai:helvia.uco.es:10396/21088", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:39:54Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Organic carbon in agricultural and agroforestry soils: Effect of different management practices", "description": "Open AccessSoil is a global resource that has the capacity to contain large amounts of organic carbon. In fact, soils contain more carbon than plants and the atmosphere combined. However, in recent decades human activities such as land-use change, deforestation, biomass burning, and environmental pollution have accelerated the release of terrestrial carbon into the atmosphere, increasing the greenhouse effect. The study of soil organic carbon cycle was recognized in the last decades as a necessary step for controlling future increases in atmospheric CO2, as well as necessary to simultaneously ensure the sustainability agricultural activities. A better comprehension of the he dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) in different agricultural systems will allow an improvement of soil quality and soil organic carbon storage under different climate and soil conditions. However, despite of decade\u2019s long research on this subject, there is still the need for a better appraisal of soil carbon dynamics in specific agricultural systems based on robust in field empirical studies. So, relevant contributions to a better understanding of the impact of land use on the global carbon cycle is of great importance. The present research, framed in the context of a PhD specialization on soil carbon in agricultural areas, is aimed to generate new information on the effect of different factors (climate, land use, management, altitude, and soil type) that influence the sequestration and accumulation of organic carbon along the profile in the soil in different agricultural and forest systems across contrasting edaphoclimatic conditions. This research includes not only new quantitative information on soil organic carbon, but also innovative studies on its distribution among different soil carbon compartments and on the use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) on soil organic carbon determination. The first study (Chapter 2) is an analysis of the effect of different agricultural uses in a subtropical climate, in the area of the Carrizal River valley in the province of Manab\u00ed Ecuador, based on the analysis of 64 soil profiles. In each profile simples were taken in the soil profile horizons to obtain the concentration of organic carbon up to a maximum depth of 150 cm in different agricultural management (permanent, intensive rotation and abandoned crops), In this study twenty-one different agricultural uses were identified. As expected, the highest concentrations of soil organic carbon happened in the A horizon, which has an average thickness of 40 cm. A trend towards a higher carbon sequestration potential was observed in the grass, intercropping like cocoa with banana and corn area management with an average value of 1.7% C, much higher than the area under mechanized agriculture, which presented lower carbon concentration, with an average value of 0.26% C. Regarding the total soil organic carbon stock, the first horizon accumulated more carbon compared to the other (B and C) soil profiles, with an average value of 41.32\u00b120.97 t C ha\u22121 and 15.06\u00b115.61 t C ha\u22121, respectively. The second study (Chapter 3) evaluated the effect of forest management in a temperate climate. For this study, soil samples were taken in a managed environment of forest species (Alnus incana, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies and Mixed: stands containing beech and spruce) in an elevation range from <900 m a.s.l. to >1100 m a.s.l. from the Babia G\u00f3ra National Park in southern Poland. Sampling points were taken up to a maximum depth of 100 cm. The results in this study revealed that the SOC reserves in the mountain soils of the Babi G\u00f3ra National Park are characterized by their great variability (from 50.10 t ha\u22121 to 905.20 t ha\u22121). In the conditions of this study, the type of soil is the dominant factor determining soil organic carbon stock, which coupled with topographic factors influence soil and vegetation conditions. This explains such diversity in the accumulation of soil organic carbon in different mountain soils in the areas. The largest carbon stock was recorded in histosols (>550 t C ha\u22121), which are located in the lower part of the national park. The third block of the research focused on two field studies in one of the most important agroforestry systems across the Mediterranean, dehesa. The first study (Chapter 4) is located in a dehesa in Hinojosa del Duque in C\u00f3rdoba, Spain: Dehesa is an agro-silvo-pastoral system which combines open land and low density trees (holm oaks). In this first study we investigated two adjacent dehesas on the same soil type but different characteristics. One was a pastureland with young holm oaks (planted in 1995 with a density of 70 trees ha\u22121 at 12 m x 12 m spacing. The area had been grazed by Merino sheep since 2000, at a grazing rate of 3 sheep per hectare. The second, adjacent area is a cultivated pasture with mature oaks with a minimum age of 90-100 years widely spaced (1.2 trees ha\u22121). Every three years, a mixture of peas and oats is grown for hay. Tillage is used for the preparation of this seeding except in the immediate vicinity (about 0.3-0.4 m) of the tree trunk. The first dehesa at higher tree density was part of this second dehesa, and so both had the same characteristics until year 1995. Both dehesas were sampled simultaneously in 2017. Sampling points were taken under and outside the canopy projection up to a maximum depth of 100 cm divided into 8 sections (0-2 cm, 2-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm, 60-80 cm, and 80- 100 cm). The results showed that a change in dehesa type from an old low density dehesa combining pasture with seeding every 3 years to a one only pastured with increased tree growth (70 trees ha), showed no significant differences in carbon concentration after 22 years\u2019 sicen implanting the more dense dehesa. A clear stratification of carbon was observed in the soil profile, particularly in the top 10 cm of the soil, as well as an effect of the adult tree which resulted in a higher concentration under the tree canopy in the middle soil depth section (20-40 cm) in the mature dehesa. Significant difference in carbon stock was only observed in the top 0-2 cm (5.86\u00b10.56 t ha1 vs 3.24\u00b10.37 t ha1, been higher in the newly planted dehesa. To our knowledge this is the first study evaluating in dehesa the distribution of soil organic carbon into this four (unprotected and physically, chemically and biochemically protected) fractions. Our results showed how most of the carbon in the two dehesas was stored in the unprotected fraction, been its relative contribution higher in the top 0-2 cm o the pastured dehesa and in the below canopy area of the mature trees in the cropped dehesa. This indicates that much of the fraction contained in these soils is particularly vulnerable to hypothetical changes to less sustainable managements. The second study in dehesa (Chapter 5) was located in the municipality of Pozoblanco in the north of the province of Cordoba. In this area three areas of continuous extensive grazing for more than 50 years with cattle, sheep, and pigs were identified, and three areas with different intensity were studied. These areas were: I) Intensive grazing management. II) moderate grazing management and III) no grazing (area excluded for more than 20 years). Sampling points were taken at each of the three areas up to a maximum depth of 30 cm divided into 5 sections (0-2 cm, 2-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm). Concentrations at different grazing intensities showed, as expected, higher carbon concentrations at the surface soil layer (0-2 cm) average of 1.59\u00b10.44%, decreasing to 0.48\u00b10.15% in the deeper section of the soil profile at 20-30 cm. Contradicting our initial hypothesis, no differences in soil organic carbon concentration were detected among the three areas with different grazing intensities, The total carbon stock was analyzed in the whole soil profile (0-30 cm), indicating non significant differences among the two grazed areas, average value of 27 t ha\u22121, or the area without grazing 26 t ha\u22121. As in the previous dehesa, the dominant fraction was the unprotected carbon. However, in this case the relative differences in the soil organic carbon concentration between the unprotected fraction and the physically and the chemically protected fractions was larger than in the first dehesa, particularly because the protected fractions tended to show a higher concentration than in the dehesa studied in Chapter 4. Using the empirical results from the study of the second dehesa, we developed a spectral library and predictive equations of concentration of soil organic carbon using Vis-NIR (Chapter 6) from this dataset. The accuracy of the SOC predictive models was very good, with R2 higher than 0.95 and residual predictive deviation (RPD) higher than 4.54, respectively. Refinement of VIS-NIR techniques, such as the one discussed in Chapter 6, could increase our ability to provide more affordable and robust technologies to measure large numbers of samples with the required accuracy, although it is less clear how to address other important sources of variability, such as soil depth, soil type, bulk density, and rock content. To reduce this uncertainty will be of great relevance to continue performing detailed experiments to better quantify on the effect of land use and cropping systems on soil organic carbon content, such as those described in chapters 3, 5 and 5. To date, these experiments are irreplaceable to test specific hypothesis relevant at local level (like the time to increase soil organic carbon stock after planting at higher density, Chapter 4), but also to create a corpus of available data which could improve, or lead to new ones, conceptual or numerical simulation models that can systematize our understanding of the soil organic carbon cycle and eventually reduce the need for large-scale sampling to verify the evolution of soil organic carbon in agricultural systems.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "Soil organic carbon", "11. Sustainability", "Agricultural systems", "15. Life on land", "Agroforestry", "Land-use", "Organic carbon", "Forest systems", "12. Responsible consumption"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Reyna-Bowen, Lizardo", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/oai:helvia.uco.es:10396/21088"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "oai:helvia.uco.es:10396/21088", "name": "item", "description": "oai:helvia.uco.es:10396/21088", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/oai:helvia.uco.es:10396/21088"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2022.107907", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-02-12", "title": "Land conversion from annual to perennial crops: A win-win strategy for biomass yield and soil organic carbon and total nitrogen sequestration", "description": "How much can we increase biomass yield by promoting land conversion from annual to perennial crops? Will increased biomass extraction for biorefineries reduce soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stock? Which cropping system is more stable for biomass production over time? To our knowledge, no study has concurrently investigated the effects of land conversion from annual to perennial crops on biomass yield, yield stability, and changes in SOC and TN stock, which limits the understanding and application of sustainable agroecosystems producing biomass for biorefineries. Based on five-year continuous observations in central Jutland Denmark, our results showed that perennial crops significantly increased biomass yield by 19% and yield stability by 88% compared to annual crops. Perennial crops significantly increased SOC content by 4% and SOC stock by 11% at 0\u2013100 cm depth across the five years. The opposite responses of SOC content and stock under annual and perennial crops led to even more significant differences between the crop types. Perennial crops had no effect on soil TN content and increased soil TN stock to one meter depth by 22%, whereas continuous annual crops had no effect on it. Neither annual nor perennial crops had effects on SOC and TN stock when estimated based on equivalent soil mass because the soil density increased under perennial crops. Our results showed that changes in SOC and TN stock between annual and perennial crops varied with the specific calculating methods (fixed depth/equivalent mass), thus the selected methods should be clearly defined in the future research. Increases in SOC content at one meter depth were positively correlated with biomass yield and yield stability, suggesting a win-win strategy for climate mitigation and food security. Altogether, our results highlight the potential to redesign the current cropping system for sustainable intensification by selecting proper perennial crops for green biorefineries.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Yield stability", "Sustainable agroecosystem", "13. Climate action", "Annual crop", "Biomass yield", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Perennial crop", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stock"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.107907"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2022.107907", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2022.107907", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2022.107907"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/9781118635797.ch8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:14:59Z", "title": "Biofuel Crops And Soil Quality And Erosion", "description": "Biofuel or energy crop production aims at maximizing the carbon (C) harvest for conversion into fuel. Since soils are involved in the processing chain the question, however, is if this conversion can be done without compromising soil quality. In this chapter we discuss the soil quality aspect of biofuel production. The production of biofuel crops might simultaneously affect a combination of soil properties and stipulating severe human-driven soil quality threats, out of which the decline of soil organic matter (SOM), the increase of erosion risks, and on and off-site pollution and nutrient losses are the most pronounced. We consider the differences between annual and perennial crops out of the effects of management and land-use change (LUC), including an issue of soil organic carbon (SOC) budget and sustainable removal of crop residues for energy production. Consequently, we discuss soil quality under biofuel crop production as affected by these threats to provide essential soil services. The challenges of the soil quality aspect of sustainable biofuel crop production, which include by-product management, soil remediation potential, and utilization of idle and degraded soils for biofuels, are also covered by this chapter", "keywords": ["soil erosion", "soil organic carbon (SOC)", "biofuel crops", "biofuel production", "soil quality", "land-use change (LUC)", "sustainability"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118635797.ch8"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/9781118635797.ch8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/9781118635797.ch8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/9781118635797.ch8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s13595-013-0294-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-05-15", "title": "Responses Of Labile Soil Organic Carbon And Enzyme Activity In Mineral Soils To Forest Conversion In The Subtropics", "description": "& Aims Globally, extensive areas of native forest have been almost replaced by plantations to meet the demands for timber, fuel material and other forest products. