Abstract. We present and discuss a new dataset of gridded emissions covering the historical period (1850\uffe2\uff80\uff932000) in decadal increments at a horizontal resolution of 0.5\uffc2\uffb0 in latitude and longitude. The primary purpose of this inventory is to provide consistent gridded emissions of reactive gases and aerosols for use in chemistry model simulations needed by climate models for the Climate Model Intercomparison Program #5 (CMIP5) in support of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). Our best estimate for the year 2000 inventory represents a combination of existing regional and global inventories to capture the best information available at this point; 40 regions and 12 sectors are used to combine the various sources. The historical reconstruction of each emitted compound, for each region and sector, is then forced to agree with our 2000 estimate, ensuring continuity between past and 2000 emissions. Simulations from two chemistry-climate models is used to test the ability of the emission dataset described here to capture long-term changes in atmospheric ozone, carbon monoxide and aerosol distributions. The simulated long-term change in the Northern mid-latitudes surface and mid-troposphere ozone is not quite as rapid as observed. However, stations outside this latitude band show much better agreement in both present-day and long-term trend. The model simulations indicate that the concentration of carbon monoxide is underestimated at the Mace Head station; however, the long-term trend over the limited observational period seems to be reasonably well captured. The simulated sulfate and black carbon deposition over Greenland is in very good agreement with the ice-core observations spanning the simulation period. Finally, aerosol optical depth and additional aerosol diagnostics are shown to be in good agreement with previously published estimates and observations.
", "keywords": ["info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "550", "IPCC", "[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "Physics", "QC1-999", "emissions", "551", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "J", "[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "Chemistry", "13. Climate action", "[SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environment and Society", "CMIP5", "[SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environment and Society", "QD1-999", "AR5", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/9279/1/acp-10-7017-2010.pdf"}, {"href": "http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/9279/1/acp-10-7017-2010.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Atmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-02-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.7656722", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:24:37Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data for: The effect of land-use change on soil C, N, P, and their stoichiometries: A global synthesis", "description": "Open AccessData description This dataset includes detailed information about five different types of land use change reported in \u201cThe effect of land-use change on soil C, N, P, and their stoichiometries: A global synthesis (Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2023.108402)\u201d. Lists of five different types of land use change 1) conversion of primary forest to cropland 2) conversion of primary forest to grassland 3) conversion of cropland to forest 4) conversion of grassland to forest 5) conversion of grassland to cropland Lists of detailed information Land use change (pre-LUC, post-LUC) Country, Location, Geographic position (Longitude, Latitude) Altitude (m) Climate zone Weather [rainfall (mm yr-1) and temperature (\u00b0C)] Reported time of change (years) Vegetation type (pre-LUC, post-LUC) Fertilizer (pre-LUC, post-LUC: type, application; change) Soil sampling depth (cm) Soil type [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil pH, bulk density, CEC [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil organic carbon [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil total nitrogen [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil total phosphorus [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil C:N [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil C:P [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil N:P [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Reference Data collection method We analyzed five different types of LUC: 1) conversion of primary forest to cropland, 2) conversion of primary forest to grassland, 3) conversion of cropland to forest, 4) conversion of grassland to forest, and 5) conversion of grassland to cropland. We classified primary forest as forest that had not previously been cleared and used for other land uses. The conversion of cropland or grassland to forest includes naturally generated and intentionally planted forest. Cropland is land used for growing agricultural crops and may include short pasture phases, and grassland is land used continuously for grazing purposes, but may include occasional and repeated pasture-renewal phases. While we tried to make categorical distinctions between these land-use types, land uses are often more fluid in practice, which may not always have been stated in the publications underlying our data compilation. When a paper reported both contents and stocks, we used the stock-based measure. We used reported stocks if the original work had already been corrected to equivalent soil mass (Ellert and Bettany, 1995) or if corrected stocks had been reported in previous reviews or meta-analyses (Don et al., 2011; Poeplau et al., 2011; Guo and Gifford, 2002). Where bulk-density correction had not been applied, we tried to make those corrections to estimate changes to equivalent soil mass if studies provided sufficient information on soil bulk density and depth, using the method of Zhang et al. (2004). If that was not possible, we used the reported SOC, TN, or TP contents. Acknowledgements We thank scientists who measured, analyzed, and published the data compiled for this study. We are especially grateful to Drs. Axel Don, Christopher Poeplau, Lex Bouwman, and Gaihe Yang, who provided their global meta-data through personal communication. D.-G.K. acknowledges support from the IAEA CRP D15020. M.U.F.K and L.L.L. were supported by the Strategic Science Investment Fund (SSIF) of New Zealand\u2019s Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "land-use change", " greenhouse gas emissions", " soil", " carbon", " nitrogen", " phosphorus", " stoichiometry", " time", " temperature", " rainfall", " forest type", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7656722"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.7656722", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.7656722", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.7656722"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-02-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2010.10.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-10-29", "title": "Soil Properties, Crop Production And Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Organic And Inorganic Fertilizer-Based Arable Cropping Systems", "description": "Organic and conventional farming practices differ in the use of several management strategies, including use of catch crops, green manure, and fertilization, which may influence soil properties, greenhouse gas emissions and productivity of agroecosystems. An 11-yr-old field experiment on a sandy loam soil in Denmark was used to compare several crop rotations with respect to a range of physical, chemical and biological characteristics related to carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) flows. Four organic rotations and an inorganic fertilizer-based system were selected to evaluate effects of fertilizer type, catch crops, of grass-clover used as green manure, and of animal manure application. Soil was sampled from winter wheat and spring barley plots on 19 September 2007, 14 April 2008 and 22 September 2008, i.e. before, during, and after the growth season. The soils were analyzed for multiple attributes: total soil organic carbon (SOC), total N, microbial biomass N (MBN), potentially mineralizable N (PMN), and levels of potential ammonium oxidation (PAO) and denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA). In situ measurements of soil heterotrophic carbon dioxide (CO2) respiration and nitrous oxide emissions were conducted in plots with winter wheat. In April 2008, prior to field operations, intact soil cores were collected at two depths (0\u20135 and 5\u201310 cm) in plots under winter wheat. Water retention characteristics of each core were determined and used to calculate relative gas diffusivity (DP/Do). Finally, crop growth was monitored and grain yields measured at harvest maturity. The different management strategies between 1997 and 2007 led to soil carbon inputs that were on average 18\u201368% and 32\u201391% higher in the organic than inorganic fertilizer-based rotations for the sampled winter wheat and spring barley crops, respectively. Nevertheless, SOC levels in 2008 were similar across systems. The cumulative soil respiration for the period February to August 2008 ranged between 2 and 3 t CO2\u2013C ha\u22121 and was correlated (r = 0.95) with average C inputs. In the organic cropping systems, pig slurry application and inclusion of catch crops generally increased soil respiration, PMN and PAO. At field capacity, relative gas diffusivity at 0\u20135 cm depth was >50% higher in the organic than the inorganic fertilizer-based system (P < 0.05). Crop yields in 2008 were generally lower in the low-input organic rotations than in the high-input inorganic fertilizer-based system; only spring barley in rotations with pig slurry application and incorporation of a catch crop prior to sowing obtained grain yields similar to levels achieved in the system where inorganic fertilizer was applied. These results suggest that within organic cropping systems, both microbial activity and crop yields could be enhanced through inclusion of catch crops. However, the timing of catch crop incorporation is critical.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "microbial biomass", "Nutrient turnover", "inorganic fertilizer", "15. Life on land", "potential ammonium oxidation", "Air and water emissions", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "denitrifier enzyme activity", "Soil biology", "/dk/atira/pure/core/keywords/Life", "13. Climate action", "potential mineralizable nitrogen", "catch drop", "gas diffusivity", "11. Sustainability", "Former LIFE faculty"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.10.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2010.10.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2010.10.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2010.10.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.njas.2011.05.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-06-27", "title": "Life Cycle Analysis Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Organic And Conventional Food Production Systems, With And Without Bio-Energy Options", "description": "AbstractThe Nafferton Factorial Systems Comparison experiments were begun in 2003 to provide data on the production and quality effects of a whole spectrum of different crop production systems ranging from fully conventional to fully organic. In this paper, the crop production data for the first 4 years of the experiments have been used to conduct a life cycle analysis of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from organic and conventional production systems. Actual yield and field activity data from two of the treatments in the experiments (a stocked organic system and a stockless conventional system) were used to determine the GHG emissions per hectare and per MJ of human food energy produced, using both the farm gate and wider society as system boundaries. Emissions from these two baseline scenarios were compared with six other modelled scenarios: conventional stocked system, a stockless system where all crop residues were incorporated into the soil, two stocked systems where manure was used for biogas production, and two stockless systems where all crop residues were removed from the field and used for bio-energy production. Changing the system boundary from the farm gate to wider society did not substantially alter the GHG emissions per hectare of land when organic production methods were used; however, in conventional systems, which rely on more off-farm inputs, emissions were much greater per hectare when societal boundaries were used. Incorporating on-farm bioenergy production into the system allowed GHG emissions to be offset by energy generation. In the case of the organic system that included pyrolysis of crop residues, net GHG emissions were negative, indicating that energy offsets and sequestration of C in biochar can completely offset emissions of GHG from food production. The analysis demonstrates the importance of considering system boundaries and the end use of all agricultural products when conducting life cycle analyses of food production systems.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Carbon sequestration", "Organic farming", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Plant Science", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "Development", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Mixed farming", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Greenhouse gas emissions", "Crop production systems", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Animal Science and Zoology", "Off-farm inputs", "Life cycle analysis", "Agronomy and Crop Science", "Food Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2011.05.002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/NJAS%3A%20Wageningen%20Journal%20of%20Life%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.njas.2011.05.002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.njas.2011.05.002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.njas.2011.05.002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138476", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-04-10", "title": "Can flooding-induced greenhouse gas emissions be mitigated by trait-based plant species choice?", "description": "Intensively managed grasslands are large sources of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) and important regulators of methane (CH4) consumption and production. The predicted increase in flooding frequency and severity due to climate change could increase N2O emissions and shift grasslands from a net CH4 sink to a source. Therefore, effective management strategies are critical for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from flood-prone grasslands. We tested how repeated flooding affected the N2O and CH4 emissions from 11 different plant communities (Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Poa trivialis, and Trifolium repens in monoculture, 2- and 4-species mixtures), using intact soil cores from an 18-month old grassland field experiment in a 4-month greenhouse experiment. To elucidate potential underlying mechanisms, we related plant functional traits to cumulative N2O and CH4 emissions. We hypothesized that traits related with fast nitrogen uptake and growth would lower N2O and CH4 emissions in ambient (non-flooded) conditions, and that traits related to tissue toughness would lower N2O and CH4 emissions in flooded conditions. We found that flooding increased cumulative N2O emissions by 97 fold and cumulative CH4 emissions by 1.6 fold on average. Plant community composition mediated the flood-induced increase in N2O emissions. In flooded conditions, increasing abundance of the grass F. arundinacea was related with lower N2O emissions; whereas increases in abundance of the legume T. repens resulted in higher N2O emissions. In non-flooded conditions, N2O emissions were not clearly mediated by plant traits related with nitrogen uptake or biomass production. In flooded conditions, plant communities with high root carbon to nitrogen ratio were related with lower cumulative N2O emissions, and a lower global warming potential (CO2 equivalent of N2O and CH4). We conclude that plant functional traits related to slower decomposition and nitrogen mineralization could play a significant role in mitigating N2O emissions in flooded grasslands.