{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-11-18", "title": "Responses Of Soil Microbial Biomass And N Availability To Transition Strategies From Conventional To Organic Farming Systems", "description": "Abstract Organic farming can enhance soil biodiversity, alleviate environmental concerns and improve food safety through eliminating the applications of synthetic chemicals. However, yield reduction due to nutrient limitation and pest incidence in the early stages of transition from conventional to organic systems is a major concern for organic farmers, and is thus a barrier to implementing the practice of organic farming. Therefore, identifying transition strategies that minimize yield loss is critical for facilitating the implementation of organic practices. Soil microorganisms play a dominant role in nutrient cycling and pest control in organic farming systems, and their responses to changes in soil management practices may critically impact crop growth and yield. Here we examined soil microbial biomass and N supply in response to several strategies for transitioning from conventional to organic farming systems in a long-term field experiment in Goldsboro, NC, USA. The transitional strategies included one fully organic strategy (ORG) and four reduced-input strategies (withdrawal of each or gradual reduction of major conventional inputs\u2014synthetic fertilizers, pesticides (insecticides/fungicides), and herbicides), with a conventional practice (CNV) serving as a control. Microbial biomass and respiration rate were more sensitive to changes in soil management practices than total C and N. In the first 2 years, the ORG was most effective in enhancing soil microbial biomass C and N among the transition strategies, but was accompanied with high yield losses. By the third year, soil microbial biomass C and N in the reduced-input transition strategies were statistically significantly greater than those in the CNV (averaging 32 and 35% higher, respectively), although they were slightly lower than those in the ORG (averaging 13 and 17% lower, respectively). Soil microbial respiration rate and net N mineralization in all transitional systems were statistically significantly higher than those in the CNV (averagely 83 and 66% greater, respectively), with no differences among the various transition strategies. These findings suggest that the transitional strategies that partially or gradually reduce conventional inputs can serve as alternatives that could potentially minimize economic hardships as well as benefit microbial growth during the early stages of transition to organic farming systems.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.013", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.01.004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-03-01", "title": "Changes In Intrasystem N Cycling From N-2-Fixing Shrub Encroachment In Grassland: Multiple Positive Feedbacks", "description": "Nitrogen-fixing species can increase both the availability and cycling of nitrogen (N) in ecosystems. Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) is an exotic woody shrub associated with N2-fixing actinomycetes that forms dense patches in disturbed landscapes (i.e., riparian zones adjacent to crop systems, old fields and agricultural grasslands) throughout the midwestern United States. We used paired plots dominated by either E. umbellata or C3 grassland to test whether the shrub encroachment altered pools and fluxes of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) in the soil. Annual mean of NO3\u2010N concentrations in soil water collected from porous cup tension lysimeters every 2 weeks for 1 year was 20 times higher in soil beneath E. umbellata compared to grassland vegetation. Temporal variation in NO3\u2010N leaching occurred in the shrubencroached plots, with more nitrate leaching in the dormant season relative to the growing season. Potential net N mineralization, nitrification rates, and extractable N in the surface 10 cm of soil were also higher below E. umbellata. Following establishment of N2-fixing shrub patches for 7\u201013 years, the soil C:N ratio showed a declining trend due to lower total soil C rather than an increase in N. Labile carbon pools (i.e., microbial biomass C (MBC) and soil respiration rates) were lower in surface soil below E. umbellata, which demonstrated an additional positive feedback between encroachment of E. umbellata and N export. Less demand for mineralized N due to associated N2 fixation, coupled with higher rates of nitrification and lower microbial demand for N collectively contributed to higher export of N below the E. umbellata patched relative to the grassland system. Thus, areas invaded by this exotic N2-fixing species may function as N sources rather than the N conserving systems typically expected early successional communities following agricultural abandonment. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.01.004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.01.004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.01.004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2006.01.004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3168726210", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:27:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-07-13", "title": "A talaj elektromos vezet\u0151k\u00e9pess\u00e9ge \u00e9s a term\u0151helyi z\u00f3n\u00e1k talajtulajdons\u00e1gai k\u00f6z\u00f6tti \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sek", "description": "

Vizsg\uffc3\uffa1latunk c\uffc3\uffa9lja az volt, hogy egy Somogyban elhelyezked\uffc5\uff91, dombvid\uffc3\uffa9ki mintater\uffc3\uffbclet sz\uffc3\uffa1nt\uffc3\uffb3in elemezz\uffc3\uffbck a m\uffc3\uffa9rt talaj-vezet\uffc5\uff91k\uffc3\uffa9pess\uffc3\uffa9g (EC) \uffc3\uffa9rt\uffc3\uffa9kek \uffc3\uffa9s lehat\uffc3\uffa1rolt term\uffc5\uff91helyi (m\uffc5\uffb1vel\uffc3\uffa9si) z\uffc3\uffb3n\uffc3\uffa1k talajtulajdons\uffc3\uffa1gai k\uffc3\uffb6z\uffc3\uffb6tti \uffc3\uffb6sszef\uffc3\uffbcgg\uffc3\uffa9seket. A vizsg\uffc3\uffa1lt sz\uffc3\uffa1nt\uffc3\uffb3ter\uffc3\uffbcletek l\uffc3\uffb6sz\uffc3\uffb6n kialakult, t\uffc3\uffadpusos Ramann-f\uffc3\uffa9le barna erd\uffc5\uff91talajon \uffc3\uffa9s karbon\uffc3\uffa1tos csernozjom barna erd\uffc5\uff91talajon helyezkednek el. Feltalajuk d\uffc3\uffb6nt\uffc5\uff91en v\uffc3\uffa1lyog \uffc3\uffa9s agyagos v\uffc3\uffa1lyog fizikai f\uffc3\uffa9les\uffc3\uffa9g\uffc5\uffb1. A talaj vezet\uffc5\uff91k\uffc3\uffa9pess\uffc3\uffa9g\uffc3\uffa9t 50 \uffc3\uffa9s 100 cm-es talajm\uffc3\uffa9lys\uffc3\uffa9gben m\uffc3\uffa9rt\uffc3\uffbck.

A mintater\uffc3\uffbclet talajadatait t\uffc3\uffa9rinformatikai \uffc3\uffa1llom\uffc3\uffa1nyba foglaltuk, az adatok rendez\uffc3\uffa9s\uffc3\uffa9t \uffc3\uffa9s azok \uffc3\uffb6sszekapcsol\uffc3\uffa1s\uffc3\uffa1t az ESRI ArcGIS 10.0 programmal v\uffc3\uffa9gezt\uffc3\uffbck el. A t\uffc3\uffa1bl\uffc3\uffa1k heterogenit\uffc3\uffa1s\uffc3\uffa1t mutat\uffc3\uffb3 laborat\uffc3\uffb3riumi talajvizsg\uffc3\uffa1latok eredm\uffc3\uffa9nyeit a m\uffc3\uffa9rt EC \uffc3\uffa9rt\uffc3\uffa9kekkel \uffc3\uffb6sszevetett\uffc3\uffbck, amelyhez az IBM SPSS Statistics 20 szoftver seg\uffc3\uffadts\uffc3\uffa9g\uffc3\uffa9vel stepwise-t\uffc3\uffadpus\uffc3\uffba line\uffc3\uffa1ris regresszi\uffc3\uffb3t alkalmaztunk. A regresszi\uffc3\uffb3kat a talajvizsg\uffc3\uffa1latok csoportos\uffc3\uffadt\uffc3\uffa1s\uffc3\uffa1val megegyez\uffc5\uff91en: alap (\uffe2\uff80\uff9ea\uffe2\uff80\uff9d eset), b\uffc5\uff91v\uffc3\uffadtett (\uffe2\uff80\uff9eb\uffe2\uff80\uff9d eset) \uffc3\uffa9s teljesk\uffc3\uffb6r\uffc5\uffb1 (\uffe2\uff80\uff9ec\uffe2\uff80\uff9deset) alapj\uffc3\uffa1n futtattuk le. A sz\uffc3\uffa1m\uffc3\uffadt\uffc3\uffa1sokn\uffc3\uffa1l az \uffe2\uff80\uff9ea\uffe2\uff80\uff9d eset a talajtulajdons\uffc3\uffa1gokat meghat\uffc3\uffa1roz\uffc3\uffb3 fontosabb talajparam\uffc3\uffa9terek (k\uffc3\uffb6t\uffc3\uffb6tts\uffc3\uffa9g, humusz- \uffc3\uffa9s m\uffc3\uffa9sztartalom, k\uffc3\uffa9mhat\uffc3\uffa1s), a \uffe2\uff80\uff9eb\uffe2\uff80\uff9d eset az alap talajparam\uffc3\uffa9tereket \uffc3\uffa9s a makro t\uffc3\uffa1panyagok (NPK ell\uffc3\uffa1totts\uffc3\uffa1got), valamint a \uffe2\uff80\uff9ec\uffe2\uff80\uff9d eset az el\uffc5\uff91z\uffc5\uff91 kett\uffc5\uff91t \uffc3\uffa9s mikro t\uffc3\uffa1panyagok (Mg2+, Na+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, SO42\uffe2\uff80\uff93, Fe2+ + Fe3+) k\uffc3\uffb6r\uffc3\uffa9t jelenti.

A k\uffc3\uffbcl\uffc3\uffb6nb\uffc3\uffb6z\uffc5\uff91 csoportos\uffc3\uffadt\uffc3\uffa1sban elv\uffc3\uffa9gzett elemz\uffc3\uffa9sek sor\uffc3\uffa1n arra voltunk k\uffc3\uffadv\uffc3\uffa1ncsiak, hogy a vizsg\uffc3\uffa1lati talajparam\uffc3\uffa9terek k\uffc3\uffb6r\uffc3\uffa9nek v\uffc3\uffa1ltoztat\uffc3\uffa1s\uffc3\uffa1val szorosabb kapcsolatokat tal\uffc3\uffa1lunk-e a m\uffc3\uffa9rt \uffc3\uffa1tlagos EC \uffc3\uffa9rt\uffc3\uffa9kek \uffc3\uffa9s a talajtulajdons\uffc3\uffa1gok k\uffc3\uffb6z\uffc3\uffb6tt. Az eredm\uffc3\uffa9nyeink \uffc3\uffa1ltal kaphatunk-e olyan kell\uffc5\uff91 pontoss\uffc3\uffa1g\uffc3\uffba \uffc3\uffa9s megb\uffc3\uffadzhat\uffc3\uffb3s\uffc3\uffa1g\uffc3\uffba becsl\uffc5\uff91modellt, amely a talajok t\uffc3\uffa9rbeli heterogenit\uffc3\uffa1s\uffc3\uffa1t megmutatja az EC \uffc3\uffa9rt\uffc3\uffa9kek alapj\uffc3\uffa1n, \uffc3\uffadgy a m\uffc3\uffb3dszer nagyban meggyors\uffc3\uffadthatja \uffc3\uffa9s leegyszer\uffc5\uffb1s\uffc3\uffadtheti a \uffe2\uff80\uff9ehagyom\uffc3\uffa1nyos\uffe2\uff80\uff9d talajvizsg\uffc3\uffa1latokhoz k\uffc3\uffa9pest a term\uffc5\uff91helyi z\uffc3\uffb3n\uffc3\uffa1k elk\uffc3\uffbcl\uffc3\uffb6n\uffc3\uffadt\uffc3\uffa9s\uffc3\uffa9t.