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of forest conversion on labile soil organic C (SOC), soil respiration, and enzyme activity, and to quantify their relationship in subtropical forest ecosystems. & Methods Surface mineral soil (0\u201320 cm) was collected from a Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook. plantation, Pinus massoniana Lamb. plantation, Michelia macclurei Dandy plantation, and an undisturbed native broadleaf forest. Soil microbial biomass C, dissolved organic C, permanganateoxidizable C, basal respiration, and six enzyme activities were investigated. & Results Soil microbial biomass C was higher by 45.9 % in native broadleaf forest than that in M. macclurei Dandy plantation. The ratio of soil microbial biomass C to total SOC was 27.6 % higher in the M. macclurei Dandy plantation than in the native broadleaf forest. The soil respiration increased by 25.2 %a nd 21.7 %a fter conversion from native broadleaf forest to P. massoniana Lamb. and M. macclurei Dandy plantations respectively. The effects of forest conversion on the soil enzyme activities differed among the tree species. Soil microbial biomass C had higher correlation with soil respiration than with the other SOC fractions. Moreover, soil microbial biomass C was positively correlated with urease and negatively correlated with cellulase activity. Soil respiration had higher correlation with soil microbial biomass C, dissolved organic C and permanganate-oxidizable C. & Conclusion Forest conversion affected the soil microbial biomass C, soil respiration, invertase, cellulase, urease, catalase, acid phosphatase, and polyphenol oxidase activities, but their response depended on tree species. Soil respiration was mainly controlled by labile SOC, not by total SOC.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil enzyme", "13. Climate action", "Land-use change", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil respiration", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Labile soil organic C", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "15. Life on land", "Tree species"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Silong Wang, Fuming Xiao, Tongxin He, Qingkui Wang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-013-0294-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annals%20of%20Forest%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s13595-013-0294-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s13595-013-0294-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s13595-013-0294-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-05-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/ldr.917", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:15:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-03-31", "title": "Effects Of Soil-Protecting Agricultural Practices On Soil Organic Carbon And Productivity In Fruit Tree Orchards", "description": "AbstractThis 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90year on\uffe2\uff80\uff90farm study reports the effects of different agricultural practices on yield and soil organic carbon (SOC) in kiwifruit and apricot orchards grown in a Mediterranean area. Groups of plants under local orchard management (LOM,\uffc2\uffa7
Correction made here after initial publication.
) practices (i.e. soil tillage, removing of pruning residues and mineral fertilisers) were compared with plots under soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90protecting orchard management (SPOM) actions (i.e. cover crop, no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage, compost application and mulching of pruning residues). In the SPOM blocks fertilisation rate was based on plant demand and irrigation volumes calculated on the evapotranspiration values, while they were empirically calculated in the LOM plots. Results show that yield was 28\uffe2\uff80\uff9350 per cent enhanced by SPOM practices while SOC remained close to the initial values. In comparison with LOM plots, changed practices increased up to 28\uffe2\uff80\uff9390 per cent the amount of P and K, and 13 per cent that of N annually incorporated into soil increasing their reservoir in the soil. The study demonstrates that appropriate land management can increase the mean annual carbon soil inputs from about 1\uffc2\uffb75 to 9\uffc2\uffb70\uffe2\uff80\uff89t\uffe2\uff80\uff89ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 per year. Copyright \uffc2\uffa9 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil organic carbon", "Crop residues; land use; organic matter; soil carbon input; SOC; Mediterranean soil; soil organic carbon", "Crop residue", "land use", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil carbon input", "SOC", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Mediterranean soil", "organic matter"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.917"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land%20Degradation%20%26amp%3B%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/ldr.917", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/ldr.917", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/ldr.917"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-03-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.01.012", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-03-20", "title": "Changes In Soil Carbon And Nitrogen Following Tillage Conversion In A Long-Term Experiment In Northern France", "description": "Although continuous no-till (NT) is recommended for erosion control and carbon sequestration, it often has a limited duration since farmers alternate between NT and full inversion tillage (FIT) to control weed infestation and avoid soil compaction. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of continuous tillage and tillage conversion of NT to FIT and vice versa on SOC and SON stocks, in a long-term experiment at Boigneville in Northern France. Continuous NT (CNT) and FIT (CFIT) treatments were established in 1991 and maintained until 2011 while half of the plots were converted in 2005: from CNT to new FIT (NFIT) and CFIT to new NT (NNT). Bulk densities and organic C and N contents were determined in 2001 and 2011 down to the old ploughing depth (opd) which was also measured. SOC and SON stocks were calculated at equivalent soil mass by correcting either bulk densities or the opd. Both methods produced very close results and similar conclusions. A typical gradient of SOC and SON concentrations vs depth was observed in CNT as opposed to a rather uniform distribution in CFIT. CNT resulted in SOC concentration in the top soil (0-5 cm) higher by 38% in 2001 and 53% in 2011 compared to CFIT. Conversely, it led to a SOC reduction in the deeper layer (ca. 10-28 cm) by 14% in 2001 and 18% in 2011. The global effect was no significant change in SOC and SON stocks between treatments over the old ploughed layer (4060 t soil ha(-1)) in both years: 43.2 and 45.0 t C ha(-1) in 2001 and 44.7 and 45.8 t C ha(-1) in 2011, in CNT and CFIT, respectively. In 2011, six years after tillage conversion, the stratification of SOC and SON had disappeared in NFIT whereas a new one had appeared in NNT with a smaller gradient than in CNT. SOC or SON stocks over the old ploughed layer did not differ significantly between treatments after 6 years of conversion: SOC stocks were 45.8, 43.2, 44.7 and 43.1 t C ha(-1) in the CFIT, NFIT, CNT and NNT treatments, respectively. Furthermore, SOC stocks below the old ploughed layer (ca. 28-40 cm) were slightly greater in FIT than in NT treatment (10.9 vs 8.7 t C ha(-1)). In this experiment, continuous or conversion tillage did not result in any C sequestration benefit. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["IMPACTS", "[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "Soil nitrogen", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "SEQUESTRATION", "630", "Tillage", "MOIST", "Long-term", "ORGANIC-CARBON", "[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "Full inversion tillage", "[SDV.BV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "SOC", "CONSERVATION TILLAGE", "2. Zero hunger", "GREAT-PLAINS", "Soil organic carbon", "TEMPERATE", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "No till", "NO-TILL", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "MATTER", "SYSTEM"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Dimassi, Bassem, Cohan, Jean-Pierrre, Labreuche, Jerome, Mary, Bruno, B.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.01.012"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.01.012", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.01.012", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2013.01.012"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2005.10.006", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:18:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-05-09", "title": "Tillage And Crop Rotation Effects On Barley Yield And Soil Nutrients On A Calciortidic Haploxeralf", "description": "Reduced tillage with appropriate crop rotation could increase the viability of dry land agriculture in semiarid zones. The effects of tillage and crop rotation on soil physico-chemical properties, soil organic carbon (SOC) and N have been studied widely in long and short-term experiments. However, their effects on nutrient levels and fertility losses have not been extensively studied in Mediterranean soils. We determined SOC, N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn distribution in the soil profile and in plant uptake, on a Calciortidic Haploxeralf in Spain. Three tillage systems [CT, conventional tillage (mouldboard plow); MT, minimum tillage and NT, no tillage] and three crop rotations [BB, continuous barley (Hordeum vulgare v. Tipper), FB, fallow-barley and VB, vetch (Vicia sativa v. Muza)-barley] were compared. SOC and N were higher for CT than for MT and NT in the first year, but higher for NT and MT than CT in the next years. In the 0-15 cm depth, SOC and N in NT also became higher than in MT for the fourth crop season. In the 15-30 depths, NT and MT had also higher SOC than CT since the second year. However, NT had only higher N than MT after three crop seasons. The increase in SOC was 75% for NT and MT while CT had a decrease of 17% in the 0-15 cm layer. The increase in N was 154% for NT, 108% for MT and 30% for CT in the upper 15 cm. NT had higher P, K and Cu than MT and higher P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn than CT in the upper layers due to the higher SOC level and to the fact that these systems maintain surface-applied K and P fertilizer. On the other hand, neither SOC nor N were affected by crop rotation. Tillage and rotation interactions were not significant for SOC, N and, in general, nutrient levels in the different soil depths. In general, the main factor that affected SOC, N and nutrients was tillage, which had reduced influence with depth. Highest yield was for CT-FB and CT-VB, but not different from NT-FB and NT-VB, meanwhile highest nutrient levels were obtained for interactions that included NT. These results suggest that NT, and to a lesser extend MT, preserved SOC and nutrient levels in the upper layers and, with NT-VB and NT-FB interaction, could also obtain high yields and keep soil fertility in the upper depths during the first 4 years. \u00a9 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Crop rotation", "Soil organic carbon", "Nitrogen", "Potassium", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Phosphorus", "Micronutrients", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Tillage"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.10.006"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2005.10.006", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2005.10.006", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2005.10.006"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00374-014-0952-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:15:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-08-29", "title": "Nitrous Oxide And Methane Emissions From A Vetch Cropping Season Are Changed By Long-Term Tillage Practices In A Mediterranean Agroecosystem", "description": "Lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from legume-based cropping systems have encouraged their use to deliver mitigation in agricultural systems. Considerable uncertainties remain about the interaction of legumes with long-term tillage systems on GHG emissions under rainfed agroecosystems. In this context, a field experiment was undertaken under a rainfed vetch crop to evaluate the effect of three long-term tillage systems (i.e. no tillage (NT), minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT)) on nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions for 1 year. Different N2O flux patterns were observed among tillage systems during the growth period of vetch, which depended on the soil conditions favouring nitrification and denitrification. The NT system maintained a higher sink for N2O than MT and CT from January to mid-April, which significantly reduced N2O emissions at this stage. In this period, denitrification capacity and nirK gene numbers were higher for MT than NT and CT. Additionally, an increase in soil NO\u2212 3 content and more favourable denitrification conditions in MT and NT than in CT for the last crop period increased N2O emissions in conservation tillage systems. Total annual N2O losses were significantly higher in MT (124.2 g N2O\u2013N ha\u22121) than NT (51.1 g N2O\u2013N ha\u22121) and CT (54 g N2O\u2013N ha\u22121) in a vetch crop. Low net uptake of CH4 was observed for all tillage systems. These results suggested that long-term NT may be a better option thanMT to mitigate GHG emissions in rainfed legume-cereal rotation. \u00a9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrous