{"type": "FeatureCollection", "facets": {"type": {"type": "terms", "property": "type", "buckets": [{"value": "Journal Article", "count": 33}]}, "soil_chemical_properties": {"type": "terms", "property": "soil_chemical_properties", "buckets": [{"value": "urea", "count": 33}, {"value": "ammonia", "count": 14}, {"value": "nitrous oxide", "count": 7}, {"value": "nitrate", "count": 6}, {"value": "methane", "count": 2}, {"value": "mineral fertilisers", "count": 2}, {"value": "carbon", "count": 2}, {"value": "ammonium nitrogen", "count": 1}, {"value": "soil organic carbon", "count": 1}]}, "soil_biological_properties": {"type": "terms", "property": "soil_biological_properties", "buckets": [{"value": "microbial biomass", "count": 1}, {"value": "respiration", "count": 1}]}, "soil_physical_properties": {"type": "terms", "property": "soil_physical_properties", "buckets": [{"value": "water", "count": 2}]}, "soil_classification": {"type": "terms", "property": "soil_classification", "buckets": []}, "soil_functions": {"type": "terms", "property": "soil_functions", "buckets": [{"value": "crop yields", "count": 1}, {"value": "soil fertility", "count": 1}]}, "soil_threats": {"type": "terms", "property": "soil_threats", "buckets": []}, "soil_processes": {"type": "terms", "property": "soil_processes", "buckets": []}, "soil_management": {"type": "terms", "property": "soil_management", "buckets": [{"value": "biomaterials", "count": 2}, {"value": "compost", "count": 1}, {"value": "plant residues", "count": 1}]}, "ecosystem_services": {"type": "terms", "property": "ecosystem_services", "buckets": []}}, "features": [{"id": "10.1002/jsfa.11205", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-12", "title": "A novel ammoniation treatment of barley as a strategy to optimize rumen pH, feed degradability and microbial protein synthesis", "description": "AbstractBACKGROUND

Meeting the energy and nitrogen (N) requirements of high\uffe2\uff80\uff90performing ruminants at the same time as avoiding digestive disturbances (i.e. rumen acidosis) is a key priority in ruminant nutrition. The present study evaluated the effect of a cereal ammoniation treatment, in which barley grains are combined with urea and enzymes that catalyze the conversion of urea to ammonia to optimize rumen function. Twelve rumen cannulated sheep were randomly divided into two groups and fed a diet containing 60% of ammoniated barley (AMM) or untreated barley supplemented with urea (CTL) to investigate the impact on rumen fermentation and feed utilization.

RESULTS

AMM had higher total N content and effective rumen degradable N than untreated barely. AMM sheep had a consistently higher rumen pH throughout the day (6.31 versus 6.03) and tended to have a lower post\uffe2\uff80\uff90prandial ammonia peak and higher acetate molar proportion (+5.1%) than CTL sheep. The rumen environment in AMM sheep favored the colonization and utilization of agro\uffe2\uff80\uff90industrial by\uffe2\uff80\uff90products (i.e. orange pulp) by the rumen microbes leading to a higher feed degradability. AMM sheep also had higher total tract apparent N digestibility (+21.7%) and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (+34%), suggesting a higher N uptake and microbial protein synthesis than CTL sheep.

