{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.118", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:17:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-09-23", "title": "Biofuel Economics In A Setting Of Multiple Objectives And Unintended Consequences", "description": "This paper examines biofuels from an economic perspective and evaluates the merits of promoting biofuel production in the context of the policies\u2019 multiple objectives, life-cycle implications, pecuniary externalities, and other unintended consequences. The policy goals most often cited are to reduce fossil fuel use and to lower greenhouse gas emissions. But the presence of multiple objectives and various indirect effects complicates normative evaluation. To address some of these complicating factors, we look at several combinations of policy alternatives that achieve the same set of incremental gains along the two primary targeted policy dimensions, making it possible to compare the costs and cost-effectiveness of each combination of policies. For example, when this approach is applied to U.S.-produced biofuels, they are found to be 14 to 31 times as costly as alternatives like raising the gas tax or promoting energy efficiency improvements. The analysis also finds the scale of the potential contributions of biofuels to be extremely small in both the U.S. and EU. Mandated U.S. corn ethanol production for 2025 reduces U.S. petroleum input use by 1.75%, and would have negligible net effects on CO2 emissions; and although EU imports of Brazilian ethanol may look better given the high costs of other alternatives, this option is equivalent, at most, to a 1.20% reduction in EU gasoline consumption.", "keywords": ["Q42", "Q54", "Ethanol", "ddc:330", "Q48", "Indirect Land Use Change Effects", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy", "Biofuel", " Biodiesel", " Cost-Effectiveness", " Indirect Land Use Change Effects", " Net Energy", " Multiple Objectives", " Ethanol", " Ghg", "12. Responsible consumption", "Biofuel", "Net Energy", "13. Climate action", "jel:Q54", "jel:Q42", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "jel:Q48", "Ghg", "Biodiesel", "Cost-Effectiveness", "Multiple Objectives"], "contacts": [{"organization": "William K. Jaeger, Thorsten M. Egelkraut, Thorsten M. Egelkraut,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.feem.it/userfiles/attach/201151994124NDL2011-037.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.118"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Renewable%20and%20Sustainable%20Energy%20Reviews", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.118", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.118", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.118"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:15:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-02-16", "title": "Energy And Greenhouse Gas Balances Of Cassava-Based Ethanol", "description": "Abstract   Biofuel production has been promoted to save fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, there have been concerns about the potential of biofuel to improve energy efficiency and mitigate climate change. This paper investigates energy efficiency and GHG emission saving of cassava-based ethanol as energy for transportation. Energy and GHG balances are calculated for a functional unit of 1\u00a0km of road transportation using life-cycle assessment and considering effects of land use change (LUC). Based on a case study in Vietnam, the results show that the energy input for and GHG emissions from ethanol production are 0.93\u00a0MJ and 34.95\u00a0g carbon dioxide equivalent per megajoule of ethanol respectively. The use of E5 and E10 as a substitute for gasoline results in energy savings, provided that their fuel consumption in terms of liter per kilometer of transportation is not exceeding the consumption of gasoline per kilometer by more than 2.4% and 4.5% respectively. It will reduce GHG emissions, provided that the fuel consumption of E5 and E10 is not exceeding the consumption of gasoline per kilometer by more than 3.8% and 7.8% respectively. The quantitative effects depend on the efficiency in production and on the fuel efficiency of E5 and E10. The variations in results of energy input and GHG emissions in the ethanol production among studies are due to differences in coverage of effects of LUC, CO 2  photosynthesis of cassava, yields of cassava, energy efficiency in farming, and by-product analyses.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "bio-ethanol", "emissions", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "fuel ethanol", "12. Responsible consumption", "thailand", "13. Climate action", "cost", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "china", "performance", "policy"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biomass%20and%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1021/es303829w", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:17:52Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-12-21", "title": "Can Dispersed Biomass Processing Protect The Environment And Cover The Bottom Line For Biofuel?", "description": "This paper compares environmental and profitability outcomes for a centralized biorefinery for cellulosic ethanol that does all processing versus a biorefinery linked to a decentralized array of local depots that pretreat biomass into concentrated briquettes. The analysis uses a spatial bioeconomic model that maximizes profit from crop and energy products, subject to the requirement that the biorefinery must be operated at full capacity. The model draws upon biophysical crop input-output coefficients simulated with the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model as well as market input and output prices, spatial transportation costs, ethanol yields from biomass, and biorefinery capital and operational costs. The model was applied to 82 cropping systems simulated across 37 subwatersheds in a 9-county region of southern Michigan in response to ethanol prices simulated to rise from $1.78 to $3.36 per gallon. Results show that the decentralized local biomass processing depots lead to lower profitability but better environmental performance, due to more reliance on perennial grasses than the centralized biorefinery. Simulated technological improvement that reduces the processing cost and increases the ethanol yield of switchgrass by 17% could cause a shift to more processing of switchgrass, with increased profitability and environmental benefits.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Michigan", "Ethanol", "Biomass production", " bioenergy supply", " cellulosic ethanol", " environmental trade-off analysis", " bioeconomic modeling", " EPIC", " spatial configuration", " local biomass processing", " Crop Production/Industries", " Environmental Economics and Policy", " Production Economics", " Resource /Energy Economics and Policy", " Q16", " Q15", " Q57", " Q18", "", "02 engineering and technology", "Environment", "Models", " Theoretical", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "Costs and Cost Analysis", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Computer Simulation", "Biomass"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Egbendewe-Mondzozo, Aklesso, Swinton, Scott M., Bals, Bryan D., Dale, Bruce E.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/es303829w"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1021/es303829w", "name": "item", "description": "10.1021/es303829w", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1021/es303829w"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01103.