{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1007/s10113-021-01863-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-05", "title": "Organic inputs in agroforestry systems improve soil organic carbon storage in Itasy, Madagascar", "description": "Agroforestry systems (AFS) are recognized as one of the practices with high potential to store carbon in soils. In the Itasy region, AFS were introduced to improve farmers' livelihoods by diversifying income sources and to address problems related to soil degradation. Previous studies in the region have shown the potential of AFS to store organic carbon in the soil. In the present work, we carried out further studies to assess the main factors affecting SOC stocks in AFS. In 2014, we performed a soil sampling on 137 AFS farmers'plots to assess SOC stocks in different AFS. In 2018, a second sampling was carried out to calculate SOC storage rates using the diachronic approach on 30 most representative AFS. The results revealed that the factors 'age of the system' and 'type of organic inputs' significantly affected SOC stocks in AFS. SOC stocks increased significantly over time in AFS plots, benefiting from regular organic inputs such as manure and/or compost. In contrast, SOC stocks remained unchanged over time in AFS plots where no organic fertilization was used. Our study showed a substantial SOC storage up to 47 parts per thousand year(-1), mainly explained by regular additions of organic inputs to maintain soil fertility and crop production. However, to fully understand the process of SOC storage in this context, further works, such as the analysis of the link between organic matter quality and the SOC storage process, and the quantification of the share of soil carbon inputs derived from tree biomass should be undertaken.", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", "agro\u00e9cologie", "stockage", "petite exploitation agricole", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_330982", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "910", "630", "Tropical", "syst\u00e8mes agroforestiers", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7427", "C sequestration", "TreeTropical", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1721", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1301", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4510", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35657", "agroforesterie", "2. Zero hunger", "forestry", "Coffea arabica", "Compost", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_331583", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_92381", "Manure", "s\u00e9questration du carbone", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "carbone", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "Tree", "Agroecology", "mati\u00e8re organique du sol", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7113"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Rakotovao, Narindra, Rasoarinaivo, Angelina, Razafimbelo, Tantely, Blanchart, Eric, Albrecht, Alain,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-021-01863-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Regional%20Environmental%20Change", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10113-021-01863-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10113-021-01863-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10113-021-01863-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s13595-011-0100-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:15:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-07-05", "title": "Effect Of Freezing-Thawing On Nitrogen Mineralization In Vegetation Soils Of Four Landscape Zones Of Changbai Mountain", "description": "We studied the effect of freezing-thawing on nitrogen (N) mineralization of four vegetation soils from typical vegetation zones of Changbai Mountain with a laboratory incubation experiment. The soils were treated with two levels of soil water content, representing the low and high soil water contents found during late autumn and early spring in Changbai Mountain, respectively, and underwent cycling of freezing at \u22125 or \u221225\u00b0C and thawing at 5\u00b0C up to 15 times. The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of freezing temperature, frequency of freezing-thawing cycles, and soil water content on N mineralization of four soils to reveal the different effects of spring and autumn freezing-thawing on soil N mineralization in Changbai Mountain. The results showed that inorganic N in the soils increased 1.67\u201326.77 times after 15 cycles of freezing-thawing, but N mineralization rate decreased with increased cycling of freezing-thawing. The lower freeze temperature and higher soil water content generally enhanced soil N mineralization. The results implied that freezing-thawing of vegetation soils to increase soil N mineralization to favor the growth of plants, and also increase the possibility of runoff loss of soil nutrients, is more effective in the spring than in the autumn.", "keywords": ["0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jie Tian, Yujing Ye, Guowei Li, Li Zhou, Wangming Zhou, Limin Dai, Hua Chen, Bernard J. Lewis,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-011-0100-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annals%20of%20Forest%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s13595-011-0100-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s13595-011-0100-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s13595-011-0100-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-07-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s13595-011-0125-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:15:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-08-29", "title": "Effects Of Thinning Intensity On Radial Growth Patterns And Temperature Sensitivity In Pinus Canariensis Afforestations On Tenerife Island, Spain", "description": "Open Access\u2022Context The suitability of thinning to prevent forest growth decline as a result of global warming has not been tested extensively in Macaronesian Canary pine (Pinus canariensis Sweet ex Spreng.). \u2022 Aims This study aimed to answer the following questions: (1) are tree growth patterns modified by the aspect and thinning intensity? (2) Is sensitivity to climate modulated by thinning? (3) Do trees of different crown classes respond differentially to thinning intensity and climate? \u2022Methods We used tree-ring series from dominant, codominant, and overtopped trees to study the effects of thinning intensity on basal area increments (BAI) and climate sensitivity on windward (wet) and leeward (dry) slopes on Tenerife, Canary Islands. Three replicated blocks of control, light thinning, and heavy thinning stands were set on each slope in 1988, and cores were extracted in 2007. \u2022 Results Heavy thinning induced growth release and increased BAI, mainly on dominant and codominant trees, whereas light thinning effects were negligible; their impacts were more intense on the windward side. Temperature sensitivity was hardly affected by thinning on leeward, where climate control was stronger. On windward, thinning enhanced the influence of summer temperatures. Upper crown classes were more sensitive overall, but overtopped trees responded better in summer. Thinning intensity and aspect greatly influence growth on Canary pine afforestations, but individual responses are highly dependent on crown classes. In addition, thinning may be less effective to modify growth conditions on leeward slopes, at least if not intense. \u00a9 INRA and Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", ":Investigaci\u00f3n::24 Ciencias de la vida::2417 Biolog\u00eda vegetal (bot\u00e1nica)::241713 Ecolog\u00eda vegetal [Materias]", "Forest restoration", "Climate-growth relationships", "Growth release", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Dendroecology", ":Investigaci\u00f3n::31 Ciencias agrarias::3106 Ciencia forestal::310608 Silvicultura [Materias]", "13. Climate action", "Materias::Investigaci\u00f3n::31 Ciencias agrarias::3106 Ciencia forestal::310608 Silvicultura", "Materias::Investigaci\u00f3n::24 Ciencias de la vida::2417 Biolog\u00eda vegetal (bot\u00e1nica)::241713 Ecolog\u00eda vegetal", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "Tree ring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-011-0125-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annals%20of%20Forest%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s13595-011-0125-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s13595-011-0125-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s13595-011-0125-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-08-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s13595-013-0294-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:15:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-05-15", "title": "Responses Of Labile Soil Organic Carbon And Enzyme Activity In Mineral Soils To Forest Conversion In The Subtropics", "description": "& Aims Globally, extensive areas of native forest have been almost replaced by plantations to meet the demands for timber, fuel material and other forest products. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of forest conversion on labile soil organic C (SOC), soil respiration, and enzyme activity, and to quantify their relationship in subtropical forest ecosystems. & Methods Surface mineral soil (0\u201320 cm) was collected from a Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook. plantation, Pinus massoniana Lamb. plantation, Michelia macclurei Dandy plantation, and an undisturbed native broadleaf forest. Soil microbial biomass C, dissolved organic C, permanganateoxidizable C, basal respiration, and six enzyme activities were investigated. & Results Soil microbial biomass C was higher by 45.9 % in native broadleaf forest than that in M. macclurei Dandy plantation. The ratio of soil microbial biomass C to total SOC was 27.6 % higher in the M. macclurei Dandy plantation than in the native broadleaf forest. The soil respiration increased by 25.2 %a nd 21.7 %a fter conversion from native broadleaf forest to P. massoniana Lamb. and M. macclurei Dandy plantations respectively. The effects of forest conversion on the soil enzyme activities differed among the tree species. Soil microbial biomass C had higher correlation with soil respiration than with the other SOC fractions. Moreover, soil microbial biomass C was positively correlated with urease and negatively correlated with cellulase activity. Soil respiration had higher correlation with soil microbial biomass C, dissolved organic C and permanganate-oxidizable C. & Conclusion Forest conversion affected the soil microbial biomass C, soil respiration, invertase, cellulase, urease, catalase, acid phosphatase, and polyphenol oxidase activities, but their response depended on tree species. Soil respiration was mainly controlled by labile SOC, not by total SOC.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil enzyme", "13. Climate action", "Land-use change", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil respiration", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Labile soil organic C", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "15. Life on land", "Tree species"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Silong Wang, Fuming Xiao, Tongxin He, Qingkui Wang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-013-0294-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annals%20of%20Forest%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s13595-013-0294-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s13595-013-0294-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s13595-013-0294-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-05-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.foreco.2007.10.027", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:13Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-12-06", "title": "Pairwise Comparison Of Soil Organic Particle-Size Distributions In Native Savannas And Eucalyptus Plantations In Congo", "description": "Abstract   Conversion of native vegetation into fast-growing tree plantations is known to affect soil organic matter (SOM): soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content and their distribution in particle-size fractions can be modified in various ways depending on numerous factors, such as soil properties, SOM levels prior to conversion, climatic conditions, silvicultural practices and fire occurrence. Since 1978, 43,000\u00a0ha of clonal eucalyptus plantations have been established on sandy coastal plains under savannas near Pointe-Noire, Congo. We investigated the effects of afforestation on topsoil (0\u201310\u00a0cm) C and N through the analysis of their distribution in particle-size fractions using a pairwise experimental design that compared adjacent savannas and plantations. The studied plantations were of different ages (2\u201330-year-old stands) and differently affected by accidental fires. No significant difference in total topsoil C, N or C/N was observed between young plantations and savanna. In old plantations that had not been affected by fire, total topsoil C content was twice as high as in savanna (   p  =  0.0016   ), on average, mostly involving fractions    >   50\u00a0    \u03bc    m. By contrast, total topsoil N did not differ significantly at these sites. In old plantations affected by fire, total topsoil C content did not differ significantly from that in savanna, but total topsoil N was 26    %    lower in plantations than in savanna (   p  =  0.0063   ), on average, and the decrease affected fractions       200\u00a0    \u03bc    m especially. Whatever the fire occurrence, total topsoil C/N was higher in old plantations than in savanna, in fractions    >   20\u00a0    \u03bc    m especially.", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7190", "SAVANNA", "SOIL ORGANIC MATTER", "FIRE", "analyse de sol", "FLUX ET STOCKS C", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35657", "azote", "2. Zero hunger", "Eucalyptus", "FRACTIONATION", "fraction du sol", "forestry", "FIRE", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "eucalyptus", "META ANALYSIS", "TURNOVER", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "plantations", "particle size fractionation", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5990", "fire", "mati\u00e8re organique du sol", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2683", "P33 - Chimie et physique du sol", "570", "PARTICLE-SIZE FRACTIONATION", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24420", "MATTER DYNAMICS", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5192", "TROPICAL SOILS", "LITTER DECOMPOSITION", "soil organic matter", "MANAGEMENT", "EUCALYPTUS", "savane", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1301", "PINUS", "CHANGEMENT D'USAGE DES TERRES", "CARBON DYNAMICS", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1811", "15. Life on land", "savanna", "K10 - Production foresti\u00e8re", "AFFORESTATION", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6825", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "carbone", "impact sur l'environnement", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7198"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.10.027"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.foreco.2007.10.027", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.foreco.2007.10.027", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.10.027"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102504", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-05-18", "title": "Landholders' perceptions on