CONCLUSION

The inclusion of AMM in the diet of ruminants represents a valid strategy for maintaining rumen pH within a physiological range and improving N utilization by the rumen microbes, which could have positive effects on the health and productivity of animals in intensive production systems. These findings warrant further studies under conventional farm conditions. \uffc2\uffa9 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Rumen", "Sheep", "Bacteria", "Food Handling", "0402 animal and dairy science", "Hordeum", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Animal Feed", "Diet", "Gastrointestinal Microbiome", "Bacterial Proteins", "Ammonia", "Barley", "Rumen fermentation", "Animals", "Urea", "Ammoniation", "Digestion", "Feed utilization", "Research Articles"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/235892/1/235892.pdf"}, {"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jsfa.11205"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.11205"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20the%20Science%20of%20Food%20and%20Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/jsfa.11205", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/jsfa.11205", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/jsfa.11205"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-03-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/jsfa.4349", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-03-29", "title": "Efficiency Of Urease And Nitrification Inhibitors In Reducing Ammonia Volatilization From Diverse Nitrogen Fertilizers Applied To Different Soil Types And Wheat Straw Mulching", "description": "Some authors suggest that the absence of tillage in agricultural soils might have an influence on the efficiency of nitrogen applied in the soil surface. In this study we investigate the influence of no-tillage and soil characteristics on the efficiency of a urease inhibitor (N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide, NBPT) and a nitrification inhibitor (diciandiamide, DCD) in decreasing ammonia volatilization from urea and ammonium nitrate (AN), respectively.The results indicate that ammonia volatilization in soils amended with urea was significantly higher than in those fertilized with AN. Likewise, the main soil factors affecting ammonia volatilization from urea are clay and sand soil contents. While clay impedes ammonia volatilization, sand favours it. The presence of organic residues on soil surface (no-tillage) tends to increase ammonia volatilization from urea, although this fact depended on soil type. The presence of NBPT in urea fertilizer significantly reduced soil ammonia volatilization. This action of NBPT was negatively affected by acid soil pH and favoured by soil clay content.The presence of organic residues on soil surface amended with urea increased ammonia volatilization, and was particularly high in sandy compared with clay soils. Application of NBPT reduced ammonia volatilization although its efficiency is reduced in acid soils. Concerning AN fertilization, there were no differences in ammonia volatilization with or without DCD in no-tillage soils.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrates", "Plant Stems", "Nitrogen", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Silicon Dioxide", "Nitrification", "Urease", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "Organophosphorus Compounds", "Ammonia", "Clay", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Aluminum Silicates", "Enzyme Inhibitors", "Volatilization", "Fertilizers", "Humic Substances", "Triticum"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4349"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20the%20Science%20of%20Food%20and%20Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/jsfa.4349", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/jsfa.4349", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/jsfa.4349"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-03-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10646-014-1329-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:52Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-08-18", "title": "Long-Term Effects Of Fertilizer On Soil Enzymatic Activity Of Wheat Field Soil In Loess Plateau, China", "description": "The effects of long-term (29 years) fertilization on local agro-ecosystems in the Loess Plateau of northwest China, containing a single or combinations of inorganic (Nitrogen, N; Phosphate, P) and organic (Mature, M Straw, S) fertilizer, including N, NP, SNP, M, MNP, and a control. The soil enzymes, including dehydrogenase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, invertase and glomalin, were investigated in three physiological stages (Jointing, Dough, and Maturity) of wheat growth at three depths of the soil profile (0-15, 16-30, 31-45 cm). We found that the application of farmyard manure and straw produced the highest values of soil enzymatic activity, especially a balanced applied treatment of MNP. Enzymatic activity was lowest in the control. Values were generally highest at dough, followed by the jointing and maturity stages, and declined with soil profile depth. The activities of the enzymes investigated here are significantly correlated with each other and are correlated with soil nutrients, in particular with soil organic carbon. Our results suggest that a balanced application of fertilizer nutrients and organic manure (especially those containing P) has positive effects on multiple soil chemical parameters, which in turn enhances enzyme activity. We emphasize the role of organic manure in maintaining soil organic matter and promoting biological activity, as its application can result in a substantial increase in agricultural production and can be sustainable for many years.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "beta-Fructofuranosidase", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Urease", "Enzymes", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers", "Oxidoreductases", "Soil Microbiology", "Triticum"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-014-1329-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecotoxicology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10646-014-1329-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10646-014-1329-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10646-014-1329-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-08-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2008.02.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-03-15", "title": "An Inhibitor Of Urease Activity Effectively Reduces Ammonia Emissions From Soil Treated With Urea Under Mediterranean Conditions", "description": "Open Access7 p\u00e1ginas y 3 figuras", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "NBPT", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Ammonia volatilization", "Mediterranean climate", "Urease", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.02.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2008.02.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2008.02.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2008.02.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.apsoil.2006.05.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-06-19", "title": "Influence Of Organic And Mineral Amendments On Microbial Soil Properties And Processes", "description": "Abstract Microbial diversity in soils is considered important for maintaining sustainability of agricultural production systems. However, the links between microbial diversity and ecosystem processes are not well understood. This study was designed to gain better understanding of the effects of short-term management practices on the microbial community and how changes in the microbial community affect key soil processes. The effects of different forms of nitrogen (N) on soil biology and N dynamics was determined in two soils with organic and conventional management histories that varied in soil microbial properties but had the same fertility. The soils were amended with equal amounts of N (100\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121) in organic (lupin, Lupinus angustifolius L.) and mineral form (urea), respectively. Over a 91-day period, microbial biomass C and N, dehydrogenase enzyme activity, community structure of pseudomondas (sensu stricto), actinomycetes and \u03b1 proteobacteria (by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) following PCR amplification of 16S rDNA fragments) and N mineralisation were measured. Lupin amendment resulted in a two- to five-fold increase in microbial biomass and enzyme activity, while these parameters did not differ significantly between the urea and control treatments. The PCR\u2013DGGE analysis showed that the addition of mineral and organic compounds had an influence on the microbial community composition in the short term (up to 10 days) but the effects were not sustained over the 91-day incubation period. Microbial community structure was strongly influenced by the presence or lack of substrate, while the type of amendment (organic or mineral) had an effect on microbial biomass size and activity. These findings show that the addition of green manures improved soil biology by increasing microbial biomass and activity irrespective of management history, that no direct relationship existed among microbial structure, enzyme activity and N mineralisation, and that microbial community structure (by PCR\u2013DGGE) was more strongly influenced by inherent soil and environmental factors than by short-term management practices.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "570", "ANZSRC::31 Biological sciences", "nitrogen mineralisation", "urea", "ANZSRC::30 Agricultural", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "6. Clean water", "lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) green manure", "Marsden::300102 Soil biology", "veterinary and food sciences", "microbial community structure", "13. Climate action", "ANZSRC::41 Environmental sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "DGGE", "organic and conventional farming practices"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2006.05.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Applied%20Soil%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.apsoil.2006.05.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.apsoil.2006.05.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.apsoil.2006.05.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.120", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-02-03", "title": "Chemical And Biochemical Characterisation Of Biochar-Blended Composts Prepared From Poultry Manure", "description": "The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a 2% (v/v) addition of biochar on the quality of a composting mixture prepared with poultry manure and different local organic wastes (rice husk and apple pomace). Compost quality was evaluated in terms of typical stabilisation indices, the microbial biomass and selected enzymatic activities related to the C, N and P cycles. The main effects of biochar were a 10% increase in C captured by humic substance extraction and a 30% decrease of water-soluble C, due to an enhanced degradation rate and/or the sorption of these labile compounds into the biochar. The urease, phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase activities of the biochar-blended compost were enhanced by 30-40% despite the lower amount of microbial biomass. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed a higher diversity of fungi in biochar-amended compost, suggesting a change in microbial composition compared to the unamended compost.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Hydrolysis", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Urease", "01 natural sciences", "Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases", "Poultry", "Manure", "Soil", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Catechol Oxidase", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.120"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bioresource%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.120", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.120", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.120"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.043", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-05-13", "title": "Effectiveness Of Urease Inhibition On The Abatement Of Ammonia, Nitrous Oxide And Nitric Oxide Emissions In A Non-Irrigated Mediterranean Barley Field", "description": "Urea is considered the cheapest and most commonly used form of inorganic N fertilizer worldwide. However, its use is associated with emissions of ammonia (NH(3)), nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and nitric oxide (NO), which have both economic and environmental impact. Urease activity inhibitors have been proposed as a means to reduce NH(3) emissions, although limited information exists about their effect on N(2)O and NO emissions. In this context, a field experiment was carried out with a barley crop (Hordeum vulgare L.) under Mediterranean conditions to test the effectiveness of the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) on reducing these gaseous N losses from surface applied urea. Crop yield, soil mineral N concentrations, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), denitrification potential, NH(3), N(2)O and NO fluxes were measured during the growing season. The inclusion of the inhibitor reduced NH(3) emissions in the 30 d following urea application by 58% and net N(2)O and NO emissions in the 95 d following urea application by 86% and 88%, respectively. NBPT addition also increased grain yield by 5% and N uptake by 6%, although neither increase was statistically significant. Under the experimental conditions presented here, these results demonstrate the potential of the urease inhibitor NBPT in abating NH(3), N(2)O and NO emissions from arable soils fertilized with urea, slowing urea hydrolysis and releasing lower concentrations of NH(4)(+) to the upper soil layer.