oxide", "Soil organic carbon", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "NirK", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Long-term tillage", "Methane", "Vetch crop"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-014-0952-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biology%20and%20Fertility%20of%20Soils", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00374-014-0952-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00374-014-0952-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00374-014-0952-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-08-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2016.07.008", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-08-10", "title": "Alternative Arable Cropping Systems: A Key To Increase Soil Organic Carbon Storage? Results From A 16 Year Field Experiment", "description": "Alternative cropping systems such as conservation agriculture and organic farming are expected to decrease negative impacts of conventional systems through sequestration of organic carbon in soil and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. We studied soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in the long-term (16 years) field experiment \u201cLa Cage\u201d (France) which compares four arable cropping systems, free from manure application, under conventional (CON), low input (LI), conservation agriculture (CA) and organic (ORG) management. Bulk densities and SOC concentrations were measured at different dates between 1998 and 2014. SOC stocks were calculated at equivalent soil mass taking into account bulk density variations and SOC redistribution across the different soil layers. We analyzed the evolution of SOC stocks and compared it with outputs of the simulation model AMG. The rate of change in SOC stocks in the old ploughed layer (ca. 0\u201330 cm) during the 16 years was 0.08, 0.02, 0.63 and 0.28 t ha\u22121 yr\u22121 in the CON, LI, CA and ORG systems respectively and significantly differed from 0 in the CA and ORG treatments. The AMG model satisfactorily reproduced the observed evolution of SOC stocks in the old ploughed layer in all treatments. A Bayesian optimization procedure was used to assess the mean and the distribution of the most uncertain parameters: the SOC mineralization rate and the C inputs derived from belowground biomass of cover crops which were fescue (Festuca rubra) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The model thus parameterized was able to predict SOC evolution in each block and soil layer (0\u201310, 10\u201320 and 20\u201330 cm). There was no significant difference in SOC mineralization rates between all cropping systems including CA under no-till. In particular, the increased SOC storage in CA was explained by higher carbon inputs compared to the other cropping systems (+1.72 t C ha\u22121 yr\u22121 on average). The CA and ORG systems were less productive than the CON and LI systems but the smaller C inputs derived from cash crop residues were compensated by the extra inputs from additional crops (fescue and alfalfa) specifically grown in CA and ORG, resulting in a positive carbon storage in soil. We conclude that alternative arable systems have potential to sequester organic carbon in temperate climate conditions, through higher carbon input rather than by the effect of reduced soil tillage.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "550", "Organic farming", "Soil organic carbon", "Conservation agriculture", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "No-till", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "AMG model", "630", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "13. Climate action", "Cover crop", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil carbon sequestration"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.07.008"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2016.07.008", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2016.07.008", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2016.07.008"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2016.10.024", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-11-04", "title": "Soil carbon sequestration rates under Mediterranean woody crops using recommended management practices: A meta-analysis", "description": "Abstract Mediterranean woody crops, such as olive and almond farming, and vineyards are usually cultivated in soils low in organic matter, with limited water availability and frequently on medium to steep slopes. Therefore, when conventionally cultivated, soils of these cropping systems are net sources of CO2 (throughout soil erosion and organic carbon mineralization). A promising option to sequester carbon (C) in these cropping systems is the implementation of recommended management practices (RMPs), which include plant cover in the inter-row area, minimum or no tillage and off- and on-farm organic matter amendments. However, the effects of RMPs on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in these cropping systems are widely overlooked, despite the critical importance of estimating their contribution on CO2 emissions for policy decisions in the agriculture sector in Mediterranean regions. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to derive a C response ratio, soil C sequestration rate and soil C sequestration efficiency under RMPs, compared to conventional management of olive and almond orchards, and vineyards (144 data sets from 51 references). RMPs included organic amendments (OA), plant cover (CC) and a combination of the two (CMP). The highest soil C sequestration rate (5.3\u00a0t\u00a0C\u00a0ha\u22121 yr\u22121) was observed following the application OA in olive orchards (especially after olive mill pomace application), whereas CC management achieved the lowest C sequestration rates (1.1, 0.78 and 2.0\u00a0t\u00a0C\u00a0ha\u22121 yr\u22121, for olive orchards, vineyards and almond orchards, respectively). Efficiency of soil C sequestration was greater than 100% after OA and CMP managements, indicating that: i) some of the organic C inputs were unaccounted for, and ii) a positive feedback effect of the application of these amendments on SOC retention (e.g. reduction of soil erosion) and on protective mechanisms of the SOC which reduce CO2 emissions. Soil C sequestration rate tended to be highest during the first years after the change of the management and progressively decreased. Studies performed in Mediterranean sub-climates of low annual precipitation had lower values of soil C sequestration rate, likely due to a lower biomass production of the crop and other plant cover. Soil C sequestration rates in olive farming were much higher than that of vineyards, mainly due to the application of higher annual doses of organic amendments. The relatively high sequestration rate combined with the relative large spatial extent of these cropping system areas suggests that the adoption of RMPs is a sustainable and efficient measure to mitigate climate change.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "330", "QH301 Biology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "recommended management practices", "carbon sequestration", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "soil organic carbon", "QH301", "13. Climate action", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Mediterranean woody crops", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.10.024"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2016.10.024", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2016.10.024", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2016.10.024"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.0k6djhb5k", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:24:12Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2023-08-29", "title": "Empirical data and model simulations of the effect of repeated hurricanes on soil carbon dynamics in a humid tropical forest", "description": "unspecifiedSite description Soils were sampled from the Bisley Experimental Watershed of the LEF, Puerto Rico (18.3157 deg. N, 65.7487 deg W), a Long-Term Ecological Research and Critical Zone Observatory and Network site (https://luq.lter.network). The mean maximum daily temperature at Bisley was 27 \u00baC between 1993 and 2010 (Gonzales, 2020), with little seasonality. The mean annual precipitation at Bisley was 3883 (\u00b1 864 s.d.) mm y-1 from 1988 through 2014 (Gonz\u00e1lez, 2017; Murphy et al., 2017). Rainfall occurs all year, though January through April experience slightly less precipitation than other months (Heartsill-Scalley et al., 2007). The site is a humid tropical forest with a diverse tree community of approximately 170 species > 4 cm diameter at breast height (Weaver & Murphy, 1990), and dominated by tabonuco (Dacryodes excelsa Vahl). Elevation of Bisley spans from 261 m a.s.l. at the base to 450 m a.s.l. on the ridges (Scatena, 1989). Soils in Bisley are derived from volcaniclastic sediments of andesitic parent material (Scatena, 1989).\u00a0 Ridge soils are classified as Ultisols (Typic Haplohumults), while slope soils are classified as Oxisols (inceptic and Aquic Hapludox), and valley soils are classified as Inceptisols (Typic Epiaquaepts) (Hall et al., 2015; McDowell et al., 2012; Scatena, 1989). Detailed site descriptions can be found in Scatena (1989), Heartsill-Scalley et al (2010), and McDowell et al (2012). Here we refer to soil organic C (SOC) and soil C interchangeably because there is no detectable inorganic C in these soils. Hurricane occurrence\u00a0 Figure 1: Timeline of major hurricanes that have affected Luquillo Experimental Forest between sampling dates. Nine major hurricanes (category 3 or higher) have impacted Puerto Rico between 1851 and 2019 (L\u00f3pez-Marrero et al., 2019), and five of these hurricanes have impacted the LEF. Until 1998, hurricanes had historically directly impacted the LEF approximately every 60 years (Scatena & Larsen, 1991). Before the initial sampling campaign of this study, Hurricane San Cipri\u00e1n in 1932 was the most recent storm to cause major disturbance to the LEF (Scatena & Larsen, 1991).\u00a0 However, since sampling in 1988, four major hurricanes have impacted the forest (Figure 1). Hurricane Hugo (Category 3-4) in 1989, Hurricane Georges (Category 3) in 1998, and Hurricanes Irma and Maria (Categories 5 and 4, respectively) within two weeks in 2017. The trajectory and windspeeds of all these hurricanes caused widespread defoliation. Litterfall historically takes over five years to return to pre-hurricane levels (Scatena et al., 1996).\u00a0 Sampling Sample collection occurred in 1988 and again in 2018. In both years, samples were collected from three depths: 0\u201310 cm (the A horizon), 10\u201335 cm (all of the B1 horizon and part of B2), and 35\u201360 cm (B2 to C) using an 8 cm diameter soil auger. Soils in this study were sampled at three separate sites at least 40 m from one another for each of three topographic locations, ridge, slope, and upland valley. Two separate cores were taken from a fourth topographic location in the riparian valley, that characterized a smaller proportion of the area of these watersheds (Scatena & Lugo, 1995). Riparian valley sites were ephemeral streambeds with a high boulder presence that limited sampling to less than 25 cm depth in one case. Sampling sites from 1988 were marked with flags, and samples from 2018 were collected from within 15 m of the same locations as the replicates from 1988, for consistency. Samples collected in 1988 were analyzed for bulk density, pH, soil moisture, and a suite of soil chemical properties (see Silver et al. 1994). Samples were then air-dried and stored in closed Ziploc bags within paper bags in a storage facility in Richmond, CA, USA before density fractionation in 2018. Fresh samples collected in 2018 were also characterized for pH, soil moisture, and soil chemistry. Approximately 3 g subsamples from each fresh sample in 2018 were immediately extracted with 45 mL of 0.2 M sodium citrate/0.5 M ascorbate solution, shaken for 16 hours, then centrifuged and the supernatant decanted to measure concentrations of poorly crystalline iron (Fe) oxides. Within two days of being double-bagged in Ziploc bags, fresh samples were further subsampled and analyzed for pH in a 1:1 soil-to-water slurry (Thomas, 1996) and for gravimetric soil moisture by oven-drying ~10 g subsamples at 105 \u00baC until a constant weight. Soil samples were air-dried before further processing and analysis. Air-dried soils from both sampling years were sieved to 2 mm and large roots were sorted out. Soil Density fractionation Soil was fractionated by density following the method of Swanston et al. (2005), as modified by Marin-Spiotta et al., (2009). Approximately 20 g of air-dried soil was added to centrifuge tubes. Sodium polytungstate (SPT, Na6 [H2W12O40] TC-Tungsten Compounds, Bavaria, Germany) in solution of density 1.85 g cm-3 was added to centrifuge tubes and agitated before centrifuging. The density of the SPT followed previous studies from this and nearby sites to allow direct comparison (Guti\u00e9rrez del Arroyo & Silver, 2018; Hall et al., 2015). Particulate organic matter floating at the surface after centrifugation, the free light fraction (FLF), was aspirated and then rinsed with 100 ml of deionized water 5 times on a 0.8 \u00b5m pore polycarbonate filter (Whatman Nuclepore Track Etch Membrane, Darmstadt, Germany). Rinsed FLF was oven-dried at 65 \u00baC until weight had stabilized. The remainder of the sample was combined with 70 ml of additional SPT and mixed using an electric benchtop mixer (G3U05R, Lightning, New York, NY, USA) at 1700 rpm for 1 min and sonicated in an ice bath for 3 min at 70% pulse (Branson 450 Sonifier, Danbury, CT, USA). Sonication is intended to disrupt soil structure and liberate organic matter that has been occluded in aggregates. The sonicated slurry was centrifuged again, and the light fraction at the surface, the occluded light fraction (OLF), was aspirated, rinsed, and dried using the same method as for the FLF. The remaining soil pellet was considered the heavy fraction (HF), or mineral-associated organic matter fraction. The HF was rinsed by thoroughly mixing with 150 ml of deionized water in the centrifuge tube, centrifuging, and removing the supernatant repeatedly until the fraction had been rinsed 5 times. The rinsed HF was oven-dried at 105 \u00baC until weight stabilized. The average mass recovery was 98%. Soil C and N and \u03b413C Dried bulk and HF soils were homogenized separately using a Spex Ball mill (SPEX Sample Prep Mixer Mill 8000D, Metuchen, NJ). The FLF and OLF were homogenized separately by hand using a mortar and pestle. All homogenized samples were then analyzed at U. C. Berkeley for C and N concentrations on the CE Elantech elemental analyzer (Lakewood, NJ) and for \u03b413C in the Stable Isotope Laboratory at UC Berkeley, using