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Methane emissions", "Plan_S-Compliant-TA", "national", "Nitrous Oxide", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Floods", "12. Responsible consumption", "Nitrous oxide emissions", "Greenhouse Gases", "Soil", "Flooding", "Intensively managed grassland", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Plant functional traits", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Extreme weather event", "Methane"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138476"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138476", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138476", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138476"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fenvs.2019.00131", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:21:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-09-11", "title": "Assessing the Climate Regulation Potential of Agricultural Soils Using a Decision Support Tool Adapted to Stakeholders' Needs and Possibilities", "description": "Open AccessSoils perform many functions that are vital to societies, among which their capability to regulate global climate has received much attention over the past decades. An assessment of the extent to which soils perform a specific function is not only important to appropriately value their current capacity, but also to make well-informed decisions about how and where to change soil management to align the delivered soil functions with societal demands. To obtain an overview of the capacity of soils to perform different functions, accurate and easy-to-use models are necessary. A problem with most currently-available models is that data requirements often exceed data availability, while generally a high level of expert knowledge is necessary to apply these models. Therefore, we developed a qualitative model to assess how agricultural soils function with respect to climate regulation. The model is driven by inputs about agricultural management practices, soil properties and environmental conditions. To reduce data requirements on stakeholders, the 17 input variables are classified into either (1) three classes: low, medium and high or (2) the presence or absence of a management practice. These inputs are combined using a decision tree with internal integration rules to obtain an estimate of the magnitude of N2O emissions and carbon sequestration. These two variables are subsequently combined into an estimate of the capacity of a soil to perform the climate regulation function. The model was tested using data from long-term field experiments across Europe. This showed that the model is generally able to adequately assess this soil function across a range of environments under different management practices. In a next step, this model will be combined with models to assess other soil functions (soil biodiversity, primary productivity, nutrient cycling and water regulation and purification). This will allow the assessment of trade-offs between these soil functions for agricultural land across Europe.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "N2O emissions", "agroecosystems", "qualitative decision modeling", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "soil functions", "15. Life on land", "climate regulation", "carbon sequestration", "Environmental sciences", "NO emissions", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "GE1-350", "soil functions; climate regulation; carbon sequestration; N2O emissions; agroecosystems; qualitative decision modeling"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00131"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Environmental%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fenvs.2019.00131", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fenvs.2019.00131", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00131"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-09-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.009", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-10-20", "title": "Can Carbon Sequestration Markets Benefit Low-Income Producers In Semi-Arid Africa? Potentials And Challenges", "description": "Abstract The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change allows a country that emits C above agreed-upon limits to purchase C offsets from an entity that uses biological means to absorb or reduce greenhouse emissions. The CDM is currently offered for afforestation and reforestation projects, but may apply subsequently to sequestration in agricultural soils. Additionally, markets outside of the Protocol are developing for soil C sequestration. In theory, C markets present win-win opportunities for buyers and sellers of C stocks. In practice, however, C markets are very complex. They presuppose the existence and integration of technical capacity to enhance C storage in production systems, the capacity for resource users to adopt and maintain land resource practices that sequester C, the ability for dealers or brokers to monitor C stocks at a landscape level, the institutional capacity to aggregate C credits, the financial mechanisms for incentive payments to reach farmers, and transparent and accountable governance structures that can ensure equitable distribution of benefits. Hence, while C payments may contribute to increasing rural incomes and promoting productivity enhancement practices, they may also expose resource users to additional social tensions and institutional risks.", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "Poverty reduction", "Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "Payments for environmental services", "Agricultural ecosystems", "Afforestation", "West Africa", "11. Sustainability", "Reforestation", "Poverty", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic matter", "Drylands", "1. No poverty", "Kyoto Protocol", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil carbon", "Semiarid zones", "Carbon credits", "PES", "Greenhouse gases", "Carbon offsets", "Emissions", "Economic incentives", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Carbon markets"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Perez, C., Roncoli, \u202aCarla, Neely, Constance L., Steiner, J. L.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.009"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.009", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.009", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.009"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/bbb.1369", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:14:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-02-11", "title": "Future Ghg Emissions More Efficiently Controlled By Land-Use Policies Than By Bioenergy Sustainability Criteria", "description": "AbstractThe EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED) targets, implemented to achieve climate change mitigation, affect the level of agricultural production in the EU and in the rest of the world. This article presents an impact assessment of increased biomass supply under different sustainability constraints on land use and resulting total GHG emissions at global and EU level. We apply GLOBIOM, a global partial equilibrium model integrating the agricultural, livestock, bioenergy and forestry sectors based on geographically explicit modeling of supply under prescribed demand. According to the model, global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture and land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use change (LUC) are anticipated to rise significantly up to 2030 due to various drivers (among others: GDP and population, diet shifts, and also bioenergy demand) despite basic sustainability criteria implemented by the RED (Reference scenario). Applying additional criteria, mainly protecting biodiversity outside the EU, overall GHG emissions can be reduced by 5% in 2030 compared to the Reference. Deforestation area decreases in this scenario slightly due to exclusion of high biodiversity forests but also due to increasing demand for energy wood that makes forests more valuable. If, however, in addition, deforestation is prevented through effective land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use policies, global GHG emissions can be reduced by 20% (compared to the Reference scenario). We conclude that sustainability criteria applied to biofuel production and imports only, do not mitigate potential negative impacts on total GHG emissions effectively. Unsustainable biomass production in sectors not covered by the bioenergy criteria can be best avoided by targeting deforestation and biodiversity loss directly. \uffc2\uffa9 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons,\uffe2\uff80\uff89Ltd
", "keywords": ["forests", "2. Zero hunger", "550", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "333", "12. Responsible consumption", "co2 emissions", "crisis", "carbon sink", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1369"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biofuels%2C%20Bioproducts%20and%20Biorefining", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/bbb.1369", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/bbb.1369", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/bbb.1369"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-02-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s13593-011-0056-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-10-18", "title": "Legumes For Mitigation Of Climate Change And The Provision Of Feedstock For Biofuels And Biorefineries. A Review", "description": "Humans are currently confronted by many global challenges. These include achieving food security for a rapidly expanding population, lowering the risk of climate change by reducing the net release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere due to human activity, and meeting the increasing demand for energy in the face of dwindling reserves of fossil energy and uncertainties about future reliability of supply. Legumes deliver several important services to societies. They provide important sources of oil, fiber, and protein-rich food and feed while supplying nitrogen (N) to agro-ecosystems via their unique ability to fix atmospheric N2 in symbiosis with the soil bacteria rhizobia, increasing soil carbon content, and stimulating the productivity of the crops that follow. However, the role of legumes has rarely been considered in the context of their potential to contribute to the mitigation of climate change by reducing fossil fuel use or by providing feedstock for the emerging biobased economies where fossil sources of energy and industrial raw materials are replaced in part by sustainable and renewable biomass resources. The aim of this review was to collate the current knowledge regarding the capacity of legumes to (1) lower the emissions of the key greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) compared to N-fertilized systems, (2) reduce the fossil energy used in the production of food and forage, (3) contribute to the sequestration of carbon (C) in soils, and (4) provide a viable source of biomass for the generation of biofuels and other materials in future biorefinery concepts. We estimated that globally between 350 and 500\u00a0Tg\u00a0CO2 could be emitted as a result of the 33 to 46\u00a0Tg\u00a0N that is biologically fixed by agricultural legumes each year. This compares to around 300\u00a0Tg\u00a0CO2 released annually from the manufacture of 100\u00a0Tg fertilizer N. The main difference is that the CO2 respired from the nodulated roots of N2-fixing legumes originated from photosynthesis and will not represent a net contribution to atmospheric concentrations of CO2, whereas the CO2 generated during the synthesis of N fertilizer was derived from fossil fuels. Experimental measures of total N2O fluxes from legumes and N-fertilized systems were found to vary enormously (0.03\u20137.09 and 0.09\u201318.16\u00a0kg\u00a0N2O\u2013N\u00a0ha\u22121, respectively). This reflected the data being collated from a diverse range of studies using different rates of N inputs, as well as the large number of climatic, soil, and management variables known to influence denitrification and the portion of the total N lost as N2O. Averages across 71 site-years of data, soils under legumes emitted a total of 1.29\u00a0kg\u00a0N2O\u2013N\u00a0ha\u22121 during a growing season. This compared to a mean of 3.22\u00a0kg\u00a0N2O\u2013N\u00a0ha\u22121 from 67 site-years of N-fertilized crops and pastures, and 1.20\u00a0kg\u00a0N2O\u2013N\u00a0ha\u22121 from 33 site-years of data collected from unplanted soils or unfertilized non-legumes. It was concluded that there was little evidence that biological N2 fixation substantially contributed to total N2O emissions, and that losses of N2O from legume soil were generally lower than N-fertilized systems, especially when commercial rates of N fertilizer were applied. Elevated rates of N2O losses can occur following the termination of legume-based pastures, or where legumes had been green- or brown-manured and there was a rapid build-up of high concentrations of nitrate in soil. Legume crops and legume-based pastures use 35% to 60% less fossil energy than N-fertilized cereals or grasslands, and the inclusion of legumes in cropping sequences reduced the average annual energy usage over a rotation by 12% to 34%. The reduced energy use was primarily due to the removal of the need to apply N fertilizer and the subsequently lower N fertilizer requirements for crops grown following legumes. Life cycle energy balances of legume-based rotations were also assisted by a lower use of agrichemicals for crop protection as diversification of cropping sequences reduce the incidence of cereal pathogens and pests and assisted weed control, although it was noted that differences in fossil energy use between legumes and N-fertilized systems were greatly diminished if energy use was expressed per unit of biomass or grain produced. For a change in land use to result in a net increase C sequestration in soil, the inputs of C remaining in plant residues need to exceed the CO2 respired by soil microbes during the decomposition of plant residues or soil organic C, and the C lost through wind or water erosion. The net N-balance of the system was a key driver of changes in soil C stocks in many environments, and data collected from pasture, cropping, and agroforestry systems all indicated that legumes played a pivotal role in providing the additional organic N required to encourage the accumulation of soil C at rates greater than can be achieved by cereals or grasses even when they were supplied with N fertilizer. Legumes contain a range of compounds, which could be refined to produce raw industrial materials currently manufactured from petroleum-based sources, pharmaceuticals, surfactants, or food additives as valuable by-products if legume biomass was to be used to generate biodiesel, bioethanol, biojet A1 fuel, or biogas. The attraction of using leguminous material feedstock is that they do not need the inputs of N fertilizer that would otherwise be necessary to support the production of high grain yields or large amounts of plant biomass since it is the high fossil energy use in the synthesis, transport, and application of N fertilizers that often negates much of the net C benefits of many other bioenergy sources. The use of legume biomass for biorefineries needs careful thought as there will be significant trade-offs with the current role of legumes in contributing to the organic fertility of soils. Agricultural systems will require novel management and plant breeding solutions to provide the range of options that will be required to mitigate climate change. Given their array of ecosystem services and their ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, lower the use of fossil energy, accelerate rates of C sequestration in soil, and provide a valuable source of feedstock for biorefineries, legumes should be considered as important components in the development of future agroecosystems.", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "571", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Legumes", "Air and water emissions", "Greenhouses and coverings", "7. Clean energy", "Biorefinery", "12. Responsible consumption", "[SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment", "Greenhouse gases", "2305 Environmental Engineering", "13. Climate action", "Biological N2 fixation", "Biofuels", "11. Sustainability", "Farm nutrient management", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Recycling", " balancing and resource management", "1102 Agronomy and Crop Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0056-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20for%20Sustainable%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s13593-011-0056-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s13593-011-0056-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s13593-011-0056-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-10-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2013.06.