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrous Oxide", "Hordeum", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Nitric Oxide", "Urease", "6. Clean water", "Organophosphorus Compounds", "Ammonia", "Air Pollution", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Enzyme Inhibitors", "Fertilizers"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.043"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Chemosphere", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.043", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.043", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.043"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envint.2005.05.038", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-06-30", "title": "Water Balance And Nitrate Leaching Losses Under Intensive Crop Production With Ochric Aquic Cambosols In North China Plain", "description": "A 2-year field experiment was conducted in an Ochric Aquic Cambosols on a 1-ha field with rotation of winter wheat-summer corn located in Fengqiu County in North China Plain from 1 October 1998 to 30 September 2000 to quantify water balance and evaluate soil water loss by deep drainage and nitrate loss by leaching out of the root zone under the current agricultural practices. Considerable deep drainage was found especially in 1999-2000, during which period up to 273.9 mm of water, accounting for 60.6% of total amount of irrigation and 24.7% of total surface input (rainfall+irrigation), was lost by deep drainage. Even in both wheat cropping seasons when total amount of surface input was less than total actual evapotranspiration, 84.0 and 121.3 mm water was lost by drainage in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Soil NO3(-)-N was transported to deeper soil layers during the growing seasons and considerable amount of NO3(-)-N accumulated at 170 cm soil layer (the bottom of root zone) during the September-October period (the harvest time of summer corn) every year. About 28.6 kg N ha-1 was lost by leaching out of the root zone in 1998-1999 and 81.8 kg N ha-1 in 1999-2000, accounting for 5.9% and 15.7% of total nitrogen (N) inputs, respectively. The significant deep drainage and nitrate leaching loss were attributed to excessive and inappropriate irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilization, which may result in severe groundwater pollution if current agricultural managements are not changed.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "Nitrates", "Rain", "Water", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Risk Assessment", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Phosphates", "Soil", "Water Supply", "13. Climate action", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers", "Triticum", "Water Pollutants", " Chemical"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.05.038"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environment%20International", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envint.2005.05.038", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envint.2005.05.038", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envint.2005.05.038"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.059", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-12-23", "title": "The effects of controlled release urea on maize productivity and reactive nitrogen losses: A meta-analysis", "description": "Application of controlled release urea (CRU) is recommended to reduce the undesirable environmental effects resulting from urea application. However, the overall effects of CRU on maize productivity and reactive nitrogen (N) losses remain unclear. Our global meta-analysis based on 866 observations of 120 studies indicated that application of CRU instead of urea (same N rate) increased maize yield by 5.3% and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by 24.1%, and significantly decreased nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, N leaching and ammonia (NH3) volatilization by 23.8%, 27.1% and 39.4%, respectively. The increase of NUE and reduction of N2O emission by CRU application were greater with medium and high N rates (150\u202f\u2264\u202fN\u202f<\u202f200 and N\u202f\u2265\u202f200\u202fkg\u202fN ha-1) than with low N rates. The reduction in N2O emission and N leaching with CRU application were enhanced when soil organic carbon (SOC) content was <15.0\u202fg\u202fkg-1, and soil texture was medium or coarse. The reduction in N2O emission and NH3 volatilization with CRU were greater in soils with pH\u202f\u2265\u202f6.0. We concluded that use of CRU should be encouraged for maize production, especially on light-textured soils with low organic matter content.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrogen", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Delayed-Action Preparations", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Edible Grain", "Fertilizers", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.059"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Pollution", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.059", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.059", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.059"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.018", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:17:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-03-07", "title": "Impact Of Urease Inhibitor On Ammonia And Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Temperate Pasture Soil Cores Receiving Urea Fertilizer And Cattle Urine", "description": "New Zealand's intensively grazed pastures receive the majority of nitrogen (N) input in the form of urea, which is the major constituent of animal urine and the most common form of mineral N in inorganic N fertilizers. In soil, urea is rapidly hydrolyzed to ammonium (NH4(+)) ions, a part of which may be lost as ammonia (NH3) and subsequently as nitrous oxide (N2O), which is a greenhouse gas. Two glasshouse experiments were conducted to study the effect of a urease inhibitor (UI), N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), commercially named Agrotain, applied with urine and urea on urea hydrolysis and NH3 and N2O emissions. Treatments included the commercially available products Sustain Yellow (urea+Agrotain+4% sulfur coating), Sustain Green (urea+Agrotain) and urea, and cattle urine (476 kg N ha(-1)) with and without Agrotain applied to intact soil cores of a fine sandy loam soil. The addition of Agrotain to urine and urea (i.e. Sustain Green) reduced NH3 emission by 22% to 47%, respectively. Agrotain was also effective in reducing N2O emissions from urine and Sustain Green by 62% and 48%, respectively. The reduction in N2O emissions varied with the type and amount of N applied and plant N uptake. Plant N uptake was significantly higher in the soil cores receiving Agrotain with urea than urea alone, but the slight increase in dry matter yield was non-significant. Hence, urease inhibitor reduced N losses through NH3 and N2O emissions, thereby increasing plant uptake of N.", "keywords": ["pasture", "2. Zero hunger", "nitrous oxide", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "urea", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "ammonia", "nitrogen", "6. Clean water", "cattle urine", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.018"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.018", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.018", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.018"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:17:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-05-03", "title": "Ammonia Volatilization Losses From Surface-Applied Urea With Urease And Nitrification Inhibitors", "description": "Abstract Urease inhibitor (UI) and nitrification inhibitor (NI) have the potential to improve N-use efficiency of applied urea and minimize N losses via gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH3) to the atmosphere and nitrate ( NO 3 \u2212 ) leaching into surface and ground water bodies. There is a growing interest in the formulations of coating chemical fertilizers with both UI and NI. However, limited information is available on the combined use of UI and NI applied with urea fertilizer. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of treating urea with both UI and NI to minimize NH3 volatilization. Two experiments were set up in volatilization chambers under controlled conditions to examine this process. In the first experiment, UR was treated with the urease inhibitor NBPT [N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric acid triamide] at a rate of 1060\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\u22121 urea and/or with the nitrification inhibitor DCD (dicyandiamide) at rates equivalent to 5 or 10% of the urea N. A randomized experimental design with five treatments and five replicates was used: 1) UR, 2) UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT, 3) UR\u00a0+\u00a0DCD 10%, 4) UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT\u00a0+\u00a0DCD 5%, and 5) UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT\u00a0+\u00a0DCD 10%. The fertilizer treatments were applied to the surface of an acidic Red Latosol soil moistened to 60% of the maximum water retention and placed inside volatilization chambers. Controls chambers were added to allow for NH3 volatilized from unfertilized soil or contained in the air that swept over the soil surface. The second experiment had an additional treatment with surface-applied DCD. The chambers were glass vessels (1.5\u00a0L) fit with air inlet and outlet tubings to allow air to pass over the soil. Ammonia volatilized was swept and carried to a flask containing a boric acid solution to trap the gas and then measured daily by titration with a standardized H2SO4 solution. Continuous measurements were recorded for 19 and 23 days for the first and second experiment, respectively. The soil samples were then analyzed for UR\u2013, NH 4 + \u2013 , and NO 3 \u2212 \u2013 N . Losses of NH3 by volatilization with unamended UR ranged from 28 to 37% of the applied N, with peak of losses observed the third day after fertilization. NBPT delayed the peak of NH3 losses due to urease inhibition and reduced NH3 volatilization between 54 and 78% when compared with untreated UR. Up to 10 days after the fertilizer application, NH3 losses had not been affected by DCD in the UR or the UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT treatments; thereafter, NH3 volatilization tended to decrease, but not when DCD was present. As a consequence, the addition of DCD caused a 5\u201316% increase in NH3 volatilization losses of the fertilizer N applied as UR from both the UR and the UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT treatments. Because the effectiveness of NBPT to inhibit soil urease activity was strong only in the first week, it could be concluded that DCD did not affect the action of NBPT but rather, enhanced volatilization losses by maintaining higher soil NH 4 + concentration and pH for a longer time. Depending on the combination of factors influencing NH3 volatilization, DCD could even offset the beneficial effect of NBPT in reducing NH3 volatilization losses.", "keywords": ["soil chemistry", "Urease inhibitors", "Surface treatment", "nutrient use efficiency", "Ammonia volatilization", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Ammonia", "Oxidation", "DCD", "Urea", "Urea fertilizers", "Fertilizers", "volatilization", "Groundwater", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "soil surface", "coating", "fertilizer application", "Urease inhibitor", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Nitrification inhibitor", "Nitrification", "Inorganic acids", "6. Clean water", "enzyme activity", "inhibitor", "pH effects", "Metabolism", "NBPT", "Denitrification", "Leaching", "Soils", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Experiments", "Stabilized fertilizer"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1021/jf3005788", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-05-25", "title": "Selenate-Enriched Urea Granules Are A Highly Effective Fertilizer For Selenium Biofortification Of Paddy Rice Grain", "description": "This study examined the effects of applied selenium (Se) species, time of application, method of application, and soil water management regimen on the accumulation of Se in rice plants. Plants were grown to maturity in a temperature- and humidity-controlled growth chamber using three water management methods: field capacity (FC), submerged until harvest, and submerged and drained 2 weeks before harvest. Two Se species, selenate (SeO4(2-)) and selenite (SeO3(2-)), were applied at a rate equivalent to 30 g ha(-1). Four application methods were employed as follows: (i) Se applied at soil preparation, (ii) Se-enriched urea granules applied to floodwater at heading; (iii) foliar Se applied at heading; and (iv) fluid fertilizer Se applied to soil or floodwater at heading. Total Se concentrations in rice grains, husks, leaves, culms, and roots were measured, as well as Se speciation in grains from the Se-enriched urea granule treatment. Highest Se concentrations in the grain occurred with SeO4(2-) and with fertilizer applied at heading stage; SeO4(2-)-enriched urea granules applied at heading increased grain Se concentrations 5-6-fold (by 450-600 \u03bcg kg(-1)) compared to the control (no fertilizer Se applied) in all water treatments. Under paddy conditions other Se fertilization strategies were much less effective. Drainage before harvesting caused Se to accumulate in/on rice roots, possibly through adsorption onto iron plaque on roots. Rice grains contained Se mainly in the organic form as selenomethionine (SeM), which comprised >90% of the total grain Se in treatments fertilized with SeO4(2-)-enriched urea granules. The results of this study clearly show that of the fertilizer strategies tested biofortification of Se in rice grains can best be achieved in lowland rice by broadcast application of SeO4(2-)-enriched urea granules to floodwater at heading stage.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "selenate", "Selenic Acid", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Selenate", "biofortification", "Selenium", "Soil", "Fertilizer", "Urea", "selenium", "Fertilizers", "Selenomethionine", "Se enriched urea", "580", "2. Zero hunger", "rice", "Water", "Oryza", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "fertilizer", "6. Clean water", "Plant Leaves", "Se-enriched urea", "Selenite", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Rice", "selenite", "Biofortification"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/jf3005788"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Agricultural%20and%20Food%20Chemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1021/jf3005788", "name": "item", "description": "10.1021/jf3005788", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1021/jf3005788"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-06-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep43853", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-03-08", "title": "A New Urease-Inhibiting Formulation Decreases Ammonia Volatilization And Improves Maize Nitrogen Utilization In North China Plain", "description": "Abstract