a CHNOS Elemental Analyzer interfaced to an IsoPrime 100 mass spectrometer (Cheadle Hulme, UK), with a long-term external precision of 0.10 %. \u00a0Soil C stocks were calculated by multiplying the C concentrations (%) by the oven-dry mass of bulk soil (< 2 mm) and dividing by depth and the bulk density as measured in 1988 (Silver et al., 1994; Throop et al., 2012). Radiocarbon Homogenized soil samples were combusted to CO2 in sealed glass tubes along with silver (Ag) and copper oxide (CuO) at the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry at Lawrence Livermore National Lab. The CO2 was then graphitized on Fe powder under pressurized hydrogen gas (Vogel et al., 1984). Graphite was pressed into aluminum targets and run on the Compact Accelerator Mass Spectrometer for radiocarbon analysis (Broek et al., 2021). Radiocarbon is reported in \u039414C, following Stuiver & Polach (1977), and calculated based on the fraction of modern isotope composition, corrected for the year of sampling, and corrected for mass-dependent fractionation with observed \u03b413C values of the sample. The compact AMS had an average \u039414C precision of 3.2 %. We report the corrected \u039414C value and \u0394\u039414C, which is calculated as \u039414C of the sample minus \u039414C of the atmosphere, to account for rapidly changing atmospheric \u039414C during the study period. Atmospheric radiocarbon has been decaying nonlinearly since the peak of weapons testing in the 1950s. Radiocarbon signatures in the soil are strongly influenced by the atmospheric D14C signature, making them useful for modeling soil C age and transit time, especially since the 1950s. To compare the contribution of modern C between 1988 and 2018, it is useful to take the difference between soil and atmospheric D14C values, or DD14C, because atmospheric D14C declined between 1988 (98 %) and 2018 (4.4 %) in Northern Hemisphere Zone 2 (Hua et al., 2013). We note that the decline in atmospheric D14C is nonlinear, and thus the DD14C in 2018 soil will be less sensitive to short-term shifts in D14C inputs than the samples from 1988. Carbon age and transit time modeling Transit times and ages of C were modeled with the package \u201cSoilR\u201d (Sierra et al., 2012, 2014) in R, version 4.0.2. The change in C density fractions over time, termed C flow, was modeled using a 3-pool structure with a series flow matrix, under the simplifying assumption that C flows from the litter pool to the FLF, where it is sequentially transferred into the OLF and HF pools (Figure 2). The model structure is depicted in basic form in equation 1, \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1)\u00a0 dC(t)/dt = Inputs - k*C \u00a0in matrix form with explicit pools in equation 2, \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2)\u00a0 dC(t)/dt = [Litter Inputs; 0; 0] + [-kFLF, 0, 0 ; a21,\u00a0-kOLF, 0; 0, a32, -kHRF] * [CFLF; COLF; CHF] where k is the first-order decay constant for each pool, a is the C transfer rate between pools (i.e. a21 is the transfer from FLF (pool 1) to OLF (pool 2) and a32 is the transfer from OLF (pool 2) to HF (pool 3)), and C is the C stock of each pool. The transitTime and systemAge functions within the \u201csoilR\u201d package use this model structure to solve for the distribution of ages (time since entry) of each pool, and the distribution of transit times (times between entry and exit from the bulk soil) (Sierra et al 2016). Distributions of age and transit time were time-independent and did not assume a specific distribution (Sierra et al., 2014, 2017). Figure 2: Hypothesized flow of C in soils. Free light fraction (FLF) C (pink) is either decomposed (at cycling rate -kFLF * FLF) or transferred to the occluded light fraction pool (OLF, blue) with the transfer proportion defined by a21. Carbon transfer between the OLF and heavy fraction (HF, purple) is defined by transfer coefficient a32, and is respired from these pools at cycling rates -kOLF* OLF and -kHF* HF, respectively. Figure adapted from Sierra et al. (2012). Soil D14C and C stock mean and standard deviations from each time point, depth, and fraction were used to constrain the matrix model describing the movement of C through three soil pools and losses of C from each pool. Topography was not a strong predictor of patterns in D14C, C stocks, or C fractions, so samples from all topographies were aggregated for model simulations. The model used mean observed C content in each pool for each depth in 1988 as initial conditions for SOC stocks. Above and belowground litter inputs at 0\u201310 cm were assumed to be 900 g C m-2 in non-hurricane or hurricane recovery years, based on observations from the same site (Liu et al., 2018; Scatena et al., 1996; Silver et al., 1996; Vogt et al., 1996). Inputs to the 10\u201335 cm and 35\u201360 cm depths were estimated using observations of live fine roots on the surface and typical root distribution in the forest (Silver & Vogt, 1993). Total root input is approximately threefold the input of fine roots alone (McCormack et al., 2015; Yaffar & Norby, 2020), and live fine roots in the 0\u201310 cm depth had a mean biomass of 80 - 250 g C m-2 \u00a0(Hall et al., 2015), suggesting that total root C inputs of approximately 450 g C m-2 to the surface would be well within the expected range. Root inputs below 0\u201310 cm were estimated assuming that inputs follow the typical distribution of root biomass in Puerto Rican tropical forests, with 60\u201370% of root biomass in 0\u201310 cm, an additional 20-30% of biomass in 10\u201335 cm (~135 g C m-2\u00ad), and 5\u20138% of biomass is in the 35\u201360 cm depth (~40 g C m-2\u00ad) (Silver & Vogt, 1993; Yaffar & Norby, 2020). The model was parameterized under two scenarios for each depth: 1) constant inputs, assuming a steady-state undisturbed forest, and 2) hurricane inputs, which simulated the input fluxes from defoliation during the three major hurricanes, followed by a subsequent reduction in litter inputs and then litterfall increasing linearly to pre-hurricane inputs over 6 years (Scatena et al., 1996; Silver et al., 1996; Vogt et al., 1996). Hurricane inputs were imposed as an additional pulse of litter inputs to each depth interval, declining with depth. \u00a0The 0\u201310 cm interval received 100% of the surface input pulse, the 10\u201335 cm depth received a pulse of root inputs equivalent to 30% of the surface input pulse, and the 35\u201360 cm depth received root inputs equal to 10% of the surface input pulse. Surface litter pulses under hurricanes were specified according to measured litterfall values and were 42.5 g C m-2\u00ad to the surface in 1989 (Hurricane Hugo) and 1998 (Hurricane Georges) (Scatena et al., 1993; Silver et al., 1996) and 1611 g C m-2 \u00a0in 2017 (Hurricanes Irma and Maria) (Liu et al. 2018a). The same soil D14C and C stock observations were used to constrain the model under each scenario, with only the input regime varying. Parameters of the transfer matrix (-k\u00ad\u00adFLF, -k\u00ad\u00adOLF, -k\u00ad\u00adHF, a21, a32) were constrained using a cost function to accept or reject potential parameter sets over 1000 iterations, based on observed D14C and C stock means and standard errors from both time points (1988 and 2018). A Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation initialized with cost-optimized parameters was run to assimilate observed data and optimize parameter choices to the observations using function modMCMC() from R package \u201cFME\u201d (Sierra et al., 2014; Soetaert & Petzoldt, 2010). The MCMC was iterated over at least 20,000 simulations or until parameter solutions converged according to the trace, which was over 100,000 iterations at the 35\u201360 cm depth. The first half of the iterations was considered the burn-in period before the chain started to converge near an equilibrium, and these iterations were discarded in calculations of optimal parameters. The model output for the surface soils of the HF pool was validated using published radiocarbon values from the mineral-associated fraction (the only fraction analyzed) of samples from the site taken in 2012 (Hall et al., 2015).\u00a0 Bulk and pool soil C age and transit time density distributions and mean values were calculated using the systemAge() and transitTime() functions from the \u201cSoilR\u201d package. Mean density distributions were calculated using the mean parameter set given from the MCMC analysis. Standard deviation from the mean was calculated using the systemAge() and transitTime() functions on 200 sets of five parameters selected randomly within one standard deviation of the mean of each parameter given as output from the MCMC. Lower and upper limits of SOC ages and transit times were calculated using the upper and lower ranges of these iterations. Statistics Statistics were run in R, version 4.0.2 (R Core Team, 2020). The statistical model selection followed the recommendations of Zuur et al (2009). Statistical models were chosen using a linear mixed effects model in package \u201clme4\u201d, with random slopes accounting for the influence each core, or sampling site, had on the response variable values as they varied with depth. This random effect of the core site on the depth effect was evaluated using a restricted maximum likelihood approach and was included in the initial evaluation of all model comparisons. Linear mixed effect models included year, topographic position, depth, and interactions as fixed factors, and the depth effect of each core as a random factor for each of the response variables: C concentration, N concentration, d13C, DD14C. In evaluations of some response variables with AIC and BIC criteria, the random effect no longer enhanced the model, and model comparison proceeded using ANOVAs of linear models without random effects. Topographic effects on C concentrations are discussed in the supplemental information. Model assumptions were evaluated using the check_model function in R package \u201cperformance\u201d, to check for multicollinearity, normality of residuals, homoscedasticity, homogeneity of variance, influential observations, and normality of random effects. In the cases when random effects were significant (bulk soil d13C and DD14C, FLF DD14C and HF C and N concentrations), fixed effects were chosen using ANOVA of subsequent models using maximum likelihood estimation, with the random effects held constant. Once fixed effects were established, the model was re-fitted using a restricted maximum likelihood approach to report model estimates, and an ANOVA was run to determine the significance of the response variable. In all cases, P-values were estimated using Tukey\u2019s honest significant post-hoc test to assess significant differences between variables, in the package \u201cagricolae\u201d in R, and contrasts and standard errors of contrasts were estimated using lsmeans() function in package \u201clsmeans\u201d in R. Values of\u00a0P < 0.10 were reported as significant unless otherwise specified. The topographic position was not a significant predictor for most variables, so results are reported as means aggregated across positions.", "keywords": ["soil organic carbon", "Transit time", "Tropical forest soil", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "Soil R", "density fractions", "Radiocarbon"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Mayer, Allegra", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0k6djhb5k"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.0k6djhb5k", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.0k6djhb5k", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.0k6djhb5k"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10533-007-9071-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:15:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-02-08", "title": "Soil Organic Carbon Storage In Mountain Grasslands Of The Pyrenees: Effects Of Climate And Topography", "description": "Open AccessPeer reviewed", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Topography", "13. Climate action", "Climate", "Pyrenees", "Soil organic carbon storage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Mountain grasslands"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-007-9071-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10533-007-9071-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10533-007-9071-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10533-007-9071-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-02-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10533-021-00759-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:15:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-01-26", "title": "How much carbon can be added to soil by sorption?", "description": "AbstractQuantifying the upper limit of stable soil carbon storage is essential for guiding policies to increase soil carbon storage. One pool of carbon considered particularly stable across climate zones and soil types is formed when dissolved organic carbon sorbs to minerals. We quantified, for the first time, the potential of mineral soils to sorb additional dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for six soil orders. We compiled 402 laboratory sorption experiments to estimate the additional DOC sorption potential, that is the potential of excess DOC sorption in addition to the existing background level already sorbed in each soil sample. We estimated this potential using gridded climate and soil geochemical variables within a machine learning model. We find that mid- and low-latitude soils and subsoils have a greater capacity to store DOC by sorption compared to high-latitude soils and topsoils. The global additional DOC sorption potential for six soil orders is estimated to be 107 $$ pm$$ \uffc2\uffb1 13 Pg C to 1\uffc2\uffa0m depth. If this potential was realized, it would represent a 7% increase in the existing total carbon stock.