A vizsg\uffc3\uffa1lati eredm\uffc3\uffa9nyeink alapj\uffc3\uffa1n elmondhat\uffc3\uffb3, hogy mindh\uffc3\uffa1rom regresszi\uffc3\uffb3s csoportos\uffc3\uffadt\uffc3\uffa1s eset\uffc3\uffa9n a tengerszint feletti magass\uffc3\uffa1g cs\uffc3\uffb6kken\uffc3\uffa9s\uffc3\uffa9vel ar\uffc3\uffa1nyosan n\uffc5\uff91 a talaj-vezet\uffc5\uff91k\uffc3\uffa9pess\uffc3\uffa9g, illetve az EC \uffc3\uffa9rt\uffc3\uffa9kek n\uffc3\uffb6veked\uffc3\uffa9s\uffc3\uffa9vel n\uffc5\uff91 a talajok k\uffc3\uffb6t\uffc3\uffb6tts\uffc3\uffa9ge, amellyel egy\uffc3\uffbctt n\uffc3\uffb6vekszik az agyagtartalom is. Ez a folyamat 100 cm-es talajm\uffc3\uffa9lys\uffc3\uffa9gben a nagyobb v\uffc3\uffadztartalom miatt er\uffc5\uff91teljesebben jelentkezik, mint az 50 cm-es talajm\uffc3\uffa9lys\uffc3\uffa9gben. A term\uffc5\uff91helyi z\uffc3\uffb3n\uffc3\uffa1k term\uffc3\uffa9kenys\uffc3\uffa9gi viszonyait az els\uffc5\uff91dleges talajtulajdons\uffc3\uffa1gokon, illetve a makro \uffc3\uffa9s a mikro t\uffc3\uffa1panyag-ell\uffc3\uffa1totts\uffc3\uffa1gokon k\uffc3\uffadv\uffc3\uffbcl a domborzati viszonyok is m\uffc3\uffb3dos\uffc3\uffadthatj\uffc3\uffa1k. A talajellen\uffc3\uffa1ll\uffc3\uffa1s m\uffc3\uffa9r\uffc3\uffa9se b\uffc3\uffa1rki sz\uffc3\uffa1m\uffc3\uffa1ra el\uffc3\uffa9rhet\uffc5\uff91, gyors \uffc3\uffa9s egyszer\uffc5\uffb1 m\uffc3\uffb3dszer. A laborat\uffc3\uffb3riumi talajvizsg\uffc3\uffa1latokat kieg\uffc3\uffa9sz\uffc3\uffadtve alkalmas arra, hogy a prec\uffc3\uffadzi\uffc3\uffb3s n\uffc3\uffb6v\uffc3\uffa9nytermeszt\uffc3\uffa9sben seg\uffc3\uffadts\uffc3\uffa9get ny\uffc3\uffbajtson a term\uffc5\uff91helyi z\uffc3\uffb3n\uffc3\uffa1k lehat\uffc3\uffa1rol\uffc3\uffa1s\uffc3\uffa1ban.

Our aim was to analyse the relationships between the measured soil electrical conductivity (EC) and the soil properties of different delimited production (tillage) zones in a hillside sample area situated in Somogy county. The examined arable lands are situated in typical Ramann-type brown forest soil and chernozem-brown forest soil mostly with loam and clay loam formed on loess. For the investigations, two soil resistance values (measured at 50 cm and 100 cm depth) were used.

Soil data of the sample area were incorporated into a GIS file, the ordering and connection of the data was performed by ESRI ArcGIS 10.0 program. The results of the soil laboratory tests (which show soil heterogeneity) were correlated to the measured EC-values with stepwise linear regression using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software. The regression were run in line with the alignment of soil investigations: basic (case \uffe2\uff80\uff9ea\uffe2\uff80\uff9d), extended (case \uffe2\uff80\uff9eb\uffe2\uff80\uff9d) and completed (case \uffe2\uff80\uff9ec\uffe2\uff80\uff9d). By the calculations, case \uffe2\uff80\uff9ea\uffe2\uff80\uff9d means the group of the most important soil parameters which are determinative soil characteristics (upper limit of plasticity or KA, humus-, lime content, pH), case \uffe2\uff80\uff9eb\uffe2\uff80\uff9d means the previous one plus the group of macronutrients (NPK-content), while case \uffe2\uff80\uff9ec\uffe2\uff80\uff9d means case \uffe2\uff80\uff9eb\uffe2\uff80\uff9d plus the group of micronutrients (Mg2+, Na+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, SO42\uffe2\uff80\uff93, Fe2+ + Fe3+).

With the analyses made in different alignments our aim was to determine whether with the changing of examined soil parameters there will be tighter relationships between the measured EC-values and soil properties. Further aim was to examine whether it is possible to make a properly accurate and reliable estimation model, which can show the real soil circumstances (spatial heterogeneity of soils) based on EC-values, since this method can accelerate and simplify the separation of productivity zones compared to the conventional soil examinations.

Based on the results it can be concluded that in case of all the three regression groups the electrical conductivity increases proportionally with the decreasing of elevation. Besides, with the increasing of EC-values the KA \uffe2\uff80\uff93 and with it, the clay content also \uffe2\uff80\uff93 increases. This process develops in a more significant way in the depth of 100 cm than in 50 cm because of the higher water content. Besides the primary soil characteristics and the amount of macro- and micronutrients, the fertility conditions of the production zones can be affected by the geographical circumstances as well. The measurement of soil resistance is a fast, easy and generally available method, which is suitable \uffe2\uff80\uff93 with the completion of laboratory examinations \uffe2\uff80\uff93 for giving assistance to delineate the production zones in the precision crop production.Climate and land use models predict that tropical deforestation and conversion to cropland will produce a large flux of soil carbon (C) to the atmosphere from accelerated decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM). However, the C flux from the deep tropical soils on which most intensive crop agriculture is now expanding remains poorly constrained. To quantify the effect of intensive agriculture on tropical soil C, we compared C stocks, radiocarbon, and stable C isotopes to 2\uffc2\uffa0m depth from forests and soybean cropland created from former pasture in Mato Grosso, Brazil. We hypothesized that soil disturbance, higher soil temperatures (+2\uffc2\uffb0C), and lower OM inputs from soybeans would increase soil C turnover and deplete C stocks relative to nearby forest soils. However, we found reduced C concentrations and stocks only in surface soils (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310\uffc2\uffa0cm) of soybean cropland compared with forests, and these differences could be explained by soil mixing during plowing. The amount and \uffce\uff9414C of respired CO2 to 50\uffc2\uffa0cm depth were significantly lower from soybean soils, yet CO2 production at 2\uffc2\uffa0m deep was low in both forest and soybean soils. Mean surface soil \uffce\uffb413C decreased by 0.5\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 between 2009 and 2013 in soybean cropland, suggesting low OM inputs from soybeans. Together these findings suggest the following: (1) soil C is relatively resistant to changes in land use and (2) conversion to cropland caused a small, measurable reduction in the fast\uffe2\uff80\uff90cycling C pool through reduced OM inputs, mobilization of older C from soil mixing, and/or destabilization of SOM in surface soils.Despite the perceived importance of exudation to forest ecosystem function, few studies have attempted to examine the effects of elevated temperature and nutrition availability on the rates of root exudation and associated microbial processes. In this study, we performed an experiment in whichin situexudates were collected fromPicea asperataseedlings that were transplanted in disturbed soils exposed to two levels of temperature (ambient temperature and infrared heater warming) and two nitrogen levels (unfertilized and 25\uffc2\uffa0g N\uffc2\uffa0m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffa0a\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Here, we show that the trees exposed to an elevated temperature increased their exudation rates I (\uffce\uffbcg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0g\uffe2\uff88\uff921root biomass\uffc2\uffa0h\uffe2\uff88\uff921), II (\uffce\uffbcg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0cm\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0root length\uffc2\uffa0h\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and III (\uffce\uffbcg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0cm\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffa0root area\uffc2\uffa0h\uffe2\uff88\uff921) in the unfertilized plots. The altered morphological and physiological traits of the roots exposed to experimental warming could be responsible for this variation in root exudation. Moreover, these increases in root\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived C were positively correlated with the microbial release of extracellular enzymes involved in the breakdown of organic N (R2\uffc2\uffa0=\uffc2\uffa00.790;P\uffc2\uffa0=\uffc2\uffa00.038), which was coupled with stimulated microbial activity and accelerated N transformations in the unfertilized soils. In contrast, the trees exposed to both experimental warming and N fertilization did not show increased exudation rates or soil enzyme activity, indicating that the stimulatory effects of experimental warming on root exudation depend on soil fertility. Collectively, our results provide preliminary evidence that an increase in the release of root exudates into the soil may be an important physiological adjustment by which the sustained growth responses of plants to experimental warming may be maintained via enhanced soil microbial activity and soil N transformation. Accordingly, the underlying mechanisms by which plant root\uffe2\uff80\uff90microbe interactions influence soil organic matter decomposition and N cycling should be incorporated into climate\uffe2\uff80\uff90carbon cycle models to determine reliable estimates of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term C storage in forests.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Soil", "Plant Exudates", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Models", " Theoretical", "Nitrogen Cycle", "Picea", "15. Life on land", "Global Warming", "Plant Roots"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Juan Xiao, Huajun Yin, Zhenfeng Xu, Xinyin Cheng, Yufei Li, Qing Liu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12161"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12161", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12161", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12161"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-04-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11368-010-0308-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-10-22", "title": "Microbial Functional Diversity, Metabolic Quotient, And Invertase Activity Of A Sandy Loam Soil As Affected By Long-Term Application Of Organic Amendment And Mineral Fertilizer", "description": "Organic and inorganic fertilizers are used primarily to increase nutrient availability to plants. Monitoring balanced versus unbalanced fertilization effects on soil microbes could improve our understanding of soil biochemical processes and thus help us to develop sound management strategies. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term fertilization regimes on soil microbial community functional diversity, metabolic activity, and metabolic quotient and to find out the main factors that influence these parameters. A long-term fertilization experiment established in a sandy loam soil at northern China has received continuous fertilization treatments for more than 20\u00a0years, including control, mineral fertilizers of NK, PK, NP, and NPK, organic amendment (OA), and half organic amendment plus half mineral fertilizer (1/2 OM). Top soil samples (0\u201315\u00a0cm) from four individual plots per treatment were collected for the analysis of chemical properties and microbial parameters. Microbial biomass C was analyzed using the fumigation\u2013extraction method. Invertase activity and basal respiration were determined based on incubation method. Then, the microbial metabolic quotient was calculated as the ratio of basal respiration to microbial biomass C. To this end, microbial functional diversity was evaluated using the community level physiological profile method by Biolog Eco-microplate. Higher microbial biomass C, invertase activity, and basal respiration, but lower microbial metabolic quotient, were observed in P-fertilized soils, and OA had significantly greater (P\u2009<\u20090.05) impacts on the biomass, activity, and quotient compared with mineral fertilizers. Both the sole-carbon-source utilization activity and the functional diversity of soil microbial community were significantly increased (P\u2009<\u20090.05) by balanced fertilization (NPK, OA, or 1/2 OM), and species richness of community and relative abundance of the most common species in the K-deficient (NP) treatment were also significantly increased (P\u2009<\u20090.05). Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis showed that both organic and mineral fertilizers could affect microbial parameters by increasing soil organic C contents, and P was the key factor to increase soil microbial diversity and soil fertility. Long-term balanced fertilization greatly increased soil microbial biomass, functional diversity, and invertase activity and played an important role in decreasing soil microbial metabolic quotient, while P could be considered as the key factor to control soil microbial diversity as well as soil fertility. With regard to the different effects of OA and mineral fertilizer on soil organic C contents and root exudates, combined application of mineral and organic fertilizers is recommended in the region.