legal reserves and agricultural intensification: Diversity and implications for forest conservation in the eastern Brazilian Amazon", "description": "Open AccessLa protecci\u00f3n de los bosques en tierras de propiedad privada es una piedra angular del marco de la pol\u00edtica ambiental brasile\u00f1a. La legislaci\u00f3n brasile\u00f1a exige que todas las fincas del pa\u00eds mantengan y protejan las \u00e1reas forestales conocidas como Reservas Legales. Dado que las Reservas Legales tienen importantes implicaciones para la protecci\u00f3n de los bosques y la producci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola, es clave que entendamos las percepciones de los propietarios de tierras hacia las Reservas Legales. Aplicamos la metodolog\u00eda Q para identificar diferentes perspectivas de los propietarios medianos y grandes sobre las Reservas Legales y su relaci\u00f3n con la intensificaci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola en el municipio de Paragominas, en la Amazon\u00eda oriental. Realizamos 31 entrevistas en las que los propietarios ordenaron 36 declaraciones en una matriz de distribuci\u00f3n casi normal. Se identificaron tres grupos de propietarios de tierras: 1) los entusiastas de la planificaci\u00f3n del uso de la tierra (n = 16) estaban interesados en iniciativas de zonificaci\u00f3n para explorar dise\u00f1os de paisajes alternativos y legislaci\u00f3n que puedan ofrecer mejores resultados de conservaci\u00f3n y producci\u00f3n; 2) los partidarios de la agricultura basada en agroqu\u00edmicos (n = 7) ten\u00edan los puntos de vista m\u00e1s cr\u00edticos contra las Reservas Legales y percib\u00edan sus costos como m\u00e1s altos que los posibles beneficios ambientales y de calidad de vida; 3) los respondedores del mercado complacientes con las pol\u00edticas (n = 4) no mostraron inter\u00e9s en las reformas de las Reservas Legales y fueron el grupo m\u00e1s impulsado por el mercado. Si bien Paragominas ha logrado \u00e9xitos notables en detener la deforestaci\u00f3n a gran escala a trav\u00e9s de un pacto social de 'Municipio Verde', abordar la persistente degradaci\u00f3n y fragmentaci\u00f3n de los bosques en la regi\u00f3n sigue siendo una prioridad clave. Las iniciativas de gobernanza local que tienen en cuenta las percepciones de m\u00faltiples partes interesadas sobre la protecci\u00f3n de los bosques pueden fomentar el di\u00e1logo y el entendimiento mutuo para conservar y restaurar eficazmente las Reservas Legales. Los conocimientos sobre las percepciones de los grandes terratenientes sobre las Reservas Legales pueden informar dichos procesos de gobernanza para conciliar la protecci\u00f3n forestal y la intensificaci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola sostenible en Paragominas.", "keywords": ["Amazonas (Brasil)", "Economics", "FOS: Political science", "SAO-FELIX", "Social Sciences", "NEEDS", "01 natural sciences", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Reservas Forestales", "Natural resource economics", "conservation des for\u00eats", "FRONTIER", "Stakeholder", "11. Sustainability", "Business", "Environmental resource management", "intensification", "Political science", "Legal Reserve", "Environmental planning", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Forest Reserves", "Corporate governance", "Geography", "Ecology", "[SDV.SA.AEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture", " economy and politics", "Forest protection", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "Amazonas (Brazil)", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Brazilian Amazon", "LAND CONFLICT", "STATE", "Land Tenure and Property Rights in Agriculture", "Management", "Programming language", "Economics", " Econometrics and Finance", "Archaeology", "Physical Sciences", "d\u00e9boisement", "Biodiversity Conservation", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "Forest Protection", "Forest conservation", "Economics and Econometrics", "propri\u00e9taire foncier", "Conservaci\u00f3n de la Diversidad Biol\u00f3gica", "Amazon rainforest", "Legislation", "Discrete Choice Models in Economics and Health Care", "Soil Science", "FOS: Law", "12. Responsible consumption", "Farmer perceptions", "SYSTEMS", "politique de l'environnement", "Agroforestry", "Biology", "Legal Pluralism", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Protecci\u00f3n Forestal", "Agricultural intensification", "15. Life on land", "Computer science", "Q methodology", "Deforestation (computer science)", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "r\u00e9serve foresti\u00e8re", "r\u00e9serve naturelle", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats", "BIODIVERSITY", "DEFORESTATION", "Drivers and Impacts of Tropical Deforestation", "Law", "Finance"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102504"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Policy%20and%20Economics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102504", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102504", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102504"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1051/forest/2009083", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-12-23", "title": "Effects Of Stand Density On Ecosystem Properties Of Subalpine Forests In The Southern Rocky Mountains, Usa", "description": "Open AccessMixed coniferous, subalpine forest communities in the Rocky Mountains are historically dense and have experienced infrequent, high-severity fire. However, many of these high-elevation stands are thinned for a number of perceived benefits.* We explored the effects of forest stand density on ecosystem properties in subalpine forests in Colorado, USA, 17-18 y after forests were managed for timber.* Forest structure significantly altered the composition and chemical signature of plant communities. Previously managed stands contained lower density of overstory trees and higher ground cover compared to paired reference stands. Foliar phenolic concentration of several species was negatively related to basal area of overstory trees. Furthermore, reductions in stand density increased total foliar phenolic:nitrogen ratios in some species, suggesting that gap formation may drive long-term changes in litter quality. Despite significant changes in forest structure, reductions in stand density did not leave a strong legacy in surface soil properties, likely due to the integrity of soil organic matter reserves.* Changes in forest structure associated with past management has left a long-term impact on plant communities but has only subtly altered soil nutrient cycling, possibly due to trade offs between litter decomposability and microclimate associated with reductions in canopy cover.", "keywords": ["cycle de l'azote du sol", "0106 biological sciences", "biog\u00e9ochimie", "biogeochemistry<br>---<br>chimie foliaire", "densit\u00e9 du peuplement", "foliar chemistry", "soil nitrogen cycling", "stand density", "phenolic", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "compos\u00e9s ph\u00e9noliques"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1051/forest/2009083"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annals%20of%20Forest%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1051/forest/2009083", "name": "item", "description": "10.1051/forest/2009083", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1051/forest/2009083"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1051/forest:19930303", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-08-30", "title": "Growth-Response Of Holm Oak (Quercus-Ilex L) To Commercial Thinning In The Montseny Mountains (Ne Spain)", "description": "L'effet d'une eclaircie commerciale sur la croissance du chene vert (Quercus ilex) a ete etudie dans la reserve de la Biosphere du Montseny (NE Espagne). Dans cette region, l'eclaircie selective pour la