", "keywords": ["550", "Mineral association", "Organic chemistry", "Carbon Dynamics in Peatland Ecosystems", "Markvetenskap", "01 natural sciences", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Soil water", "Carbon fibers", "Water Science and Technology", "2. Zero hunger", "Latitude", "Ecology", "Total organic carbon", "Life Sciences", "Composite number", "Geology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Saturation", "Milj\u00f6vetenskap", "Soil carbon", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "Algorithm", "Chemistry", "Physical Sciences", "Environmental chemistry", "Sorption", "Additional sorption potential", "environment", "Geodesy", "Biogeochemical Cycling of Nutrients in Aquatic Ecosystems", "Soil Science", "Environmental science", "FOS: Mathematics", "Environmental Chemistry", "Soil Carbon Sequestration", "Earth-Surface Processes", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Soil science", "[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", "Atmosphere", "Soil organic carbon", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "15. Life on land", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Adsorption", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Dissolved organic carbon", "Environmental Sciences", "Mathematics"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10533-021-00759-x.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-021-00759-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10533-021-00759-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10533-021-00759-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10533-021-00759-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-007-9072-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:15:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-06-06", "description": "Carbon sequestration in the woody biomass of shelterbelts has been investigated but there have been no measurements of the C stocks in soil and tree litter under this agroforestry practice. The objective of this study was to quantify C stored in surface soil layers and tree litter within and adjacent to a 35-year-old shelterbelt in eastern Nebraska, USA. The 2-row shelterbelt was composed of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) and scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris). A sampling grid was estab- lished across a section of the shelterbelt on Tomek silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Pachic Argiudolls). Four soil cores were collected at each grid point, divided into 0-7.5 and 7.5-15 cm depth increments, and composited by depth. Soil samples were analyzed for total, organic, and inorganic C, total N, texture, pH, and nutrient content. Under the shelterbelt, all surface litter in a 0.5 \u00b7 0.5 m 2 area at each grid point", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Scotch pine", "Soil organic carbon", "Natural Resources and Conservation", "Shelterbelt", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Red cedar", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Tree litter", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Sauer, Thomas J., Cambardella, Cynthia A., Brandle, James R.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-007-9072-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-007-9072-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-007-9072-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-007-9072-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-06-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.05.015", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:17:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-08-19", "title": "Tensile Strength And Organic Carbon Of Soil Aggregates Under Long-Term No Tillage In Semiarid Aragon (Ne Spain)", "description": "Open AccessThis research was supported by the Comisi\u00f3n Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda of Spain (grants AGL2010-22050-CO3-02/AGR and AGL2007-66320-C02-02/AGR) and the European Union (FEDER funds). N. Blanco-Moure was awarded with a FPI fellowship by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Aggregate strength", "Soil organic carbon", "Rupture energy", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Dryland cereal farming", "15. Life on land", "Conservation tillage"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.05.015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.05.015", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.05.015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.05.015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-014-9599-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:00Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-01-10", "title": "Changes In Soil Carbon Stock After Cropland Conversion To Grassland In Russian Temperate Zone: Measurements Versus Model Simulation", "description": "The collapse of Soviet Union in early 1990s led to abandonment of large area of arable land which is assumed to act as a carbon (C) sink. We studied the ability of two dynamic soil C models (Yasso07 and RothC) to predict changes in soil C content after cropland abandonment. The performance of the models was compared using the results of a long-term experiment in Pushchino, Moscow region (5450 0 N, 3735 0 E) in Russia. The experiment was divided in four combinations of fertilizer or mowing treatments on former cropland soil. The soil C content was determined in the year of establishment (1980) and thereafter in 1999 and 2004. The soil C stocks increased by about 1.5- to 1.8-fold during the study period. Both models predicted the overall change in soil C relatively well (modelling efficiency of Yasso07 and RothC were 0.60 and 0.73, respectively). Accord- ing to the models, the soil gained on average 140-150 g C m -2 year -1 during the first 5 years after conversion of cropland to grassland. The C seques- tration rate decreased to 40-50 g C m -2 year -1 after 20 years of land use change. The sequestration rates estimated in this study are comparable to the rates observed in other studies.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "maaper\u00e4", "hiili", "carbon", "land use", "Yasso07", "maank\u00e4ytt\u00f6", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "RothC", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "kasvinviljely", "maank\u00e4yt\u00f6n muutos", "soil organic carbon", "land-use change", "soil organic matter", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Kasvintuotanto", "maaper\u00e4n hiili", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-014-9599-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10705-014-9599-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10705-014-9599-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10705-014-9599-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-025-10429-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-08-20", "title": "Regenerating productivity after soil fertility depletion in a 20-year cotton\u2013maize rotation in Benin", "description": "AbstractSoil degradation is a major challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa, where integrated soil fertility management has been promoted to restore productivity. A long-term experiment (1972\uffe2\uff80\uff931992) run in Benin consisted of two phases: a depletion phase (1972\uffe2\uff80\uff931980) with varying levels of mineral and organic fertilisation, and a regeneration phase (1981\uffe2\uff80\uff931992) where all plots received full fertilisation and organic matter additions. Soils were sampled at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9320\uffc2\uffa0cm depth in 1973, 1974, 1982, and 1989 to assess fertility changes. Mineral fertilisation (N, P, K) and plant biomass management (crop residue retention and biomass additions) significantly influenced seed cotton and maize grain yields during the depletion phase. Soil organic carbon declined consistently in all treatments during depletion but remained stable during regeneration. The long-term effect was evident only in seed cotton yield during depletion. In contrast, due to high variability, maize grain yield showed no consistent trend. The combined use of organic resources and mineral fertilisers helped maintain crop productivity but led to declining soil chemical properties in this Ferralsol. The analysis of this outdated yet unpublished dataset shed light on how long-term soil depletion effects persist over time, even when soil fertility management is restored, indicating a sort of \uffe2\uff80\uff98soil memory\uffe2\uff80\uff99. The persistence of these effect suggests that regenerative interventions must begin before critical thresholds of degradation are crossed. Future research should focus on alternative measures to restore/maintain soil fertility not evaluated in this experiment, such as conservation tillage or legume integration, to provide long-term benefits for smallholder farmers facing soil fertility challenges.International initiatives are emphasizing the capture of atmospheric CO2 in soil organic C (SOC) to reduce the climatic footprint from agroecosystems. One approach to quantify the contribution of management practices towards that goal is through analysis of long-term experiments (LTEs). Our objectives were to analyze knowledge gained in literature reviews on SOC changes in LTEs, to evaluate the results regarding interactions with pedo-climatological factors, and to discuss disparities among reviews in data selection criteria. We summarized mean response ratios (RRs) and stock change rate (SCR) effect size indices from twenty reviews using paired comparisons (N). The highest RRs were found with manure applications (30%, N\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89418), followed by aboveground crop residue retention and the use of cover crops (9\uffe2\uff80\uff9310%, N\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89995 and 129), while the effect of nitrogen fertilization was lowest (6%, N\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89846). SCR for nitrogen fertilization exceeded that for aboveground crop residue retention (233 versus 117\uffc2\uffa0kg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921, N\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89183 and 279) and was highest for manure applications and cover crops (409 and 331\uffc2\uffa0kg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921, N\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89217 and 176). When data allows, we recommend calculating both RR and SCR because it improves the interpretation. Our synthesis shows that results are not always consistent among reviews and that interaction with texture and climate remain inconclusive. Selection criteria for study durations are highly variable, resulting in irregular conclusions for the effect of time on changes in SOC. We also discuss the relationships of SOC changes with yield and cropping systems, as well as conceptual problems when scaling-up results obtained from field studies to regional levels.75\u00a0years) grazing during spring (SPG), summer (SUG), winter (WG) and exclosure (non-grazed control) treatments on soil nutrients, penetration resistance and infiltration tests. A soil sampling campaign was carried out to collect soil to a depth of 60\u00a0cm to analyse bulk density, soil physical and chemical parameters as well as soil compaction and infiltration. Generally, grazing treatments reduced soil organic C (SOC) stocks and C:N ratios, and modified soil properties. There was higher SOC stock (0.128\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0yr\u22121) in the exclosure than in the SPG (0.096\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0yr\u22121), SUG (0.099\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0yr\u22121) and WG (0.105\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0yr\u22121). The C:N ratios exhibited similar pattern to that of C. From the grazing treatments, the WG demonstrated 7 to 10\u00a0% additional SOC stock over the SPG and SUG, respectively. Short period animal exclusion could be an option to be considered to improve plant nutrients in sandy soils of South Africa. However, this may require a policy environment which supports stock exclusion from such areas vulnerable to land degradation, nutrient and C losses by grazing-induced vegetation and landscape changes.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic carbon", "[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "Exclosure", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Total nitrogen", "15. Life on land", "630", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "Grazing season", "\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me aride", "13. Climate action", "Arid ecosystem", "mati\u00e8re organique", "saison de p\u00e2turage", "carbone organique du sol", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Organic matter", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "azote total"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2625-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-015-2625-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-015-2625-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-015-2625-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-08-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-017-3401-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-09-11", "title": "Biochemical Proxies Indicate Differences In Soil C Cycling Induced By Long-Term Tillage And Residue Management In A Tropical Agroecosystem", "description": "A potential benefit of conservation agriculture (CA) is soil organic carbon (SOC) accrual, yet recent studies indicate limited or no impact of CA on total SOC in tropical agroecosystems. We evaluated biochemical indicators of soil C cycling after 9\u00a0years (18 seasons) of contrasting tillage with and without maize residue retention in western Kenya. Potential activities of C-cycling enzymes (\u03b2-glucosidase, GLU; \u03b2-galactosidase, GAL; glucosaminidase, GLM; cellobiohydrolase, CEL), permanganate-oxidizable C (POXC), and soil organic matter (SOM) composition (by infrared spectroscopy) were measured. POXC tended to be greater under reduced tillage and residue retention, but did not significantly differ among treatments (\u2264 2% of SOC). Despite no significant differences in SOC concentrations or stocks, activities of all 4 C-cycling enzymes responded strongly to tillage, and to a lesser extent to residue management. Activities of GLU, GAL, and GLM were greatest under the combination of reduced tillage and residue retention relative to other treatments. Reduced tillage produced an enrichment in carboxyl C\u00a0=\u00a0O (+6%) and decreased polysaccharide C-O (\u22123.5%) relative to conventional tillage irrespective of residue management. Though enzyme activities and POXC are typically associated with SOC accrual, changes in soil C cycling at this site have not translated into significant differences in SOC after 9\u00a0years. Elevated enzyme activities may have offset potential SOC accumulation under CA. However, the ratio of C-cycling enzyme activities to SOC was higher under reduced tillage and residue retention relative to other treatments, indicating that stoichiometric scaling of SOC and enzyme activities does not explain absence of significant differences in SOC among tillage and residue managements. Potential factors that may explain the low SOC accrual rates in this tropical agroecosystem included the low, albeit realistic, levels of residue retention, nutrient limitations, and high temperatures favoring decomposition.", "keywords": ["glucosidase", "Conservation agriculture", "actividad enzim\u00e1tica", "residuos", "glucosidasa", "Tillage", "residue", "Enzyme activities", "2. Zero hunger", "Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences", "Soil organic carbon", "Agronomy & Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "Kenya", "agricultura de conservaci\u00f3n", "enzyme activity", "soil organic carbon", "conservation agriculture", "Residue", "13. Climate action", "tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "labranza", "Glucosidase", "Environmental Sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt3217p4kt/qt3217p4kt.