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-010-0308-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-010-0308-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-010-0308-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-010-0308-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-10-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-04-27", "title": "Analysis Of The Effects Of Rotational Woodlots On The Nutrition And Yield Of Maize Following Trees In Western Tanzania", "description": "Farmers in western Tanzania are establishing rotations of trees and crops in an attempt to overcome the shortage of wood, reverse deforestation of natural forests and improve soil fertility for food security enhancement. We compared fallows of Acacia crassicarpa, A. julifera, A. leptocarpa, Leucaena pallida and Senna siamea, with traditional bush fallow and continuous sole maize (Zea mays L.). The aim of the study was to analyze the effectiveness offallow types in terms of N, Pand K use by maize. Trees were intercropped with maize for the first 3 years. After 5 years, trees were harvested, wood components were removed, and leaves, twigs and grasses were incorporated into the soil. Factorial N,P,Ktrialswere carriedoutwithmaizegrown afterthefallowtypes. Parameters studiedweregrainyield,uptakeof N,PandK,and nutrient use efficiency. The effects offertiliser were much stronger than the effects offallow types. Therewas no clear effect of tree fallows on nutrient use efficiency of the following maize. Non-fertilized maize yielded more after acacia than after the other trees and natural fallow. Upon fertiliser application the influences of fallow types became weaker. Fertiliser N improved maize yields more than fertiliser P, and there was a positive NP interaction. Fertilizer K did not bring about clear effects. N recovery efficiency was improved by the application of P and vice versa. When fertilisers were applied, differences in average maize grain yields between tree fallows and natural fallow varied from 300 kg ha 1 (for A. julifera) to minus 250 kg ha 1 (for S. siamea). A yield increase of 300 kg maize grain could also be obtained by application of 10 kg fertiliser N or 8 kg fertiliser P. The best fallow type for soil fertility improvement was Acacia juliferasuggesting that this acacia is mining the soil for P and K. In conclusion, benefits of rotational woodlots seem larger in terms of wood production than in terms of soil fertility restoration. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "fallow", "soil fertility", "quefts", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "shifting cultivation", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "agroforestry", "africa", "nutrients", "vegetation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "management"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Nyadzi, G.I., Janssen, B.H., Oenema, O.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.013", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00248-003-9001-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:14:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-06-15", "title": "Microbial Community Structure And Oxidative Enzyme Activity In Nitrogen-Amended North Temperate Forest Soils", "description": "Large regions of temperate forest are subject to elevated atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition which can affect soil organic matter dynamics by altering mass loss rates, soil respiration, and dissolved organic matter production. At present there is no general model that links these responses to changes in the organization and operation of microbial decomposer communities. Toward that end, we studied the response of litter and soil microbial communities to high levels of N amendment (30 and 80 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)) in three types of northern temperate forest: sugar maple/basswood (SMBW), sugar maple/red oak (SMRO), and white oak/black oak (WOBO). We measured the activity of extracellular enzymes (EEA) involved directly in the oxidation of lignin and humus (phenol oxidase, peroxidase), and indirectly, through the production of hydrogen peroxide (glucose oxidase, glyoxal oxidase). Community composition was analyzed by extracting and quantifying phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) from soils. Litter EEA responses at SMBW sites diverged from those at oak-bearing sites (SMRO, BOWO), but the changes were not statistically significant. For soil, EEA responses were consistent across forests types: phenol oxidase and peroxidase activities declined as a function of N dose (33-73% and 5-41%, respectively, depending on forest type); glucose oxidase and glyoxal oxidase activities increased (200-400% and 150-300%, respectively, depending on forest type). Principal component analysis (PCA) ordinated forest types and treatment responses along two axes; factor 1 (44% of variance) was associated with phenol oxidase and peroxidase activities, factor 2 (31%) with glucose oxidase. Microbial biomass did not respond to N treatment, but nine of the 23 PLFA that formed >1 mol% of total biomass showed statistically significant treatment responses. PCA ordinated forest types and treatment responses along three axes (36%, 26%, 12% of variance). EEA factors 1 and 2 correlated negatively with PLFA factor 1 ( r = -0.20 and -0.35, respectively, n = 108) and positively with PLFA factor 3 ( r = +0.36 and +0.20, respectively, n = 108). In general, EEA responses were more strongly tied to changes in bacterial PLFA than to changes in fungal PLFA. Collectively, our data suggests that N inhibition of oxidative activity involves more than the repression of ligninase expression by white-rot basidiomycetes.", "keywords": ["Michigan", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "Nature Conservation", "Microbiology", "Trees", "Soil", "Geoecology/Natural Processes", "Health Sciences", "Cellular and Developmental Biology", "Ecosystem", "Phospholipids", "Soil Microbiology", "2. Zero hunger", "Analysis of Variance", "Principal Component Analysis", "Ecology", "Life Sciences", "Natural Resources and Environment", "Molecular", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Enzymes", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-003-9001-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Microbial%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00248-003-9001-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00248-003-9001-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00248-003-9001-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-04-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.026", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-04-11", "title": "Changes In Soil Carbon And Nutrient Pools Along A Chronosequence Of Poplar Plantations In The Columbia Plateau, Oregon, Usa", "description": "Abstract Establishment of short-rotation woody crop (SRWC) plantations for meeting the demand of wood and bioenergy production necessitates reclamation of agricultural lands and desert soils, such as those in the southern Columbia Plateau of Oregon, USA. The effects of plantation management on soil carbon (C) storage and nutrient concentration were evaluated, using a chronosequence of poplar (Populus spp.) stands on soils of eolian origin (Xeric Torripsamments). Stands of ages 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, and 10 years (n\u00a0=\u00a03 per stand age), as well as adjacent agricultural and desert lands, were compared based on soil C, inorganic C (SIC), total nitrogen (N), and nutrient concentrations within the 0- to 50-cm soil depth. The 7- through 10-year-old stands that were in a first-rotation cycle were irrigated and fertilized. The 1- through 4-year-old stands in a second-rotation cycle received a mulch application treatment in addition to the irrigation and fertilization treatments. At age 11 years, the projected plantation C (147.5\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121) accumulated almost entirely in the aboveground biomass (62.2%), forest floor (24.3%), and roots (11.7%). There were no significant increases in the mineral soil C and N pools with stand age, despite the presence of increasing trends within the surface layer. The accumulation of the mineral soil C pool (\u223c1.8%), from the first- (23.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.7\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha\u22121) to the second-rotation stands (26.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.5\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha\u22121), was partially offset by a loss of SIC due to irrigation. The SIC pool had a decreasing trend, which was related to dissolution of calcite along the soil profile, from the first- (16.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.4\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha\u22121) to the second-rotation stands (8.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.0\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha\u22121). Soil pH (r\u00a0>\u00a00.6) and exchangeable acidity (r\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.5) patterns were dependent upon the concentration of exchangeable Ca2+. Soil Mg2+ and K+ concentrations were correlated with soil C concentration in the surface layer (r\u00a0=\u00a00.5). In coarse-textured soils, a decadal time scale was insufficient to measure significant changes in the mineral soil C pool. Carbon benefits may be gained, however, in aboveground (tree and forest floor) and belowground (roots) biomass accumulations. SRWC plantations are an effective land-use option to restore degraded lands of arid regions.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Fabio Sartori, Rattan Lal, James A. Eaton, Michael H. Ebinger,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.026"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.026", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.026", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.026"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.026,", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-04-11", "title": "Changes In Soil Carbon And Nutrient Pools Along A Chronosequence Of Poplar Plantations In The Columbia Plateau, Oregon, Usa", "description": "Abstract Establishment of short-rotation woody crop (SRWC) plantations for meeting the demand of wood and bioenergy production necessitates reclamation of agricultural lands and desert soils, such as those in the southern Columbia Plateau of Oregon, USA. The effects of plantation management on soil carbon (C) storage and nutrient concentration were evaluated, using a chronosequence of poplar (Populus spp.) stands on soils of eolian origin (Xeric Torripsamments). Stands of ages 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, and 10 years (n\u00a0=\u00a03 per stand age), as well as adjacent agricultural and desert lands, were compared based on soil C, inorganic C (SIC), total nitrogen (N), and nutrient concentrations within the 0- to 50-cm soil depth. The 7- through 10-year-old stands that were in a first-rotation cycle were irrigated and fertilized. The 1- through 4-year-old stands in a second-rotation cycle received a mulch application treatment in addition to the irrigation and fertilization treatments. At age 11 years, the projected plantation C (147.5\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121) accumulated almost entirely in the aboveground biomass (62.2%), forest floor (24.3%), and roots (11.7%). There were no significant increases in the mineral soil C and N pools with stand age, despite the presence of increasing trends within the surface layer. The accumulation of the mineral soil C pool (\u223c1.8%), from the first- (23.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.7\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha\u22121) to the second-rotation stands (26.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.5\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha\u22121), was partially offset by a loss of SIC due to irrigation. The SIC pool had a decreasing trend, which was related to dissolution of calcite along the soil profile, from the first- (16.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.4\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha\u22121) to the second-rotation stands (8.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.0\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha\u22121). Soil pH (r\u00a0>\u00a00.6) and exchangeable acidity (r\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.5) patterns were dependent upon the concentration of exchangeable Ca2+. Soil Mg2+ and K+ concentrations were correlated with soil C concentration in the surface layer (r\u00a0=\u00a00.5). In coarse-textured soils, a decadal time scale was insufficient to measure significant changes in the mineral soil C pool. Carbon benefits may be gained, however, in aboveground (tree and forest floor) and belowground (roots) biomass accumulations. SRWC plantations are an effective land-use option to restore degraded lands of arid regions.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Fabio Sartori, Rattan Lal, James A. Eaton, Michael H. Ebinger,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.026,"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.026,", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.026,", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.026,"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.04.