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-07-04", "title": "Contrasting approaches for estimating soil carbon changes in Amazon and Cerrado biomes", "description": "The Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado are among the principal agricultural frontiers of the world, and have attracted global attention because of their potential to be a source or sink of atmospheric CO2. However, accurately quantifying alterations in soil organic carbon (SOC) due to land-use changes remains to be a major challenge. Using a meta-analysis, our objective was to evaluate tillage effects on SOC stocks in Brazil's Amazon and Cerrado biomes. Two approaches: (1) the classical SOC annual change rate which provides only an arithmetic average of SOC changes, and (2) the rate of annual change adjusted from management factors derived according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) SOC methodology, which allows a temporal dataset adjustment, were used. Regardless of approach, conservation technologies such as no-tillage (NT) and integrated crop-livestock (ICL) systems were identified as viable options for SOC sequestration, increasing it between 9 and 16%. One exception was adoption of NT in the Amazon forest, where SOC decreased by 9% over 20 years. Comparing results of the two approaches showed substantial differences between them. For conversions from NT to ICL or from native vegetation to full tillage (FT), the IPCC-based approach produced SOC stock estimates that were 65 and 47% lower, respectively, than with the classical approach. The IPCC approach also identified modeling covariate effects and was influenced less by outliers, thus reducing the risk of under or overestimating soil management effects on SOC.", "keywords": ["land use change", "2. Zero hunger", "330", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "ipcc based method", "15. Life on land", "CO2 emissions", "630", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "co2 emissions", "IPCC-based method", "13. Climate action", "SOC stock rates", "Land use change", "soc stock rates"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2013.06.002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2013.06.002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2013.06.002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2013.06.002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00374-015-1004-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-03-18", "title": "Biochar Alters Nitrogen Transformations But Has Minimal Effects On Nitrous Oxide Emissions In An Organically Managed Lettuce Mesocosm", "description": "Open AccessISSN:1432-0789", "keywords": ["Functional gene abundance", "2. Zero hunger", "Mineralization", "Organic farming", "13. Climate action", "Greenhouse gas emissions", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Lettuce", "15. Life on land", "Nitrification", "Mineralization; Nitrification; Functional gene abundance; Lettuce; Organic farming; Greenhouse gas emissions"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-015-1004-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biology%20and%20Fertility%20of%20Soils", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00374-015-1004-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00374-015-1004-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00374-015-1004-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-03-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.01.029", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-02-07", "title": "Impact Of Reduced Tillage On Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Soil Carbon Stocks In An Organic Grass-Clover Ley - Winter Wheat Cropping Sequence", "description": "Organic reduced tillage aims to combine the environmental benefits of organic farming and conservation tillage to increase sustainability and soil quality. In temperate climates, there is currently no knowledge about its impact on greenhouse gas emissions and only little information about soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in these management systems. We therefore monitored nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes besides SOC stocks for two years in a grass-clover ley - winter wheat - cover crop sequence. The monitoring was undertaken in an organically managed long-term tillage trial on a clay rich soil in Switzerland. Reduced tillage (RT) was compared with ploughing (conventional tillage, CT) in interaction with two fertilisation systems, cattle slurry alone (SL) versus cattle manure compost and slurry (MC). Median N2O and CH4 flux rates were 13\u00a0\u03bcg N2O-N\u00a0m-2\u00a0h-1 and -2\u00a0\u03bcg CH4C\u00a0m-2\u00a0h-1, respectively, with no treatment effects. N2O fluxes correlated positively with nitrate contents, soil temperature, water filled pore space and dissolved organic carbon and negatively with ammonium contents in soil. Pulse emissions after tillage operations and slurry application dominated cumulative gas emissions. N2O emissions after tillage operations correlated with SOC contents and collinearly to microbial biomass. There was no tillage system impact on cumulative N2O emissions in the grass-clover (0.8-0.9\u00a0kg\u00a0N2O-N\u00a0ha-1, 369\u00a0days) and winter wheat (2.1-3.0\u00a0kg N2O-N\u00a0ha-1, 296\u00a0days) cropping seasons, with a tendency towards higher emissions in MC than SL in winter wheat. Including a tillage induced peak after wheat harvest, a full two year data set showed increased cumulative N2O emissions in RT than CT and in MC than SL. There was no clear treatment influence on cumulative CH4 uptake. Topsoil SOC accumulation (0-0.1\u00a0m) was still ongoing. SOC stocks were more stratified in RT than CT and in MC than SL. Total SOC stocks (0-0.5\u00a0m) were higher in RT than CT in SL and similar in MC. Maximum relative SOC stock difference accounted for +8.1\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha-1 in RT-MC compared to CT-SL after 13 years which dominated over the relative increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Under these site conditions, organic reduced tillage and manure compost application seems to be a viable greenhouse gas mitigation strategy as long as SOC is sequestered.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Ecology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Air and water emissions", "7. Clean energy", "Soil quality", "Soil tillage", "Article", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Animal Science and Zoology", "Agronomy and Crop Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.01.029"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.01.029", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.01.029", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2017.01.029"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-010-9405-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-12-16", "title": "Effects Of Climate Change Drivers On Nitrous Oxide Fluxes In An Upland Temperate Grassland", "description": "Despite increasing interest in the patterns of trace gas emissions in terrestrial ecosystems, little is known about the impacts of climate change on nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of the three main drivers of climate change (warming, summer drought, and elevated CO2 concentrations) on N2O fluxes from an extensively managed, upland grassland. Over a 2-year period, we monitored N2O fluxes in an in situ ecosystem manipulation experiment simulating the climate predicted for the study area in 2080 (3.5\u00b0C temperature increase, 20% reduction in summer rainfall and atmospheric CO2 levels of 600\u00a0ppm). N2O fluxes showed significant seasonal and interannual variation irrespective of climate treatment, and were higher in summer and autumn compared with winter and spring. Overall, N2O emissions showed a positive correlation with soil temperature and rainfall. Elevated temperature had a positive impact on mean annual N2O fluxes but effects were only significant in 2007. Contrary to expectations, neither combined summer drought and warming nor the simultaneous application of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, summer drought and warming had any significant effect on annual N2O fluxes. However, the maximum N2O flux rates observed during the study occurred when elevated CO2 was combined with warming and drought, suggesting the potential for important, short-term N2O\u2013N losses in enriched CO2 environments. Taken together, our results suggest that the N2O responses of temperate, extensively managed grasslands to future climate change scenarios may be primarily driven by temperature effects.", "keywords": ["ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2", "550", "warming", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "N2O EMISSIONS", "drought", "01 natural sciences", "FERTILIZATION", "SOIL-MICROORGANISMS", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "WATER-CONTENT", "2. Zero hunger", "nitrous oxide emission", "elevated CO(2)", "LAND-USE", "interannual variation", "grasslands", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "BIOMASS PRODUCTION", "FILLED PORE-SPACE", "DIFFERENTLY MANAGED GRASSLANDS", "6. Clean water", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "13. Climate action", "ECOSYSTEM", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-010-9405-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-010-9405-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-010-9405-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-010-9405-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-12-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s100210000025", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-07-25", "title": "Controls On Soil Carbon Dioxide And Methane Fluxes In A Variety Of Taiga Forest Stands In Interior Alaska", "description": "CO2 and CH4 fluxes were monitored over 4 years in a range of taiga forests along the Tanana River in interior Alaska. Floodplain alder and white spruce sites and upland birch/aspen and white spruce sites were examined. Each site had control, fertilized, and sawdust amended plots; flux measurements began during the second treatment year. CO2 emissions decreased with successional age across the sites (alder, birch/aspen, and white spruce, in order of succession) regardless of landscape position. Although CO2 fluxes showed an exponential relationship with soil temperature, the response of CO2 production to moisture fit an asymptotic model. Of the manipulations, only N fertilization had an effect on CO2 flux, decreasing flux in the floodplain sites but increasing it in the birch/aspen site. Landscape position was the best predictor of CH4 flux. The two upland sites consumed CH4 at similar rates (approximately 0.5 mg C m\u22122 d\u22121), whereas the floodplain sites had lower consumption rates (0\u20130.3 mg C m\u22122 d\u22121). N fertilization and sawdust both inhibited CH4 consumption in the upland birch/aspen and floodplain spruce sites but not in the upland spruce site. The biological processes driving CO2 fluxes were sensitive to temperature, moisture, and vegetation, whereas CH4 fluxes were sensitive primarily to landscape position and biogeochemical disturbances. Hence, climate change effects on C-gas flux in taiga forest soils will depend on the relationship between soil temperature and moisture and the concomitant changes in soil nutrient pools and cycles.", "keywords": ["landscape-ecology", "Betulaceae-: Dicotyledones-", "flux-", "soil-nutrient-pools", "Coniferopsida-: Gymnospermae-", "Vascular-Plants", "forests-", "Environmental-Sciences)", "carbon-dioxide", "nitrogen-fertilizers", "01 natural sciences", "carbon-dioxide: emissions-", "nitrogen-: fertilization-", "vegetation-", "birch- (Betulaceae-)", "124-38-9: CARBON DIOXIDE", "Spermatophytes-", "Spermatophyta-", "74-82-8: METHANE", "Plantae-", "white-spruce (Coniferopsida-)", "successional-age", "boreal-forests", "environmental-temperature", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "taiga-forest-stands", "Angiosperms-", "Gymnosperms-", "Angiospermae-", "Plants-", "sawdust-", "methane-", "15. Life on land", "North-America", "Nearctic-region)", "floodplains-", "mathematical-models", "13. Climate action", "alder- (Betulaceae-)", "upland-sites", "Alaska- (USA-", "climate-change", "Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-", "7727-37-9: NITROGEN", "Dicots-", "methane-: consumption-", "moisture-", "climatic-change", "temperature-"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s100210000025"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s100210000025", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s100210000025", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s100210000025"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-05-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10533-023-01091-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-10-15", "title": "Global observation gaps of peatland greenhouse gas balances: needs and obstacles", "description": "AbstractGreenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions from peatlands contribute significantly to ongoing climate change because of human land use. To develop reliable and comprehensive estimates and predictions of GHG emissions from peatlands, it is necessary to have GHG observations, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), that cover different peatland types globally. We synthesize published peatland studies with field GHG flux measurements to identify gaps in observations and suggest directions for future research. Although GHG flux measurements have been conducted at numerous sites globally, substantial gaps remain in current observations, encompassing various peatland types, regions and GHGs. Generally, there is a pressing need for additional GHG observations in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean regions. Despite widespread measurements of CO2 and CH4, studies quantifying N2O emissions from peatlands are scarce, particularly in natural ecosystems. To expand the global coverage of peatland data, it is crucial to conduct more eddy covariance observations for long-term monitoring. Automated chambers are preferable for plot-scale observations to produce high temporal resolution data; however, traditional field campaigns with manual chamber measurements remain necessary, particularly in remote areas. To ensure that the data can be further used for modeling purposes, we suggest that chamber campaigns should be conducted at least monthly for a minimum duration of one year with no fewer than three replicates and measure key environmental variables. In addition, further studies are needed in restored peatlands, focusing on identifying the most effective restoration approaches for different ecosystem types, conditions, climates, and land use histories.10\u201320\u00a0mg C l\u22121), but also enhanced C inputs to the subsoil (33\u201351\u00a0g C m\u22122), and exports with surface waters (18\u201344\u00a0g C m\u22122). Moreover, changes in DOC quality in paddy soils were linked to a positive feedback on the abiotic release of soil-derived DOC, and substrate availability for CH4 production. Water management practices in rice paddies strongly affect the temporal trends in DOC quantity and quality over the cropping season, with important implications on organic C fluxes.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Organic carbon fluxes", " soil redox conditions", " reductive dissolution", " surfacewaters", " subsoil", " methane emissions", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/1543501/4/Said-Pullicino_Open%20access.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2751-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-015-2751-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-015-2751-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-015-2751-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-11-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-021-05101-w", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-08-21", "title": "Short-term impact of crop diversification on soil carbon fluxes and balance in rainfed and irrigated woody cropping systems under semiarid Mediterranean conditions", "description": "Abstract Purpose
Diversification practices such as intercropping in woody cropping systems have recently been proposed as a promising management strategy for addressing problems related to soil degradation, climate change mitigation and food security. In this study, we assess the impact of several diversification practices in different management regimes on the main carbon fluxes regulating the soil carbon balance under semiarid Mediterranean conditions.