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3401-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-017-3401-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-017-3401-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-017-3401-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-09-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s12155-017-9858-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-08-03", "title": "Can Cover Crop Use Allow Increased Levels Of Corn Residue Removal For Biofuel In Irrigated And Rainfed Systems?", "description": "Corn (Zea mays L.) residue removal at high rates can result in negative impacts to soil ecosystem services. The use of cover crops could be a potential strategy to ameliorate any adverse effects of residue removal while allowing greater removal levels. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine changes in water erosion potential, soil organic C (SOC) and total N concentration, and crop yields under early- and late-terminated cover crop (CC) combined with five levels of corn residue removal after 3\u00a0years on rainfed and irrigated no-till continuous corn in Nebraska. Treatments were no CC, early- and late-terminated winter rye (Secale cereale L.) CC, and 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% corn residue removal rates. Complete residue removal reduced mean weight diameter (MWD) of water-stable aggregates (5\u00a0cm depth) by 29% compared to no removal at the rainfed site only, suggesting increased water erosion risk at rainfed sites. Late-terminated CC significantly increased MWD of water-stable aggregates by 27 to 37% at both sites compared to no CC, but early-terminated CC had no effect. The increased MWD with late-terminated CC suggests that CC when terminated late can offset residue removal-induced risks of water erosion. Residue removal and CC did not affect SOC and total soil N concentration. Particulate organic matter increased with late-terminated CC at the irrigated site compared to no CC. Complete residue removal increased irrigated grain yield by 9% in 1\u00a0year relative to no removal. Late-terminated CC had no effect on corn yield except in 1\u00a0year when yield was 8% lower relative to no CC due to low precipitation at corn establishment. Overall, late-terminated CC ameliorates residue removal-induced increases in water erosion potential and could allow greater levels of removal without reducing corn yields in most years, in the short term, under the conditions of this study.", "keywords": ["330", "Plant Biology", "Winter rye", "Horticulture", "Aggregate stability", "Mean weight diameter", "7. Clean energy", "630", "Agronomy and Crop Sciences", "Agricultural Science", "Residue removal", "2. Zero hunger", "Late termination", "Plant Sciences", "Botany", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Early termination", "Corn yield", "Cover crop", "Other Plant Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil organic C"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-017-9858-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/BioEnergy%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s12155-017-9858-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s12155-017-9858-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s12155-017-9858-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-08-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s12155-012-9198-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-05-03", "title": "Soil Carbon Sequestration By Switchgrass And No-Till Maize Grown For Bioenergy", "description": "Net benefits of bioenergy crops, including maize and perennial grasses such as switchgrass, are a function of several factors including the soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestered by these crops. Life cycle assessments (LCA) for bioenergy crops have been conducted using models in which SOC information is usually from the top 30 to 40 cm. Information on the effects of crop management practices on SOC has been limited so LCA models have largely not included any management practice effects. In the first 9 years of a long-term C sequestration study in eastern Nebraska, USA, switchgrass and maize with best management practi- ces had average annual increases in SOC per hectare that exceed 2 Mg Cyear \ufffd1 (7.3 Mg CO2year \ufffd1 ) for the 0 to 150 soil depth. For both switchgrass and maize, over 50 % of the increase in SOC was below the 30 cm depth. SOC seques- tration by switchgrass was twofold to fourfold greater than that used in models to date which also assumed no SOC sequestration by maize. The results indicate that N fertilizer rates and harvest management regimes can affect the mag- nitude of SOC sequestration. The use of uniform soil C effects for bioenergy crops from sampling depths of 30 to 40 cm across agro-ecoregions for large scale LCA is questionable.", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "Switchgrass . Maize", "2. Zero hunger", "Switchgrass", "Renewable Energy", " Sustainability and the Environment", "soil carbon . Soil organic carbon . Bioenergy . Sustainability . Carbon sequestration", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "Carbon", "630", "Maize", "Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Bioenergy", "soil carbon", "Agricultural Science", "Agronomy and Crop Science", "Soil organic", "Energy (miscellaneous)", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Follett, Ronald F., Vogel, Kenneth P., Varvel, Gary E., Mitchell, Robert B., Kimble, John,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9198-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/BioEnergy%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s12155-012-9198-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s12155-012-9198-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s12155-012-9198-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-05-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.012", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-11-17", "title": "Linking Yields Of Upland Rice In Shifting Cultivation To Fallow Length And Soil Properties", "description": "Abstract In many tropical cultivation systems, fallowing is a prerequisite for maintaining long-term plant-available nutrient pools and crop yields. This study examines the relationships between length of fallows, soil nutrient levels and yields of upland rice in a shifting cultivation system in Sarawak, Malaysia. A farmer managed field trial included 12 fields cultivated by means of slash and burn. Sites had been fallowed between 5 and 38 years or cropped for two successive years. Volume and horizon specific soil samples were analysed for nutrient contents including plant-available N and P. Yields from the test plots were measured and related to land use factors and soil properties. The stock of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the upper 30\u00a0cm of the soil profile ranged from 38 to 61\u00a0t\u00a0ha\u22121 and the stock of plant-available N ranged from 13.3 to 84.7\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121. The stock of plant-available P was in the range of 0.6\u201323.0\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121. Plant-available N stocks were positively correlated with fallow length. A weaker correlation was found between plant-available P and fallow length. Stocks of SOC, total N and exchangeable base cations were not related to yields, fallow length or cropping intensity. A positive correlation was observed between length of fallow and subsequent rice yields, which has not been well documented for shifting cultivation systems before. Although shorter fallow periods may reduce the availability of N and P, the results do not point towards a long term degradation of the SOC as a result of decreasing fallow periods.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Yields", "Soil organic carbon", "Shifting cultivation", "Plant-available N and P", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Fallow periods", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.012"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.012", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.012", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.012"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-01-23", "title": "Effects Of Past And Current Disturbance On Carbon Cycling In Grassland Mesocosms", "description": "Abstract In species rich grasslands, management factors may affect carbon storage both directly (e.g. defoliation) and indirectly, by altering plant community structure. We set up a mesocosm experiment to separate these direct and indirect effects. Monoliths were sampled from two plots of a semi-natural, species-rich pasture at Theix (France), which had been subjected to contrasted disturbance levels, high versus low grazing, for 14 years. These monoliths were placed in transparent enclosures in natural light and temperature conditions. At the start of the experiment, half of the monoliths in each disturbance treatment were shifted to the opposite disturbance regime. Above and below ground CO2 fluxes were then measured continuously over 2 years. The net below ground carbon storage was positively correlated (P", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "570", "SOL D'HERBAGES", "GRAZING", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "SOIL ORGANIC CARBON", "01 natural sciences", "GREENGRASS", "[SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment", "CARBON SEQUESTRATION", "RESPIRATION", "[SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "environment", "PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.008", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-02-10", "title": "Predicted Soil Organic Carbon Stocks And Changes In The Brazilian Amazon Between 2000 And 2030", "description": "Abstract Currently we have little understanding of the impacts of land use change on soil C stocks in the Brazilian Amazon. Such information is needed to determine impacts on the global C cycle and the sustainability of agricultural systems that are replacing native forest. The aim of this study was to predict soil carbon stocks and changes in the Brazilian Amazon during the period between 2000 and 2030, using the GEFSOC soil carbon (C) modelling system. In order to do so, we devised current and future land use scenarios for the Brazilian Amazon, taking into account: (i) deforestation rates from the past three decades, (ii) census data on land use from 1940 to 2000, including the expansion and intensification of agriculture in the region, (iii) available information on management practices, primarily related to well managed pasture versus degraded pasture and conventional systems versus no-tillage systems for soybean ( Glycine max ) and (iv) FAO predictions on agricultural land use and land use changes for the years 2015 and 2030. The land use scenarios were integrated with spatially explicit soils data (SOTER database), climate, potential natural vegetation and land management units using the recently developed GEFSOC soil C modelling system. Results are presented in map, table and graph form for the entire Brazilian Amazon for the current situation (1990 and 2000) and the future (2015 and 2030). Results include soil organic C (SOC) stocks and SOC stock change rates estimated by three methods: (i) the Century ecosystem model, (ii) the Rothamsted C model and (iii) the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) method for assessing soil C at regional scale. In addition, we show estimated values of above and belowground biomass for native vegetation, pasture and soybean. The results on regional SOC stocks compare reasonably well with those based on mapping approaches. The GEFSOC system provided a means of efficiently handling complex interactions among biotic-edapho-climatic conditions (>363,000 combinations) in a very large area (\u223c500\u00a0Mha) such as the Brazilian Amazon. All of the methods used showed a decline in SOC stock for the period studied; Century and RothC simulated values for 2030 being about 7% lower than those in 1990. Values from Century and RothC (30,430 and 25,000\u00a0Tg for the 0\u201320\u00a0cm layer for the Brazilian Amazon region were higher than those obtained from the IPCC system (23,400\u00a0Tg in the 0\u201330\u00a0cm layer). Finally, our results can help understand the major biogeochemical cycles that influence soil fertility and help devise management strategies that enhance the sustainability of these areas and thus slow further deforestation.", "keywords": ["land use change", "2. Zero hunger", "clay loam acrisol", "550", "330", "no-tillage", "cropping systems", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Brazilian Amazon", "regional-scale", "15. Life on land", "matter dynamics", "soil organic carbon", "land-use change", "long-term experiments", "southern brazil", "tropical deforestation", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "regional estimates", "eastern amazonia"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.008"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.008", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.008", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.008"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.024", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:17:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-01-24", "title": "Effects Of Long-Term Grazing Disturbance On The Belowground Storage Of Organic Carbon In The Patagonian Monte, Argentina", "description": "The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of grazing disturbance on the amount and the spatial distribution (vertical and horizontal) of root biomass and soil organic carbon (SOC) in order to evaluate whether grazing alters the belowground storage of organic carbon (C) in arid rangelands of the Patagonian Monte. We selected three representative sites (3\u00a0ha each) with low, moderate and high grazing disturbance located far, mid-distance and near the watering point, respectively, in rangelands submitted to sheep grazing for more than 100 years. We assessed the canopy structure and identified the four most frequent plant patch types at each site. We selected four replications of each patch type and extracted a soil sample (0-30\u00a0cm depth) underneath the canopy and in the middle of the nearest inter-patch bare soil area in winter and summer. We assessed the root and soil dry mass and the respective organic C concentration in each sample and then we estimated the total belowground organic C storage at each site. Total plant and perennial grass cover