Overuse of urea, low nitrogen (N) utilization, and large N losses are common in maize production in North China Plain (NCP). To solve these problems, we conducted two field experiments at Shangzhuang and Quzhou in NCP to test the ability of a newly developed urease inhibitor product Limus\uffc2\uffae to decrease NH3 volatilization from urea applied to maize. Grain yield, apparent N recovery efficiency (REN) and N balance when using urea applied with or without Limus were also measured over two maize growing seasons. Cumulative NH3 loss in the two weeks following urea application without Limus ranged from 9\uffe2\uff80\uff93108\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, while Limus addition significantly decreased NH3 loss by a mean of 84%. Urea with Limus did not significantly increase maize yields (P\uffe2\uff80\uff89<\uffe2\uff80\uff890.05) compared with urea alone. However, a significant 11\uffe2\uff80\uff9317% improvement in REN with Limus was observed at QZ. The use of urea-N plus Limus would permit a reduction in N applications of 55\uffe2\uff80\uff9360% compared to farmers\uffe2\uff80\uff99 practice and/or further 20% N saving compared with optimized urea-N rate (150\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, based on N requirement by target yield of 7.5 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), and would achieve the same maize yields but with significantly decreased NH3 loss and increased N utilization.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Nitrogen", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Urease", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "Soil", "Ammonia", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Seasons", "Volatilization", "Fertilizers", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43853"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep43853", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep43853", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep43853"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-03-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.12555", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:19:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-02-24", "title": "Different Types Of Nitrogen Deposition Show Variable Effects On The Soil Carbon Cycle Process Of Temperate Forests", "description": "Abstract