production du bois de chauffage est la forme la plus commune de gestion des forets. L'eclaircie a augmente l'accroissement de diametre des tiges de 83% par rapport aux placettes non eclaircies entre 6 et 9 ans et de 48% entre 9 et 12 ans apres le traitement. L'accroissement absolu de diametre est correle positivement avec le diametre initial a 1,30 m. Les gros arbres ont davantage augmente leur croissance que les petits (.)", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "F Rod\u00e0, X Mayor,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19930303"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annales%20des%20Sciences%20Foresti%C3%A8res", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1051/forest:19930303", "name": "item", "description": "10.1051/forest:19930303", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1051/forest:19930303"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1993-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1051/forest:19960241", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-08-29", "title": "Water And Bioelement Fluxes In Four Quercus Pyrenaica Forests Along A Pluviometric Gradient", "description": "Water and several bioelement balances were established for four Quercus pyrenaica forests along a pronounced pluviometric gradient, located in the Sierra de Gata mountains (central Spain), to obtain information on the effect of rainfall on annual and summer evapotranspiration, on nutrient leaching from the soils and on the evolution of fertility. There was a positive correlation between the annual evapotranspiration and the precipitation in the May-August period, but not with annual precipitation. From all water fluxes within the ecosystems, deep drainage represented the most important difference between plots. An excess of water in the soil is produced in winter, resulting in nutrient leaching of the soil and a consequent loss of fertility, which becomes greater as the pluviometry gradient increases. This was confirmed by the net balance of several bioelements, the Cation Denudation Rate, the Ca/Al ratio and pH of the soil solution and canopy leaching values.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Water consumption (plants)", "Quercus pyrenaica", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "Nutrient balance (plants)", "Soil fertility", "Water balance", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19960241"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annales%20des%20Sciences%20Foresti%C3%A8res", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1051/forest:19960241", "name": "item", "description": "10.1051/forest:19960241", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1051/forest:19960241"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1996-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1051/forest:2005078", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-12-14", "title": "Carbon Stock Changes In A Peaty Gley Soil Profile After Afforestation With Sitka Spruce (Picea Sitchensis)", "description": "Open AccessChangement des stocks de carbone dans le profil des sols tourbeux \u00e0 gley apr\u00e8s boisement avec l'\u00e9pic\u00e9a de Sitka (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr). Les variations de stocks de carbone (Corg) dans la liti\u00e8re (OL), dans l'horizon organique (OH) et l'horizon min\u00e9ral (A) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tudi\u00e9es apr\u00e8s boisement et \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents stades apr\u00e8s coupe rase de la premi\u00e8re rotation, dans une chronos\u00e9quence foresti\u00e8re de l'Epic\u00e9a de Sitka (Picea sitchensis) sur des sols tourbeux \u00e0 gley en For\u00eat d'Hardwood (N.E. Angleterre). Les sites choisis \u00e9taient les suivants\u00a0: prairie naturelle, premi\u00e8re rotation \u00e2g\u00e9e de 40 ans, coupe rase depuis 18 mois, et 12, 20 et 30 ans de deuxi\u00e8me rotation. Une comparaison suppl\u00e9mentaire a \u00e9t\u00e9 faite dans trois peuplements \u00e2g\u00e9s de 40 ans entre des bandes de terre non plant\u00e9es et dans une for\u00eat adjacente. Les mesures de Corg ont \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9es en utilisant deux m\u00e9thodes\u00a0: pertes de poids par ignition (L.O.I.) et combustion s\u00e8che par analyse du C/N. Les r\u00e9sultats des deux m\u00e9thodes \u00e9taient lin\u00e9airement li\u00e9s. Le boisement change \u00e0 la fois l'importance et la distribution des stocks de Corg des prairies naturelles. Les stocks totaux de Corg d\u00e9croissent pendant la premi\u00e8re rotation et s'accroissent pendant la seconde rotation vers des valeurs similaires \u00e0 celles trouv\u00e9es dans les prairies non plant\u00e9es. La distribution verticale de Corg change aussi avec proportionnellement plus de carbone stock\u00e9 dans la liti\u00e8re (OL) et dans l'horizon A et moins dans l'horizon organique apr\u00e8s le boisement et deux rotations.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "bulk density", "am\u00e9nagement forestier", "Sitka spruce", "forest management", "densit\u00e9 volumique", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "concentration en C", "01 natural sciences", "sol tourbeux \u00e0 gley", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil carbon stocks", "C concentration", "peaty gley soil<br>---<br>stocks de carbone dans le sol", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "\u00e9pic\u00e9a de Sitka", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2005078"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annals%20of%20Forest%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1051/forest:2005078", "name": "item", "description": "10.1051/forest:2005078", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1051/forest:2005078"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1051/forest:2008017", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-05-29", "title": "Decomposition Responses Of Pine (Pinus Massoniana) Needles With Two Different Nutrient-Status To N Deposition In A Tropical Pine Plantation In Southern China", "description": "\u2022 The effect of nitrogen (N) deposition on the decomposition of pine (Pinus massoniana) needles in a tropical pine plantation was studied. The pine needles with two different nutrient status (nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor) were used, followed by 3-levels of N treatments (Control: no N addition, Low- N: 5 g N m\u22122 y\u22121, and Medium-N: 10 g N m\u22122 y\u22121 experimental inputs), which had been applied for 26 months continuously before this experiment and continued throughout the decomposition measurement.      \u2022 The main objective was to test the hypothesis that decomposition of nutrient-rich needles would be more sensitive to cumulative N deposition than the decomposition of nutrient-poor needles.      \u2022 Nitrogen addition had negative effect on mass loss, and the release of N and P from decomposing nutrient-rich needles but little or no effect on the decomposition of nutrient-poor needles. In addition, a negative effect in the initial decomposition phase and a positive effect in later decay stages were found on C release. The negative effect was stronger on nutrient-rich needles than on nutrient-poor needles, but the reverse was true for the positive effect.      \u2022 Our results suggest that response of litter decomposition to N deposition may vary depending on the nutrient status of the litter.