{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.2134/jeq2005.0437", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-06-14", "description": "ABSTRACT

Soil C change and CO2 emission due to different tillage systems need to be evaluated to encourage the adoption of conservation practices to sustain soil productivity and protect the environment. We hypothesize that soil C storage and CO2 emission respond to conservation tillage differently from conventional tillage because of their differential effects on soil properties. This study was conducted from 1998 through 2001 to evaluate tillage effects on soil C storage and CO2 emission in Clarion\uffe2\uff80\uff93Nicollet\uffe2\uff80\uff93Webster soil association in a corn [Zea mays L.]\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation in Iowa. Treatments included no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage with and without residue, strip\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage, deep rip, chisel plow, and moldboard plow. No\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage with residue and strip\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage significantly increased total soil organic C (TC) and mineral fraction C (MFC) at the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm soil depths compared with chisel plow after 3 yr of tillage practices. Soil CO2 emission was lower for less intensive tillage treatments compared with moldboard plow, with the greatest differences occurring immediately after tillage operations. Cumulative soil CO2 emission was 19 to 41% lower for less intensive tillage treatments than moldboard plow, and it was 24% less for no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage with residue than without residue during the 480\uffe2\uff80\uff90h measurement period. Estimated soil mineralizable C pool was reduced by 22 to 66% with less intensive tillage treatments compared with moldboard plow. Adopting less intensive tillage systems such as no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage, strip\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage, deep rip, and chisel plow and better crop residue cover are effective in reducing CO2 emission and thus improving soil C sequestration in a corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean rotation.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "Glycine max", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Environmental Monitoring"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Xinhua Yin, Mahdi Al-Kaisi,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0437"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2005.0437", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2005.0437", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2005.0437"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2007.0197", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-02-12", "description": "Abstract

Within Canada, it has been recognized in the last decade that military training activities may have impacts on the environmental quality of training ranges. However, impacts of activities specific to Air Force Bases have not yet been intensely documented. A hydrogeological study was accomplished at the Cold Lake Air Weapons Range, Alberta, to evaluate the environmental impacts of using bombs, rockets, strafing, and open burning/open detonation (OB/OD) on the quality of soil, ground water, surface water, and lake sediments. Samples were analyzed for metals, anions, ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4), and energetic materials (EM). It was found that training activities did not result in measured values being exceeded on the basis of guidance values for surface water and lake sediments. Contamination by metals was mostly limited to soils, and some metals may be related to the use of bombs (Cd, Cu, Pb), strafe (Cu), and rockets (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, U, V, Zn). TNT (2,4,6\uffe2\uff80\uff90trinitrotoluene) was the main EM found in soils, while RDX (hexahydro\uffe2\uff80\uff901,3,5\uffe2\uff80\uff90trinitro\uffe2\uff80\uff901,3,5\uffe2\uff80\uff90triazine) was more common in ground water. Both are related to live bombing, while nitroglycerine (NG) is related to rocket use and was detected in soils only. Aluminum, nitrate, and ammonium perchlorate detected in ground water may be related to live bombing or rockets. OB/OD operations resulted in the presence of various EM in soils, and of perchlorate and nitrate in ground water. Contamination by metals and explosives in soils was localized around the targets and varied significantly in time; however, in ground water it was more constant and may persist for a period of several years after a target has been removed.

", "keywords": ["Anions", "Geologic Sediments", "550", "lake sediments", "Fresh Water", "Environment", "01 natural sciences", "Alberta", "Explosive Agents", "Water Supply", "Soil Pollutants", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Nitrates", "Perchlorates", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "nitroglycerine", "ammonium perchlorate", "Quaternary Ammonium Compounds", "Metals", "13. Climate action", "open detonation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Weapons", "Water Pollutants", " Chemical", "Environmental Monitoring", "Trinitrotoluene"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0197"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2007.0197", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2007.0197", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2007.0197"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2135/cropsci2006.07.0487", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-29", "description": "ABSTRACT

The witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth., is a major constraint to maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production in sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90Saharan Africa. Intercropping maize and sorghum with desmodium (Desmodium spp.) effectively controls Striga and enhances grain yields. Studies were thus conducted to assess the potential role of intercropping maize and sorghum with different food legumes for control of Striga Seasonal Striga counts in the intercrops, other than greenleaf desmodium where the counts consistently remained close to zero, were generally not significantly different from those in the control in both crops. A pooled analysis across seasons, however, showed that intercropping sorghum with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], and crotalaria (Crotalaria ochroleuca G. Don), and maize with crotalaria significantly reduced Striga populations. Within\uffe2\uff80\uff90season analysis showed that it was only the greenleaf desmodium intercrop that maintained significantly enhanced grain yields relative to the control. On the other hand, multiseason analysis showed that it was only the crotalaria, cowpea, and greenleaf desmodium intercrops in maize and greenleaf desmodium intercrop in sorghum that significantly enhanced grain yields. These results indicate that intercropping sorghum with cowpea, greengram, or crotalaria and maize with crotalaria could be combined with other cultural methods for a sustainable control of S. hermonthica.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Hassanali, Ahmed, Khan, Z. R., Midega, C. A.O., Pickett, J. A., Wadhams, L. J.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2006.07.0487"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Crop%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2135/cropsci2006.07.0487", "name": "item", "description": "10.2135/cropsci2006.07.0487", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2135/cropsci2006.07.0487"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2005.0476", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-10-28", "title": "Tillage System, Application Rate, And Extreme Event Effects On Herbicide Losses In Surface Runoff", "description": "ABSTRACT

Conservation tillage can reduce soil loss; however, the residual herbicides normally used to control weeds are often detected in surface runoff at high levels, particularly if runoff\uffe2\uff80\uff90producing storms occur shortly after application. Therefore, we measured losses of alachlor, atrazine, linuron, and metribuzin from seven small (0.45\uffe2\uff80\uff930.79\uffe2\uff80\uff90ha) watersheds for 9 yr (1993\uffe2\uff80\uff932001) to investigate whether a reduced\uffe2\uff80\uff90input system for corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production with light disking, cultivation, and half\uffe2\uff80\uff90rate herbicide applications could reduce losses compared with chisel and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till. As a percentage of application, annual losses were highest for all herbicides for no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till and similar for chisel and reduced\uffe2\uff80\uff90input. Atrazine was the most frequently detected herbicide and yearly flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted concentrations exceeded the drinking water standard of 3 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 20 out of 27 watershed years that it was applied. Averaged for 9 corn yr, yearly flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted atrazine concentrations were 26.3, 9.6, and 8.3 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till, chisel, and reduced\uffe2\uff80\uff90input, respectively. Similarly, flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted concentrations of alachlor exceeded the drinking water standard of 2 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 23 out of 54 application years and in all treatments. Thus, while banding and half\uffe2\uff80\uff90rate applications as part of a reduced\uffe2\uff80\uff90input management practice reduced herbicide loss, concentrations of some herbicides may still be a concern. For all watersheds, 60 to 99% of herbicide loss was due to the five largest transport events during the 9\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr period. Thus, regardless of tillage practice, a small number of runoff events, usually shortly after herbicide application, dominated herbicide transport.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Glycine max", "Herbicides", "Triazines", "Rain", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "Kinetics", "Water Supply", "13. Climate action", "Acetamides", "Water Movements", "Soil Pollutants", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Atrazine", "Linuron", "Water Pollutants", " Chemical", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0476"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2005.0476", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2005.0476", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2005.0476"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2006.0392", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-01-05", "title": "Soil Carbon Dioxide Emission And Carbon Content As Affected By Irrigation, Tillage, Cropping System, And Nitrogen Fertilization", "description": "Abstract

Management practices can influence soil CO2 emission and C content in cropland, which can effect global warming. We examined the effects of combinations of irrigation, tillage, cropping systems, and N fertilization on soil CO2 flux, temperature, water, and C content at the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth from May to November 2005 at two sites in the northern Great Plains. Treatments were two irrigation systems (irrigated vs. non\uffe2\uff80\uff90irrigated) and six management practices that contained tilled and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tilled malt barley (Hordeum vulgaris L.) with 0 to 134 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tilled pea (Pisum sativum L.), and a conservation reserve program (CRP) planting applied in Lihen sandy loam (sandy, mixed, frigid, Entic Haplustolls) in western North Dakota. In eastern Montana, treatments were no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tilled malt barley with 78 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tilled rye (Secale cereale L.), no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tilled Austrian winter pea, no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tilled fallow, and tilled fallow applied in dryland Williams loam (fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90loamy, mixed Typic Argiborolls). Irrigation increased CO2 flux by 13% compared with non\uffe2\uff80\uff90irrigation by increasing soil water content in North Dakota. Tillage increased CO2 flux by 62 to 118% compared with no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage at both places. The flux was 1.5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 2.5\uffe2\uff80\uff90fold greater with tilled than with non\uffe2\uff80\uff90tilled treatments following heavy rain or irrigation in North Dakota and 1.5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 2.0\uffe2\uff80\uff90fold greater with crops than with fallow following substantial rain in Montana. Nitrogen fertilization increased CO2 flux by 14% compared with no N fertilization in North Dakota and cropping increased the flux by 79% compared with fallow in no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till and 0 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in Montana. The CO2 flux in undisturbed CRP was similar to that in no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tilled crops. Although soil C content was not altered, management practices influenced CO2 flux within a short period due to changes in soil temperature, water, and nutrient contents. Regardless of irrigation, CO2 flux can be reduced from croplands to a level similar to that in CRP planting using no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tilled crops with or without N fertilization compared with other management practices.

", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "Montana", "Nitrogen", "Rain", "Temperature", "Water", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "North Dakota", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers", "Environmental Monitoring"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Upendra M. Sainju, Jalal D. Jabro, William B. Stevens,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0392"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2006.0392", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2006.0392", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2006.0392"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2006.0468", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-09-01", "description": "Abstract

A significant portion of the NO3from agricultural fields that contaminates surface waters in the Midwest Corn Belt is transported to streams or rivers by subsurface drainage systems or \uffe2\uff80\uff9ctiles.\uffe2\uff80\uff9d Previous research has shown that N fertilizer management alone is not sufficient for reducing NO3concentrations in subsurface drainage to acceptable levels; therefore, additional approaches need to be devised. We compared two cropping system modifications for NO3concentration and load in subsurface drainage water for a no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till corn (Zea maysL.)\uffe2\uff80\uff90soybean (Glycine max[L.] Merr.) management system. In one treatment, eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloidesL.) was grown in permanent 3.05\uffe2\uff80\uff90m\uffe2\uff80\uff90wide strips above the tiles. For the second treatment, a rye (Secale cerealeL.) winter cover crop was seeded over the entire plot area each year near harvest and chemically killed before planting the following spring. Twelve 30.5 \uffc3\uff97 42.7\uffe2\uff80\uff90m subsurface\uffe2\uff80\uff90drained field plots were established in 1999 with an automated system for measuring tile flow and collecting flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted samples. Both treatments and a control were initiated in 2000 and replicated four times. Full establishment of both treatments did not occur until fall 2001 because of dry conditions. Treatment comparisons were conducted from 2002 through 2005. The rye cover crop treatment significantly reduced subsurface drainage water flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted NO3concentrations and NO3loads in all 4 yr. The rye cover crop treatment did not significantly reduce cumulative annual drainage. Averaged over 4 yr, the rye cover crop reduced flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted NO3concentrations by 59% and loads by 61%. The gamagrass strips did not significantly reduce cumulative drainage, the average annual flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted NO3concentrations, or cumulative NO3loads averaged over the 4 yr. Rye winter cover crops grown after corn and soybean have the potential to reduce the NO3concentrations and loads delivered to surface waters by subsurface drainage systems.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrates", "Time Factors", "Glycine max", "Nitrogen", "Secale", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Iowa", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Water Pollutants", "Seasons", "Fertilizers", "Environmental Monitoring"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Thomas B. Moorman, Dan B. Jaynes, Timothy B. Parkin, T. C. Kaspar,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0468"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2006.0468", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2006.0468", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2006.0468"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2006.0540", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-02-12", "title": "Impact Of Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybean And Glufosinate-Tolerant Corn Production On Herbicide Losses In Surface Runoff", "description": "Abstract

Residual herbicides used in the production of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] and corn (Zea mays L.) are often detected in surface runoff at concentrations exceeding their maximum contaminant levels (MCL) or health advisory levels (HAL). With the advent of transgenic, glyphosate\uffe2\uff80\uff90tolerant soybean and glufosinate\uffe2\uff80\uff90tolerant corn this concern might be reduced by replacing some of the residual herbicides with short half\uffe2\uff80\uff90life, strongly sorbed, contact herbicides. We applied both herbicide types to two chiseled and two no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till watersheds in a 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean rotation and at half rates to three disked watersheds in a 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr corn/soybean/wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff90red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) rotation and monitored herbicide losses in runoff water for four crop years. In soybean years, average glyphosate loss (0.07%) was \uffe2\uff88\uffbc1/7 that of metribuzin (0.48%) and about one\uffe2\uff80\uff90half that of alachlor (0.12%), residual herbicides it can replace. Maximum, annual, flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted concentration of glyphosate (9.2 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921) was well below its 700 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 MCL and metribuzin (9.5 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921) was well below its 200 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 HAL, whereas alachlor (44.5 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921) was well above its 2 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 MCL. In corn years, average glufosinate loss (0.10%) was similar to losses of alachlor (0.07%) and linuron (0.15%), but about one\uffe2\uff80\uff90fourth that of atrazine (0.37%). Maximum, annual, flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted concentration of glufosinate (no MCL) was 3.5 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921, whereas atrazine (31.5 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and alachlor (9.8 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921) substantially exceeded their MCLs of 3 and 2 \uffce\uffbcg L\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. Regardless of tillage system, flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted atrazine and alachlor concentrations exceeded their MCLs in at least one crop year. Replacing these herbicides with glyphosate and glufosinate can reduce the occurrence of dissolved herbicide concentrations in runoff exceeding drinking water standards.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Glyphosate", "Glycine max", "Herbicides", "Rain", "Glycine", "Agriculture", "Drug Tolerance", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Plants", " Genetically Modified", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "Water Supply", "13. Climate action", "Water Movements", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Water Pollutants", " Chemical", "Environmental Monitoring", "Ohio"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0540"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2006.0540", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2006.0540", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2006.0540"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2007.0099", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-10-26", "description": "Abstract