Nitrogen (N) deposition significantly affects the soil carbon (C) cycle process of forests. However, the influence of different types of N on it still remained unclear. In this work, ammonium nitrate was selected as an inorganic N (IN) source, while urea and glycine were chosen as organic N (ON) sources. Different ratios of IN to ON (1\uffc2\uffa0:\uffc2\uffa04, 2\uffc2\uffa0:\uffc2\uffa03, 3\uffc2\uffa0:\uffc2\uffa02, 4\uffc2\uffa0:\uffc2\uffa01, and 5\uffc2\uffa0:\uffc2\uffa00) were mixed with equal total amounts and then used to fertilize temperate forest soils for 2\uffc2\uffa0years. Results showed that IN deposition inhibited soil C cycle processes, such as soil respiration, soil organic C decomposition, and enzymatic activities, and induced the accumulation of recalcitrant organic C. By contrast, ON deposition promoted these processes. Addition of ON also resulted in accelerated transformation of recalcitrant compounds into labile compounds and increased CO2 efflux. Meanwhile, greater ON deposition may convert C sequestration in forest soils into C source. These results indicated the importance of the IN to ON ratio in controlling the soil C cycle, which can consequently change the ecological effect of N deposition.

", "keywords": ["China", "Soil", "Nitrates", "Nitrogen", "Glycine", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Carbon Cycle", "Enzymes"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12555"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12555", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12555", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12555"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-05-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0102315", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-07-16", "title": "Soil Biochemical Responses To Nitrogen Addition In A Bamboo Forest", "description": "Many vital ecosystem processes take place in the soils and are greatly affected by the increasing active nitrogen (N) deposition observed globally. Nitrogen deposition generally affects ecosystem processes through the changes in soil biochemical properties such as soil nutrient availability, microbial properties and enzyme activities. In order to evaluate the soil biochemical responses to elevated atmospheric N deposition in bamboo forest ecosystems, a two-year field N addition experiment in a hybrid bamboo (Bambusa pervariabilis \u00d7 Dendrocalamopsis daii) plantation was conducted. Four levels of N treatment were applied: (1) control (CK, without N added), (2) low-nitrogen (LN, 50 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)), (3) medium-nitrogen (MN, 150 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)), and (4) high-nitrogen (HN, 300 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)). Results indicated that N addition significantly increased the concentrations of NH4(+), NO3(-), microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass N, the rates of nitrification and denitrification; significantly decreased soil pH and the concentration of available phosphorus, and had no effect on the total organic carbon and total N concentration in the 0-20 cm soil depth. Nitrogen addition significantly stimulated activities of hydrolytic enzyme that acquiring N (urease) and phosphorus (acid phosphatase) and depressed the oxidative enzymes (phenol oxidase, peroxidase and catalase) activities. Results suggest that (1) this bamboo forest ecosystem is moving towards being limited by P or co-limited by P under elevated N deposition, (2) the expected progressive increases in N deposition may have a potential important effect on forest litter decomposition due to the interaction of inorganic N and oxidative enzyme activities, in such bamboo forests under high levels of ambient N deposition.", "keywords": ["Analysis of Variance", "China", "Atmosphere", "Monophenol Monooxygenase", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Q", "Acid Phosphatase", "R", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "Catalase", "Nitrification", "Soil", "Ammonia", "Denitrification", "Medicine", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Sasa", "Soil Microbiology", "Research Article", "Peroxidase"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102315"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0102315", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0102315", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0102315"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-07-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0115649", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-01-30", "title": "In Situ Nitrogen Mineralization, Nitrification, And Ammonia Volatilization In Maize Field Fertilized With Urea In Huanghuaihai Region Of Northern China", "description": "Nitrogen (N) fertilization potentially affects soil N mineralization and leaching, and can enhance NH3 volatilization, thus impacting crop production. A fertilizer experiment with five levels of N addition (0, 79, 147, 215 and 375 kg N ha(-1)) was performed in 2009 and 2010 in a maize field in Huanghuaihai region, China, where > 300 kg N ha(-1) has been routinely applied to soil during maize growth period of 120 days. Responses of net N mineralization, inorganic N flux (0-10 cm), NH3 volatilization, and maize yield to N fertilization were measured. During the growth period, net N mineralization and nitrification varied seasonally, with higher rates occurring in August and coinciding with the R1 stage of maize growth. Soil NO3(-)-N contributed to more than 60% of inorganic N flux during maize growth. Cumulative NH3 volatilization increased with N additions, with total NH3 volatilization during maize growth accounting for about 4% of added N. Relative to the control, mean maize yield in the fertilizer treatments increased by 17% and 20% in 2009 and 2010, respectively. However, grain yield, aboveground biomass, and plant N accumulation did not increase with added N at levels > 215 kg N ha(-1). These results suggest that the current N rate of 300 kg N ha(-1) is not only excessive, but also reduces fertilizer efficacy and may contribute to environmental problems such as global warming and eutrophication of ground water and streams.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Q", "R", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Nitrification", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "Ammonia", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "Medicine", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Volatilization", "Fertilizers", "Research Article", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115649"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0115649", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0115649", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0115649"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-01-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0124096", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-04-16", "title": "Effects Of Different Organic Manures On The Biochemical And Microbial Characteristics Of Albic Paddy Soil In A Short-Term Experiment", "description": "Open AccessCette \u00e9tude visait \u00e0 \u00e9valuer les effets des engrais chimiques (NPK), NPK avec du fumier de b\u00e9tail (NPK+M), NPK avec de la paille (NPK+S) et NPK avec du fumier vert (NPK+G) sur les activit\u00e9s enzymatiques du sol et les caract\u00e9ristiques microbiennes du sol de paddy albique, qui est un sol typique avec une faible productivit\u00e9 en Chine. Les r\u00e9ponses des activit\u00e9s enzymatiques extracellulaires et de la diversit\u00e9 des communaut\u00e9s microbiennes (d\u00e9termin\u00e9es par analyse des acides gras phospholipidiques [PLFA] et \u00e9lectrophor\u00e8se sur gel \u00e0 gradient d\u00e9naturant [DGGE]) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mesur\u00e9es. Les r\u00e9sultats ont montr\u00e9 que NPK+M et NPK+S augmentaient significativement le rendement du riz, NPK+M \u00e9tant sup\u00e9rieur d'environ 24\u00a0% \u00e0 NPK. Le NPK+M a significativement augment\u00e9 le carbone organique du sol (SOC) et les phosphates disponibles (P) et am\u00e9lior\u00e9 les activit\u00e9s de la phosphatase, de la \u03b2-cellobiosidase, de la L-leucine aminopeptidase et de l'ur\u00e9ase. Le NPK+S a significativement augment\u00e9 le COS et le potassium disponible (K) et significativement augment\u00e9 les activit\u00e9s de la N-ac\u00e9tyl-glucosamidase, de la \u03b2-xylosidase, de l'ur\u00e9ase et de la ph\u00e9nol oxydase. Le NPK+G a significativement am\u00e9lior\u00e9 l'azote total (N), l'ammonium N, le P disponible et l'activit\u00e9 de la N-ac\u00e9tyl-glucosamidase. La biomasse de PLFA \u00e9tait la plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e sous NPK+S, suivie des traitements NPK+M et NPK+G. L'analyse en composantes principales (ACP) du PLFA a indiqu\u00e9 que les sols avec NPK+M et NPK+S contenaient des proportions plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es d'acides gras insatur\u00e9s et de cyclopropane (biomarqueurs de champignons et de bact\u00e9ries \u00e0 Gram n\u00e9gatif) et que les sols sous NPK+G contenaient plus d'acides gras satur\u00e9s \u00e0 cha\u00eene droite (repr\u00e9sentant des bact\u00e9ries \u00e0 Gram positif). La PCA des patrons DGGE a montr\u00e9 que les amendements organiques avaient une plus grande influence sur la communaut\u00e9 fongique. L'analyse en grappes des profils DGGE fongiques a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que NPK+G \u00e9tait clairement s\u00e9par\u00e9. Pendant ce temps, la communaut\u00e9 bact\u00e9rienne du traitement NPK+M \u00e9tait la plus distincte. L'analyse RDA a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que les changements dans la composition de la communaut\u00e9 microbienne d\u00e9pendaient principalement de la \u03b2-xylosidase, des activit\u00e9s de la \u03b2-cellobiosidase, de l'azote total et des teneurs en K disponibles. Les abondances de PLFA bact\u00e9riens et fongiques gram-n\u00e9gatifs probablement efficaces pour am\u00e9liorer la fertilit\u00e9 des sols de paddy albique \u00e0 faible rendement en raison de leur influence significative sur le profil DGGE.", "keywords": ["China", "Mechanics and Transport in Unsaturated Soils", "Microbial population biology", "Science", "Materials Science", "Soil Science", "Organic chemistry", "Thermal Effects on Soil", "Biochemistry", "Gene", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Biomaterials", "Food science", "Soil", "Engineering", "Genetics", "Biology", "Soil Microbiology", "Civil and Structural Engineering", "Applications of Clay Nanotubes in Various Fields", "2. Zero hunger", "Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis", "Bacteria", "Q", "R", "Fungi", "Life Sciences", "Straw", "Oryza", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Urease", "Agronomy", "6. Clean water", "Manure", "Chemistry", "Enzyme", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Physical Sciences", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Animal science", "Research Article", "16S ribosomal RNA"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Qian Zhang, Wei Zhou, Gaofeng Liang, Xiu\u2010Bin Wang, Jingwen Sun, Ping He, LI Lu-jiu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124096"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0124096", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0124096", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0124096"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-04-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0161694", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-09-02", "title": "Short-Term Responses Of Soil Respiration And C-Cycle Enzyme Activities To Additions Of Biochar And Urea In A Calcareous Soil", "description": "Open AccessBiochar (BC) addition to soil is a proposed strategy to enhance soil fertility and crop productivity. However, there is limited knowledge regarding responses of soil respiration and C-cycle enzyme activities to BC and nitrogen (N) additions in a calcareous soil. A 56-day incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the combined effects of BC addition rates (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0% by mass) and urea (U) application on soil nutrients, soil respiration and C-cycle enzyme activities in a calcareous soil in the North China Plain. Our results showed soil pH values in both U-only and U plus BC treatments significantly decreased within the first 14 days and then stabilized, and CO2emission rate in all U plus BC soils decreased exponentially, while there was no significant difference in the contents of soil total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), and C/N ratio in each treatment over time. At each incubation time, soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), TOC, TN, C/N ratio, DOC and cumulative CO2 emission significantly increased with increasing BC addition rate, while soil potential activities of the four hydrolytic enzymes increased first and then decreased with increasing BC addition rate, with the largest values in the U + 1.0%BC treatment. However, phenol oxidase activity in all U plus BC soils showed a decreasing trend with the increase of BC addition rate. Our results suggest that U plus BC application at a rate of 1% promotes increases in hydrolytic enzymes, does not highly increase C/N and C mineralization, and can improve in soil fertility.", "keywords": ["Organic chemistry", "Soil pH", "Biochemistry", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Soil", "Calcareous", "Engineering", "Soil water", "Urea", "2. Zero hunger", "Ecology", "Soil Water Retention", "Respiration", "Q", "Total organic carbon", "R", "Life Sciences", "Soil respiration", "Carbon cycle", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Soil carbon", "6. Clean water", "Chemistry", "Charcoal", "Physical Sciences", "Environmental chemistry", "Respiration rate", "Medicine", "Incubation", "Pyrolysis", "Research Article", "Mechanics and Transport in Unsaturated Soils", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Materials Science", "Soil Science", "Soil fertility", "Thermal Effects on Soil", "Biomaterials", "Biology", "Ecosystem", "Applications of Clay Nanotubes in Various Fields", "Civil and Structural Engineering", "Biochar Application", "Botany", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Agronomy", "Biochar", "Unsaturated Soil Mechanics", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Animal science"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Dali Song, XI Xiang-yin, Shaomin Huang, Gaofeng Liang, Jingwen Sun, Wei Zhou, Xiu\u2010Bin Wang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161694"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0161694", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0161694", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0161694"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-09-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fpls.2016.01730", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:22:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-11-21", "description": "Tillage operation and fertilizer type play important roles in soil properties as far as soil microbial condition is concerned. Information regarding the simultaneous evaluation of the effect of long-term tillage and fertilization on the soil microbial traits of soybean farms is not available. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that, the microbial biomass and enzyme activity, more often than not, respond quickly to changes in soil tillage and fertilization. Therefore, the experiments were aimed at analyzing the responses of soil microbial traits to tillage and fertilization in a soybean field in Kurdistan University, Iran. The field soil is categorized into coarse Loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, and mesic Typic Xerorthents. The experiments were arranged in split plot, based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots consisted of long-term (since 2002) tillage systems including conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT). Eight fertilization methods were employed in the sub-plots, including (F1): farmyard manure (FYM); (F2): compost; (F3): chemical fertilizers; (F4): FYM + compost; (F5): FYM + chemical fertilizers; (F6): compost + chemical fertilizers; (F7): FYM + compost + chemical fertilizers and (F8): Control (without fertilizer). The highest microbial biomass carbon (385.1 \u03bcg) was observed in NT-F4 treatment. The NT treatment comparatively recorded higher values of acid phosphatase (189.1 \u03bcg PNP g-1 h-1), alkaline phosphatase (2879.6 \u03bcg PNP g-1 h-1) and dehydrogenase activity (68.1 \u03bcg PNP g-1 h-1). The soil treated with a mixture of compost and FYM inputs had the maximum urease activity of all tillage treatments. Organically manured treatment (F4) showed more activity in dehydrogenase (85.7 \u03bcg PNP g-1 h-1), acid phosphatase (199.1 \u03bcg PNP g-1 h-1), and alkaline phosphatase (3183.6 \u03bcg PNP g-1 h-1) compared to those treated with chemical fertilizers. In NT-F4 treatment, using on-farm inputs is most suitable for sustainable management and improvement in soil biological activities in soybean cultivation. We concluded that applying organic manures and employing reduced tillage systems increased soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities.", "keywords": ["urease", "2. Zero hunger", "compost", "microbial biomass", "Plant culture", "Compost", "Plant Science", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Urease", "6. Clean water", "phosphatase", "SB1-1110", "12. Responsible consumption", "dehydrogenase", "tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "tillage."]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01730"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Plant%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fpls.2016.01730", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fpls.2016.01730", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fpls.2016.01730"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-11-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/1413-70542017415003917", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-11-15", "title": "Ammonia And Carbon Dioxide Emissions By Stabilized Conventional Nitrogen Fertilizers And Controlled Release In Corn Crop", "description": "