MethodsThe study was conducted in two nearby cropping systems: (i) a low input rainfed almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) orchard cultivated on terraces and (ii) a levelled intensively irrigated mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) orchard with a street-ridge morphology. The almond trees were intercropped with Capparis spinosa or with Thymus hyemalis While the mandarin trees were intercropped with a mixture of barley and vetch followed by fava bean. Changes caused by crop diversifications on C inputs into the soil and C outputs from the soil were estimated.
ResultsCrop diversification did not affect soil organic carbon stocks but did affect the carbon inputs and outputs regulating the soil carbon balance of above Mediterranean agroecosystems. Crop diversification with perennials in the low-input rainfed woody crop system significantly improved the annual soil C balance in the short-term. However, crop diversification with annual species in the intensively managed woody crop system had not effect on the annual soil C balance.
ConclusionsOur results highlight the potential of intercropping with perennials in rainfed woody crop systems for climate change mitigation through soil carbon sequestration.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Eroded carb\u00f3n", "Intercropping \u00b7 Agricultural practices \u00b7 Soil CO2 emissions \u00b7 Eroded carbon \u00b7 Plant carbon inputs \u00b7 Carbon cycle", "Intercropping \u00b7 Agricultural practices \u00b7 Soil CO2 emissions \u00b7 Eroded carbon \u00b7 Plant carbon inputs \u00b7 Carbon cycle", "Soil CO2 emissions", "Carbon cycle", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Plant carbon inputs", "Agricultural practices", "Intercropping", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11104-021-05101-w.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-05101-w"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-021-05101-w", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-021-05101-w", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-021-05101-w"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-08-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-022-05447-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-05-24", "title": "Soil-tree-atmosphere CH4 flux dynamics of boreal birch and spruce trees during spring leaf-out", "description": "Abstract AimsStudies on tree CH4 exchange in boreal forests regarding seasonality and role of tree canopies are rare. We aimed to quantify the contribution of boreal trees to the forest CH4 budget during spring leaf-out and to reveal the role of microbes in the CH4 exchange.
MethodsMethane fluxes of downy birch and Norway spruce (Betula pubescens and Picea abies) growing on fen and upland sites were measured together with soil CH4 flux, environmental variables and microbial abundances involved in the CH4 cycle. Tree CH4 fluxes were studied from three stem heights and from shoots.
ResultsThe trees emitted CH4 with higher stem emissions detected from birch and higher shoot emissions from spruce. The stem CH4 emissions from birches at the fen were high (mean 45\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb5g\uffc2\uffa0m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffa0h\uffe2\uff88\uff921), decreasing with stem height. Their dynamics followed soil temperature, suggesting the emitted CH4 originated from methanogenic activity, manifested in high mcrA gene copy numbers, in the peat soil. Methanogens were below the quantification limit in the tree tissues. Upscaled tree CH4 emissions accounted for 22% of the total CH4 emissions at the fen.
ConclusionsThe variation in stem CH4 flux between the trees and habitats is high, and the emissions from high-emitting birches increase as the spring proceeds. The lack of detection of methanogens or methanotrophs in the aboveground plant tissues suggests that these microbes did not have a significant role in the observed tree-derived fluxes. The stem-emitted CH4 from birches at the fen is presumably produced microbially in the soil.
", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "570", "550", "Methanogens", "LIVING TREES", "Trees", "03 medical and health sciences", "Methanotrophs", "METHANE EMISSIONS", "SAP FLOW", "Boreal forest", "Waterlogging", "PRECURSOR", "0303 health sciences", "BIOMASS EQUATIONS", "NORWAY SPRUCE", "Forestry", "Methane fux", "15. Life on land", "Environmental sciences", "METHANOTROPHS", "13. Climate action", "RADIATION", "Methane flux", "VEGETATION", "COMMUNITIES"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11104-022-05447-9.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05447-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-022-05447-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-022-05447-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-022-05447-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103671", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-05-04", "title": "Soil organic carbon sequestration potential for croplands in Finland over 2021\u20132040 under the interactive impacts of climate change and agricultural management", "description": "CONTEXT: Cropland soil organic carbon (SOC) stock can be increased by agricultural management, but is subject to various factors. The extent and rates of SOC sequestration potential, as well as the controlling factors, under different climate and management practices across a region or country are important for policy-makers and land managers, however have been rarely known. OBJECTIVE: We aim to investigate the extent and rates of SOC sequestration potential over 2021-2040 under different scenarios of climate change and Sustainable Soil Management (SSM) practices, and quantify the impacts of climate change and SSM practices on the SOC sequestration potential, for croplands across Finland at a spatial resolution of 1 km. METHODS: RothC model is run iteratively to equilibrium to calculate the size of the SOC pools and the annual plant carbon inputs. Then, it is applied to investigate the SOC sequestration potential over 2021-2040 under different scenarios of climate change and SSM practices. Finally, facorial simulation experiments are conducted to quantify the impacts of climate change and SSM practices, alone and in combination, on SOC sequestration potential. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Under the combined impacts of climate change and SSM practices, the SOC sequestration potential during 2021-2040 relative to 2020 will be on average -0.03, 0.007, 0.05, and 0.13 t C ha-1 yr-1, respectively, with carbon input being business as usual, 5%, 10%, and 20% increase. This is equivalent to an annual change rate of -0.04%, 0.009%, 0.07%, and 0.17%, respectively. Therefore, a 20% increase in C input to soil will not be enough to obtain a 4\u2030 increase per year over the 20-year period in Finland. Carbon input will promote SOC sequestration potential; however, climate change will reduce it on average by 0.28 t C ha-1yr-1. Across the cropland in Finland, on average, the relative contributions of C input, temperature, and precipitation to SOC sequestration potential in 2021-2040 will be 56%, 24%, and 20%, respectively, however there is a spatially explicit pattern. The SOC sequestration potential will be relatively high and dominated by C input in west and southwest Finland. By contrast, it will be relatively low and dominated by climate in north and east Finland, and the central part of southern Finland. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings provide the information as to where, how much, and which SSM practices could be applied for enhancing SOC sequestration at a high spatial resolution, which is essential for stakeholders to increase cropland SOC sequestration efficiently.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "330", "550", "15. Life on land", "ta4111", "7. Clean energy", "Climate-smart agriculture", "GHG emissions", "Climate change mitigation", "13. Climate action", "agricultural production", "Climate change", "Carbon stock", "soil carbon", "soil modelling", "Agricultural carbon management"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103671"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103671", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103671", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103671"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11367-012-0521-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-10-29", "title": "Exploring Variability In Methods And Data Sensitivity In Carbon Footprints Of Feed Ingredients", "description": "Production of feed is an important contributor to life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, or carbon footprints (CFPs), of livestock products. Consequences of methodological choices and data sensitivity on CFPs of feed ingredients were explored to improve comparison and interpretation of CFP studies. Methods and data for emissions from cultivation and processing, land use (LU), and land use change (LUC) were analyzed. For six ingredients (maize, wheat, palm kernel expeller, rapeseed meal, soybean meal, and beet pulp), CFPs resulting from a single change in methods and data were compared with a reference CFP, i.e., based on IPCC Tier 1 methods, and data from literature. Results show that using more detailed methods to compute N2O emissions from cultivation hardly affected reference CFPs, except for methods to determine leaching (contributing to indirect N2O emissions) in which the influence is about -7 to +12 %. Overall, CFPs appeared most sensitive to changes in crop yield and applied synthetic fertilizer N. The inclusion of LULUC emissions can change CFPs considerably, i.e., up to 877 %. The level of LUC emissions per feed ingredient highly depends on the method chosen, as well as on assumptions on area of LUC, C stock levels (mainly aboveground C and soil C), and amortization period. We concluded that variability in methods and data can significantly affect CFPs of feed ingredients and hence CFPs of livestock products. Transparency in methods and data is therefore required. For harmonization, focus should be on methods to calculate leaching and emissions from LULUC. It is important to consider LUC in CFP studies of food, feed, and bioenergy products.", "keywords": ["INDICATORS", "life-cycle assessment", "571", "egg-production systems", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "NETHERLANDS", "milk-production", "netherlands", "EGG-PRODUCTION SYSTEMS", "MITIGATION", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "land-use change", "mitigation", "Methods", "deforestation", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Feed ingredients", "2. Zero hunger", "GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS", "Livestock products", "0402 animal and dairy science", "LAND-USE CHANGE", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Feed production", "15. Life on land", "greenhouse-gas emissions", "Carbon footprint", "indicators", "pig production", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT", "PIG PRODUCTION", "13. Climate action", "Inventory data", "DEFORESTATION", "MILK-PRODUCTION"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-012-0521-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20International%20Journal%20of%20Life%20Cycle%20Assessment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11367-012-0521-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11367-012-0521-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11367-012-0521-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-10-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.022", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-01-19", "title": "Full Accounting Of The Greenhouse Gas (Co2, N2o, Ch4) Budget Of Nine European Grassland Sites", "description": "The full greenhouse gas balance of nine contrasted grassland sites covering a major climatic gradient over Europe was measured during two complete years. The sites include awide range ofmanagement regimes (rotational grazing, continuous grazing andmowing), the three main types of managed grasslands across Europe (sown, intensive permanent and semi-natural grassland) and contrasted nitrogen fertilizer supplies. At all sites, the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 was assessed using the eddy covariance technique.N2Oemissions weremonitored using various techniques (GC-cuvette systems, automated chambers and tunable diode laser) and CH4 emissions resulting from enteric fermentation of the grazing cattle were measured in situ at four sites using the SF6 tracer method. Hence, when expressed in CO2-C equivalents, emissions of N2O and CH4 resulted in a 19% offset of the NEE sink activity. An attributedGHG balance has been calculated by subtracting fromthe NBP: (i)N2OandCH4 emissions occurring within the grassland plot and (ii) off-site emissions ofCO2 andCH4 as a result of the digestion and enteric fermentation by cattle of the cut herbage.The net exchanges by the grassland ecosystems of CO2 and of GHG were highly correlated with the difference in carbon used by grazing versus cutting, indicating that cut grasslands have a greater on-site sink activity than grazed grasslands. However, the net biome productivity was significantly correlated to the total C used by grazing and cutting, indicating that, on average, net carbon storage declines with herbage utilisation for herbivores", "keywords": ["Livestock", "330", "net ecosystem exchange", "NITROUS OXIDE", "native tallgrass prairie", "GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE", "Nitrogen cycle", "Carbon sequestration;", "12. Responsible consumption", "dioxide", "primary productivity", "METHANE", "CARBON SEQUESTRATION", "[SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "NITROGEN CYCLE", "nitrogen cycle", "soil carbon", "2. Zero hunger", "nitrous oxide", "methane", "land management", "LIVESTOCK", "sequestration", "livestock grazing", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbon sequestration", "nitrous-oxide emissions", "[SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment", "Nitrous oxide;", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "agricultural soils", "environment", "Methane", "respiration"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.022"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.022", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.022", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.022"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.02.003", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-03-21", "title": "Managing soil carbon for climate