Intensive use of N fertilizers in modern agriculture is motivated by the economic value of high grain yields and is generally perceived to sequester soil organic C by increasing the input of crop residues. This perception is at odds with a century of soil organic C data reported herein for the Morrow Plots, the world's oldest experimental site under continuous corn (Zea maysL.). After 40 to 50 yr of synthetic fertilization that exceeded grain N removal by 60 to 190%, a net decline occurred in soil C despite increasingly massive residue C incorporation, the decline being more extensive for a corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean (Glycine maxL. Merr.) or corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93oats (Avena sativaL.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93hay rotation than for continuous corn and of greater intensity for the profile (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9346 cm) than the surface soil. These findings implicate fertilizer N in promoting the decomposition of crop residues and soil organic matter and are consistent with data from numerous cropping experiments involving synthetic N fertilization in the USA Corn Belt and elsewhere, although not with the interpretation usually provided. There are important implications for soil C sequestration because the yield\uffe2\uff80\uff90based input of fertilizer N has commonly exceeded grain N removal for corn production on fertile soils since the 1960s. To mitigate the ongoing consequences of soil deterioration, atmospheric CO2enrichment, and NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92pollution of ground and surface waters, N fertilization should be managed by site\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific assessment of soil N availability. Current fertilizer N management practices, if combined with corn stover removal for bioenergy production, exacerbate soil C loss.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "Time Factors", "Nitrogen", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Fertilizers", "Zea mays", "Carbon", "Midwestern United States"], "contacts": [{"organization": "T. R. Ellsworth, S. A. Khan, Charles W. Boast, Richard L Mulvaney,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0099"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2007.0099", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2007.0099", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2007.0099"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2006.0547", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-01-05", "description": "Abstract

Nitrate (NO3) loss from arable systems to surface and groundwater has attracted considerable attention in recent years in Ireland. Little information exists under Irish conditions, which are wet and temperate, on the effects of winter cover crops and different tillage techniques on NO3 leaching. This study investigated the efficacy of such practices in reducing NO3 leaching from a spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) system in the Barrow River valley, southeast Ireland. The study compared the effect of two tillage systems (plow\uffe2\uff80\uff90based tillage and noninversion tillage) and two over\uffe2\uff80\uff90winter alternatives (no vegetative cover and a mustard cover crop) on soil solution NO3 concentrations at 90 cm depth over two winter drainage seasons (2003/04 and 2004/05). Soil samples were taken and analyzed for inorganic N. During both years of the study, the use of a mustard cover crop significantly reduced NO3 losses for the plowed and reduced cultivation treatments. Mean soil solution NO3 concentrations were between 38 and 70% lower when a cover crop was used, and total N load lost over the winter was between 18 and 83% lower. Results from this study highlight the importance of drainage volume and winter temperatures on NO3 concentrations in soil solution and overall N load lost. It is suggested that cover crops will be of particular value in reducing NO3 loss in temperate regions with mild winters, where winter N mineralization is important and high winter temperatures favor a long growing season.

", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Nitrates", "Nitrogen", "Rain", "Water Pollution", "Temperature", "Water", "Agriculture", "Hordeum", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Soil Pollutants", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ireland", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0547"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2006.0547", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2006.0547", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2006.0547"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2007.0196", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-02-26", "description": "Abstract

Land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use change can lead to changes in soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage. This study aimed to determine the impact of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term grazing exclusion (GE) on soil organic C and total N (TN) storage in the Leymus chinensis grasslands of northern China and to estimate the dynamics of recovery after GE. We investigated the aboveground biomass and soil organic C and TN storage in six contiguous plots along a GE chronosequence comprising free grazing, 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr GE, 8\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr GE, 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr GE, 24\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr GE, and 28\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr GE. Grazing exclusion for two decades increased the soil C and N storage by 35.7 and 14.6%, respectively, in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 40\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm soil layer. The aboveground net primary productivity and soil C and N storage were the highest with 24\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr GE and the lowest with free grazing. The storage increased logarithmically with the duration of GE; after an initial rapid increase after the introduction of GE, the storage attained equilibrium after 20 yr. A logarithmic regression analysis revealed 86.8 and 87.1% variation in the soil C storage and 74.2 and 80.7% variation in the soil N storage in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm and 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 40\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm soil layers, respectively. Based on these results, we suggest that two decades of GE would restore the L. chinensis grasslands from being lightly degraded to a stable productive condition with good soil C and N storage capacity. Our results demonstrated that by implementing GE, the temperate grasslands of northern China could facilitate significant C and N storage on decade scales in the context of mitigating global climate change.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Soil", "Nitrogen", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0196"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2007.0196", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2007.0196", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2007.0196"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2007.0241", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-05-04", "description": "Abstract