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-06-08", "title": "Ecosystem Carbon Gains From Afforestation In The Boreal Transition Ecozone Of Saskatchewan (Canada) Are Coupled With The Devolution Of Black Chernozems", "description": "Abstract A field study was conducted to assess the long-term effects of growing trees on ecosystem and soil carbon (C) pools in a pasture landscape situated in the Boreal Transition ecozone of Saskatchewan that is characterized by Black Chernozemic soils. Tree species consisted of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Lebed.) and had been growing for 50 years before soils were sampled and analyzed for C and N concentrations, particle size distribution, and bulk density. Above- and belowground (roots) biomass were also determined respectively by allometry and soil washing. Ecosystem C gains in the forested plots were evident when compared to pasture plots. Most of this gain was attributed to the standing biomass and to lesser extent to forest floor development. However, C pools in the Black Chernozemic A horizons were decreased under trees and were apparently redistributed to the B horizons. Multiple linear models developed to explain C levels in the mineral soil at different depths indicated a significant shift from soil C being driven by root litter quality in the Ah horizons to being driven by root litter quantity in the B horizons. The model of C redistribution was consistent with other studies and is closely tied to root production and quality. Whether a new steady-state C level in the Chernozemic A horizons was reached still needs to be elucidated, but previous research in the region suggest that tree invasion on well-drained Black Chernozems could lead to \u201cdechernozemization\u201d through acidification and C loss.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2007.04.002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.04.002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.04.002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2007.04.002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.04.004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-05-26", "title": "Modeling Biogeochemical Impacts Of Alternative Management Practices For A Row-Crop Field In Iowa", "description": "Abstract The management of contemporary agriculture is rapidly shifting from single-goal to multi-goal strategies. The bottleneck of implementing the strategies is the capacity of predicting the simultaneous impacts of change in management practices on agricultural production, soil and water resources and environmental safety. Process-based models provide an opportunity to quantify the impacts of farm management options on various pools and fluxes of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in agroecosystems. The denitrification\u2013decomposition or DNDC model was recently modified for simulating N cycling for the U.S. Midwestern agricultural systems. This paper reports a continuous effort on applying the model for estimating the impacts of alternative management practices (e.g., no-till, cover crop, change in fertilizer rate or timing) on agro-ecosystems in the Midwestern U.S. A typical row-crop field in Iowa was selected for the sensitivity tests. The modeled results were assessed with a focus on four major indicators of agro-ecosystems, namely crop yield, soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, nitrate\u2013N leaching loss and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The results indicated that no-till practice significantly increased SOC storage and reduced nitrate\u2013N leaching rate, but slightly decreased crop yield and increased N2O emissions. By modifying the methods of fertilizer application in conjunction with the no-till practice, the disadvantages of no-till could be overcome. For example, increasing the fertilizing depth and using a nitrification inhibitor could substantially reduce N2O emissions and increase crop yield under the no-till conditions. This study revealed the complexity of impacts of the alternative farming management practices across different climate conditions, soil properties and management regimes. Process-based models can play an important role in quantifying the comprehensive effects of management alternatives on agricultural production and the environment.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2007.04.004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.04.004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.04.004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2007.04.004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2009.05.009", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-06-17", "title": "Soil Carbon Sequestration And Stratification In A Cereal/Leguminous Crop Rotation With Three Tillage Systems In Semiarid Conditions", "description": "Abstract The stratification of soil organic matter at different depths is common under conservation tillage and especially under no-tillage. The degree of stratification, or stratification ratio (SR), can be used as an indicator of soil quality because surface organic matter is essential to erosion control, water infiltration, and the conservation of nutrients. In the semiarid regions of the Mediterranean which are devoted to rain-fed crop production, soil has low organic carbon content because of the high mineralization rates of soil organic matter and the lack of crop residue after periods of drought. Twenty-year effects (1985\u20132006) of tillage systems on soil organic carbon (SOC) stratification were studied in a Vertic Luvisol with a loam texture. SOC was expressed in carbon concentration (Cc) and in equivalent soil mass (esm). The tillage treatments used were conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT). These treatments were under winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) rotation (W-VP). Similarly, several stratification ratios (SRs) were assessed as indicators of SOC's time evolution. Before the start of the experiment the crop rotation was cereal-fallow (C-F). In each treatment and replication four soil layers of the same thickness (10\u00a0cm) were sampled to obtain soil bulk density (BD) and Cc. After 20 years the study revealed that the adoption of a W-VP rotation was at least as important as the shift from CT to NT in the increase of stocked SOC in the soil profile. This last treatment was the tillage system with the highest SOC, whereas no significant differences were encountered between MT and CT. The average SOC was 14% higher in NT than in MT and CT. This trend has been systematically observed practically since 1996 to the present in all treatments. The steady state of SOC sequestration was reached after 11 years of starting the experiment in NT and 12 years in CT and MT. SOC, expressed as Cc and esm, showed the highest stratification in NT, second highest in MT and lowest in CT. In NT, stocked SOC increased from 1996 to 2005 in the top layer but it declined systematically in the bottom layer.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "L. Navarrete, J. L. Hernanz, V. S\u00e1nchez-Gir\u00f3n,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.05.009"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2009.05.009", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2009.05.009", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2009.05.009"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/etc.5400", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:14:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-06-09", "title": "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and the Need for a Meaningful Regulatory Plant Protection Product Testing Strategy", "description": "Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) perform key soil ecosystem services and, because of their symbiotic relationship with plant roots, may be exposed to the plant protection products (PPPs) applied to soils and crops. In 2017, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) released a scientific opinion addressing the state of the science on risk assessment of PPPs for in-soil organisms, recommending the inclusion of AMF ecotoxicological testing in the PPP regulatory process. However, it is not clear how this can be implemented in a tiered, robust, and ecologically relevant manner. Through a critical review of current literature, we examine the recommendations made within the EFSA report and the methodologies available to integrate AMF into the PPP risk assessment and provide perspective and commentary on their agronomic and ecological relevance. We conclude that considerable research questions remain to be addressed prior to the inclusion of AMF into the in-soil organism risk assessment, many of which stem from the unique challenges associated with including an obligate symbiont within the PPP risk assessment. Finally, we highlight critical knowledge gaps and the further research required to enable development of relevant, reliable, and robust scientific tests alongside pragmatic and scientifically sound guidance to ensure that any future risk-assessment paradigm is adequately protective of the ecosystem services it aims to preserve. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1808\uffe2\uff80\uff931823. \uffc2\uffa9 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.Soils are being degraded at an alarming rate and thereby also crucial ecosystem goods and services. Nitrogen (N) enrichment is a major driver of this degradation. While the negative impacts of N enrichment on vegetation are well known globally, those on various ecological interactions, and on ecosystem functioning, remain largely unknown. Because Mediterranean ecosystems are N limited, they are good model systems for evaluating how N enrichment impacts not only vegetation but also ecological partnerships and ecosystem functioning. Using a 7\uffe2\uff80\uff90year N\uffe2\uff80\uff90manipulation (dose and form) field experiment running in a Mediterranean Basin maquis located in a region with naturally low ambient N deposition (<4\uffc2\uffa0kg\uffc2\uffa0N\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0y\uffe2\uff88\uff921), we assessed the impacts of the N additions on (i) the dominant plant species (photosynthetic N\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency); (ii) plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil ecological partnerships with ectomycorrhiza and N\uffe2\uff80\uff90fixing bacteria; and (iii) ecosystem degradation (plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil cover, biological mineral weathering and soil N fixation). N additions significantly disrupted plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil cover, plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil biotic interactions, and ecosystem functioning compared with ambient N deposition conditions. However, the higher the ammonium dose (alone or with nitrate), the more drastic these disruptions were. We report a critical threshold at 20\uffe2\uff80\uff9340\uffc2\uffa0kg ammonium ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0y\uffe2\uff88\uff921 whereby severe ecosystem degradation can be expected. These observations are critical to help explain the mechanisms behind ecosystem degradation, to describe the collective loss of organisms and multifunction in the landscape, and to predict potential fragmentation of Mediterranean maquis under conditions of unrelieved N enrichment. Copyright \uffc2\uffa9 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.The effects of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on organic matter decomposition vary with the biochemical characteristics of plant litter. At the ecosystem\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale, net effects are difficult to predict because various soil organic matter (SOM) fractions may respond differentially. We investigated the relationship between SOM chemistry and microbial activity in three northern deciduous forest ecosystems that have been subjected to experimental N addition for 2 years. Extractable dissolved organic carbon (DOC), DOC aromaticity, C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratio, and functional group distribution, measured by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), were analyzed for litter and SOM. The largest biochemical changes were found in the sugar maple\uffe2\uff80\uff93basswood (SMBW) and black oak\uffe2\uff80\uff93white oak (BOWO) ecosystems. SMBW litter from the N addition treatment had less aromaticity, higher C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratios, and lower saturated carbon, lower carbonyl carbon, and higher carboxylates than controls; BOWO litter showed opposite trends, except for carbonyl and carboxylate contents. Litter from the sugar maple\uffe2\uff80\uff93red oak (SMRO) ecosystem had a lower C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratio, but no change in DOC aromaticity. For SOM, the C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratio increased with N addition in SMBW and SMRO ecosystems, but decreased in BOWO; N addition did not affect the aromaticity of DOC extracted from mineral soil. All ecosystems showed increases in extractable DOC from both litter and soil in response to N treatment. The biochemical changes are consistent with the divergent microbial responses observed in these systems. Extracellular oxidative enzyme activity has declined in the BOWO and SMRO ecosystems while activity in the SMBW ecosystem, particularly in the litter horizon, has increased. In all systems, enzyme activities associated with the hydrolysis and oxidation of polysaccharides have increased. At the ecosystem scale, the biochemical characteristics of the dominant litter appear to modulate the effects of N deposition on organic matter dynamics.