change mitigation and adaptation in Mediterranean cropping systems: A meta-analysis", "description": "Mediterranean croplands are seasonally dry agroecosystems with low soil organic carbon (SOC) content and high risk of land degradation and desertification. The increase in SOC is of special interest in these systems, as it can help to build resilience for climate change adaptation while contributing to mitigate global warming through the sequestration of atmospheric carbon (C). We compared SOC change and C sequestration under a number of recommended management practices (RMPs) with neighboring conventional plots under Mediterranean climate (174 data sets from 79 references). The highest response in C sequestration was achieved by those practices applying largest amounts of C inputs (land treatment and organic amendments). Conservation tillage practices (no-tillage and reduced tillage) induced lower effect sizes but significantly promoted C sequestration, whereas no effect and negative net sequestration rates were observed for slurry applications and unfertilized treatments, respectively. Practices combining external organic amendments with cover crops or conservation tillage (combined management practices and organic management) showed very good performance in C sequestration. We studied separately the changes in SOC under organic management, with 80 data sets from 30 references. The results also suggest that the degree of intensification in C input rate is the main driver behind the relative C accumulation in organic treatments. Thus, highest net C sequestration rates were observed in most eco-intensive groups, such as \u201cirrigated\u201d, \u201chorticulture\u201d and controlled experiments (\u201cplot scale\u201d).", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Air and water emissions", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.02.003"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.02.003", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.02.003", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2013.02.003"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.021", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-03-15", "title": "Biochar Does Not Affect Soil N-Transformations Or Microbial Community Structure Under Ruminant Urine Patches But Does Alter Relative Proportions Of Nitrogen Cycling Bacteria", "description": "Abstract Nitrogen (N) cycling, especially denitrification, can be significantly altered when biochar is used as a soil conditioner. These alterations in N-cycling have been attributed to a combination of physicochemical change, alterations in microbial community ecology and pervading climatic conditions. This study investigated seasonal bacterial community change over two years in combination with a short-term winter study of N-transformations under bovine urine patches. A silt-loam pastoral soil in Canterbury, New Zealand was amended with either 0, 15 or 30\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 of Pinus radiata biochar (pyrolysed at \u223c450\u00a0\u00b0C) and bovine urine was added to patches within the 0 and 30\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 biochar amended plots (designated as 0\u00a0U and 30\u00a0U treatments, where U indicates \u2018urine\u2019). No discernible differences in bacterial community structure were observed during the two year study or the short term N-transformation study when comparing non-amended and biochar-amended soil. Differences in bacterial community structure were only evident when comparing seasons, with data pertaining to each season from successive years clustering together. During the short-term N-transformation study, bacterial communities formed 3 distinct clusters corresponding to elevated levels of urine derived NH 4 + -N (days 0\u201310), increases in NO 3 \u2212 -N and N 2 O (days 10\u201322) and a decline in NO 3 \u2212 -N and N 2 O (day 20 onward). Biochar amendment did increase the relative abundance of up to 50% of individual operational taxonomic units (OTUs or \u2018species\u2019), including key nitrite oxidisers and nitrate reducers. Biochar amendment did not affect the concentrations of inorganic-N compounds. The nir S (nitrite reductase) gene became elevated in the 30\u00a0U treatment relative to the 0\u00a0U treatment \u223c10 days after the initial urine application. The nos Z (nitrous oxide reductase) gene became elevated in the 30\u00a0U plots during the latter part of the experiment. Conclusions: \u2022 Biochar did not have a significant impact on the microbial community structure in pastoral soil over the course of two years. \u2022 The relative proportion of nitrifiers and denitrifiers increased in biochar amended soils subjected to large influxes of urine derived N. \u2022 Differences in N-transformation dynamics in the presence of biochar during the winter months were not statistically significant.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "N\u2082O emissions", "570", "denitrification", "bovine urine", "silt-loam soil", "ANZSRC::30 Agricultural", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "soil microbial ecology", "winter", "nitrification", "630", "6. Clean water", "veterinary and food sciences", "T-RFLP", "new generation sequencing", "13. Climate action", "ANZSRC::41 Environmental sciences", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "biochar", "ANZSRC::44 Human society"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Timothy J. Clough, Kelly Hamonts, Leo M. Condron, Craig Anderson, Craig Anderson,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.021"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.021", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.021", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.021"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2021.107551", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-07-06", "title": "Impacts of agronomic measures on crop, soil, and environmental indicators: A review and synthesis of meta-analysis", "description": "Abstract Sustainable agricultural management implies optimization of resources for crop production while minimizing adverse impacts on the environment. This requires a better understanding of the synergies and trade-offs of agronomic management while accounting for the controlling effects of site-specific factors (covariates). We systematically evaluated 113 meta-analytical studies assessing impacts of crop management measures (rotation, cover cropping, residue retention), soil and water measures (irrigation, tillage), soil amendments (enhanced efficiency, biochar), fertilizer use (organic, mineral, combined organic-mineral) and \u201c4R'\u201d fertilizer strategies (right source, rate, timing, placement) on sustainability indicators. These indicators include crop yield, crop N and P (content, uptake, and use efficiency), soil quality indicators (soil organic C, N and P contents, compaction), soil emissions of ammonia (NH3) and greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O), and nutrient losses to water (N and P surplus or leaching). Nutrient management, including 4R practices as well as enhanced efficiency amendments, had the largest impact, increasing crop yields and N uptake while reducing N2O and NH3 emissions as well as N surplus, whereas effects on CO2 emissions were variable. Although all measures positively impacted soil C, the largest effect was due to biochar, followed by organic fertilizer input. Biochar positively impacted crop yield, diminished N2O and NH3 emissions as well as N surplus, and increased CO2 emissions. Within crop management, only cover cropping had a significant positive effect on crop yield, while both cover crops and rotation slightly enhanced N uptake and the sequestration of C and N in soil, thus reducing N2O emissions and N surplus. Minimal tillage practices generally increased SOC, while results for crop yield, N surplus and N2O emissions were variable. Site-specific factors had substantial impacts on the evaluated impacts of measures, most importantly climate, crop type, soil texture, soil pH, soil organic C, N dose, and experimental duration. Considering the variation among meta-analytical protocols followed, we recommend that field studies and meta-analytical work adhere to harmonized guidelines with respect to the reporting of site-level data, experimental design, and the statistical procedures used. This will ensure data comparability between studies, improve the quality of meta-analysis results, and give better insights into currently uncertain or unknown impacts of agronomic measures.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic carbon", "Management practices", "Agronomic indicators", "Review", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "12. Responsible consumption", "Meta-analysis", "03 medical and health sciences", "Emissions", "13. Climate action", "Nutrient use efficiency", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Crop yield", "Nutrient surplus"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107551"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2021.107551", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2021.107551", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107551"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2022.108182", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-09-21", "title": "Liming modifies greenhouse gas fluxes from soils: A meta-analysis of biological drivers", "description": "Acidic soils cover about 30% of the world's land. Liming is a management practice applied worldwide to reduce the negative effects of acidification on soil fertility and plant growth. Liming also affects the biotic and abiotic soil properties controlling the production and consumption of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). Although our understanding of how liming regulates net GHG emissions is increasing, the impact of liming on soil biological drivers of GHG emissions has not been quantitatively synthesized. Here we conducted a global meta-analysis using 1474 paired observations from 124 studies to explore the responses of GHG emissions to liming, with a focus on soil biological factors. We show that the N2O mitigation capacity of liming could be linked to (i) increases in bacterial abundance of N2O reductase genes (NosZ) and decreases in fungi:bacteria ratio, both contributing to a lower N2O:N2 product ratio of denitrification; and (ii) reductions in soil mineral nitrogen (N) via stimulation of plant N uptake. The limited evidence available indicates that liming reduced CH4 emissions and the abundance of methanogens, but it had no effect on CH4 uptake and abundance of methanotrophs. Liming-induced increases in soil CO2 emissions can be explained by higher heterotrophic and/or autotrophic respiration. The strong coupling between liming effects on GHG emissions and on soil microbial communities involved in GHG production and consumption can be used to identify strategies to reduce GHGs in response to liming, and to improve process-based models for better predictions of soil GHG emissions.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Biological drivers", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Nitrification", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "13. Climate action", "Greenhouse gas emissions", "11. Sustainability", "Denitrification", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Liming", "Soil acidification", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108182"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2022.108182", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2022.108182", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108182"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2024.109178", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-07-18", "title": "Increased N2O emissions by cover crops in a diverse crop rotation can be mediated with dual nitrification and urease inhibitors", "description": "Agriculture significantly contributes to global soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Crop rotation diversification and cover cropping are feasible agronomic strategies to reduce nitrogen losses to the environment. However, input of cover crop residues could potentially increase soil N2O emissions. Dual nitrification and urease inhibitors (NUI) administered after cover crop termination at the time of nitrogen fertiliser addition could reduce emissions, but this has not been widely evaluated in field studies. A 4-year crop rotation study was conducted to determine the effect of crop diversification and use of NUI on N2O emissions, crop yield and N2O intensity. Nitrous oxide flux was measured year-round using a micrometeorological method deployed on four 4-ha fields. Two fields were managed with a conventional crop rotation (CONV) (corn \u2013 soybean \u2013 soybean) and two fields were managed with a diverse crop rotation (DIV) (corn \u2013 soybean \u2013 winter-wheat plus cover crops either as 2-species mixture under seeded to corn or 4-species mixture after winter-wheat harvest). The effect of a NUI [N(-n-Butyl) thiophosphoric triamide and Pronitridine] was tested in corn in the fourth year. The DIV rotation resulted in 43 % lower annual N2O emissions when winter wheat was grown instead of soybean and 18\u201326 % increase in annual N2O emissions for corn. The DIV rotation increased N2O intensity by 15 % in Year 1 and 36 % in Year 4 compared to corn in the CONV rotation. The use of NUI in DIV rotation resulted in 15 % lower total N2O emissions over 3 years of the rotation cycle. The application of NUI resulted in a 19 % reduction in N2O intensity within the DIV rotation, with no observable effect on corn yield. Further research should focus on optimising the N application rates according to NUI use, considering available nitrogen from crop residues and cover crops when integrated into the crop rotation.