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:19:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-04-07", "title": "The Production-Ecological Sustainability Of Cassava, Sugarcane And Sweet Sorghum Cultivation For Bioethanol In Mozambique", "description": "Abstract<p>We present an approach for providing quantitative insight into the production\uffe2\uff80\uff90ecological sustainability of biofuel feedstock production systems. The approach is based on a simple crop\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil model and was used for assessing feedstock from current and improved production systems of cassava for bioethanol. Assessments were performed for a study area in Mozambique, a country considered promising for biomass production. Our focus is on the potential role of smallholders in the production of feedstock for biofuels. We take cassava as the crop for this purpose and compare it with feedstock production on plantations using sugarcane, sweet sorghum and cassava as benchmarks. Production\uffe2\uff80\uff90ecological sustainability was defined by seven indicators related to resource\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency, soil quality, net energy production and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Results indicate that of the assessed systems, sugarcane performed better than cassava, although it requires substantial water for irrigation. Targeted use of nutrient inputs improved sustainability of smallholder cassava. Cassava production systems on more fertile soils were more sustainable than those on less fertile soils; the latter required more external inputs for achieving the same output, affecting most indicators negatively and reducing the feasibility for smallholders. Cassava and sweet sorghum performed similarly. Cassava production requires much more labour per hectare than production of sugarcane or sweet sorghum. Production of bioethanol feedstock on cultivated lands was more sustainable and had potential for carbon sequestration, avoiding GHG emissions from clearing natural vegetation if new land is opened.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "term crop response", "nitrogen", "12. Responsible consumption", "fuel ethanol", "residues", "13. Climate action", "fertilizer phosphorus", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "organic-matter", "soils", "zimbabwe", "management", "energy"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01103.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01103.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01103.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01103.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-04-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1557/adv.2017.45", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:20:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-01-24", "title": "Some Recent Findings On Marble Conservation By Aqueous Solutions Of Diammonium Hydrogen Phosphate", "description": "Given the lack of satisfying treatments for consolidating marble affected by thermally induced grain detachment (the so-called 'sugaring'), the use of aqueous solutions of diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) has recently been proposed. The idea is to form a new binding mineral (hydroxyapatite, HAP) as the reaction product between the DAP solution and the calcitic substrate. In this study, we investigated the effects of adding small quantities of ethanol (EtOH) to the DAP solution, with the aim of favoring HAP formation. The results of the study indicate that, when a 0.1 M DAP and 0.1 mM CaCl2 solution in 10 vol% EtOH is used, complete coverage of marble surface with a crack-free coating with reduced porosity is achieved (whereas no coating is formed without EtOH addition). This is thought to be a consequence of the weakening of hydration shells of phosphate ions in the DAP solution, thanks to the presence of ethanol molecules. When used to restore mechanical properties of weathered marble, the treatment with 10 vol% EtOH was found to significantly improve the dynamic elastic modulus after a single application and to completely restore it after a second application.", "keywords": ["02 engineering and technology", "ING-IND/22 Scienza e tecnologia dei materiali", "0210 nano-technology", "Marble; Hydroxyapatite; Ethanol; Alcohol; Microstructure; Consolidation; Protection", "adhesion; coating; ethanol; Mechanical Engineering; Mechanics of Materials; Materials Science (all); Condensed Matter Physics"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/628342/5/MRS2016_Copertina.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.45"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/MRS%20Advances", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1557/adv.2017.45", "name": "item", "description": "10.1557/adv.2017.45", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1557/adv.2017.45"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.6092/unibo/amsacta/5710", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:25:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Consolidation of sugaring marble by hydroxyapatite: some recent developments on producing and treating decayed samples", "description": "Consolidation of sugaring marble (i.e., marble affected by granular disaggregation) still lacks fully effective solutions. Consequently, the use of an innovative phosphate-based treatment, aimed at bonding calcite grains by formation of hydroxyapatite at grain boundaries, has recently been proposed. In this paper, firstly a novel method for producing artificially decayed marble samples, by contact with a heating plate, is proposed. Then, some results are presented about the effectiveness and the compatibility of two different formulations of the phosphate treatment, differing in terms of concentration of the phosphate precursor (3.0 M or 0.1 M aqueous solutions of diammonium hydrogen phosphate, DAP), possible ethanol addition to the DAP solution and number of DAP solution applications (1 or 2). The results of the study point out that the new weathering method allows to obtain specimens with a gradient in microstructural and mechanical properties with thickness, just like naturally weathered samples. Both phosphate treatments were able to significantly improve marble cohesion, without causing significant changes in thermal behaviour and aesthetic appearance after treatment. The addition of small quantities of ethanol to the DAP solution seems to be a very promising method for favouring HAP formation and improving the treatment performance.", "keywords": ["0103 physical sciences", "Grain loss; Thermal ageing; Thermal diffusivity; Calcium phosphates; Ethanol", "02 engineering and technology", "ING-IND/22 Scienza e tecnologia dei materiali", "0210 nano-technology", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "SASSONI, ENRICO, GRAZIANI, GABRIELA, FRANZONI, ELISA, Scherer G. W.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/563444/1/Sassoni%20et%20al%20%282016%29%20Some%20Developments%20on%20HAP.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.6092/unibo/amsacta/5710"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20and%20Art%3A%20A%20Future%20for%20Stone%3A%20Proceedings%20of%20the%2013th%20International%20Congress%20on%20the%20Deterioration%20and%20Conservation%20of%20Stone", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.6092/unibo/amsacta/5710", "name": "item", "description": "10.6092/unibo/amsacta/5710", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.6092/unibo/amsacta/5710"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=+Ethanol&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=+Ethanol&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=+Ethanol&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=+Ethanol&offset=6", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 6, "numberReturned": 6, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-15T00:14:10.791607Z"}