were lower with high than low grazing disturbance while the reverse occurred with dwarf shrub cover. High grazing disturbance led to the increase in total root biomass in the whole soil profile of patch areas and in the upper soil of inter-patch areas. SOC was higher in patch than in inter-patch areas at all sites but at both areas was reduced with high grazing disturbance. This was probably the result of the low total plant cover and the low and recalcitrant contribution of above and below-ground plant litter to soils at sites with high grazing disturbance. Accordingly, these changes did not result in variations in the total belowground organic C storage. We concluded that high grazing disturbance did not affect the total belowground organic C storage but led to changes in the spatial patterning of this organic C storage (i.e shifting from soil to roots).", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Carbon Sequestration", "Sheep", "Arid Ecosystems", "Argentina", "Plant Development", "15. Life on land", "Deciduous Shrubs", "Poaceae", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Plant Patches", "Soil Organic Carbon", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6", "Animals", "Biomass", "Herbivory", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1", "Root Biomass", "Dwarf Shrubs", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Larreguy, Cecilia, Carrera, Anal\u00eda Lorena, Bertiller, Monica Beatriz,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.024"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.024", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.024", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.024"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-03-22", "title": "Long-Term Effect Of Contrasted Tillage And Crop Management On Soil Carbon Dynamics During 41 Years", "description": "Although numerous studies have been conducted on the effect of tillage on soil organic carbon (SOC), there is still no consensus on the importance of sequestration which can be expected from reduced tillage. Most studies have used a synchronic approach in fields or long-term experiments which were often poorly characterized with respect to initial conditions. In this paper, we used a diachronic approach to quantify SOC changes in a 41 years experiment comparing no-till (NT), shallow till (ST) and full inversion tillage (FIT) combined with crop managements (residues removal, rotation and catch crops). It included SOC measurements at time 0 and every 4 years, calculations at equivalent soil mass within or below the old ploughed layer. Results show that tillage or crop management had no significant effect on SOC stocks after 41 years both in the old ploughed layer (ca. 0-28 cm) and deeper (ca. 0-58 cm). Tillage had no effect on crop yields and residues. In the reduced tillage treatments (ST and NT), SOC accumulated in the surface layer (0-10 cm), reaching a plateau after 24 years but declined continuously in the lower layer (10-28 cm) at a rate of 0.42-0.44% yr(-1). The difference in SOC stocks (ST or NT minus FIT) over the old ploughed layer followed a non-monotonic pattern over time. Reduced tillage caused a rapid SOC sequestration during the first 4 years which remained more or less constant (mean = 2.17 and 1.31 t ha(-1), resp.) during the next 24 years and disappeared after 28 years. The drop was attributed to the higher water balance recorded during years 24-28. In the reduced tillage treatments, the changes in SOC over time were negatively correlated with the water balance, indicating that sequestration rate was positive in dry periods and negative in wet conditions. This study highlights the interest of diachronic approaches to understand the effect of tillage and its interaction with environmental and management factors.", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic carbon", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "Tillage", "Dynamics", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Long-term", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "[SDV.BV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "SOC", "Crop production", "Crop management"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Dimassi, Bassem, Mary, Bruno, B., Wylleman, Richard, Labreuche, Jerome, Couture, Daniel, Piraux, Fran\u00e7ois, Cohan, Jean-Pierre,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.014", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-12-12", "title": "Increased Soil Organic Carbon Stocks Under Agroforestry: A Survey Of Six Different Sites In France", "description": "Agroforestry systems are land use management systems in which trees are grown in combination with crops or pasture in the same field. In silvoarable systems, trees are intercropped with arable crops, and in silvopastoral systems trees are combined with pasture for livestock. These systems may produce forage and timber as well as providing ecosystem services such as climate change mitigation. Carbon (C) is stored in the aboveground and belowground biomass of the trees, and the transfer of organic matter from the trees to the soil can increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. Few studies have assessed the impact of agroforestry systems on carbon storage in soils in temperate climates, as most have been undertaken in tropical regions. This study assessed five silvoarable systems and one silvopastoral system in France. All sites had an agroforestry system with an adjacent, purely agricultural control plot. The land use management in the inter-rows in the agroforestry systems and in the control plots were identical. The age of the study sites ranged from 6 to 41 years after tree planting. Depending on the type of soil, the sampling depth ranged from 20 to 100 cm and SOC stocks were assessed using equivalent soil masses. The aboveground biomass of the trees was also measured at all sites. In the silvoarable systems, the mean organic carbon stock accumulation rate in the soil was 0.24 (0.09-0.46) Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1) at a depth of 30 cm and 0.65 (0.004-1.85) Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1) in the tree biomass. Increased SOC stocks were also found in deeper soil layers at two silvoarable sites. Young plantations stored additional SOC but mainly in the soil under the rows of trees, possibly as a result of the herbaceous vegetation growing in the rows. At the silvopastoral site, the SOC stock was significantly greater at a depth of 30-50 cm than in the control. Overall, this study showed the potential of agroforestry systems to store C in both soil and biomass in temperate regions.", "keywords": ["Juglans regia", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "Lolium perenne", "culture associ\u00e9e", "adaptation aux changements climatiques", "01 natural sciences", "630", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6455", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3660", "syst\u00e8me sylvopastoral", "p\u00e2turages", "biomasse a\u00e9rienne des arbres", "[SDV.EE.ECO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment/Ecosystems", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_33798", "agroforesterie", "2. Zero hunger", "herbage", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35927", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3539", "Aboveground biomass", "Raphanus sativus", "Helianthus annuus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Alley cropping", "rotation culturale", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207", "s\u00e9questration du carbone", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_926", "Aboveground", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4182", "Equivalent soil mass", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4060", "Belowground biomass", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4425", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2764", "environment/Ecosystems", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1373987680230", "cycle du carbone", "570", "\u00e9levage extensif", "Triticum aestivum", "Festuca arundinacea", "Brassica", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "Juglans nigra", "utilisation des terres", "arbre d'ombrage", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1374567058134", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1061", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1060", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5626", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3081", "biomasse", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3366", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4059", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2869", "L01 - \u00c9levage - Consid\u00e9rations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16097", "Hordeum", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25548", "15. Life on land", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_331583", "Phacelia tanacetifolia", "K10 - Production foresti\u00e8re", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7951", "13. Climate action", "[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "Sinapis alba", "Soil organic carbon storage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_17299", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6662"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2021.107551", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-07-06", "title": "Impacts of agronomic measures on crop, soil, and environmental indicators: A review and synthesis of meta-analysis", "description": "Abstract Sustainable agricultural management implies optimization of resources for crop production while minimizing adverse impacts on the environment. This requires a better understanding of the synergies and trade-offs of agronomic management while accounting for the controlling effects of site-specific factors (covariates). We systematically evaluated 113 meta-analytical studies assessing impacts of crop management measures (rotation, cover cropping, residue retention), soil and water measures (irrigation, tillage), soil amendments (enhanced efficiency, biochar), fertilizer use (organic, mineral, combined organic-mineral) and \u201c4R'\u201d fertilizer strategies (right source, rate, timing, placement) on sustainability indicators. These indicators include crop yield, crop N and P (content, uptake, and use efficiency), soil quality indicators (soil organic C, N and P contents, compaction), soil emissions of ammonia (NH3) and greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O), and nutrient losses to water (N and P surplus or leaching). Nutrient management, including 4R practices as well as enhanced efficiency amendments, had the largest impact, increasing crop yields and N uptake while reducing N2O and NH3 emissions as well as N surplus, whereas effects on CO2 emissions were variable. Although all measures positively impacted soil C, the largest effect was due to biochar, followed by organic fertilizer input. Biochar positively impacted crop yield, diminished N2O and NH3 emissions as well as N surplus, and increased CO2 emissions. Within crop management, only cover cropping had a significant positive effect on crop yield, while both cover crops and rotation slightly enhanced N uptake and the sequestration of C and N in soil, thus reducing N2O emissions and N surplus. Minimal tillage practices generally increased SOC, while results for crop yield, N surplus and N2O emissions were variable. Site-specific factors had substantial impacts on the evaluated impacts of measures, most importantly climate, crop type, soil texture, soil pH, soil organic C, N dose, and experimental duration. Considering the variation among meta-analytical protocols followed, we recommend that field studies and meta-analytical work adhere to harmonized guidelines with respect to the reporting of site-level data, experimental design, and the statistical procedures used. This will ensure data comparability between studies, improve the quality of meta-analysis results, and give better insights into currently uncertain or unknown impacts of agronomic measures.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic carbon", "Management practices", "Agronomic indicators", "Review", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "12. Responsible consumption", "Meta-analysis", "03 medical and health sciences", "Emissions", "13. Climate action", "Nutrient use efficiency", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Crop yield", "Nutrient surplus"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107551"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2021.107551", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2021.107551", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107551"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.06.016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:16:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-07-05", "title": "Multi-Site Assessment Of The Effects Of Plastic-Film Mulch On The Soil Organic Carbon Balance In Semiarid Areas Of China", "description": "AbstractPlastic-film mulch is widely used to increase soil temperature and reduce water evaporation in vegetable production. In China, it is also extensively used for growing grain crops, especially in temperature and rainfall limited areas. However, it remains unclear whether the technology is sustainable in terms of maintenance of soil organic carbon (SOC) balance. We assessed the effects of plastic-film mulch on the SOC balance in maize (Zea mays L.) production in a range of cold semiarid environments. We imposed four treatments: (i) no plastic-film mulch or straw incorporation, (ii) plastic-film mulch, (iii) straw incorporation in soil without mulch, and (v) straw incorporation plus mulch, in ridge\u2013furrow prepared fields at five sites along a hydrothermal gradient for up to six years. Maize root biomass across sites increased by 23\u201338% in mulched plots associated with the increase in aboveground biomass, indicating an increased SOC input, compared to that in non-mulched plots. The plastic-film mulch increased SOC mineralization, indicated by the stimulated decomposition of buried maize straw, and a 4\u20135% reduction in the concentration of light-fraction SOC (<1.8gcm\u22123), but the total SOC concentration and stock in the 0\u20130.15m soil layer did not change relative to no mulch after six years of continuous cropping. Plastic-film mulch did not affect the total non-cellulosic sugar content; however, it significantly increased the contribution of microbial-synthesized sugars to the total non-cellulosic sugars, indicating an intensified microbial action on the SOC pool compared to no mulch. Straw incorporation increased the root biomass, light and total SOC concentrations and non-cellulosic sugars, and changed the non-cellulosic sugar composition. We conclude that the increase in soil temperature and moisture by use of plastic-film mulch enhances productivity, but importantly maintains the SOC level in temperature- and rainfall-limited semiarid regions by balancing the increased SOC mineralization with increased root-derived C input.