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Micrometeorological method", "Nitrogen use efficiency", "Corn-soybean rotation", "Mitigation", "13. Climate action", "Greenhouse gas emissions", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109178"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2024.109178", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2024.109178", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109178"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107941", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-09-27", "title": "Decreased greenhouse gas intensity of winter wheat production under plastic film mulching in semi-arid areas", "description": "Greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI), the evaluation of GHG emissions per unit yield rather than per unit land area, has recently received much attention. Plastic film mulching (PFM) is one of the major agricultural practices in semi-arid areas, but few studies have synthetically studied the effects of PFM on GHGI, grain yield, soil characteristics, and their potential relationships at different winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growing stages. Here in the semi-arid Chinese Loess Plateau, we simultaneously investigated two cropping systems from 2018 to 2020: PFM with 100 % cover and no film mulching (control). Averaged across two growing seasons, the PFM treatment significantly increased soil temperature, water-filled pore spaces and soil water storage, while sustaining high aboveground biomass (31.9 %) and grain yield (45.5 %). The PFM treatment significantly increased cumulative N2O emissions by 56.2 %, CO2 emissions by 39.7 %, and CH4 uptake by 151.4 % compared to the control treatment. GHGI are on average 14.2 % lower in the PFM treatment than in the control treatment. Moreover, the PFM treatment significantly improved soil enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase, catalase, invertase, and urease) and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen from grain filling to maturity stage. Altogether, the reductions in GHGI suggest that PFM-induced increases in grain yield could outweigh the adverse impacts on GHG emissions, underscoring the potential to apply PFM for sustainable intensification of crop production in semi-arid areas.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Loess Plateau", "13. Climate action", "Global warming potential", "Greenhouse gas emissions", "Grain yield", "15. Life on land", "Greenhouse gas intensity", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107941"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107941", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107941", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107941"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.07.023", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-08-30", "title": "Ghg Emission Performance Of Various Liquid Transportation Biofuels In Finland In Accordance With The Eu Sustainability Criteria", "description": "The European Union (EU) has set a binding greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction target for transportation biofuels and other bioliquids. In this study, the GHG emissions of various biofuel chains considered as relevant in large-scale production in Finland were calculated in accordance with the EU sustainability criteria. Special attention was paid to uncertainties and the sensitivities of certain parameters. According to the results, it is impossible in many cases to unambiguously conclude whether or not a biofuel chain passes the emission-saving limit provided by the EU. This may reduce the willingness to invest in biofuel production. Major sources of uncertainties and sensitivities are nitrous oxide emissions from soil and nitrogen fertilisation, emissions of process heat production and soil carbon stock changes in biomass production. Several propositions are made in order to reduce the uncertainty of the results and to make the EU sustainability criteria for biofuels more harmonised and accurate", "keywords": ["330", "greenhouse gas emissions", "Ys", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "kest\u00e4vyyskriteerit", "ep\u00e4varmuus", "7. Clean energy", "biofuels", "12. Responsible consumption", "liikennebiopolttoaineet", "EU sustainability criteria", "kasvihuonekaasup\u00e4\u00e4st\u00f6t", "uncertainly", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "sustainability criteria", "SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy", "transportation biofuels", "biopolttoaineet", "uncertainty", "ta218"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.07.023"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Applied%20Energy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.07.023", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.07.023", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.07.023"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.05.017", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-07-03", "title": "Energy And Climate Benefits Of Bioelectricity From Low-Input Short Rotation Woody Crops On Agricultural Land Over A Two-Year Rotation", "description": "AbstractShort-rotation woody crops (SRWCs) are a promising means to enhance the EU renewable energy sources while mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, there are concerns that the GHG mitigation potential of bioelectricity may be nullified due to GHG emissions from direct land use changes (dLUCs). In order to evaluate quantitatively the GHG mitigation potential of bioelectricity from SRWC we managed an operational SRWC plantation (18.4ha) for bioelectricity production on a former agricultural land without supplemental irrigation or fertilization. We traced back to the primary energy level all farm labor, materials, and fossil fuel inputs to the bioelectricity production. We also sampled soil carbon and monitored fluxes of GHGs between the SRWC plantation and the atmosphere. We found that bioelectricity from SRWCs was energy efficient and yielded 200\u2013227% more energy than required to produce it over a two-year rotation. The associated land requirement was 0.9m2kWhe-1 for the gasification and 1.1m2kWhe-1 for the combustion technology. Converting agricultural land into the SRWC plantation released 2.8 \u00b1 0.2tCO2eha\u22121, which represented \u223c89% of the total GHG emissions (256\u2013272gCO2ekWhe-1) of bioelectricity production. Despite its high share of the total GHG emissions, dLUC did not negate the GHG benefits of bioelectricity. Indeed, the GHG savings of bioelectricity relative to the EU non-renewable grid mix power ranged between 52% and 54%. SRWC on agricultural lands with low soil organic carbon stocks are encouraging prospects for sustainable production of renewable energy with significant climate benefits.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Physics", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Eddy fluxes", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "GHG emissions", "Life cycle assessment", "Energy(all)", "13. Climate action", "Direct land use change", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Energy ratio", "Biology", "Engineering sciences. Technology", "Civil and Structural Engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.05.017"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Applied%20Energy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.05.017", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.05.017", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.05.017"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.045", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-09-04", "title": "Effects Of Elevated Temperature And Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration On The Emissions Of Methane And Nitrous Oxide From Portuguese Flooded Rice Fields", "description": "Abstract Methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions from flooded rice fields have been rarely measured in Europe. A field study was carried out in an intermittent flooded rice field at central Portugal to investigate if global warming under Mediterranean conditions, elevated soil temperature (+2\u00a0\u00b0C) and atmospheric [CO 2 ] (550\u00a0ppm), could lead to significant effects in CH 4 and N 2 O emissions. The experimental design consisted of three treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. To assess the effects of ambient temperature and actual atmospheric [CO 2 ] (375\u00a0ppm), plots were laid under open-field rice conditions. Using open-top chambers, two other treatments were established: one to assess the effect of elevated temperature and actual atmospheric [CO 2 ] and a third treatment to evaluate the combined effect of elevated temperature and atmospheric [CO 2 ]. Measurements of CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes were made throughout two consecutive growing seasons in the field using the closed chamber technique. Elevation of temperature with or without elevated atmospheric [CO 2 ] increased CH 4 emissions by 50%, but this increase was not significant compared to the open-field condition. As for N 2 O, elevated temperature alone or combined with elevated atmospheric [CO 2 ] had no significant effect on emissions relative to the open-field treatment. The estimated seasonal CH 4 EF for the Portuguese flooded rice fields was 10.0\u00a0g\u00a0CH 4 \u00a0m \u22122 , while the EF for N 2 O emissions was 1.4% of N input. These results suggested that default seasonal CH 4 and N 2 O EFs currently used by the Portuguese inventory were not appropriated.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "CO2 enrichment", "Intermittent \ufb02ooded rice", "Open-\ufb01eld", "13. Climate action", "Emission factors", "Temperature", "15. Life on land", "GHGs emissions", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.045"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Atmospheric%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.045", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.045", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.045"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-02-16", "title": "Energy And Greenhouse Gas Balances Of Cassava-Based Ethanol", "description": "Abstract Biofuel production has been promoted to save fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, there have been concerns about the potential of biofuel to improve energy efficiency and mitigate climate change. This paper investigates energy efficiency and GHG emission saving of cassava-based ethanol as energy for transportation. Energy and GHG balances are calculated for a functional unit of 1\u00a0km of road transportation using life-cycle assessment and considering effects of land use change (LUC). Based on a case study in Vietnam, the results show that the energy input for and GHG emissions from ethanol production are 0.93\u00a0MJ and 34.95\u00a0g carbon dioxide equivalent per megajoule of ethanol respectively. The use of E5 and E10 as a substitute for gasoline results in energy savings, provided that their fuel consumption in terms of liter per kilometer of transportation is not exceeding the consumption of gasoline per kilometer by more than 2.4% and 4.5% respectively. It will reduce GHG emissions, provided that the fuel consumption of E5 and E10 is not exceeding the consumption of gasoline per kilometer by more than 3.8% and 7.8% respectively. The quantitative effects depend on the efficiency in production and on the fuel efficiency of E5 and E10. The variations in results of energy input and GHG emissions in the ethanol production among studies are due to differences in coverage of effects of LUC, CO 2 photosynthesis of cassava, yields of cassava, energy efficiency in farming, and by-product analyses.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "bio-ethanol", "emissions", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "fuel ethanol", "12. Responsible consumption", "thailand", "13. Climate action", "cost", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "china", "performance", "policy"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biomass%20and%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.124", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-09-03", "title": "Comparing Environmental Consequences Of Anaerobic Mono- And Co-Digestion Of Pig Manure To Produce Bio-Energy - A Life Cycle Perspective", "description": "The aim of this work was to assess the environmental consequences of anaerobic mono- and co-digestion of pig manure to produce bio-energy, from a life cycle perspective. This included assessing environmental impacts and land use change emissions (LUC) required to replace used co-substrates for anaerobic digestion. Environmental impact categories considered were climate change, terrestrial acidification, marine and freshwater eutrophication, particulate matter formation, land use, and fossil fuel depletion. Six scenarios were evaluated: mono-digestion of manure, co-digestion with: maize silage, maize silage and glycerin, beet tails, wheat yeast concentrate (WYC), and roadside grass. Mono-digestion reduced most impacts, but represented a limited source for bio-energy. Co-digestion with maize silage, beet tails, and WYC (competing with animal feed), and glycerin increased bio-energy production (up to 568%), but at expense of increasing climate change (through LUC), marine eutrophication, and land use. Co-digestion with wastes or residues like roadside grass gave the best environmental performance.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Swine", "emissions", "indirect land use change", "02 engineering and technology", "bioenergy", "Environment", "15. Life on land", "pig slurry", "renewable energy", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "Consequential LCA", "Refuse Disposal", "12. Responsible consumption", "Manure", "Bacteria", " Anaerobic", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "greenhouse gases", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "systems", "Animals", "Methane"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.124"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bioresource%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.124", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.124", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.124"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.11.