", "keywords": ["Litter Chemistry", "Geology and Earth Sciences", "13. Climate action", "Soil Organic Matter", "Science", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Nitrogen Deposition", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Dissolved Organic Matter", "Extracellular Enzyme Activity"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01001.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01001.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01001.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01001.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-07-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.08.028", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-09-21", "title": "N 2 -Fixation And N Contribution By Grain Legumes Under Different Soil Fertility Status And Cropping Systems In The Guinea Savanna Of Northern Ghana", "description": "Continuous cereal-based cropping has led to a rapid decline in soil fertility in the Guinea savanna agro-ecological zone of northern Ghana with corresponding low crop yields. We evaluated the effects of cropping system and soil fertility status on grain yields and N2-fixation by grain legumes and net N contribution to soil fertility improvement in contrasting sites in this agro-ecological zone. Maize was intercropped with cowpea, soybean and groundnut within a row, with a maize stand alternated with two equally spaced cowpea or groundnut stands and in the maize-soybean system, four equally spaced soybean stands. These intercrops were compared with sole crops of maize, cowpea, soybean and groundnut in fertile and poorly fertile fields at sites in the southern (SGS) and the northern (NGS) Guinea savanna. The proportion of N derived from N2-fixation (%Ndfa) was comparable between intercrops and sole crops. However, the amount of N2-fixed was significantly larger in sole crops due to a greater biomass accumulation. Legumes in poorly fertile fields had significantly smaller shoot \u03b415N enrichment (-2.8 to +0.7\u2030) and a larger %Ndfa (55-94%) than those in fertile fields (-0.8 to +2.2\u2030; 23-85%). The N2-fixed however was larger in fertile fields (16-145\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha-1) than in poorly fertile fields (15-123\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha-1) due to greater shoot dry matter and N yields. The legumes grown in the NGS obtained more of their N requirements from atmospheric N2-fixation (73-88%) than legumes grown in the SGS (41-69%). The partial soil N balance (in\u00a0kg\u00a0ha-1) was comparable between intercrops (-14 to 21) and sole legumes (-8 to 23) but smaller than that of sole maize receiving N fertiliser (+7 to +34). With other N inputs (aerial deposition) and outputs (leaching and gaseous losses) unaccounted for, there is uncertainty surrounding the actual amount of soil N balances of the cropping systems, indicating that partial N balances are not reliable indicators of the sustainability of cropping systems. Nevertheless, the systems with legumes seem more attractive due to several non-N benefits. Our results suggest that soybean could be targeted in the SGS and cowpea in the NGS for greater productivity while groundnut is suited to both environments. Grain legumes grown in poorly fertile fields contributed more net N to the soil but growing legumes in fertile fields seems more lucrative due to greater grain and stover yields and non-N benefits.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Groundnut", "Cowpea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soybean", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "Maize", "Partial N balance"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.08.028"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.08.028", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.08.028", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2017.08.028"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.ecoinf.2020.101161", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-10-01", "title": "Exploiting partially-labeled data in learning predictive clustering trees for multi-target regression: A case study of water quality assessment in Ireland", "description": "Abstract Many environmental problems give rise to predictive modeling tasks where several dependent variables need to be predicted simultaneousy from a given set of independent variables. When the target variables are numeric, the task at hand is called multi-target regression (MTR). An example task of this type is the assessment of quality of agricultural waters in Ireland according to three indicators: biological water quality, nitrogen concentration and phosphorus concentration. Multi-target regression models are typically learnt from labeled training examples, where the values of both the dependent variables (labels) and the independent variables are provided, in a setting known as supervised learning. Many different approaches to supervised multi-target regression have been developed, among which predictive clustering trees and ensembles thereof stand out due to their effectiveness and efficiency. Recently, these approaches have been extended to exploit not only labeled examples, but also unlabeled examples, where only the values of the independent variables are provided, a setting known as semi-supervised learning. In practice, training data can also contain partially labeled examples, where the values of some of the dependent variables are provided and others are missing (in addition to fully labeled examples where all target values are provided and completely unlabeled examples where no target values are provided). For the task of water quality assessment in Ireland, we encounter this kind of partially labeled data. Existing supervised and semi-supervised MTR approaches typically ignore partially labeled data. In this paper, we propose the use of semi-supervised predictive clustering trees for MTR that can handle partially labeled examples. We apply these to the task of assessment of water quality in Ireland, showing that better performance can be achieved if partially labeled examples are exploited, rather than discarded. We build both local models (collections of single-target models predicting each target separately) and global models (multi-target models simultaneously predicting all targets), showing that global models are both smaller and easier to interpret, and also overfit less (and have better performance) as compared to local models.", "keywords": ["0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "02 engineering and technology", "14. Life underwater", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2020.101161"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Informatics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.ecoinf.2020.101161", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.ecoinf.2020.101161", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2020.101161"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.09.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-09-28", "title": "Conservation Agriculture Based On Crop Rotation And Tillage In The Semi-Arid Loess Plateau, China: Effects On Crop Yield And Soil Water Use", "description": "Abstract In the semi-arid Loess Plateau region, water stress is the main limiting factor for rainfed agriculture; thus, conservation agriculture has been proposed to address this problem in these areas. Since 2007, a middle- to long-term experiment was established in Heyang County, Shaanxi, a region typical of the Loess Plateau, to evaluate the impact of no-tillage (NT), subsoiling tillage (ST) and conventional tillage (CT) on crop yield, water use, and soil water dynamics for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) continuous cropping (WWC), spring maize (Zea mays L.) continuous cropping (SMC), and spring maize-winter wheat rotation cropping (MWR) systems. The highest four-year average wheat yield amounting to 5958\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121 was attained in MWR-ST, while the highest maize yield advantage averaging 772\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121 was obtained in SMC-NT. There were no significant differences in evapotranspiration (ET) and soil water storage (SWS) at the sowing/harvest stage among all treatments, but the relative greater average SWS before sowing was maintained under conservation tillage practices. The highest water use efficiency (WUE) reaching 10.0\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0mm\u22121 for wheat in MWR and 20.3\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0mm\u22121 for maize in SMC was obtained under ST treatment, while the significant WUE advantage of NT compared with CT was only obtained in SMC. At key growth stages, the higher soil water content (SWC) in the 0\u2013200\u00a0cm soil profile was maintained in the conservation tillage and MWR system for wheat but in the conservation tillage and SMC system for maize. The longer-duration fallows did not produce a better effect on SWS at the sowing stage, while the reduction of soil disturbance enhanced SWS compared with CT. In summary, tillage, cropping system, and their interaction effect produced significant effects on crop production and soil water status, and the above findings might be helpful to draft appropriate management strategies to realize optimal crop yield based on water use.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ningning Chen, Xiaoli Wang, Qian Wang, Shulan Wang, Rui Wang, Wei Lyu, Yujiao Zhang, Lei Sun, Jun Li,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.09.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.09.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.09.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2017.09.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.catena.2016.07.037", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-07-26", "title": "Effect Of Biochar Amendment On Morphology, Productivity And Water Relations Of Sunflower Plants Under Non-Irrigation Conditions", "description": "Open Accessp\u00e1ginas.-- 6 figuras.-- 2 tablas.-- 56 referencias.-- Supplementary data to this article can be found online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.07.037.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Biochar", "Water availability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Organic amendment", "Soil properties", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Mediterranean climate", "15. Life on land", "Physiological parameters", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.07.037"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/CATENA", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.catena.2016.07.037", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.catena.2016.07.037", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.catena.2016.07.037"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102736", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-11-25", "title": "The impact of intercropping, tillage and fertilizer type on soil and crop yield in fruit orchards under Mediterranean conditions: A meta-analysis of field studies", "description": "Open AccessThis work was supported by the European Commission Horizon 2020 project Diverfarming [grant agreement 728003]. Ra\u00fal Zornoza acknowledges the \ufb01nancial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the \u201cRam\u00f3n y Cajal\u201d Program [RYC-2015-18758].", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Edafolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Agr\u00edcola", "Intercropping", "Fertilizer", "Cover crops", "13. Climate action", "31 Ciencias Agrarias", "Orchard", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Tillage"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102736"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102736", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102736", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102736"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.03.014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-04-26", "title": "Impact Of Payments For Carbon Sequestered In Wood Products And Avoided Carbon Emissions On The Profitability Of Nipf Landowners In The Us South", "description": "Abstract This study determines economic impact of payments for carbon sequestered in wood products and avoided carbon emissions due to use of forest biomass for electricity generation instead of fossil fuels on the profitability of non-industrial private forest (NIPF) landowners in the US South. Penalties for carbon emitted at the time of undertaking various silvicultural activities and exponential decay of wood products were also considered. We used life-cycle assessment to evaluate carbon emissions from various silvicultural activities. We modified the traditional Faustmann forest rotation model to incorporate identified carbon payments and penalties. Slash pine ( Pinus elliottii ) was selected as a representative species. We found that the overall global warming impact (GWI) for managing a hectare of intensively managed slash pine plantation was 6539\u00a0kg carbon dioxide equivalent. The maximum land expectation value (LEV) for the scenario when all carbon payments and penalties along with payments for timber products were considered was $1299/ha using a 20\u00a0year rotation age. This value is about 71% higher than the LEV when only payments for timber products were taken into account ($760/ha using a 21\u00a0year rotation age). Our results clearly indicate that emerging carbon markets could greatly benefit southern NIPF landowners.