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2008017"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annals%20of%20Forest%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1051/forest:2008017", "name": "item", "description": "10.1051/forest:2008017", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1051/forest:2008017"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1051/forest:19970204", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-08-29", "title": "Effects Of Liming And Gypsum Regimes On Chemical Characteristics Of An Acid Forest Soil And Its Leachates", "description": "Un sol brun acide (dystric cambisol, FAO) avec un humus mull compose des horizons Of, A 1  et (B) est utilise afin d'etudier les modifications chimiques du sol et de ses percolats. Le sol d'origine est reconstitue dans des colonnes associees a des lysimetres sans tensions. Les traitements sous forme CaCO 3 , CaCO 3  + MgO et CaSO 4 , 2H 2 O sont apportes aux doses equivalentes en CaO de 0, 0,56, 2,8 et 5,6 t ha -1  . Le pH du sol et les cations echangeables ont ete determines avant et apres application des traitements, et a la fin de la periode experimentale de 20 mois. La plus forte augmentation de la valeur du pH du sol est induite par les amendements. Elle est limitee a l'horizon A 1  pour la dose faible (0,56 t ha -1 ) mais elle est observee dans l'horizon (B) pour les doses 2,8 et 5,6 t ha -1 . La disponibilite en calcium echangeable est elevee sur une profondeur de 6 cm, mais diminue rapidement dans les couches profondes. La valeur du pH est augmentee significativement dans le traitement gypse mais uniquement dans les horizons Of et A 1 . L'augmentation en calcium est significative meme dans l'horizon (B). La saturation en aluminium a diminue essentiellement dans les couches enrichies en calcium et la ou les valeurs du pH sont elevees. Un effet comparable a celui du calcium est observe egalement pour le taux de saturation le long du profil de sol. Les percolats au travers du sol ont ete enrichis en cations basiques parallelement a une augmentation des valeurs du pH pour la dose la plus elevee d'amendements et avec les doses 2,8 et 5,6 t ha -1  pour le gypse. L'azote des percolats est sous forme de N-NO 3  pour les traitements amendements et le temoin, alors que la nitrification est inhibee avec le gypse ou l'azote est transfere principalement sous forme de N-NH 4 .", "keywords": ["CHAMPAGNE ARDENNES", "EAU DE DRAINAGE", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "01 natural sciences", "CHENE", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Belkacem, S., Nys, Claude,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19970204"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annales%20des%20Sciences%20Foresti%C3%A8res", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1051/forest:19970204", "name": "item", "description": "10.1051/forest:19970204", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1051/forest:19970204"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1997-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1051/forest:19990202", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-08-28", "title": "Responses Of Growth, Nitrogen And Carbon Partitioning To Elevated Atmospheric Co2 Concentration In Live Oak (Quercus Virginiana Mill.) Seedlings In Relation To Nutrient Supply", "description": "Des semis de Quercus virginiana Mill. ont ete exposes pendant six mois a deux concentrations en CO 2  atmospherique (370 \u03bcmol mol -1  ou 520 \u03bcmol mol -1 ) en combinaison avec deux traitements d'alimentation en azote (20 et 90 \u03bcmol mol -1  N total) du sol dans des chambres a ciel ouvert. Des semis ont ete recoltes a intervalle de 5-7 semaines. Le traitement CO 2  a eu un effet positif sur la croissance des semis. Les differences observees dans le poids de la biomasse entre les deux traitements CO 2  ont augmente au cours de la periode d'experimentation. La disponibilite du sol en azote n'a pas affecte la croissance de maniere significative. Neanmoins, la croissance en CO 2  elevee, en combinaison avec des niveaux eleves d'azote, amene une accumulation uniformement plus elevee de biomasse totale en fin d'experience (30-40 %). L'allocation de biomasse entre les differentes parties a ete semblable dans tous les traitements, mais etait sensiblement differente entre les recoltes. Les regimes azotes n'ont pas entraine de difference dans les taux de croissance relative (RGR) et les taux d'assimilation nette (NAR), alors que le traitement de CO 2  avait un effet significatif. A travers toutes les concentrations en CO 2  et les niveaux d'apport azote, il a ete mis en evidence une relation positive entre la masse des plantes et RGR, et cette relation n'a pas differe entre les traitements. La surface specifique de feuille (SLA) a diminue en concentration elevee de CO 2 . Le rapport de la masse de racine fine et de la masse de feuillage a ete augmente en forte concentration en CO 2  et a diminue avec les fortes concentrations en azote. Les semis traites avec une forte concentration en azote en CO 2  ont eu la plus grande croissance en hauteur et en diametre. Les rapports allometriques entre la biomasse de tige et de la racine et entre la croissance en hauteur et en diametre n'ont pas ete sensiblement affectes par une concentration elevee. Les concentrations du feuillage en azote ont ete reduites par les basses concentrations en azote du sol. La concentration en azote des semis diminue avec le temps. La concentration elevee en CO 2  a augmente le rapport C/N de tous les compartiments des semis, en raison de la diminution des concentrations en azote. Les semis soumis a une concentration elevee en CO 2  ont reduit les concentrations en azote comparativement au traitement CO 2  en concentration actuelle, si la comparaison se fait sur une base temporelle, mais sont semblables si l'on compare des semis de hauteurs identiques.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Roberto Tognetti, Roberto Tognetti, Jon D. Johnson,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19990202"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/ANNALS%20OF%20FOREST%20SCIENCE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1051/forest:19990202", "name": "item", "description": "10.1051/forest:19990202", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1051/forest:19990202"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1051/forest:2004017", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-06-24", "title": "Growth Response To Thinning In Quercus Pyrenaica Willd. Coppice Stands In Spanish Central Mountain", "description": "This paper presents the growth response of coppice forest of Quercus pyrenaica Willd. to thinnings of different intensities. Four treatments were tested light, moderate and heavy thinning with respectively 25, 35 and 50% of basal area removed, and no thinning (control). The results obtained show significant differences between treatments for diameter and biomass of the mean tree and for current diameter increment, for the three inventories carried out (1994, 1998, 2002). The largest values for the mean tree were observed with the heaviest thinning treatment. No differences were found between treatments for stand yield (total basal area and biomass). Stand structure appears more regular in thinned plots, reducing the risk of forest fires and increasing the landscape and recreation values and the possibility of silvopastoral use.