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-01-24", "title": "Influence of soil conditions on the multidimensional spread of smouldering combustion in shallow layers", "description": "Abstract Smouldering peatland fires are capable of burning vast amounts of organic soils, resulting in the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, as well as a significant deterioration of air quality causing in major regional crises known as haze events. Fundamental understanding of smouldering fire spread is essential for the development of mitigating technologies. In this paper, we have systematically conducted 63 experiments studying the individual and combined influence of two key factors affecting multidimensional smouldering spread in organic soils: moisture content (MC) and inorganic content (IC). Both lateral and in-depth smouldering spread were investigated using a novel shallow reactor. This shallow depth allows a greater number of experiments to be performed in a short period of time compared to deeper samples. Lateral spread was found to decrease linearly with moisture content (R2 > 90%); while in-depth spread rate increased linearly up to 300% from moisture content of 0% to 140%. Increased inorganic content linearly decreased the lateral spread rate but had little influence on in-depth spread in drier samples. Interestingly, in wetter samples, in-depth spread was in fact sensitive to inorganic content. A novel approach combining lateral and in-depth spread rates as vector components, revealed that the global spread is independent of moisture content, with an average spread rate of 8.7 and 8.4\u00a0cm/h for 2.5 and 40% IC, with changes in direction according to moisture content; going in-depth for wet soils, and laterally for dry soils. Similarly, increasing the IC encouraged downward spread for wet samples. We also report observations of a bifurcation of lateral spread, where spread would locally extinguish where the in-depth spread was greater than the lateral spread. These findings provide previously unknown insight into the relationship between lateral and in-depth spread in smouldering fires, ultimately improving the fundamental understanding of such fires.", "keywords": ["Technology", "Engineering", " Chemical", "Energy & Fuels", "0904 Chemical Engineering", "Engineering", " Multidisciplinary", "TRANSIENT GAS", "Chemical", "02 engineering and technology", "Wildfire", "MOISTURE", "0902 Automotive Engineering", "01 natural sciences", "0201 civil engineering", "Engineering", "Smouldering", "Heat transfer", "Biomass", "PEAT FIRES", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Multidisciplinary", "Science & Technology", "Energy", "CONSUMPTION", "15. Life on land", "Mechanical", "Fire", "Engineering", " Mechanical", "IGNITION", "13. Climate action", "Physical Sciences", "PARTICLE EMISSIONS", "Thermodynamics", "0913 Mechanical Engineering"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Christensen, EG, Fernandez-Anez, N, Rein, G,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.11.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Combustion%20and%20Flame", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.11.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.11.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.11.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.dib.2024.111226", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-12-11", "title": "A harmonized dataset relating alternative farmer management practices to crop yield, soil organic carbon stock, nitrous oxide emissions, and nitrate leaching generated using IPCC methodologies and meta-analyses", "description": "Farming practices such as soil tillage, organic/mineral fertilization, irrigation, crop selection and residues management influence multiple ecosystem services provided by agricultural systems. These practices exhibit complex, non-linear interrelationships that affect crop productivity, water quality, and non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, possibly offsetting their benefits regarding soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. Current methodologies from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for assessing the impacts of alternative farming practices on GHG emissions rely on global or country-specific coefficients. However, these methods often do not explicitly account for the combined effects of management practices on carbon and nitrogen cycles or productivity, as this is not required for national GHG inventories. Here we present a new dataset featuring 1.8 Mln of agronomic case scenarios, i.e., unique combinations of farming practices and pedoclimatic conditions, which have been associated with values of SOC changes, nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate-nitrogen leaching, and crop yield. To synthesize trade-offs and synergies between farming practices, each case scenario has been ranked with a \u2211ommit index (\u2211i) value, a fuzzy-based measure ranging from 0 (bad) to 1 (good). The four trade-off components have been estimated by combining available information from i) the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, ii) the guidelines for Green Water Footprint Accounting, iii) the Italian National Institute of Statistics, iv) and other international meta-analytic studies. The dataset presents four \u2211i series, corresponding to alternative perceptions of sustainability from three potential stakeholder categories (young farmers\u2019 cooperative, agrochemical company, public agricultural policy agency) plus one equally weighted option. By providing a harmonized data source and an innovative metric, this dataset allows users to explore trade-offs associated with alternative management practices across four key agricultural components and assess their impact on perceived agroecosystem sustainability.", "keywords": ["Soil management", "Crop choice", "Q1-390", "Science (General)", "Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics", "Farming sustainability", "R858-859.7", "Organic matter inputs", "Greenhouse gases emissions", "Data Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2024.111226"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Data%20in%20Brief", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.dib.2024.111226", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.dib.2024.111226", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.dib.2024.111226"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.051", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-03-17", "title": "Correcting A Fundamental Error In Greenhouse Gas Accounting Related To Bioenergy", "description": "Open AccessISSN:0301-4215", "keywords": ["Bioenergy; Greenhouse gas emissions; Greenhouse gas accounting", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Greenhouse gas accounting", "02 engineering and technology", "Management", " Monitoring", " Policy and Law", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "Viewpoint", "Energy(all)", "13. Climate action", "Greenhouse gas emissions", "11. Sustainability", "ddc:550", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "greenhouse gas; bioenergy; sustainable development", "Bioenergy"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.051"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Energy%20Policy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.051", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.051", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.051"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.024", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-06-08", "title": "Developments In Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Net Energy Use In Danish Agriculture - How To Achieve Substantial Co2 Reductions?", "description": "Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture are a significant contributor to total Danish emissions. Consequently, much effort is currently given to the exploration of potential strategies to reduce agricultural emissions. This paper presents results from a study estimating agricultural GHG emissions in the form of methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide (including carbon sources and sinks, and the impact of energy consumption/bioenergy production) from Danish agriculture in the years 1990-2010. An analysis of possible measures to reduce the GHG emissions indicated that a 50-70% reduction of agricultural emissions by 2050 relative to 1990 is achievable, including mitigation measures in relation to the handling of manure and fertilisers, optimization of animal feeding, cropping practices, and land use changes with more organic farming, afforestation and energy crops. In addition, the bioenergy production may be increased significantly without reducing the food production, whereby Danish agriculture could achieve a positive energy balance.", "keywords": ["Buildings and machinery", "Greenhouse Effect", "Landscape and recreation", "Livestock", "Denmark", "Nitrous Oxide", "Air and water emissions", "Models", " Biological", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil", "11. Sustainability", "Farm nutrient management", "Animals", "Animal Husbandry", "Fertilizers", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "Nutrient turnover", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Manure", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.024"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Pollution", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.024", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.024", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.024"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.040", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-02-20", "title": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions From A Wheat-Maize Double Cropping System With Different Nitrogen Fertilization Regimes", "description": "Here, we report on a two-years field experiment aimed at the quantification of the emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) from the dominant wheat-maize double cropping system in North China Plain. The experiment had 6 different fertilization strategies, including a control treatment, recommended fertilization, with and without straw and manure applications, and nitrification inhibitor and slow release urea. Application of N fertilizer slightly decreased CH4 uptake by soil. Direct N2O emissions derived from recommended urea application was 0.39% of the annual urea-N input. Both straw and manure had relatively low N2O emissions factors. Slow release urea had a relatively high emission factor. Addition of nitrification inhibitor reduced N2O emission by 55%. We conclude that use of nitrification inhibitors is a promising strategy for N2O mitigation for the intensive wheat-maize double cropping systems.", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "China", "oxide emissions", "Nitrogen Dioxide", "organic-carbon", "n2o emissions", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "field experiments", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil", "calcareous soil", "Air Pollution", "Fertilizers", "Triticum", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "north china plain", "Agriculture", "temperate forest soils", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "13. Climate action", "nitrification inhibitor", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "agricultural soils", "3", "4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate dmpp", "Methane", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.040"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Pollution", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.040", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.040", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.040"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.10.008", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-11-10", "title": "Evidence For Denitrification As Main Source Of N2o Emission From Residue-Amended Soil", "description": "Catch crops, especially leguminous catch crops, may increase crop nitrogen (N) supply and decrease environmental impacts in cropping systems, but they may also stimulate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions following spring incorporation. In this 28-day laboratory incubation study, we examined the carbon (C) and N dynamics and N2O evolution after simulated incorporation of residues from three catch crop species into a loamy sand soil, with variable soil moisture (40, 50 or 60% water-filled pore space (WFPS)). The catch crops include two leguminous (red clover and winter vetch) and one non-leguminous species (ryegrass). Plant material was placed in a discrete layer surrounded by soil in which the nitrate (NO3\u2212) pool was enriched with 15N to distinguish N2O derived from denitrification and nitrification. Net N mineralisation from leguminous catch crops was significant (30\u201348\u00a0mg\u00a0N\u00a0kg\u22121 soil, accounting for 41\u201356% of the added residue-N), whereas ryegrass incorporation resulted in net N immobilisation. The evolution of N2O was probably enhanced by N release from the residues, especially during the second week, which can explain the lower N2O evolution after application of ryegrass. Emission of N2O occurred at all moisture levels, but was higher at 50 and 60% WFPS than at 40% in soil with leguminous residues. The 15N enrichment of N2O indicated that denitrification was the dominant source independent of moisture level and residue type. We conclude that catch crop residues will stimulate N2O emissions via denitrification over a wide range of soil moisture conditions, but that emission levels may depend significantly on residue quality and soil moisture.", "keywords": ["Leguminous cover crop", "2. Zero hunger", "Nitrous oxide", "15N labelling", "Nutrient turnover", "Mineralisation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "incubation", "15. Life on land", "Air and water emissions", "Pasture and forage crops", "Crop combinations and interactions", "13. Climate action", "Farm nutrient management", "Denitrification", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Incubation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.10.008"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.10.008", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.10.008", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.10.008"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102940", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-12-23", "title": "Haze emissions from smouldering peat: The roles of inorganic content and bulk density", "description": "Abstract Smouldering peat fires are reported across continents and their emissions result in regional haze crisis (large scale accumulation of smoke at low altitudes) and large carbon foot prints. Inorganic content (IC) and bulk density vary naturally in peatlands and are among the important parameters governing peat fires. However, their roles in fire emissions remain unknown. In this work, bench-scale burning of sphagnum peat conditioned to different values of IC and bulk densities were conducted in the laboratory environment. Mass loss rate, spread rate and transient emissions of 20 gas species and particles (PM10, PM2.5 and PM1) were simultaneously investigated. We found that peat with 50% moisture content can self-sustain smouldering propagation if IC is less than 40%, or its bulk density is lower than 287.5\u202fkg\u202fm\u22123. Increasing IC or bulk density decreases peat mass loss rate and spread rate. High IC peat