ABSTRACT The market of stabilized, slow and controlled release nitrogen (N) fertilizers represents 1% of the world fertilizer consumption. On the other hand, the increase in availability, innovation and application of these technologies could lead to the improvement of N use efficiency in agroecossystems and to the reduction of environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to quantify agronomic efficiency relative index, ammonia volatilization, and CO2 emissions from conventional, stabilized and controlled release N fertilizers in corn summer crop. The experiment was carried out in a corn crop area located in Lavras, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, without irrigation. All treatments were applied in topdressing at rate of 150 kg ha-1 N. N-NH3 losses from N fertilizers were: Granular urea (39% of the applied N ) = prilled urea (38%) > urea coated with 16% S0 (32%) = blend of urea + 7.9% S0 + polymers + conventional urea (32%) > prilled urea incorporated at 0.02 m depth (24%) > urea + 530 mg kg-1 of NBPT (8%) = Hydrolyzed leather (9%) > urea + thermoplastic resin (3%) = ammonium sulfate (1%) = ammonium nitrate (0.7%). Thermoplastic resin coated urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate presented low values of cumulative CO2 emissions in corn crop. On the other hand, hydrolyzed leather promoted greater C-CO2 emission, when compared with other nitrogen fertilizers.

", "keywords": ["Coated urea", "Nitrogen", "Agriculture (General)", "Biomedical Engineering", "no-tillage", "Soil Science", "Organic chemistry", "Pesticide Pollution and Management", "Ammonia volatilization from urea", "FOS: Medical engineering", "Nitrate", "S1-972", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Engineering", "Fertilizer", "Zea mays L.", "Ammonia", "perdas de NH3", "Agricultural Applications", "Urea", "Ammonium nitrate", "Ammonium sulfate", "Biology", "Effects of Soil Compaction on Crop Production", "4. Education", "Life Sciences", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Pollution", "Agronomy", "Chemistry", "plantio direto", "Controlled Release Materials for Agriculture", "Physical Sciences", "Environmental Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "NH3 loss", "CO2", "Ammonium"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542017415003917"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ci%C3%AAncia%20e%20Agrotecnologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/1413-70542017415003917", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/1413-70542017415003917", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/1413-70542017415003917"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/1983-21252016v29n405rc", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-11-05", "title": "Corn Development And Production In Function Of Sources Of Nitrogen Fertilizers And Doses", "description": "

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) is one of the nutrients that have the most significant effect on corn grain productivity increase. In order to evaluate the effect of sources of N topdressing and doses in the grown corn culture, in a conventional till system, it was installed an experiment in the city of Uruta\uffc3\uffad, Goi\uffc3\uffa1s, in the 2012/13 crop, in clayey textured Red Latosol. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications, with the treatments arranged in a factorial 3 x 5, consisting of three sources (coated urea, urea and ammonium sulfate) and five doses (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1) of N, topdressing, applied in the surface and in a single dose, when the corn plants were in V4 stage. The hybrid used was the P3646H. We evaluated the following characters: stem diameter, plant height, height of ear insertion, leaf N, number of ears per plant, ear length, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row, 100 grains mass and grain productivity. All characters have a response to nitrogen fertilization and only the height of ear insertion showed no significant difference between sources. The source coated urea showed the best results, indicating that its use may be compensatory, especially in favorable conditions for the NH3 volatilization, as the application of high doses of N in the surface.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Coated urea", "Aduba\u00e7\u00e3o nitrogenada", "S", "QH301-705.5", "Ureia", "Agriculture", "Sulfato de am\u00f4nio", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Aduba\u00e7\u00e3o nitrogenada. Sulfato de am\u00f4nio. Ureia. Ureia revestida. Zea mays L..", "01 natural sciences", "Nitrogen fertilization", "Zea mays L.", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Nitrogen fertilization. Ammonium sulfate. Urea. Coated urea. Zea mays L..", "Ammonium sulfate", "Biology (General)", "Ureia revestida"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://periodicos.ufersa.edu.br/caatinga/article/view/4377/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n405rc"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Revista%20Caatinga", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/1983-21252016v29n405rc", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/1983-21252016v29n405rc", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n405rc"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/s0100-06832010000500020", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-12-20", "title": "Ammonia Volatilization In No-Till System In The South-Central Region Of The State Of Parana, Brazil", "description": "

Ammonia (NH3) volatilization can reduce the efficiency of urea applied to the surface of no-till (NT) soils. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the magnitude of NH3 losses from surface-applied urea and to determine if this loss justifies the urea incorporation in soil or its substitution for other N sources under the subtropical climatic conditions of South-Central region of Paran\uffc3\uffa1 State, Brazil. The experiment, performed over four harvesting seasons in a clayey Hapludox followed a randomized block design with four replicates. A single dose of N (150 kg ha-1) to V5 growth stage of corn cultivated under NT system was applied and seven treatments were evaluated, including surface-applied urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, urea with urease inhibitor, controlled-release N source, a liquid N source, incorporated urea, and a control treatment with no N application. Ammonia volatilization was evaluated for 20 days after N application using a semi-open static system. The average cumulative NH3 loss due to the superficial application of urea was low (12.5 % of the applied N) compared to the losses observed in warmer regions of Southeastern Brazil (greater than 50 %). The greatest NH3 losses were observed in dry years (up to 25.4 % of the applied N), and losses decreased exponentially as the amount of rainfall after N application increased. Incorporated urea and alternative N sources, with the exception of controlled-release N source, decreased NH3 volatilization in comparison with surface-applied urea. Urea incorporation is advantageous for the reduction of NH3 volatilization; however, other aspects as its low operating efficiency should be considered before this practice is adopted. In the South-Central region of Paran\uffc3\uffa1, the low NH3 losses from the surface-applied urea in NT system due to wet springs and mild temperatures do not justify its replacement for other N sources.

", "keywords": ["urease", "ureia", "Corn", "Aduba\u00e7\u00e3o nitrogenada", "Manejo do solo", "Ureia", "aduba\u00e7\u00e3o nitrogenada", "urea", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Plantio direto", "Nitrogen fertilizer", "Urease", "milho", "corn", "Milho", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Paran\u00e1", "nitrogen fertilizer"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Fontoura, Sandra Mara Vieira, Bayer, Cim\u00e9lio,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832010000500020"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Revista%20Brasileira%20de%20Ci%C3%AAncia%20do%20Solo", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s0100-06832010000500020", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s0100-06832010000500020", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s0100-06832010000500020"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/s1516-35982011000700024", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-02-03", "title": "Impact Of Different Grazing Systems For Bovine Cattle On The Soil Microbiological And Chemical Characteristics", "description": "The objective of this work was to study the effect of grazing systems: rotational, continuous and the absence of cattle, in pastures of Brachiaria brizantha on microbial activity (respiratory, potential nitrification, solubilizing, and enzymatic) and on the chemical attributes (contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen, organic phosphorus, and moisture) of Eutrustox soil over one year. Eight Canchim breed animals were used. The samples were collected in the four seasons from 2005 to 2006. The average of organic C, organic P, and moisture contents, as well as potential nitrification and solubilizing activity and urease and acid phosphatase activities were significantly higher in the spring and/or summer than in autumn and/or winter. The total nitrogen amounts did not vary among seasons. While the respiratory activity was larger during winter and summer, cellulase activity was smaller during spring than in the other seasons. Except for organic P, higher values of the variables studied were observed in the rotational grazing. The results indicate that the hot and rainy season and the rotational grazing system cause increases in the soil microbiological and chemical attributes.", "keywords": ["urease", "2. Zero hunger", "cellulase", "550", "potential nitrification", "microbial respiratory activity", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "SF1-1100", "630", "phosphatase", "Animal culture", "Cellulase", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Garcia, Martha Regina Lucizano, Sampaio, Alexandre Amstalden Moraes, Nahas, Ely,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982011000700024"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Revista%20Brasileira%20de%20Zootecnia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s1516-35982011000700024", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s1516-35982011000700024", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s1516-35982011000700024"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2003.4230", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-08-02", "title": "Nitrous Oxide, Nitric Oxide, And Nitrogen Dioxide Fluxes From Soils After Manure And Urea Application", "description": "ABSTRACT

Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas, and NO and NO2 play a key role in atmospheric chemistry. Nitrous oxide, NO, and NO2 fluxes from fertilized soils were measured six times per day by an automated flux monitoring system for one year, beginning on 21 May 1998. Pac choi (Brassica spp.) was cultivated for two months, and the plots were left fallow the remainder of the year. Two types of manure, poultry manure (PM) and swine manure (SM), and a chemical fertilizer, urea, were applied to the soil. The total amount of nitrogen applied in each case was 15 g N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 The total fluxes from PM, SM, and urea for the year were 184, 61.3, and 44.8 mg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 for N2O, respectively; 9.95, 16.6, and 148 mg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 for NO, respectively; and \uffe2\uff88\uff926.21, \uffe2\uff88\uff927.23, and \uffe2\uff88\uff927.84 mg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 for NO2, respectively. A negative correlation was found between the NO flux and the NO concentration of the chamber air just after the chamber was closed, when a flux from the atmosphere to soil was observed for 10 months. The mean gross NO production, the NO uptake rate constant, and the apparent compensation point for this period were 0.79 to 0.95 \uffce\uffbcg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921, 120 to 128 L m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921, and 5.65 to 7.35 ppbv, respectively.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "Nitrogen Dioxide", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Nitric Oxide", "6. Clean water", "Manure", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers", "Environmental Monitoring"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Hiroko Akiyama, Haruo Tsuruta,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.4230"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2003.4230", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2003.4230", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2003.4230"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2005.0018", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-08-10", "title": "Nitrogen Oxide And Methane Emissions Under Varying Tillage And Fertilizer Management", "description": "ABSTRACT

Comprehensive assessment of the total greenhouse gas (GHG) budget of reduced tillage agricultural systems must consider emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4), each of which have higher global warming potentials than carbon dioxide (CO2). Tillage intensity may also impact nitric oxide (NO) emissions, which can have various environmental and agronomic impacts. In 2003 and 2004, we used chambers to measure N2O, CH4, and NO fluxes from plots that had been managed under differing tillage intensity since 1991. The effect of tillage on non\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2 GHG emissions varied, in both magnitude and direction, depending on fertilizer practices. Emissions of N2O following broadcast urea (BU) application were higher under no till (NT) and conservation tillage (CsT) compared to conventional tillage (CT). In contrast, following anhydrous ammonia (AA) injection, N2O emissions were higher under CT and CsT compared to NT. Emissions following surface urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) application did not vary with tillage. Total growing season non\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2 GHG emissions were equivalent to CO2 emissions of 0.15 to 1.9 Mg CO2 ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 or 0.04 to 0.53 Mg soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 Emissions of N2O from AA\uffe2\uff80\uff90amended plots were two to four times greater than UAN\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and BU\uffe2\uff80\uff90amended plots. Total NO + N2O losses in the UAN treatment were approximately 50% lower than AA and BU. This study demonstrates that N2O emissions can represent a substantial component of the total GHG budget of reduced tillage systems, and that interactions between fertilizer and tillage practices can be important in controlling non\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2 GHG emissions.

", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "Analysis of Variance", "Chromatography", " Gas", "Time Factors", "Minnesota", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Nitric Oxide", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Ammonia", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers", "Methane", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0018"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2005.0018", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2005.0018", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2005.0018"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2008.0295", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-05-23", "title": "Banding Of Urea Increased Ammonia Volatilization In A Dry Acidic Soil", "description": "

Volatilization of ammonia following application of urea contributes to smog formation and degradation of natural ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of (i) incorporation and banding of urea and (ii) surface broadcast of slow\uffe2\uff80\uff90release urea types on NH3 volatilization in a dry acidic soil. Volatilization was measured using wind tunnels for 25 d after standard urea (140 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) was broadcast, broadcast and incorporated (0\uffe2\uff80\uff935 cm), or incorporated in shallow bands (3\uffe2\uff80\uff935 cm) to a conventionally tilled silty loam soil. Urea supplemented with a urease inhibitor or coated with a polymer was also broadcast at the soil surface. Little N diffused out of the polymer\uffe2\uff80\uff90coated granules and ammonia losses were low (4% of applied N). Use of a urease inhibitor also resulted in a low NH3 loss (5% of applied N) while maintaining soil mineral N at levels similar to plots where untreated urea was broadcast. The rate of hydrolysis of urea broadcast at the soil surface was slowed by the lack of moisture and NH3 loss (9% applied N) was the lowest of all treatments with standard urea. Incorporation of broadcast urea increased emissions (16% applied N) by increasing urea hydrolysis relative to surface application. Furthermore, incorporation in band also increased emissions (27% applied N) due to a localized increase in soil pH from 6.0 to 8.7. We conclude that incorporating urea in bands in a dry acidic soil can increase NH3 volatilization compared to broadcast application followed by incorporation.

", "keywords": ["Soil", "Ammonia", "13. Climate action", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Volatilization", "Acids", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Denis A. Angers, Marc-Olivier Gasser, J. Douglas MacDonald, Normand Bertrand, Philippe Rochette, Martin H. Chantigny,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0295"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2008.0295", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2008.0295", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2008.0295"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2011.0240", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-12-05", "title": "Broadcast Urea Reduces N2o But Increases No Emissions Compared With Conventional And Shallow-Applied Anhydrous Ammonia In A Coarse-Textured Soil", "description": "

Despite the importance of anhydrous ammonia (AA) and urea as nitrogen (N) fertilizer sources in the United States, there have been few direct comparisons of their effects on soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions. We compared N oxide emissions, yields, and N fertilizer recovery efficiency (NFRE) in a corn (Zea mays L.) production system that used three different fertilizer practices: urea that was broadcast and incorporated (BU) and AA that was injected at a conventional depth (0.20 m) (AAc) and at a shallower depth (0.10 m) (AAs). Averaged over 2 yr in an irrigated loamy sand in Minnesota, growing season N2O emissions increased in the order BU < AAc < AAs. In contrast, NO emissions were greater with BU than with AAc or AAs. Emissions of N2O ranged from 0.5 to 1.4 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (50\uffe2\uff80\uff93140 g N Mg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 grain), while NO emissions ranged from 0.2 to 0.7 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (20\uffe2\uff80\uff9370 g N Mg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 grain). Emissions of total N oxides (NO + N2O) increased in the order AAc < BU < AAs. Despite having the greatest emissions of N2O and total N oxides, the AAs treatment had greater NFRE compared with the AAc treatment. These results provide additional evidence that AA emits more N2O, but less NO, than broadcast urea and show that practices to reduce N2O emissions do not always improve N use efficiency.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Environmental Engineering", "Monitoring", "Policy and Law", "Climate", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Nitric Oxide", "Pollution", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Management", "Soil", "Ammonia", "13. Climate action", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Waste Management and Disposal", "Water Science and Technology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0240"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2011.0240", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2011.0240", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2011.0240"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2017.03.0106", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-08-03", "title": "Combining Urease And Nitrification Inhibitors With Incorporation Reduces Ammonia And Nitrous Oxide Emissions And Increases Corn Yields", "description": "

Less than 50% of applied nitrogen (N) fertilizer is typically recovered by corn (Zea mays L.) due to climatic constraints, soil degradation, overapplication, and losses to air and water. Two application methods, two N sources, and two inhibitors were evaluated to reduce N losses and enhance crop uptake. The treatments included broadcast urea (BrUrea), BrUrea with a urease inhibitor (BrUrea+UI), BrUrea with a urease and a nitrification inhibitor (BrUrea+UI+NI), injection of urea ammonium nitrate (InjUAN), and injected with one or both inhibitors (InjUAN+UI, InjUAN+UI+NI), and a control. The BrUrea treatment lost 50% (64.4 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) of the applied N due to ammonia volatilization, but losses were reduced by 64% with BrUrea+UI+NI (23.0 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and by 60% with InjUAN (26.1 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Ammonia losses were lower and crop yields were greater in 2014 than 2013 as a result of the more favorable weather when N was applied in 2014. When ammonia volatilization was reduced by adding a urease inhibitor, N2O emissions were increased by 30 to 31% with BrUrea+UI and InjUAN+UI compared with BrUrea and InjUAN, respectively. Pollution swapping was avoided when both inhibitors were used (BrUrea+UI+NI, InjUAN+UI+NI) as both ammonia volatilization and N2O emissions were reduced, and corn grain yields increased by 5% with BrUrea+UI+NI and by 7% with InjUAN+UI+NI compared with BrUrea and InjUAN, respectively. The combination of two N management strategies (InjUAN+UI+NI) increased yields by 19% (12.9 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) compared with BrUrea (10.8 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921).

Core Ideas

Ammonia volatilization resulted in 50% loss of applied urea over 2 yr.

When urease inhibitors were added with urea, ammonia volatilization was reduced by 64%.

Injection of UAN reduced ammonia volatilization by 60% compared with broadcast urea.

N2O emissions were increased by 30 to 31% when urease inhibitors were applied.

Pollution swapping was avoided when both urease and nitrification inhibitors were used.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Ammonia", "13. Climate action", "Denitrification", "Nitrous Oxide", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Fertilizers", "Nitrification", "Urease", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2017.03.0106"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2017.03.0106", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2017.03.0106", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2017.03.0106"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2527/jas.2011-4209", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:22:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-01-28", "title": "Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Reduces Methane Emission In Beef Cattle Fed Sugarcane-Based Diets", "description": "The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary nitrate on methane emission and rumen fermentation parameters in Nellore \u00d7 Guzera (Bos indicus) beef cattle fed a sugarcane based diet. The experiment was conducted with 16 steers weighing 283 \u00b1 49 kg (mean \u00b1 SD), 6 rumen cannulated and 10 intact steers, in a cross-over design. The animals were blocked according to BW and presence or absence of rumen cannula and randomly allocated to either the nitrate diet (22 g nitrate/kg DM) or the control diet made isonitrogenous by the addition of urea. The diets consisted of freshly chopped sugarcane and concentrate (60:40 on DM basis), fed as a mixed ration. A 16-d adaptation period was used to allow the rumen microbes to adapt to dietary nitrate. Methane emission was measured using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique. Dry matter intake (P = 0.09) tended to be less when nitrate was present in the diet compared with the control, 6.60 and 7.05 kg/d DMI, respectively. The daily methane production was reduced (P < 0.01) by 32% when steers were fed the nitrate diet (85 g/d) compared with the urea diet (125 g/d). Methane emission per kilogram DMI was 27% less (P < 0.01) on the nitrate diet (13.3 g methane/kg DMI) than on the control diet (18.2 g methane/kg DMI). Methane losses as a fraction of gross energy intake (GEI) were less (P < 0.01) on the nitrate diet (4.2% of GEI) than on the control diet (5.9% of GEI). Nitrate mitigated enteric methane production by 87% of the theoretical potential. The rumen fluid ammonia-nitrogen (NH(3)-N()) concentration was significantly greater (P < 0.05) for the nitrate diet. The total concentration of VFA was not affected (P = 0.61) by nitrate in the diet, while the proportion of acetic acid tended to be greater (P = 0.09), propionic acid less (P = 0.06) and acetate/propionate ratio tended to be greater (P = 0.06) for the nitrate diet. Dietary nitrate reduced enteric methane emission in beef cattle fed sugarcane based diet.", "keywords": ["sheep", "Rumen", "Sulfur Hexafluoride", "urea", "mitigation", "Ammonia", "Animals", "Urea", "wall", "nitrite", "2. Zero hunger", "Cross-Over Studies", "Nitrates", "0402 animal and dairy science", "methanogenesis", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Animal Feed", "Diet", "Saccharum", "livestock", "rumen fermentation", "13. Climate action", "manipulation", "Dietary Supplements", "dairy", "Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena", "Cattle", "Methane"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4209"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Animal%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2527/jas.2011-4209", "name": "item", "description": "10.2527/jas.2011-4209", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2527/jas.2011-4209"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/agronomy12020265", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:22:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-21", "title": "Slurry Acidification as a Solution to Minimize Ammonia Emissions from the Combined Application of Animal Manure and Synthetic Fertilizer in No-Tillage", "description": "