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.03.014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Economics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.03.014", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.03.014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.03.014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00442-005-0249-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-10-04", "title": "Fungal Community Composition And Metabolism Under Elevated Co2 And O-3", "description": "Atmospheric CO(2) and O(3) concentrations are increasing due to human activity and both trace gases have the potential to alter C cycling in forest ecosystems. Because soil microorganisms depend on plant litter as a source of energy for metabolism, changes in the amount or the biochemistry of plant litter produced under elevated CO(2) and O(3) could alter microbial community function and composition. Previously, we have observed that elevated CO(2) increased the microbial metabolism of cellulose and chitin, whereas elevated O(3) dampened this response. We hypothesized that this change in metabolism under CO(2) and O(3) enrichment would be accompanied by a concomitant change in fungal community composition. We tested our hypothesis at the free-air CO(2) and O(3) enrichment (FACE) experiment at Rhinelander, Wisconsin, in which Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera, and Acer saccharum were grown under factorial CO(2) and O(3) treatments. We employed extracellular enzyme analysis to assay microbial metabolism, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis to determine changes in microbial community composition, and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) to analyze the fungal community composition. The activities of 1,4-beta-glucosidase (+37%) and 1,4,-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (+84%) were significantly increased under elevated CO(2), whereas 1,4-beta-glucosidase activity (-25%) was significantly suppressed by elevated O(3). There was no significant main effect of elevated CO(2) or O(3) on fungal relative abundance, as measured by PLFA. We identified 39 fungal taxonomic units from soil using DGGE, and found that O(3) enrichment significantly altered fungal community composition. We conclude that fungal metabolism is altered under elevated CO(2) and O(3), and that there was a concomitant change in fungal community composition under elevated O(3). Thus, changes in plant inputs to soil under elevated CO(2) and O(3) can propagate through the microbial food web to alter the cycling of C in soil.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Food Chain", "Extracellular Enzymes", "Science", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "Polymerase Chain Reaction\u2013Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "01 natural sciences", "Soil Microbial Community", "Soil", "Ozone", "Health Sciences", "Acetylglucosaminidase", "Cellular and Developmental Biology", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "beta-Glucosidase", "Fatty Acids", "Fungi", "Natural Resources and Environment", "Molecular", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Fungal Metabolism", "Carbon", "Free-air CO 2 and O 3 Enrichment", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Extracellular Space"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0249-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00442-005-0249-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00442-005-0249-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00442-005-0249-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-10-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2008.10.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-12-17", "title": "Assessment Of Tillage Erosion Rates On Steep Slopes In Northern Laos", "description": "Abstract In the hills of south-east Asia shifting cultivation is developing towards more permanent cropping systems. In association with short fallow periods, fields suffer from weed pressure and this, in turn, leads to more frequent and deeper manual tillage. Due to steep slopes these operations induce tillage erosion. Measurements of such soil losses under on-farm conditions are still scarce. In this study tillage erosion was assessed and a predictive model of tillage erosion was established based on slope angle and contact cover, i.e. basal crop area and weed cover. The experiments were conducted in the Houay Pano, Northern Laos. The farmers cultivate annual crops in rotation with 1\u20133 year fallow periods without external inputs and using only hand tools. Tillage erosion was assessed using the tracer method across nine slope classes (0.30\u20131.10\u00a0m\u00a0m \u22121 ) for two crops, upland rice and Job's tears ( Coix lacryma-jobi L.). Soil movement due to land preparation and weeding were assessed separately because different tools are used, a medium size hoe and a small curved hoe. A multivariate regression showed a highly significant relation ( R 2 \u00a0=\u00a00.83) between soil losses due to land preparation, slope gradient and contact cover. Predicting models of soil losses due to weeding were also highly significant ( R 2 \u00a0=\u00a00.79 for upland rice, R 2 \u00a0=\u00a00.88 for Job's tears), confirming the importance of tillage erosion on steep slopes (4, 6 and 11\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0year \u22121 on slopes with gradients of 0.30, 0.60 and 0.90\u00a0m\u00a0m \u22121 , respectively). Tillage erosion has increased exponentially over the last 40 years because of weed invasion associated with short fallow periods; the initially no-till system has changed into a system heavily dependent on tillage to control weeds and this greatly contributes to soil degradation.", "keywords": ["subsistence farming", "2. Zero hunger", "weed control", "Upland rice", "sloping land", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "15. Life on land", "erosion", "shifting cultivation", "Weed pressure", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Tillage erosion", "Steep slopes", "upland rice", "Job's tears", "tillage", "Shifting cultivation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "farming systems", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2008.10.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2008.10.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2008.10.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2008.10.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.11.019", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-01-18", "title": "Soil Acidification And Carbon Storage In Fertilized Pastures Of Northeast Thailand", "description": "Abstract Light textured soils are often characterized as acid to depth that results in low productivity levels. In an effort to address this constraint a four year study was undertaken that evaluated the productivity of Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus) and Stylosanthes (Stylosanthes guianensis) (Stylo) to grow on these soils. In addition, Gamba grass treatments received either no nitrogen fertilizer (Gamba) or a total 287\u00a0kg N ha\u2212\u00a01 as either KNO3 (Gamba NO3) or (NH4)2SO4 (Gamba NH4). Average annual dry matter production levels for the Gamba, Gamba NO3 and Gamba NH4 were 11.9, 22.5, and 26.6\u00a0t ha\u2212\u00a01 whilst that of the Stylo treatment was 6.9\u00a0t ha\u2212\u00a01. However, the net annual acid addition rates associated with the export of biomass ranged from 5.1\u201313.3\u00a0kmol H+ ha\u2212\u00a01 yr\u2212\u00a01. Rapid acidification of the soil profile was observed to depths\u00a0>\u00a0110\u00a0cm in all treatments regardless of the tempering influence of nitrate based fertilizers. Soil organic carbon levels over the study period showed a 6 fold increase at >\u00a030\u00a0cm from the initial values, suggesting significant carbon sequestration. Whilst the study demonstrates the positive impact of a grass or legume ley in producing forage for livestock in a cut and carry system under rainfed conditions in Northeast Thailand, along with positive contributions to soil organic carbon sequestration, a precautionary approach should be adopted. Significant accelerated soil acidification has occurred to depths\u00a0>\u00a0110\u00a0cm that brings into question the sustainability of these systems on these soil types.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "carbon", "soil texture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "pastures", "6. Clean water", "acidification", "nitrogen fertilizers", "soil properties", "feeds", "stylosanthes guianensis", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "sandy soils", "andropogon gayanus"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Noble, A.D., Suzuki, S., Soda, Wannipa, Ruaysoongnern, Sawaeng, Berthelsen, S.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.11.019"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.11.019", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.11.019", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.11.019"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116399", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:00Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-02-27", "title": "One-time freeze-thawing or carbon input events have long-term legacies in soil microbial communities", "description": "Soil microbial communities are regularly exposed to sudden changes in environmental conditions, such as root exudation pulses or freeze-thaw events. As microbial communities have a high potential to adapt to changing conditions, they are expected to be resilient towards this kind of short-term perturbations and return to their pre-perturbed state quickly. Here, we conducted a lab incubation experiment to evaluate the resilience of soil microbial communities to single-pulse perturbations.

We incubated temperate forest soil at constant temperature (20 \u00b0C) and water content, and exposed it to strong single-pulse perturbations, which nonetheless mimic common pulse-events in temperate soils (glucose addition at 4 mg g\u22121 soil, or freeze-thawing overnight at \u221220 \u00b0C). We subsequently measured microbial community composition and microbial storage compounds via phospho- and neutral lipid fatty acid (PLFA and NLFA) profiling, as well as C/N stoichiometry of microbial biomass and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in the soil solution shortly after (0.4, 1, 4, and 6 days) and after longer time periods (84 and 160 days) following the perturbations.

Transferring the soils from their natural environment to the laboratory and incubating them under controlled conditions led to a continuous change of microbial community structure over time, along with an increase in microbial biomass and dissolved N in both perturbed and control soils over the time of the experiment. Against the background of this \u2018press-disturbance\u2019, caused by the permanently changed conditions, we see immediate and long-lasting effects of the single pulse events on microbial community composition, C storage and C/N stoichiometry. Both perturbations significantly influenced the microbial community structure (based on PLFA profiles), microbial biomass N and dissolved N up to 160 days, as well as fungal and bacterial biomass and storage (based on absolute PLFA and NLFA concentrations) up to 84 days. Both perturbations increased microbial N (+59.6 \u00b5g g\u22121 dw) and decreased dissolved N (\u221240.3 \u00b5g g\u22121 dw) after 160 days, and significantly altered C/N ratios in microbial and dissolved pools (particularly in the first 6 days of the experiment).