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Atmospheric Science", "Global and Planetary Change", "Root biomass", "Forestry", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil organic carbon level", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Maize", "Non-cellulosic carbohydrates", "Soil carbon mineralization", "Soil warming", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agronomy and Crop Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.06.016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20and%20Forest%20Meteorology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.06.016", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.06.016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.06.016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.catena.2012.07.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:17:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-08-03", "title": "Dynamics Of Aggregate Destabilization By Water In Soils Under Long-Term Conservation Tillage In Semiarid Spain", "description": "Open AccessPeer reviewed", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Water aggregate stability", "Soil organic carbon", "No tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Dryland cereal farming", "15. Life on land", "Slaking"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2012.07.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/CATENA", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.catena.2012.07.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.catena.2012.07.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.catena.2012.07.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.catena.2014.07.009", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:17:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-08-12", "title": "Effects Of Afforestation On Soil Organic Carbon And Other Soil Properties", "description": "Abstract Soil organic carbon (SOC) makes up a significant portion of the worlds terrestrial carbon stocks, and changes in land-use and land cover are changing soil carbon stocks. This study investigated the effects on soil organic carbon and some other soil properties of afforestation efforts using 15-year-old Pinus nigra Arn. Subs p. nigra (Black Pine) and Cedrus libani A. Rich (Lebanon cedar) on bare land in the semi-arid Nigde Akkaya dam watershed for erosion control and green belt creation. Soil samples were collected from three land use types (Black Pine planted, Lebanon cedar planted area and bare land) at two soil depths (0\u201310\u00a0cm and 10\u201320\u00a0cm) and replicated three times. Among the soil properties substantially affected by the change in land cover are soil organic carbon, bulk density, particle density, water holding capacity and total porosity. Generally, soil organic carbon was observed to increase after afforestation. Soil organic carbon (SOC) values were 1.09% and 1.13% in Black Pine and the Cedar area, respectively. These values were significantly higher than the values for the bare land soils (0.54%). For all types of land use, the amount of SOC in the soils decreased with depth. The amount of carbon sequestrated in Black Pine, Cedar and bare land sites at depths of 0\u201310\u00a0cm and 10\u201320\u00a0cm were 18.20\u00a0t/ha and 16.33\u00a0t/ha, 23.54\u00a0t/ha and 12.38\u00a0t/ha and 11.2\u00a0t/ha and 7.22\u00a0t/ha, respectively. The bulk density values obtained from the 0\u201310\u00a0cm layer soils in the afforested lands (1.53\u00a0g/cm 3 for Black Pine and 1.58\u00a0g/cm 3 for Cedar) were different from and lower than those in bare land (1.75\u00a0g/cm 3 ). Afforestation efforts led to an increase in water holding capacity (WHC) of the soil. Total porosity (TP) of the 0\u201310\u00a0cm layer soils increased after afforestation. This study indicated that on degraded land in a semiarid region, afforestation increased soil carbon sequestration, improved some soil properties and reduced erosion over a 15-year period.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Turkey", "Afforestation", "Soil organic carbon", "Land use", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Akkaya", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "3. Good health"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Korkanc, Selma Yasar", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.07.009"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/CATENA", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.catena.2014.07.009", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.catena.2014.07.009", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.catena.2014.07.009"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.catena.2015.10.018", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:17:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-10-26", "title": "Grazing Exclusion Significantly Improves Grassland Ecosystem C And N Pools In A Desert Steppe Of Northwest China", "description": "Abstract Grazing exclusion is often implemented as an effective management practice to increase the sustainability of grassland ecosystems. However, it remains unclear if grazing exclusion can improve ecosystem services related to carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sequestration in grassland ecosystems. We investigated the effects of 11\u00a0years of grazing exclusion on plant biomass and diversity, soil properties (pH, soil water content (SWC), bulk density (BD), soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and C/N ratio), and the C and N stocks of plants and soils in a desert grassland of Northwest China. Grazing exclusion improved plant aboveground biomass and diversity, as well as SWC, SOC, and TN contents, but lowered the belowground biomass, root/shoot ratio, pH, and BD. Moreover, grazing exclusion strongly influenced the C and N stocks of the ecosystem, and the annual mean ecosystem C and N sequestration rates were 0.47 and 0.09\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u2212\u00a01 \u00a0yr \u2212\u00a01 , respectively, over 11\u00a0years of grazing exclusion. Soil C stocks were most dynamic in the top 30\u00a0cm of the soil, and N stocks mainly changed in the top 20\u00a0cm after grazing exclusion. Our results indicated that grazing exclusion is an effective measurement on improving the ecosystem C and N pools in desert steppe of Northwest China.", "keywords": ["SOIL ORGANIC C", "0106 biological sciences", "Carbon Sequestration", "550", "MICROBIAL-COMMUNITY", "SPATIAL VARIABILITY", "PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES", "Soil Science", "01 natural sciences", "Soil Prosperities", "CENTRAL ARGENTINA", "CARBON STORAGE", "PLANT-COMMUNITIES", "Vegetation Characteristics", "580", "2. Zero hunger", "Science & Technology", "Multidisciplinary", "PRODUCTIVITY", "Nitrogen Sequestration", "Geology", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "INNER-MONGOLIA", "Grazing", "13. Climate action", "Physical Sciences", "Water Resources", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fencing", "LOESS PLATEAU CHINA", "Life Sciences & Biomedicine", "Geosciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.10.018"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/CATENA", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.catena.2015.10.018", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.catena.2015.10.018", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.catena.2015.10.018"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.006", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:17:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-05-03", "title": "Effects Of Conservation Tillage On Organic Carbon, Nitrogen And Enzyme Activities In A Hydragric Anthrosol Of Chongqing, China", "description": "AbstractPurple paddy (Hydragric Anthrosol in FAO soil classification) is one of important soil resources in Chongqing, China. Long-term conservation tillage may alter distribution of soil organic carbon, nitrogen, and enzyme activities. The objectives of this study were to investigate the impacts of different tillage systems (conventional tillage with rotation of rice and winter fallow (CT-r) system, no-till and ridge culture with rotation of rice and winter fallow (NT-r) system, no-till and ridge culture with rotation of rice and rape (NT-rr) system and conventional tillage with rotation of rice and rape (CT-rr) system) on the depth distribution of soil total organic carbon, nitrogen and enzyme activities (catalase, intverase, and urease activity) in a purple paddy soil after 18 years. Soil total organic carbon and labile organic carbon were significant increased in surface soil layer (0-10cm) under CT-r, NT-r, and NT-rr systems compared to that under CT-rr system. It indicated that conservation tillage practices can sequester soil organic carbon and reduced CO2/CH4 emission. Soil total nitrogen also significant increased in surface soil layer (0-10cm) under CT-r, NT-r, and NT-rr systems with the greatest under CT-r system (36%), followed by under NT-rr system (34%), and the least under NT-r system (20%) compared to CT-rr system. No-till, ridge culture, and rotation of rice and winter fallow were increased soil catalase and urease activities, but the greatest was not observed under NT-r system, under which the catalase activities was significant decreased. Soil invertase activities were significant increased under CT-r system compared to CT-rr systems and only a little increased in 0-20cm soil layer under NT-rr system. Conservation tillage could construct good soil biochemistry environment and maintain soil fertility, and promote agroecosystem sustainable development.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic carbon", "Nitrogen", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Energy(all)", "Labile organic carbon", "Soil enzyme", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Conservation tillage", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Wang Zi-fang, Luo Youjin, Wei Chaofu, Gao Ming,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.006"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Energy%20Procedia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.006", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.006", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.006"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envc.2023.100816", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-27T16:17:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-12-12", "title": "Regional topsoil organic carbon content in the agricultural soils of Slovakia and its drivers, as revealed by the most recent national soil monitoring data", "description": "Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a primary constituent of soil organic matter and plays an important role in the regulation of many soil processes, including greenhouse gas emissions. Recently, SOC also became an indicator for monitoring climate change mitigation policies in the agricultural sector. The availability of up-to-date SOC inventories is thus crucial in terms of supporting SOC\u2013related actions at country or sub-country scales. Currently, the National Monitoring System of the Agricultural Soils of Slovakia (CMS-P), whose network of 318 monitoring sites was last surveyed in 2018, is the only available source of up-to-date topsoil SOC data for agricultural land in Slovakia. Although very useful at the national scale, the number of CMS-P observations it contains is too limited for much needed sub-national SOC inventories. We hypothesized that with the aid of well-chosen macro-scale drivers of topsoil SOC accumulation in agricultural land in Slovakia, and by mapping those drivers geographically, we could upscale the CMS-P observations and produce a regional estimate of topsoil SOC. Altitude, land cover, topsoil texture, and soil type were assumed to be the key factors controlling topsoil SOC accumulation in Slovakia, and based on these, the country was classified into 14 macro-scale geographical regions. Typical ranges and mid-class values of 0\u201330cm topsoil SOC concentrations (%) and stocks (t ha\u22121) were calculated for each macro-scale region from CMS-P data. The average topsoil SOC content in agricultural land was estimated to be 2.13% (72.9 t ha\u22121). The highest topsoil SOC stock (> 90 t ha\u22121) was estimated for the lowlands of Slovakia, and the lowest (< 50 t ha\u22121) for the shallow and stony soils of mountain regions. When aggregated to 78 administrative regions at LAU1 level, the area-weighted averages ranged between 39.20 t ha\u22121 and 80.0 t ha\u22121, with the highest values (> 65 t ha\u22121) being in LAU1 regions in the south-west, south-east, and north of Slovakia where arable land is most prevalent. Total SOC storage in 0\u201330cm topsoil of agricultural land in Slovakia was estimated at 118.39 Mt, with two-thirds of this amount stored in arable soils in 33 south-west, south-east, and south LAU1 administrative regions. As there is no alternative and up-to-date dataset on topsoil SOC content in Slovakia, the upscaling algorithm presented in this study is an important step toward utilizing CMS-P data for sub-national SOC inventories. It may also offer a new way of providing inputs to help predict future or alternative regional topsoil SOC accumulation trajectories in Slovakian agricultural land using process-based or statistical models.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Multiple soil classes", "Geographical regionalization", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Environmental sciences", "13. Climate action", "Upscaling of point measurements", "Soil organic carbon inventory", "11. Sustainability", "Soil indicators", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "GE1-350", "Soil organic carbon modelling", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/19278/1/1-s2.0-S2667010023001397-main.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2023.100816"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Challenges", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envc.2023.100816", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envc.2023.100816", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envc.2023.100816"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Soil+organic+C&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Soil+organic+C&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Soil+organic+C&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Soil+organic+C&offset=50", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 477, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-06-27T17:15:06.420951Z"}