The combined application of manure/slurry and synthetic fertilizer (SF) might be a solution to decrease transport and application costs involving those by-products as well as enable access to them in regions where availability is low. Moreover, their joint application can potentially reduce environmental pollution, enlarge the manure benefits to more areas, and enhance the SF efficiency. However, such a strategy might result in increased ammonia emissions when applied to crop residues. Two experiments were implemented to assess ammonia emissions from stubble-covered soil fertilized with manure amended with SF. In Experiment 1 (E1), urea (U) and calcium ammonium nitrate (AN) were applied combined with dairy manure (MAN). In Experiment 2 (E2), urea was combined with acidified pig slurry (APS) and applied just after sowing (T0) or eight days later (T8). The combinations U + MAN and AN + MAN increased the ammonia emissions, while APS decreased the emissions from U, in APS + U combination, by more than 75%. Therefore, manure combined with SF applied on stubble-covered soil should not be recommended. T8 reduced ammonia emissions from U. APS enhanced the efficiency of U, being then an interesting strategy to mitigate ammonia emissions when applied on stubble-covered soil, as in no-tillage.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "acidified slurry", "crop residues", "stubble-covered soil", "S", "acidified slurry; organic-mineral fertilizer; manure; conservation agriculture; crop residues; stubble-covered soil; urea; in-season fertilization; slurry sidedressing", "Agriculture", "urea", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "organic-mineral fertilizer", "12. Responsible consumption", "conservation agriculture", "13. Climate action", "manure", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "slurry sidedressing", "in-season fertilization"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/2/265/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/2/265/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020265"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/agronomy12020265", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/agronomy12020265", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/agronomy12020265"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5424/sjar/2008062-320", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:25:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-11-21", "description": "

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of adding DMPP (3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate) to urea on nitrate leaching and maize (Zea mays L.) yield over two growing seasons. Two nitrogen (N) levels (optimum and excessive) were applied to an irrigated maize crop under Mediterranean conditions. There were five treatments: optimal N (as urea) and the same dose plus DMPP; optimal N (as urea plus 40 kg N/ha) and the same N dose plus DMPP; and a control with no added N fertilizer. The maize was irrigated with an overhead mobile-line sprinkler system. EnviroSCAN probes were used to determine drainage and evapotranspiration and ceramic cups to obtain soil solution samples at a soil depth of 1.4 m. The use of DMPP with urea reduced nitrate leaching. No phytotoxic effects were observed due to the DMPP. There were no differences in grain yield between treatments with and without DMPP at the same rate of N. When DMPP was applied, sodium was displaced from the soil exchange complex due to increased NH4+ concentration, which also increased the electrical conductivity of soil in the drainage zone.

", "keywords": ["ZEA MAYS; APLICACION DE ABONOS; ABONOS NITROGENADOS; UREA; NITRATOS; LIXIVIACION; POLUCION DE AGUAS SUBTERRANEAS; INHIBIDORES DE LA NITRIFICACION; CONTROL DE LA CONTAMINACION; RENDIMIENTO DE CULTIVOS", "NITRIFICATION INHIBITORS", "INHIBIDORES DE LA NITRIFICACION", "NITROGEN FERTILIZERS", "CONTROL DE LA CONTAMINACION", "LEACHING", "POLLUTION CONTROL", "GROUNDWATER POLLUTION", "NITRATES", "Fertilizing", "RENDIMIENTO DE CULTIVOS", "CROP YIELD", "FERTILIZER APPLICATION", "APLICACION DE ABONOS", "ZEA MAYS", "ZEA MAYS; FERTILIZER APPLICATION; NITROGEN FERTILIZERS; UREA; NITRATES; LEACHING; GROUNDWATER POLLUTION; NITRIFICATION INHIBITORS; POLLUTION CONTROL; CROP YIELD", "POLUCION DE AGUAS SUBTERRANEAS", "2. Zero hunger", "ABONOS NITROGENADOS", "0402 animal and dairy science", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "6. Clean water", "NITRATOS", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "LIXIVIACION", "UREA"], "contacts": [{"organization": "D\u00edez L\u00f3pez, J.A., Hernaiz, P.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2008062-320"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Spanish%20Journal%20of%20Agricultural%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5424/sjar/2008062-320", "name": "item", "description": "10.5424/sjar/2008062-320", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5424/sjar/2008062-320"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "8307894", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:30:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-12-21", "title": "Electrophoretic separation of rat skeletal muscle myosin heavy-chain isoforms", "description": "

A new technique for the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic separation of rat skeletal muscle myosin heavy-chain (MHC) isoforms is presented. This technique allows for the separation of the four identified MHC isoforms known to be present in adult rat skeletal muscle. These types of MHC are commonly called I, IIa, IIx or IId, and IIb. The procedure can be performed using minigel electrophoresis systems and does not involve preparation of gradient-separating gels or the use of special cooling devices. The procedure accommodates both silver and Coomasie Blue staining. Thus the procedure is simple to perform and highly repeatable, providing high-resolution separation of MHC protein isoforms. The percent composition of the four adult MHCs in rat soleus, medial gastrocnemius, diaphragm, and levator ani muscles by use of this procedure and Coomasie Blue staining is similar to that previously reported. This new technique provides a novel and easy-to-perform method for the separation of rat skeletal muscle MHC isoforms.

", "keywords": ["Male", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "Muscles", "Myosins", "Rats", "Rats", " Sprague-Dawley", "03 medical and health sciences", "Isomerism", "Rosaniline Dyes", "Animals", "Urea", "Electrophoresis", " Polyacrylamide Gel", "Female"], "contacts": [{"organization": "R J, Talmadge, R R, Roy,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/8307894"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Applied%20Physiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "8307894", "name": "item", "description": "8307894", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/8307894"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1993-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "97e4233c8e773433ce6c07165eedb9ce", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:30:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Comparative evaluation of the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the vegetative growth of spleen amaranth (Amaranthus dubius L)", "description": "The application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to the soil is considered as good agricultural practice because they improve the fertility of the soil and plant quality. The overall objective of the study is to compare the effects of organic fertilizers (cow dung and chicken droppings) with inorganic fertilizer (urea) on the vegetativegrowth of Amaranthus dubius. The data obtained showed that, levels of all parameters measured for both the organic and inorganic fertilizers ranges; Stem length (7.5- 64.2) cm, Stem width (2.4- 8.1) cm, Leaf length (8.0- 19.3) cm, Leaf width (3.3- 14.2) cm and Number of leaves per plant (09- 34). The mean values for the stem length, stem width, leaf length, leaf width and number of leaves per plant were evaluated and found to be higher in plants grown with urea treatment compared to values obtained from the treatments with organic manures. Data were analyzed using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the results were expressed as percentage difference, the differences between the mean values were determined at 95% confidence. Inorganic fertilizer resulted in significant effects at (p<0.05) compared to values obtained from the organic manures.Keywords: Amaranthus dubius, Chicken droppings, Cow dung, Urea", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Amaranthus dubius", " Chicken droppings", " Cow dung", " Urea", "Science", "Q", "Chicken droppings", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Amaranthus dubius", "01 natural sciences", "Cow dung"], "contacts": [{"organization": "A.T. Ahmad, I.U. Bello, S.M. Jibril, O.S. Kolawole, J.J. 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