Our results demonstrate that single-pulse perturbations can have long-term legacies in soil microbial ecosystems. In our experiment they led to alternative system states which differed from the unperturbed control in multiple parameters even after 160 days. This indicates that soil microbial communities exhibit a low resistance and resilience towards single-pulse perturbations, and may easily be pushed on alternative trajectories by short but strong environmental pulses.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "106022 Mikrobiologie", "0303 health sciences", "Resilience", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Perturbations", "6. Clean water", "Transient state", "Pulse event", "03 medical and health sciences", "106026 \u00d6kosystemforschung", "13. Climate action", "Soil microbial community", "106022 Microbiology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "106026 Ecosystem research"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116399"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116399", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116399", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116399"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00935.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:19:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-04-07", "title": "Elevated Atmospheric Co2 Effects On Biomass Production And Soil Carbon In Conventional And Conservation Cropping Systems", "description": "Abstract

Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration has led to concerns about potential effects on production agriculture as well as agriculture's role in sequestering C. In the fall of 1997, a study was initiated to compare the response of two crop management systems (conventional and conservation) to elevated CO2. The study used a split\uffe2\uff80\uff90plot design replicated three times with two management systems as main plots and two CO2 levels (ambient=375\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcL\uffe2\uff80\uff83L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and elevated CO2=683\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcL\uffe2\uff80\uff83L\uffe2\uff88\uff921) as split\uffe2\uff80\uff90plots using open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top chambers on a Decatur silt loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Paleudults). The conventional system was a grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation with winter fallow and spring tillage practices. In the conservation system, sorghum and soybean were rotated and three cover crops were used (crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)) under no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage practices. The effect of management on soil C and biomass responses over two cropping cycles (4 years) were evaluated. In the conservation system, cover crop residue (clover, sunn hemp, and wheat) was increased by elevated CO2, but CO2 effects on weed residue were variable in the conventional system. Elevated CO2 had a greater effect on increasing soybean residue as compared with sorghum, and grain yield increases were greater for soybean followed by wheat and sorghum. Differences in sorghum and soybean residue production within the different management systems were small and variable. Cumulative residue inputs were increased by elevated CO2 and conservation management. Greater inputs resulted in a substantial increase in soil C concentration at the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff935\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm depth increment in the conservation system under CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90enriched conditions. Smaller shifts in soil C were noted at greater depths (5\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 and 15\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm) because of management or CO2 level. Results suggest that with conservation management in an elevated CO2 environment, greater residue amounts could increase soil C storage as well as increase ground cover.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00935.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00935.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00935.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00935.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-03-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2011.06.015", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-07-29", "title": "Short Term Effects Of Bioenergy By-Products On Soil C And N Dynamics, Nutrient Availability And Biochemical Properties", "description": "Abstract The shift towards a biobased economy will probably trigger the application of bioenergy by-products to the soil as either amendments or fertilizers. However, limited research has been done to determine how this will influence C and N dynamics and soil functioning. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of different bioenergy by-products on C and N mineralisation, nutrient availability and microbial content and activity of amended soil and compare them to other more commonly used organic amendments. Two agricultural soils were amended (0.5% w/w) with four different bioenergy by-products (anaerobic digestate, rapeseed meal, bioethanol residue, biochar) and three other commonly used organic amendments (sewage sludge and two composts) and incubated at 20\u00a0\u00b0C in the laboratory for 30 days. During incubation, soil CO2 and N2O evolution were measured every 4\u00a0h by an automatic chromatographic system. After 2, 7 and 30 days of incubation, soil samples were analysed for K2SO4\u2013extractable C, N, NO3\u2212, NH4+ and P, microbial biomass C and three enzymatic activities (\u03b2-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase). Soil amendment led to a general increase in soil respiration, available N and P and microbial content and activity, but with remarkably different dynamics and values. Particularly, rapeseed meal and the bioethanol by-product led to N2O emissions and the greatest increases in soil respiration, N availability and enzymatic activity compared with the other amendments. The exception was represented by biochar that did not cause any significant variation with respect to the control, but promoted C accumulation. According to their impact on soil biochemical properties, the materials can be ranked as follows: rapeseed meal, bioethanol residue\u00a0>\u00a0anaerobic digestate, sewage sludge\u00a0>\u00a0composts\u00a0>\u00a0biochar. For each measured parameter, soil properties did not affect the response pattern found for the different treatments, but modified the magnitude of the response. In particular, soil respiration and enzymatic activity were higher in the slightly acidic soil, while greater values of available P were found in the alkaline soil. This study clearly indicates that the impact on GHG emissions and soil functioning of bioenergy by-products needs to be taken into account for a correct life cycle assessment of the bioenergy chain. Moreover, when properly managed, they may represent an effective alternative to usual amendments to improve the quality and nutrient balance of amended soils.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "crop residues", "decomposition", "microbial biomass", "carbon", "enzyme-activities", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "composts", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "organic amendments", "13. Climate action", "nitrous-oxide emission", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "mineralization", "management"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Galvez, A., Sinicco, T., Cayuela, M.L, Mingorance, M.D., Fornasier, F., Mondini, C.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.06.015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2011.06.015", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2011.06.015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2011.06.015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2011.07.004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:15:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-09-20", "title": "Soil-Profile Distribution Of Carbon And Associated Properties In No-Till Along A Precipitation Gradient In The Central Great Plains", "description": "Abstract No-till (NT) farming is considered as a potential strategy for sequestering C in the soil. Data on soil-profile distribution of C and related soil properties are, however, limited, particularly for semiarid regions. We assessed soil C pool and soil structural properties such as aggregate stability and strength to 1\u00a0m soil depth across three long-term (\u226521\u00a0year) NT and conventional till (CT) experiments along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plains of the USA. Tillage systems were in continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a loam at Hutchinson and winter wheat\u2013sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-fallow on silt loams at Hays and Tribune, Kansas. Mean annual precipitation was 889\u00a0mm for Hutchinson, 580\u00a0mm for Hays, and 440\u00a0mm for Tribune. Changes in profile distribution of soil properties were affected by differences in precipitations input among the three sites. At Hutchinson, NT had 1.8 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0\u20132.5-cm depth, but CT had 1.5 times greater SOC pool in the 5\u201320-cm. At Hays, NT had 1.4 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0\u20132.5-cm depth. Differences in summed SOC pool for the whole soil profile (0\u20131\u00a0m depth) between NT and CT were not significant at any site. The summed SOC pool with depth between NT and CT were only significant above the 5\u00a0cm depth at Hutchinson and 2.5\u00a0cm depth at Hays. At Hutchinson, NT stored 3.4\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 more SOC than CT above 5\u00a0cm depth. At Hays, NT stored 1.35\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 more SOC than CT above 2.5\u00a0cm depth. Moreover, NT management increased mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWDA) by 3 to 4 times for the 0\u20135-cm depth at Hutchinson and by 1.8 times for the 0\u20132.5-cm depth at Hays. It also reduced air-dry aggregate tensile strength (TS) for the 0\u20135-cm depth at Hutchinson and Hays and for the 0\u20132.5-cm depth at Tribune. The TS (r\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.73) and MWDA (r\u00a0=\u00a00.81) near the soil surface were more strongly correlated with SOC concentration at Hutchinson than at Hays and Tribune attributed to differences in precipitation input. Results suggested NT impacts on increasing SOC pool and improving soil structural properties decreased with a decrease in precipitation input. Changes in soil properties were larger at Hutchinson (880\u00a0mm of precipitation) than at Hays and Tribune (\u2264580\u00a0mm). While NT management did not increase SOC pool over CT for the whole soil profile, the greater near-surface accumulation of SOC in NT than in CT was critical to the improvement in soil structural properties. Overall, differences in precipitation input among soils appeared to be the dominant factor influencing NT impacts on soil-profile distribution of SOC and soil structural properties in this region.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "William F. Heer, Alan J. Schlegel, Humberto Blanco-Canqui,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.07.004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2011.07.004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2011.07.004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2011.07.004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00838.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:19:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-07-26", "title": "Nine Years Of Enriched Co2changes The Function And Structural Diversity Of Soil Microorganisms In A Grassland", "description": "Summary

To gain insight into microbial function following increased atmospheric CO2 concentration, we investigated the influence of 9 years of enriched CO2 (600 \uffce\uffbcl litre\uffe2\uff88\uff921) on the function and structural diversity of soil microorganisms in a grassland ecosystem under free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE), as affected by plant species (Trifolium repens L. and Lolium perenne L. in monocultures and mixed culture) and nitrogen (N) supply. We measured biomass and activities of enzymes covering cycles of the most important elements (C, N and P). The microbial community was profiled by molecular techniques of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. The enrichment in CO2 increased soil microbial biomass (+48.1%) as well as activities of invertase (+36.2%), xylanase (+22.9%), urease (+23.8%), protease (+40.2%) and alkaline phosphomonoesterase (+54.1%) in spring 2002. In autumn, the stimulation of microbial biomass was 25% less and that of enzymes 3\uffe2\uff80\uff9312% less than in spring. Strong correlations between activities of invertase, protease, urease and alkaline phosphomonoesterase and microbial biomass were found. The stimulation of microbial activity in the enriched atmosphere was probably caused by changes in the quantity and kind of root litter and rhizodeposition. The response of soil microorganisms to enriched CO2 was most pronounced under Trifolium monoculture and under greater N supply. The PLFA analysis revealed that total PLFA contents were greater by 24.7% on average, whereby the proportion of bioindicators representative of Gram\uffe2\uff80\uff90negative bacteria increased significantly in the enriched CO2 under less N\uffe2\uff80\uff90fertilized Lolium culture. Discriminant analysis showed marked differences between the PLFA profiles of the three plant communities. Shannon diversity indices calculated from DGGE patterns were greater (+12.5%) in the enriched CO2, indicating increased soil bacterial diversity. We conclude that greater microbial biomass and enzyme activity buffer the potential increase in C sequestration occurring from greater C addition in enriched CO2 due to greater mineralization of soil organic matter.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00838.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00838.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00838.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00838.