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "structure du peuplement", "growth", "thinning", "\u00e9claircie", "Growth", "Coppice", "15. Life on land", "Mediterranean oak", "01 natural sciences", "Stand structure", "ch\u00eane tauzin", "coppice<br>---<br>croissance", "taillis", "stand structure", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "Thinning"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ca\u00f1ellas, Isabel, R\u00edo, Miren del, Roig-G\u00f3mez, S., Montero, Gregorio,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2004017"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annals%20of%20Forest%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1051/forest:2004017", "name": "item", "description": "10.1051/forest:2004017", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1051/forest:2004017"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1051/forest:2004062", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-12-08", "title": "Fine Root Distribution, Seasonal Pattern And Production In Four Plantations Compared With A Natural Forest In Subtropical China", "description": "Open AccessR\u00e9partition et production de radicelles et \u00e9volutions saisonni\u00e8res dans quatre plantations en comparaison avec une for\u00eat naturelle, en Chine tropicale. La r\u00e9partition, l'\u00e9volution selon les saisons et la production nette de radicelles (< 2 mm en diam\u00e8tre) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tudi\u00e9es de 1999 \u00e0 2001 dans deux plantations \u00e2g\u00e9es de 33 ans de deux conif\u00e8res, le sapin de Chine (Cunninghamia lancolata, CF) et Fokienia hodginsii (FH) ainsi que dans deux plantations de feuillus, Ormosia xylocarpa (OX) et Castanopsis kawakamii (CK). Celles-ci ont \u00e9t\u00e9 compar\u00e9es \u00e0 une for\u00eat naturelle voisine de Castanopsis kawakamii (NF, 150 ans) \u00e0 Samming, Fujian, Chine. La biomasse et la n\u00e9cromasse de radicelles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 obtenues par carottage dans le sol effectu\u00e9 deux fois par mois. Les carottes de sol ont \u00e9t\u00e9 divis\u00e9es en 10 \u00e9l\u00e9ments selon la profondeur\u00a0: 0 ~ 10, 10 ~ 20, 20 ~ 30, 30 ~ 40, 40 ~ 50, 50 ~ 60, 60 ~ 70, 70 ~ 80, 80 ~ 90, et 90 ~ 100 cm. On a utilis\u00e9 des sacs \u00e0 liti\u00e8re (18 \u00d7 18 cm2, maille de 0,25 mm) pour d\u00e9terminer le taux de d\u00e9composition des radicelles (< 0,5 mm, 0,5-1 mm, 1-2 mm). Les taux de production moyenne annuelle, de mortalit\u00e9, de d\u00e9composition et de turnover des radicelles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 calcul\u00e9s par la m\u00e9thode de '\u00a0compartment flow\u00a0'. La biomasse moyenne de radicelles va de 1,49 Mg/ha dans le CF \u00e0 4,94 Mg/ha pour le NF\u00a0; elle d\u00e9cro\u00eet dans l'ordre suivant\u00a0: NF > CK > FH > OX > CF. On a enregistr\u00e9 des diff\u00e9rences significatives de biomasse et n\u00e9cromasse, selon les saisons dans tous les peuplements (P < 0,05), tandis qu'aucune fluctuation n'a pu \u00eatre mise en \u00e9vidence entre ann\u00e9es (P > 0,05). Pour tous les peuplements, on enregistre un pic de biomasse de radicelles au d\u00e9but du printemps (mars), les valeurs minimum intervenant au cours d'\u00e9t\u00e9s secs ou d'hivers froids. Pour le NF, 59,8 % de la biomasse de radicelles se situe dans la zone superficielle du sol (0-10 cm) o\u00f9 les diff\u00e9rences de biomasse de radicelles entre peuplements sont les plus marqu\u00e9es, les valeurs pour NF \u00e9tant respectivement 2,37 fois, 3,55 fois, 8,12 fois et 17,12 fois plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es que celles de CK, FH, CF, et OX. Les pourcentages de la biomasse d'origine, perdue pendant la premi\u00e8re ann\u00e9e de d\u00e9composition, vont de 43 % \u00e0 56 % pour FH, de 68 \u00e0 80 % pour NF. Les moyennes annuelles de d\u00e9composition, mortalit\u00e9 et production des racines s'\u00e9tagent entre 8,47 Mg ha-1 a-1, 8,63\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha-1\u00a0a-1 et 9,5 Mg ha-1 a-1 dans le NF \u00e0 2,50, 2,49 et 2,51 Mg ha-1 a-1 pour le CF, avec par ordre d\u00e9croissant, NF > CK > FH > OX > CF. Le taux de turnover de racines va de 1,48 a-1 pour FH \u00e0 1,78 a-1 pour NF.", "keywords": ["monoculture plantation<br>---<br>radicelle", "0106 biological sciences", "root distribution", "seasonal pattern", "root mortality", "fine root", "01 natural sciences", "root turnover", "for\u00eat naturelle", "turnover racinaire", "mortalit\u00e9 racinaire", "plantation en monoculture", "distribution", "r\u00e9partition des racines", "580", "2. Zero hunger", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "production racinaire", "15. Life on land", "root", "natural forest", "monoculture plantation", "variation saisonni\u00e8re", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "root production"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Yang, YS\uff08Dept. of Geography Science, Fujian Normal University\uff09, Chen, GS\uff08Dept. of Geography Science, Fujian Normal University\uff09, Lin, P, Xie, JS\uff08Dept. of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University\uff09, Guo, JF\uff08Dept. of Geography Science, Fujian Normal University\uff09,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2004062"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annals%20of%20Forest%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1051/forest:2004062", "name": "item", "description": "10.1051/forest:2004062", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1051/forest:2004062"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1051/forest:2005073", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-11-08", "title": "Conversion Of A Natural Broad-Leafed Evergreen Forest Into Pure Plantation Forests In A Subtropical Area: Effects On Carbon Storage", "description": "Open AccessConversion d'une for\u00eat naturelle feuillue en plantations foresti\u00e8res pures en zone subtropicale\u00a0: effets sur le stockage de carbone. Dans les derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cades, dans beaucoup de zones de la Chine du Sud, des for\u00eats feuillues naturelles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9es en plantations plus productives en bois. Cet article pr\u00e9sente une \u00e9tude de cas examinant comment cette conversion foresti\u00e8re affecte le stockage de carbone dans l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me. L'\u00e9tude compare des plantations \u00e2g\u00e9es de 33 ans de deux conif\u00e8res, Cunninghamia lanceolata (CF) et Fokienia hodginsii (FH) et deux feuillus, Ormosia xylocarpa (OX) et Castanopsis kawakamii (CK) avec une for\u00eat naturelle relictuelle adjacente de Castanopsis kawakamii (NF), \u00e2g\u00e9e d'environ 150 ans, \u00e0 Sanming, Fujian en Chine. Une estimation g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des pools totaux de carbone permet de les classer depuis un maximum 399.1 Mg ha-1 pour NF jusqu'\u00e0 un minimum de 210.6 Mg ha-1 pour FH. Le pool de carbone des arbres \u00e9tait maximum pour NF o\u00f9 il contribue pour 64 % dans le pool total de carbone de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me, alors que OX pr\u00e9sente la contribution des arbres la plus faible, seulement 49 % Des diff\u00e9rences ont aussi \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9es pour les pools de carbone du sous-bois, de la couverture du sol et des bois morts sur pied, mais ensemble ces pools repr\u00e9sentent au maximum 5 % du stock total de carbone de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me. Le stockage de C dans les 100 cm de sol variait de 123.9 Mg-1 pour NF \u00e0 102.3 Mg ha-1 pour FH. Les diff\u00e9rences significatives (P < 0,01) dans les concentrations en SOC (carbone organique du sol) et en stockage, entre for\u00eat naturelle et plantations, \u00e9taient limit\u00e9es \u00e0 la surface du sol (0-10 cm et 10-20\u00a0cm), tandis qu'il n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9 de diff\u00e9rences significatives parmi les plantations quelle que soit la profondeur de sol (P > 0,05). La chute annuelle de liti\u00e8re au-dessus du sol variait de 4.51 Mg ha-1 pour CK 0 2.15 mg ha-1 pour CF. La liti\u00e8re annuelle souterraine (mortalit\u00e9 racinaire) variait de 4.35 Mg ha-1 pour NF 0 1.25 mg ha-1 pour CF. Lorsque\u00a0NF a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 en plantations, le pool de carbone de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation (arbres + sous-bois) a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9duit de 27 % \u00e0 59 % et le pool de carbone de d\u00e9tritus (couverture du sol, arbres morts sur pied, et