releases lower gas fluxes (especially for CH4 and NH3) throughout the experiment. In the ignition stage, increasing IC leads to an increase in particles with diameter between 1 and 2.5\u202f\u03bcm; in the fire spread stage, IC has no influence on the particle fluxes. In contrast, increasing bulk density delays both gas and particle emission fluxes without altering the smoke composition significantly. The fundamental understanding of how soil properties affect peat wildfires facilitates the development of mitigation technologies against haze.", "keywords": ["SHALLOW", "Technology", "Engineering", " Civil", "550", "Inorganic content", "Materials Science", "0904 Chemical Engineering", "TRANSIENT GAS", "Materials Science", " Multidisciplinary", "02 engineering and technology", "Pollutant", "MOISTURE", "Civil Engineering", "01 natural sciences", "630", "COMBUSTION", "Engineering", "0204 chemical engineering", "FIRES", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Multidisciplinary", "Science & Technology", "Civil", "Peat", "15. Life on land", "Bulk density", "IGNITION", "0911 Maritime Engineering", "13. Climate action", "PARTICLE EMISSIONS", "SPREAD", "Biomass combustion"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102940"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Fire%20Safety%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102940", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102940", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102940"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.210", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-19", "title": "Modifying the settings of CTL timber harvesting machines to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions", "description": "The objectives of this study were to examine the possibility of reducing the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of harvesters during cut-to-length operations by applying various technical settings to the machine through the machine's own software package. The adjustment of machine settings had an effect on the fuel consumption per unit product (l m3) and can reduce the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions in cut-to-length harvesting operations. The main factor significantly affecting both fuel consumption and productivity was stem size. The study involved three cut-to-length machines operating in thinning with comparable stand environment and silvicultural prescriptions. The novelty of this work is in exploring the fuel saving potential of simple adjustments of machine settings in cut-to-length harvesting machines. Such adjustments have an impact on fuel efficiency and may reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions in cut-to-length harvesting operations. This work may result in a reduction of energy consumption and environmental pollution, thereby contributing to cleaner production. This study bridges the gaps between research, development and implementation: it offers practical solutions that may affect manufacturers as well as practitioners and entrepreneurs in the field. The outcome of this study may result in innovative technology development with less impact on the environment.", "keywords": ["hiilidioksidi", "puunkorjuu", "productivity", "Settings", "harvesterit", "ta1172", "CO2 emissions", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "fuel consumption", "polttoaineet", "fuels", "Harvesting", "polttoaineenkulutus", "settings", "Productivity", "2. Zero hunger", "ta214", "carbon dioxide", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "harvesting", "15. Life on land", "ta4112", "koneet", "harvesters", "620", "Fuel consumption", "13. Climate action", "Timber harvesting; fuel consumption; efficiency; savings", "CTL", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "p\u00e4\u00e4st\u00f6t", "hiilidioksidip\u00e4\u00e4st\u00f6t", "carbon dioxide emissions"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.210"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Cleaner%20Production", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.210", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.210", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.210"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140878", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-01-30", "title": "A fuzzy logic evaluation of synergies and trade-offs between agricultural production and climate change mitigation", "description": "Open AccessPeer reviewed", "keywords": ["N2O emissions", "Agro-environmental trade-offs analysis", "Fuzzy-based composite index", "NO3\u2013N leaching", "Experts' elicitation", "Crop yield", "SOC"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140878"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Cleaner%20Production", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140878", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140878", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140878"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.143", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-02-14", "title": "Abatin ward", "description": "During the past twenty years, the Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway) have introduced a range of measures to reduce losses of nitrogen (N) to air and to aquatic environment by leaching and runoff. However, the agricultural sector is still an important N source to the environment, and projections indicate relatively small emission reductions in the coming years. The four Nordic countries have different priorities and strategies regarding agricultural N flows and mitigation measures, and therefore they are facing different challenges and barriers. In Norway farm subsidies are used to encourage measures, but these are mainly focused on phosphorus (P). In contrast, Denmark targets N and uses control regulations to reduce losses. In Sweden and Finland, both voluntary actions combined with subsidies help to mitigate both N and P. The aim of this study was to compare the present situation pertaining to agricultural N in the Nordic countries as well as to provide recommendations for policy instruments to achieve cost effective abatement of reactive N from agriculture in the Nordic countries, and to provide guidance to other countries. To further reduce N losses from agriculture, the four countries will have to continue to take different routes. In particular, some countries will need new actions if 2020 and 2030 National Emissions Ceilings Directive (NECD) targets are to be met. Many options are possible, including voluntary action, regulation, taxation and subsidies, but the difficulty is finding the right balance between these policy options for each country. The governments in the Nordic countries should put more attention to the NECD and consult with relevant stakeholders, researchers and farmer's associations on which measures to prioritize to achieve these goals on time. It is important to pick remaining low hanging fruits through use of the most cost effective mitigation measures. We suggest that N application rate and its timing should be in accordance with the crop need and carrying capacity of environmental recipients. Also, the choice of application technology can further reduce the risk of N losses into air and waters. This may require more region-specific solutions and knowledge-based support with tailored information in combination with further targeted subsidies or regulations.", "keywords": ["Denmark", "ta1172", "Ammonia emissions", "reactive nitrogen", "nitrogen management", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "Nitrogen surplus", "11. Sustainability", "Finland", "Nitrogen management", "ta415", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Sweden", "2. Zero hunger", "VDP::Landbruks- og Fiskerifag: 900", "Norway", "Nitrogen policy", "Agriculture", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Reactive nitrogen", "Nordic countries", "ammonia emissions", "13. Climate action", "nitrogen surplus", "nitrogen policy"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.143"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.143", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.143", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.143"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2019jd030387", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:18:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-06-19", "title": "Global 3-D Simulations of the Triple Oxygen Isotope Signature \u0394 17 O in Atmospheric CO 2", "description": "AbstractThe triple oxygen isotope signature \uffce\uff9417O in atmospheric CO2, also known as its \uffe2\uff80\uff9c17O excess,\uffe2\uff80\uff9d has been proposed as a tracer for gross primary production (the gross uptake of CO2 by vegetation through photosynthesis). We present the first global 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90D model simulations for \uffce\uff9417O in atmospheric CO2 together with a detailed model description and sensitivity analyses. In our 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90D model framework we include the stratospheric source of \uffce\uff9417O in CO2 and the surface sinks from vegetation, soils, ocean, biomass burning, and fossil fuel combustion. The effect of oxidation of atmospheric CO on \uffce\uff9417O in CO2 is also included in our model. We estimate that the global mean \uffce\uff9417O (defined as with \uffce\uffbbRL = 0.5229) of CO2 in the lowest 500\uffc2\uffa0m of the atmosphere is 39.6\uffc2\uffa0per meg, which is \uffe2\uff88\uffbc20\uffc2\uffa0per meg lower than estimates from existing box models. We compare our model results with a measured stratospheric \uffce\uff9417O in CO2 profile from Sodankyl\uffc3\uffa4 (Finland), which shows good agreement. In addition, we compare our model results with tropospheric measurements of \uffce\uff9417O in CO2 from G\uffc3\uffb6ttingen (Germany) and Taipei (Taiwan), which shows some agreement but we also find substantial discrepancies that are subsequently discussed. Finally, we show model results for Zotino (Russia), Mauna Loa (United States), Manaus (Brazil), and South Pole, which we propose as possible locations for future measurements of \uffce\uff9417O in tropospheric CO2 that can help to further increase our understanding of the global budget of \uffce\uff9417O in atmospheric CO2.
", "keywords": ["CARBONIC-ANHYDRASE ACTIVITY", "550", "STRATOSPHERIC CO2", "STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE", "TRACER", "stable isotopes", "MASS", "carbon dioxide (CO)", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "DIOXIDE EXCHANGE", "O excess (\u0394O)", "3-DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS", "carbon dioxide (CO2)", "carbon cycle", "O-17 excess (Delta O-17)", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "SDG 14 - Life Below Water", "Research Articles", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "O-18 CONTENT", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "mass-independent fractionation (MIF)", "ddc:550", "gross primary production (GPP)", "15. Life on land", "Earth sciences", "13. Climate action", "MODEL TM5", "17O excess (\u039417O)", "FIRE EMISSIONS"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2019JD030387"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd030387"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Atmospheres", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2019jd030387", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2019jd030387", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2019jd030387"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.065", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-06-05", "title": "Management Of Irrigation Frequency And Nitrogen Fertilization To Mitigate Ghg And No Emissions From Drip-Fertigated Crops", "description": "Drip irrigation combined with split application of fertilizer nitrogen (N) dissolved in the irrigation water (i.e. drip fertigation) is commonly considered best management practice for water and nutrient efficiency. As a consequence, its use is becoming widespread. Some of the main factors (water-filled pore space, NH4(+) and NO3(-)) regulating the emissions of greenhouse gases (i.e. N2O, CO2 and CH4) and NO from agroecosystems can easily be manipulated by drip fertigation without yield penalties. In this study, we tested management options to reduce these emissions in a field experiment with a melon (Cucumis melo L.) crop. Treatments included drip irrigation frequency (weekly/daily) and type of N fertilizer (urea/calcium nitrate) applied by fertigation. Crop yield, environmental parameters, soil mineral N concentrations and fluxes of N2O, NO, CH4 and CO2 were measured during 85 days. Fertigation with urea instead of calcium nitrate increased N2O and NO emissions by a factor of 2.4 and 2.9, respectively (P<0.005). Daily irrigation reduced NO emissions by 42% (P<0.005) but increased CO2 emissions by 21% (P<0.05) compared with weekly irrigation. We found no relation between irrigation frequency and N2O emissions. Based on yield-scaled Global Warming Potential as well as NO cumulative emissions, we conclude that weekly fertigation with a NO3(-)-based fertilizer is the best option to combine agronomic productivity with environmental sustainability. Our study shows that adequate management of drip fertigation, while contributing to the attainment of water and food security, may provide an opportunity for climate change mitigation.", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "0106 biological sciences", "oxide emissions", "Agricultural Irrigation", "Climate Change", "water", "Nitrous Oxide", "n2o emissions", "nitric-oxide", "treated pig slurries", "01 natural sciences", "soil", "12. Responsible consumption", "Air Pollution", "Fertilizers", "2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "carbon", "Agricultura", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "field", "6. Clean water", "mediterranean climate", "13. Climate action", "potato", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.065"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.065", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.065", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.065"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157225", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-07-07", "title": "Perennial alley cropping contributes to decrease soil CO2 and N2O emissions and increase soil carbon sequestration in a Mediterranean almond orchard", "description": "The implementation of alley cropping in orchards can be a sustainable strategy to increase farm productivity by crop