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-01-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.111796", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-02-29", "title": "Ascomycota and Basidiomycota fungal phyla as indicators of land use efficiency for soil organic carbon accrual with woody plantations", "description": "As soil fungi are major players in the carbon accumulation process, the two main fungal degraders in topsoil, Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, were investigated as indicators of land use effectiveness in increasing soil carbon accumulation and soil function. The study focused on the soil organic carbon content increase in a 20-year short rotation forest cycle with broadleaf woody plantations compared to a nearby arable cropping system. Total fungi, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, were quantified in terms of DNA copy number, with specific probes using SYBR\u00ae Green I dye on the QuantStudio\u2122 3D digital PCR system (dPCR). Previously, next generation sequencing analysis using a general primer confirmed that Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most represented phyla and that fungal community composition significantly differed between treatments. A range of key soil enzyme activities for the C-cycle were also assessed. Total organic carbon content (TOC), microbial biomass in term of dsDNA and enzyme activities significantly increased in woody plantations compared to arable soil. The TOC increase differed significantly also between wood species, Salix and Robina gave the greatest increase (+30 and 20\u00a0% respectively), followed by Populus (+12), microbial biomass highly correlated with TOC showing the same trend. Total fungi, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota increased significantly in three woody plantations compared to the arable soil system. Ascomycota in the woody plantations increased two to four times (average 3144 n copies \u00b5l\u22121 of DNA) compared to the arable soil (1419 n copies \u00b5l\u22121); Basidiomycota were almost absent in arable soil (av. 94n copies \u00b5l\u22121) and increased five to six times in woody plantations (av. 490 n copies \u00b5l\u22121). Total fungi and ascomycetes correlated strongly with microbial biomass and TOC, whereas basidiomycetes did not. These findings showed that Ascomycota represent the largest portion of fungi in agricultural soils even after a 20-years short rotation forest cycle and they can be taken as indicators of carbon accumulation processes. Therefore, this study suggests that joining the Ascomycetes quantity in the topsoil to the Ascomycota:Basidiomycota ratio seems a good option when setting regional strategies for improving C accrual in farmland with the short-term afforestation.", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "2. Zero hunger", "Ecology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Topsoil", "01 natural sciences", "Saproptrophic soil fungi", "Land use", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Short rotation forest", "Digital PCR", "QH540-549.5", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Manici, Luisa M., Caputo, Francesco, Fornasier, Flavio, Paletto, Alessandro, Ceotto, Enrico, De Meo, Isabella,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.111796"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Indicators", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.111796", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.111796", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.111796"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.12.006", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-01-18", "title": "Long-Term Impact Of Fertilizers On Soil Organic Carbon Pools And Sequestration Rates In Maize-Wheat.-Cowpea Cropping System", "description": "Abstract We assessed the impact of long-term manuring and fertilization on changes in different SOC fractions over ten\u00a0years period (1994\u20132003) in a Typic Haplustept under intensive cropping with maize ( Zea mays L.) \u2014 wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) \u2014 cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ) in semi-arid, sub-tropical India. The application of graded doses of NPK from 50% (130\u00a0kg N, 35\u00a0kg P and 41.5\u00a0kg K ha \u2212\u00a01 ) to 150% (390\u00a0kg N, 105\u00a0kg P and 124\u00a0kg K ha \u2212\u00a01 ) in the cropping system significantly enhanced SOC, particulate organic C (POC) and KMnO 4 oxidizable C (KMnO 4 \u2013C) fractions in soil. The increase in these C fractions was greater when farmyard manure (FYM) was applied conjointly with 100% NPK (260\u00a0kg N, 70\u00a0kg P and 83\u00a0kg K ha \u2212\u00a01 ). This treatment showed highest amount of SOC (58.3\u00a0Mg C ha \u2212\u00a01 in 1994 and 72.1\u00a0Mg C ha \u2212\u00a01 in 2003), POC (5.30\u00a0Mg C ha \u2212\u00a01 in 1994 and 6.33\u00a0Mg C ha \u2212\u00a01 in 2003) and KMnO 4 -C (10.05\u00a0Mg C ha \u2212\u00a01 in 1994 and 11.2\u00a0Mg C ha \u2212\u00a01 in 2003) in 0\u201345\u00a0cm soil depth. The C sequestration rate in SOC calculated over ten\u00a0year period (1994\u20132003) was highest with 100% NPK\u00a0+\u00a0FYM (997\u00a0kg C ha \u2212\u00a01 \u00a0yr \u2212\u00a01 ) followed by the 150% NPK (553\u00a0kg C ha \u2212\u00a01 \u00a0yr \u2212\u00a01 ). It was estimated that 17.1 to 34.0% of the gross C input over ten\u00a0year period contributed towards the increase in SOC content, while C sequestration efficiency (CSE) in POC (varied between 1.28 and 2.58%) was lower than KMnO 4 -C (varied between 1.42 and 3.72%). The CSE was highest in 150% NPK treatment, while 100% NPK\u00a0+\u00a0FYM showed the lowest CSE. By applying the values of humification constant ( h ) and decay constant ( k ) in Jenkinson's equation, it is possible to predict SOC level in the year 2003 and the C inputs required to maintain the SOC level in the year 1994 ( A E ) were calculated from Jenkinson's equation. The low k value in native SOC was responsible for lower requirements of C input required to maintain SOC in equilibrium. Thus increase in SOC concentration under long-term maize\u2013wheat\u2013cowpea cropping was due to the fact that annual C input by the system was higher than A E . In semi-arid sub-tropical India, continuous adoption of 100% NPK\u00a0+\u00a0FYM treatment in maize\u2013wheat\u2013cowpea cropping system might sequester 1.83\u00a0Tg C yr \u2212\u00a01 which corresponds to about 1% of the fossil fuel emissions by India.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "L. Rudrappa, S. Bhadraray, D. K. Singh, Anand Swarup, T.J. Purakayastha,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.12.006"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.12.006", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.12.006", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.12.006"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.08.024", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-09-23", "title": "Soil Dynamics In Pinus Halepensis Reforestation: Effect Of Microenvironments And Previous Land Use", "description": "Abstract Reforestation with Pinus halepensis has been the most frequently used method for restoring supposedly degraded lands in Mediterranean semiarid areas, a key objective of which is to improve soil conditions to trigger succession. In this paper we study the effect of a 30\u00a0year-old reforestation on lands formerly dedicated to two different uses: shrubland and barley fields. The study area is located in SE Spain in a semiarid area with an annual rainfall of 298\u00a0mm. We hypothesize that the previous land use will influence present day soil characteristics. In addition, reforestations have led to the formation of microenvironments associated to: (i) tree development, which generates a radial gradient of influence; (ii) disturbance by mechanical works with resulting microenvironments such as escarpments, showing a worse initial state and, therefore, slower dynamics. Ten plots were set up on former shrubland and ten on a former barley field. Each plot represented a set of related microenvironments that followed a gradient of tree influence/mechanical disturbance. The microenvironments on former shrubland were: under escarpment (ES), plantation line adjacent to P. halepensis stem (PL), beneath P. halepensis crown (BC), the upper bank where part of the material of the terrace was dumped (UB) and original unaltered hillslope taken as pseudocontrol of the original soil (PC). In the former barley field, only PL, BC and PC microenvironments were present as no terracing was carried out. Pine growth created a strong gradient of litter input in the sequence PL\u00a0>\u00a0BC\u00a0>\u00a0PC which, however, had no significant effect on soil organic carbon (SOC) or other soil variables (except light changes in extractable K and pH). The incorporation of organic matter into the soil was probably delayed by the quality of recalcitrant pine litter and the unfavorable semiarid climate. In addition, disturbance created by reforestation works seems to have been buffered by redistribution of fine particles through short-range erosion and sedimentation. In the external part of the terrace, the values of SOC and extractable Na were higher, accompanied by increased electrical conductivity and decreased pH. The most striking differences found were related to former land use. SOC was three times higher in former shrubland than in former barley field. Likewise, available P was higher in the former barley field and extractable Na was higher in the former shrubland, both apparently related to the pre-reforestation state. The results indicate that soil dynamics thirty years after the reforestation has hardly erased the differences attributable to former land use. Soil dynamics induced by the input of organic matter from trees is slower that expected when the reforestation was planned. We conclude that any future application of reforestation should take into account the slow soil dynamics observed in this study in order to be more effective.", "keywords": ["0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.08.024"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.08.024", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.08.024", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.08.024"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.032", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-06-18", "title": "Five Crop Seasons' Records Of Greenhouse Gas Fluxes From Upland Fields With Repetitive Applications Of Biochar And Cattle Manure", "description": "The application of char to agricultural land is recognized as a potential way to sequester atmospheric carbon (C) assimilated by plants in soil, thus decelerating global warming. Such a process would also be expected to improve plant growth and the physical and chemical properties of soil. However, field investigations of the effects of continuous char application have not been reported. In the present study, the effects of repetitive bamboo char application on CO2, CH4, and N2O flux from soil, soil C content, and crop yield were investigated at two upland fields over five crop seasons. Three treatments: chemical fertilizer (CF) applied plots (Control plot); cattle manure (CM) (10\u00a0t\u00a0ha(-1)) and CF applied plot (CM plot); and bamboo char (20\u00a0t\u00a0ha(-1)), cattle manure (10\u00a0t\u00a0ha(-1)), and CF applied plot (Char/CM plot), were arranged in each field. After three crop seasons, the fourth treatment with char was applied without CF (Char plot) was given to one of the fields. CM and/or char were applied every crop season. Gas fluxes were measured using the static chamber method. Seasonal variations in CO2 flux and total CO2 emissions were consistently similar between the CM and Char/CM plots and between the Char and Control plots. As such, the decomposition rate of bamboo char was quite small, and the positive or negative effect of char on CM decomposition was not significant in the fields. Soil C analysis provided confirmation of this. CM application enhanced N2O emission mainly in the summer crop season. The differences in total N2O emission between the Char/CM and CM plots as well as between the Char and Control plots were insignificant in most cases. Total CH4 flux was negligibly small in all cases. Although the yield of winter crop (broccoli) in the Char/CM plots was twice observed to be higher than that in the Control and CM plots at one of the fields, in general, the char application had no effect on overall crop yield. Thus, the repeated application of bamboo char had no significant influence on greenhouse gas emissions and crop yields, but a high C accumulating function was found.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "Manure", "Random Allocation", "Soil", "Japan", "13. Climate action", "Charcoal", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Cattle", "Gases", "Seasons", "Fertilizers", "Methane", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Naoya Kanazaki, Akira Watanabe, Akira Shibata, Shuhei Makabe, Kosuke Ikeya, Yuki Sugiura,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.032"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.032", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.032", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.032"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.10.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:16:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-10-27", "title": "Short-Term Responses Of Picea Asperata Seedlings Of Different Ages Grown In Two Contrasting Forest Ecosystems To Experimental Warming", "description": "Abstract Low temperatures are generally limiting factors in alpine ecosystems. Predicted global warming therefore could have profound impacts on these ecosystems in the future. This study was conducted to compare effects of experimental warming on the phenology, growth and photosynthesis of dragon spruce seedlings of two age classes (2- and 8-year-old seedlings) grown in two contrasting subalpine forest ecosystems (dragon spruce plantation versus spruce-fir dominated natural forest) using the open top chamber (OTC) method in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau of China. The OTCs enhanced daily mean air (30\u00a0cm above the soil surface) and soil temperatures (5\u00a0cm below the soil surface) by 1.2\u00a0\u00b0C and by 0.6\u00a0\u00b0C in two experimental sites, respectively, throughout the growing season. Conversely, soil volumetric moisture declined by 3.8% and 2.8% in the plantation and natural forest. Experimental warming markedly extended the growing season of two age classes in both sites. However, there were no clear differences in phenology between ages or sites. Warming often increased the growth and photosynthesis of dragon spruce seedlings. There were pronounced differences in the morphological and physiological performances between ages or sites. Nevertheless, there were no significant interactions of warming, age and site on phenology, growth and photosynthesis. Irrespective of seedling ages or experimental sites, artificial warming had significant increases in component biomass except the root. The size of warming effect on biomass depended strongly on seedling age and experimental site. Elevated temperatures remarkably increased net N mineralization rates and extractable inorganic N pools in both sites. Both net N mineralization and extractable inorganic N pool were pronouncedly greater in the natural forest than in the plantation. Taken together, our results indicate that warming generally has positive effects on the phenology, growth and photosynthesis for both seedling age classes in any site. Younger seedlings are more sensitive to warming as compared with the older seedlings. Reforestation dramatically affects the responses of soil N turnover and availability to warming. We conclude that both direct and indirect warming effects synchronously modify the seedling responses.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Chuan Wan, Pei Xiong, Huajun Yin, Qing Liu, Zhenfeng Xu, Zhenfeng Xu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.10.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20and%20Experimental%20Botany", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.10.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.10.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.10.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=+and+fisheries&offset=50&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=+and+fisheries&offset=50&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=+and+fisheries&offset=0", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=+and+fisheries&offset=100", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 8095, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-06-24T01:56:07.816005Z"}