sols) a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9duit de 20 \u00e0 25\u00a0% respectivement. Ces diff\u00e9rentes entre NF et les plantations peuvent \u00eatre attribu\u00e9es \u00e0 une combinaison de facteurs comprenant davantage de communaut\u00e9s d'esp\u00e8ces, davantage de types de stockage, une quantit\u00e9 plus grande et une meilleure qualit\u00e9 des liti\u00e8res a\u00e9riennes et souterraines pour NF que pour les plantations et aux perturbations des terrains au moment de la mise en place des plantations.", "keywords": ["for\u00eat naturelle", "monoculture en plantation", "carbon input", "carbon storage", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "15. Life on land", "natural forest", "apport de carbone", "monoculture plantation<br>---<br>stockage de carbone"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Chen, Guang-Shui, Yang, Yu-Sheng, Xie, Jin-Sheng, Guo, Jian-Fen, Gao, Ren, Qian, Wei,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2005073"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annals%20of%20Forest%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1051/forest:2005073", "name": "item", "description": "10.1051/forest:2005073", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1051/forest:2005073"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1093/treephys/15.5.295", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:18:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-11-20", "title": "Effects Of Thinning On Soil And Tree Water Relations, Transpiration And Growth In An Oak Forest (Quercus-Petraea (Matt) Liebl)", "description": "To quantify the effects of crown thinning on the water balance and growth of the stand and to analyze the ecophysiological modifications induced by canopy opening on individual tree water relations, we conducted a thinning experiment in a 43-year-old Quercus petraea stand by removing trees from the upper canopy level. Soil water content, rainfall interception, sap flow, leaf water potential and stomatal conductance were monitored for two seasons following thinning. Seasonal time courses of leaf area index (LAI) and girth increment were also measured. Predawn leaf water potential was significantly higher in trees in the thinned stand than in the closed stand, as a consequence of higher relative extractable water in the soil. The improvement in water availability in the thinned stand resulted from decreases in both interception and transpiration. From Year 1 to Year 2, an increase in transpiration was observed in the thinned stand without any modification in LAI, whereas changes in transpiration in the closed stand were accompanied by variations in LAI. The different behaviors of the closed and open canopies were interpreted in terms of coupling to the atmosphere. Thinning increased inter-tree variability in sap flow density, which was closely related to a leaf area competition index. Stomatal conductance varied little inside the crown and differences in stomatal conductance between the treatments appeared only during a water shortage and affected mainly the closed stand. Thinning enhanced tree growth as a result of a longer growing period due to the absence of summer drought and higher rates of growth. Suppressed and dominant trees benefited more from thinning than trees in the codominant classes.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "[SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", "forestry", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "CHENE", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Br\u00e9da, Nathalie, Granier, A., Aussenac, Gilbert,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/15.5.295"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Tree%20Physiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1093/treephys/15.5.295", "name": "item", "description": "10.1093/treephys/15.5.295", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1093/treephys/15.5.295"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1995-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1093/treephys/21.2-3.163", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:18:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-01-20", "title": "Interactive Effects Of Elevated Co2 Concentration And Nitrogen Supply On Partitioning Of Newly Fixed 13c And 15n Between Shoot And Roots Of Pedunculate Oak Seedlings (Quercus Robur)", "description": "Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) seedlings were grown for 3 or 4 months (second- and third-flush stages) in greenhouses at two atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) (350 or 700 micromol mol(-1)) and two nitrogen fertilization regimes (6.1 or 0.61 mmol N l(-1) nutrient solution). Combined effects of [CO2] and nitrogen fertilization on partitioning of newly acquired carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) were assessed by dual 13C and 15N short-term labeling of seedlings at the second- or third-flush stage of development. In the low-N treatment, root growth, but not shoot growth, was stimulated by elevated [CO2], with the result that shoot/root biomass ratio declined. At the second-flush stage, overall seedling biomass growth was increased (13%) by elevated [CO2] regardless of N fertilization. At the third-flush stage, elevated [CO2] increased growth sharply (139%) in the high-N but not the low-N treatment. Root/shoot biomass ratios were threefold higher in the low-N treatment relative to the high-N treatment. At the second-flush stage, leaf area was 45-51% greater in the high-N treatment than in the low-N treatment. At the-third flush stage, there was a positive interaction between the effects of N fertilization and [CO2] on leaf area, which was 93% greater in the high-N/elevated [CO2] treatment than in the low-N/ambient [CO2] treatment. Specific leaf area was reduced (17-25%) by elevated [CO2], whereas C and N concentrations of seedlings increased significantly in response to either elevated [CO2] or high-N fertilization. At the third-flush stage, acquisition of C and N per unit dry mass of leaf and fine root was 51 and 77% greater, respectively, in the elevated [CO2]/high-N fertilization treatment than in the ambient [CO2]/low-N fertilization treatment. However, there was dilution of leaf N in response to elevated [CO2]. Partitioning of newly acquired C and N between shoot and roots was altered by N fertilization but not [CO2]. More newly acquired C and N were partitioned to roots in the low-N treatment than in the high-N treatment.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Carbon Isotopes", "[SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", "Nitrogen Isotopes", "Nitrogen", "forestry", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Trees", "CHENE PEDONCULE", "Quercus", "Soil", "Biomass", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "Plant Shoots"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/21.2-3.163"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Tree%20Physiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1093/treephys/21.2-3.163", "name": "item", "description": "10.1093/treephys/21.2-3.163", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1093/treephys/21.2-3.163"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1139/x99-079", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:18:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-07-27", "title": "Nitrogen And Phosphorus Cycling Following Prescribed Burning In Natural And Managed Aleppo Pine Forests", "description": "<p> Two prescribed burnings (downhill and uphill fires) were conducted in two stands of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.): a natural stand and a managed stand that was subject to thinning, pruning, and shrub removal. The concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the pine needles and regrowth of the main shrub species, Quercus coccifera L., and the quantities of N and P in the needle fall and in the forest floor were measured during the 6 months following the fires. The concentrations of N and P in the pine needles and leaves of Q. coccifera increased compared with the unburned control after both fires in the natural stand, where there was only a slight reduction in fuel during prescribed burnings and where there was an abundant fall of scorched needles. In contrast, the chemical composition of the foliage was unchanged after the fires in the managed stand, where there was a greater reduction in fuel, and where only small quantities of scorched needles fell. This study showed that first opening prescribed burnings (natural stand) were less severe in terms of nutrient balance than maintenance prescribed burnings (managed stand) and that the forest floor reduction was a good indicator of fire severity. </p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "[SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", "forestry", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "PIN D'ALEP"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gillon, D., Houssard, C., Valette, J.C., Rigolot, Eric,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1139/x99-079"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Canadian%20Journal%20of%20Forest%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1139/x99-079", "name": "item", "description": "10.1139/x99-079", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1139/x99-079"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14859296", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:22:07Z", "type": "Other", "title": "D\u00e9couvrir l'adaptation de la structure racinaire des arbres dans les syst\u00e8mes agroforestiers suisses \u00e0 l'aide d'un g\u00e9oradar", "description": "Les arbres s'enracinent plus profond\u00e9ment en agroforesterie : le volume potentiel d'absorption d'eau et de nutriments en est augment\u00e9, ce qui peut renforcer la r\u00e9silience des syst\u00e8mes de production combin\u00e9s.", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA.AGRO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Hugenschmidt, Johannes, Kay, Sonja, Delahaie, Amicie,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14859296"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14859296", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14859296", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14859296"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "20.500.12123/10635", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:24:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-05-18", "title": "Landholders' perceptions on legal reserves and agricultural intensification: Diversity and implications for forest conservation in the eastern Brazilian Amazon", "description": "Open AccessLa protecci\u00f3n de los bosques en tierras de propiedad privada es una piedra angular del marco de la pol\u00edtica ambiental brasile\u00f1a. La legislaci\u00f3n brasile\u00f1a exige que todas las fincas del pa\u00eds mantengan y protejan las \u00e1reas forestales conocidas como Reservas Legales. Dado que las Reservas Legales tienen importantes implicaciones para la protecci\u00f3n de los bosques y la producci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola, es clave que entendamos las percepciones de los propietarios de tierras hacia las Reservas Legales. Aplicamos la metodolog\u00eda Q para identificar diferentes perspectivas de los propietarios medianos y grandes sobre las Reservas Legales y su relaci\u00f3n con la intensificaci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola en el municipio de Paragominas, en la Amazon\u00eda oriental. Realizamos 31 entrevistas en las que los propietarios ordenaron 36 declaraciones en una matriz de distribuci\u00f3n casi normal. Se identificaron tres grupos de propietarios de tierras: 1) los entusiastas de la planificaci\u00f3n del uso de la tierra (n = 16) estaban interesados en iniciativas de zonificaci\u00f3n para explorar dise\u00f1os de paisajes alternativos y legislaci\u00f3n que puedan ofrecer mejores resultados de conservaci\u00f3n y producci\u00f3n; 2) los partidarios de la agricultura basada en agroqu\u00edmicos (n = 7) ten\u00edan los puntos de vista m\u00e1s cr\u00edticos contra las Reservas Legales y percib\u00edan sus costos como m\u00e1s altos que los posibles beneficios ambientales y de calidad de vida; 3) los respondedores del mercado complacientes con las pol\u00edticas (n = 4) no mostraron inter\u00e9s en las reformas de las Reservas Legales y fueron el grupo m\u00e1s impulsado por el mercado. Si bien Paragominas ha logrado \u00e9xitos notables en detener la deforestaci\u00f3n a gran escala a trav\u00e9s de un pacto social de 'Municipio Verde', abordar la persistente degradaci\u00f3n y fragmentaci\u00f3n de los bosques en la regi\u00f3n sigue siendo una prioridad clave. Las iniciativas de gobernanza local que tienen en cuenta las percepciones de m\u00faltiples partes interesadas sobre la protecci\u00f3n de los bosques pueden fomentar el di\u00e1logo y el entendimiento mutuo para conservar y restaurar eficazmente las Reservas Legales. Los conocimientos sobre las percepciones de los grandes terratenientes sobre las Reservas Legales pueden informar dichos procesos de gobernanza para conciliar la protecci\u00f3n forestal y la intensificaci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola sostenible en Paragominas.", "keywords": ["Amazonas (Brasil)", "Economics", "FOS: Political science", "SAO-FELIX", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16141", "Social Sciences", "NEEDS", "01 natural sciences", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Reservas Forestales", "Natural resource economics", "conservation des for\u00eats", "FRONTIER", "K01 - Foresterie - Consid\u00e9rations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales", "Stakeholder", "11. Sustainability", "Business", "Environmental resource management", "intensification", "Political science", "Legal Reserve", "Environmental planning", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Forest Reserves", "Corporate governance", "Geography", "Ecology", "[SDV.SA.AEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture", " economy and politics", "Forest protection", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "Amazonas (Brazil)", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Brazilian Amazon", "LAND CONFLICT", "STATE", "Land Tenure and Property Rights in Agriculture", "Management", "Programming language", "E11 - \u00c9conomie et politique fonci\u00e8res", "Economics", " Econometrics and Finance", "Archaeology", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4184", "Physical Sciences", "d\u00e9boisement", "Biodiversity Conservation", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "Forest Protection", "Forest conservation", "Economics and Econometrics", "propri\u00e9taire foncier", "Conservaci\u00f3n de la Diversidad Biol\u00f3gica", "Amazon rainforest", "Legislation", "Discrete Choice Models in Economics and Health Care", "Soil Science", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_15590", "FOS: Law", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_331593", "12. Responsible consumption", "Farmer perceptions", "SYSTEMS", "politique de l'environnement", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1374158672853", "K70 - D\u00e9g\u00e2ts caus\u00e9s aux for\u00eats et leur protection", "Agroforestry", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2597", "Biology", "Legal Pluralism", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Protecci\u00f3n Forestal", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_28136", "Agricultural intensification", "15. Life on land", "Computer science", "Q methodology", "Deforestation (computer science)", "13. 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