Quantification of soil carbon (C) cycling as influenced by management practices is needed for C sequestration and soil quality improvement. We evaluated the 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr effects of tillage, cropping system, and N source on crop residue and soil C fractions at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth in Decatur silt loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic, Typic Paleudults) in northern Alabama, USA. Treatments were incomplete factorial combinations of three tillage practices (no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till [NT], mulch till [MT], and conventional till [CT]), two cropping systems (cotton [Gossypium hirsutum L.]\uffe2\uff80\uff90cotton\uffe2\uff80\uff90corn [Zea mays L.] and rye [Secale cereale L.]/cotton\uffe2\uff80\uff90rye/cotton\uffe2\uff80\uff90corn), and two N fertilization sources and rates (0 and 100 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 from NH4NO3 and 100 and 200 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 from poultry litter). Carbon fractions were soil organic C (SOC), particulate organic C (POC), microbial biomass C (MBC), and potential C mineralization (PCM). Crop residue varied among treatments and years and total residue from 1997 to 2005 was greater in rye/cotton\uffe2\uff80\uff90rye/cotton\uffe2\uff80\uff90corn than in cotton\uffe2\uff80\uff90cotton\uffe2\uff80\uff90corn and greater with NH4NO3 than with poultry litter at 100 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 The SOC content at 0 to 20 cm after 10 yr was greater with poultry litter than with NH4NO3 in NT and CT, resulting in a C sequestration rate of 510 kg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 with poultry litter compared with \uffe2\uff88\uff92120 to 147 kg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 with NH4NO3 Poultry litter also increased PCM and MBC compared with NH4NO3 Cropping increased SOC, POC, and PCM compared with fallow in NT. Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term poultry litter application or continuous cropping increased soil C storage and microbial biomass and activity compared with inorganic N fertilization or fallow, indicating that these management practices can sequester C, offset atmospheric CO2 levels, and improve soil and environmental quality.

", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Gossypium", "Nitrogen", "Secale", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Fertilizers", "Zea mays", "Carbon", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Upendra M. Sainju, Zachary N. Senwo, K. Chandra Reddy, Irenus A. Tazisong, Ermson Z. Nyakatawa,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0241"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2007.0241", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2007.0241", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2007.0241"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2007.0268", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-06-24", "title": "Nitrogen, Tillage, And Crop Rotation Effects On Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Irrigated Cropping Systems", "description": "Abstract

We evaluated the effects of irrigated crop management practices on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soil. Emissions were monitored from several irrigated cropping systems receiving N fertilizer rates ranging from 0 to 246 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 during the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons. Cropping systems included conventional\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (CT) continuous corn (Zea mays L.), no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) continuous corn, NT corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (NT\uffe2\uff80\uff90CDb), and NT corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93barley (Hordeum distichon L.) (NT\uffe2\uff80\uff90CB). In 2005, half the N was subsurface band applied as urea\uffe2\uff80\uff90ammonium nitrate (UAN) at planting to all corn plots, with the rest of the N applied surface broadcast as a polymer\uffe2\uff80\uff90coated urea (PCU) in mid\uffe2\uff80\uff90June. The entire N rate was applied as UAN at barley and dry bean planting in the NT\uffe2\uff80\uff90CB and NT\uffe2\uff80\uff90CDb plots in 2005. All plots were in corn in 2006, with PCU being applied at half the N rate at corn emergence and a second N application as dry urea in mid\uffe2\uff80\uff90June followed by irrigation, both banded on the soil surface in the corn row. Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured during the growing season using static, vented chambers (1\uffe2\uff80\uff933 times wk\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and a gas chromatograph analyzer. Linear increases in N2O emissions were observed with increasing N\uffe2\uff80\uff90fertilizer rate, but emission amounts varied with growing season. Growing season N2O emissions were greater from the NT\uffe2\uff80\uff90CDb system during the corn phase of the rotation than from the other cropping systems. Crop rotation and N rate had more effect than tillage system on N2O emissions. Nitrous oxide emissions from N application ranged from 0.30 to 0.75% of N applied. Spikes in N2O emissions after N fertilizer application were greater with UAN and urea than with PCU fertilizer. The PCU showed potential for reducing N2O emissions from irrigated cropping systems.

", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Nitrogen", "13. Climate action", "Nitrous Oxide", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ardell D. Halvorson, Stephen J. Del Grosso, Curtis A. Reule,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0268"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2007.0268", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2007.0268", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2007.0268"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2007.0266", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-06-24", "title": "Chemistry And Long-Term Decomposition Of Roots Of Douglas-Fir Grown Under Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide And Warming Conditions", "description": "Abstract

Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations and warming may affect the quality of litters of forest plants and their subsequent decomposition in ecosystems, thereby potentially affecting the global carbon cycle. However, few data on root tissues are available to test this feedback to the atmosphere. In this study, we used fine (diameter \uffe2\uff89\uffa4 2 mm) and small (2\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 mm) roots of Douglas\uffe2\uff80\uff90fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings that were grown for 4 yr in a 2 \uffc3\uff97 2 factorial experiment: ambient or elevated (+ 180 ppm) atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and ambient or elevated (+3.8\uffc2\uffb0C) atmospheric temperature. Exposure to elevated CO2 significantly increased water\uffe2\uff80\uff90soluble extractives concentration (%WSE), but had little effect on the concentration of N, cellulose, and lignin of roots. Elevated temperature had no effect on substrate quality except for increasing %WSE and decreasing the %lignin content of fine roots. No significant interaction was found between CO2 and temperature treatments on substrate quality, except for %WSE of the fine roots. Short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (\uffe2\uff89\uffa4 9 mo) root decomposition in the field indicated that the roots from the ambient CO2 and ambient temperature treatment had the slowest rate. However, over a longer period of incubation (9\uffe2\uff80\uff9336 mo) the influence of initial substrate quality on root decomposition diminished. Instead, the location of the field incubation sites exhibited significant control on decomposition. Roots at the warmer, low elevation site decomposed significantly faster than the ones at the cooler, high elevation site. This study indicates that short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term decomposition and long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term responses are not similar. It also suggests that increasing atmospheric CO2 had little effect on the carbon storage of Douglas\uffe2\uff80\uff90fir old\uffe2\uff80\uff90growth forests of the Pacific Northwest.

", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "Air", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Pseudotsuga"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0266"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2007.0266", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2007.0266", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2007.0266"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2007.0276", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-05-04", "title": "Free-Air Co2 Enrichment Of Sorghum: Soil Carbon And Nitrogen Dynamics", "description": "Abstract

The positive impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on crop biomass production suggests more carbon inputs to soil. Further study on the effect of elevated CO2 on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics is key to understanding the potential for long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term carbon storage in soil. Soil samples (0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90, 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90, and 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depths) were collected after 2 yr of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] production under two atmospheric CO2 levels: (370 [ambient] and 550 \uffce\uffbcL L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 [free\uffe2\uff80\uff90air CO2 enrichment; FACE]) and two water treatments (ample water and limited water) on a Trix clay loam (fine, loamy, mixed [calcareous], hyperthermic Typic Torrifluvents) at Maricopa, AZ. In addition to assessing treatment effects on soil organic C and total N, potential C and N mineralization and C turnover were determined in a 60\uffe2\uff80\uff90d laboratory incubation study. After 2 yr of FACE, soil C and N were significantly increased at all soil depths. Water regime had no effect on these measures. Increased total N in the soil was associated with reduced N mineralization under FACE. Results indicated that potential C turnover was reduced under water deficit conditions at the top soil depth. Carbon turnover was not affected under FACE, implying that the observed increase in soil C with elevated CO2 may be stable relative to ambient CO2 conditions. Results suggest that, over the short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term, a small increase in soil C storage could occur under elevated atmospheric CO2 conditions in sorghum production systems with differing water regimes.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "Nitrogen", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Sorghum", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0276"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2007.0276", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2007.0276", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2007.0276"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2007.0427", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-06-24", "title": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Two Soils Receiving Nitrogen Fertilizer And Swine Manure Slurry", "description": "Abstract

The interactive effects of soil texture and type of N fertility (i.e., manure vs. commercial N fertilizer) on N2O and CH4 emissions have not been well established. This study was conducted to assess the impact of soil type and N fertility on greenhouse gas fluxes (N2O, CH4, and CO2) from the soil surface. The soils used were a sandy loam (789 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 sand and 138 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 clay) and a clay soil (216 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 sand, and 415 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 clay). Chamber experiments were conducted using plastic buckets as the experimental units. The treatments applied to each soil type were: (i) control (no added N), (ii) urea\uffe2\uff80\uff90ammonium nitrate (UAN), and (iii) liquid swine manure slurry. Greenhouse gas fluxes were measured over 8 weeks. Within the UAN and swine manure treatments both N2O and CH4 emissions were greater in the sandy loam than in the clay soil. In the sandy loam soil N2O emissions were significantly different among all N treatments, but in the clay soil only the manure treatment had significantly higher N2O emissions. It is thought that the major differences between the two soils controlling both N2O and CH4 emissions were cation exchange capacity (CEC) and percent water\uffe2\uff80\uff90filled pore space (%WFPS). We speculate that the higher CEC in the clay soil reduced N availability through increased adsorption of NH4+ compared to the sandy loam soil. In addition the higher average %WFPS in the sandy loam may have favored higher denitrification and CH4 production than in the clay soil.

", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Nitrogen", "Swine", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "630", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Manure", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Gases", "Fertilizers"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jarecki, Marek K., Parkin, Timothy B., Chan, Alvarus S. K., Hatfield, Jerry L., Jones, Raymond,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0427"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2007.0427", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2007.0427", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2007.0427"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2008.0295", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-05-23", "title": "Banding Of Urea Increased Ammonia Volatilization In A Dry Acidic Soil", "description": "

Volatilization of ammonia following application of urea contributes to smog formation and degradation of natural ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of (i) incorporation and banding of urea and (ii) surface broadcast of slow\uffe2\uff80\uff90release urea types on NH3 volatilization in a dry acidic soil. Volatilization was measured using wind tunnels for 25 d after standard urea (140 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) was broadcast, broadcast and incorporated (0\uffe2\uff80\uff935 cm), or incorporated in shallow bands (3\uffe2\uff80\uff935 cm) to a conventionally tilled silty loam soil. Urea supplemented with a urease inhibitor or coated with a polymer was also broadcast at the soil surface. Little N diffused out of the polymer\uffe2\uff80\uff90coated granules and ammonia losses were low (4% of applied N). Use of a urease inhibitor also resulted in a low NH3 loss (5% of applied N) while maintaining soil mineral N at levels similar to plots where untreated urea was broadcast. The rate of hydrolysis of urea broadcast at the soil surface was slowed by the lack of moisture and NH3 loss (9% applied N) was the lowest of all treatments with standard urea. Incorporation of broadcast urea increased emissions (16% applied N) by increasing urea hydrolysis relative to surface application. Furthermore, incorporation in band also increased emissions (27% applied N) due to a localized increase in soil pH from 6.0 to 8.7. We conclude that incorporating urea in bands in a dry acidic soil can increase NH3 volatilization compared to broadcast application followed by incorporation.

", "keywords": ["Soil", "Ammonia", "13. Climate action", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Volatilization", "Acids", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Denis A. Angers, Marc-Olivier Gasser, J. Douglas MacDonald, Normand Bertrand, Philippe Rochette, Martin H. Chantigny,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0295"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2008.0295", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2008.0295", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2008.0295"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2007.0292", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-06-24", "title": "Testing Daycent Model Simulations Of Corn Yields And Nitrous Oxide Emissions In Irrigated Tillage Systems In Colorado", "description": "Abstract

Agricultural soils are responsible for the majority of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in the USA. Irrigated cropping, particularly in the western USA, is an important source of N2O emissions. However, the impacts of tillage intensity and N fertilizer amount and type have not been extensively studied for irrigated systems. The DAYCENT biogeochemical model was tested using N2O, crop yield, soil N and C, and other data collected from irrigated cropping systems in northeastern Colorado during 2002 to 2006. DAYCENT uses daily weather, soil texture, and land management information to simulate C and N fluxes between the atmosphere, soil, and vegetation. The model properly represented the impacts of tillage intensity and N fertilizer amount on crop yields, soil organic C (SOC), and soil water content. DAYCENT N2O emissions matched the measured data in that simulated emissions increased as N fertilization rates increased and emissions from no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) tended to be lower on average than conventional\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (CT). However, the model overestimated N2O emissions. Lowering the amount of N2O emitted per unit of N nitrified from 2 to 1% helped improve model fit but the treatments receiving no N fertilizer were still overestimated by more than a factor of 2. Both the model and measurements showed that soil NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 levels increase with N fertilizer addition and with tillage intensity, but DAYCENT underestimated NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 levels, particularly for the treatments receiving no N fertilizer. We suggest that DAYCENT could be improved by reducing the background nitrification rate and by accounting for the impact of changes in microbial community structure on denitrification rates.

", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Colorado", "13. Climate action", "Nitrous Oxide", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Models", " Theoretical", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "A. D. Halvorson, S. J. Del Grosso, William J. Parton,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0292"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2007.0292", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2007.0292", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2007.0292"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2007.0509", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-08-09", "description": "

Compared with open (treeless) pasture systems, silvopastoral agroforestry systems that integrate trees into pasture production systems are likely to enhance soil carbon (C) sequestration in deeper soil layers. To test this hypothesis, total soil C contents at six soil depths (0\uffe2\uff80\uff935, 5\uffe2\uff80\uff9315, 15\uffe2\uff80\uff9330, 30\uffe2\uff80\uff9350, 50\uffe2\uff80\uff9375, and 75\uffe2\uff80\uff93125 cm) were determined in silvopastoral systems with slash pine (Pinus elliottii) + bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) and an adjacent open pasture (OP) with bahiagrass at four sites, representing Spodosols and Ultisols, in Florida. Soil samples from each layer were fractionated into three classes (250\uffe2\uff80\uff932000, 53\uffe2\uff80\uff93250, and <53 \uffce\uffbcm), and the C contents in each were determined. Averaged across four sites and all depths, the total soil organic carbon (SOC) content was higher by 33% in silvopastures near trees (SP\uffe2\uff80\uff90T) and by 28% in the alleys between tree rows (SP\uffe2\uff80\uff90A) than in adjacent open pastures. It was higher by 39% in SP\uffe2\uff80\uff90A and 20% in SP\uffe2\uff80\uff90T than in open pastures in the largest fraction size (250\uffe2\uff80\uff932000 \uffce\uffbcm) and by 12.3 and 18.8%, respectively, in the intermediate size fraction (53\uffe2\uff80\uff93250 \uffce\uffbcm). The highest SOC increase (up to 45 kg m\uffe2\uff88\uff922) in whole soil of silvopasture compared with OP was at the 75\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 125\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth at the Spodosol sites. The results support the hypothesis that, compared with open pastures, silvopastures contain more C in deeper soil layers under similar ecological settings, possibly as a consequence of a major input to soil organic matter from decomposition of dead tree\uffe2\uff80\uff90roots.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "Florida", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Particle Size", "15. Life on land", "Carbon"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Vimala D. Nair, P. K. Ramachandran Nair, Solomon G. Haile,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0509"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2007.0509", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2007.0509", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2007.0509"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2008.0387", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-10-30", "title": "Nitrogen Deposition Effects On Carbon Storage And Fungal:Bacterial Ratios In Coastal Sage Scrub Soils Of Southern California", "description": "

The effects of nitrogen (N) across a deposition gradient on bacterial and fungal degradation pathways were studied in southern California coastal sage scrub soils to determine whether elevated N levels alter microbial community structure and organic matter accumulation. Three sites across an N deposition gradient having low, intermediate, and high levels of atmospheric N deposition were studied for 20 mo. Fungi:bacteria (F:B) biomass ratios were determined by phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Plots at each location included control plots receiving ambient N deposition and treatment plots that were fertilized with an additional 50 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 of slow\uffe2\uff80\uff90release urea. Results showed that organic carbon (C) levels varied seasonally but that F:B ratios were relatively stable and similar across the three locations and over time. Total organic C decreased in response to N additions only at the low N deposition site. The results suggest that organic matter degradation pathways leading to C storage in soils that have been exposed to high levels of atmospheric N deposition are not responsive to additional increases in N and that N effects on organic C in semiarid soils may be significant only in areas with prior low exposure to N pollution.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "Nitrogen", "13. Climate action", "Soil Pollutants", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "California", "Carbon", "Soil Microbiology", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0387"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2008.0387", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2008.0387", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2008.0387"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2008.0476", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-08-25", "title": "Mineral-Nitrogen Leaching And Ammonia Volatilization From A Rice-Rapeseed System As Affected By 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate", "description": "

3,4\uffe2\uff80\uff90Dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) was validated as an effective nitrification inhibitor to reduce nitrate leaching. Its effects on ammonia (NH3) volatilization were not clear, especially on farmland scale with crop rotations. In this study, on\uffe2\uff80\uff90farm experiments at the Jiaxing (JX) and Yuhang (YH) sites in Taihu Lake Basin, China were conducted to evaluate the effect of DMPP application on mineral nitrogen (N) (NH4\uffe2\uff80\uff93N and NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N) leaching and NH3 volatilization losses in a rice\uffe2\uff80\uff93rapeseed cropping system. Treatments included urea alone (UA), urea + 1% DMPP (UD), and no fertilizer (CK). The results show that DMPP reduced NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N leaching fluxes by 44.9 to 59.9% and increased NH4\uffe2\uff80\uff93N leaching fluxes by 13.0 to 33.3% at two sites during rice and rape seasons compared with urea alone. Reductions in mineral\uffe2\uff80\uff90N leaching fluxes by DMPP in two seasons at the JX and YH sites were 9.5 and 14.3 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively, compared with UA treatment. The application of DMPP had no significant effects on NH3 volatilization loss fluxes at either site. The rice and rapeseed yields were 5.3 to 7.4% higher in UD plots than in UA plots at two sites. These results that indicate DMPP could reduce leaching losses of mineral\uffe2\uff80\uff90N from crop fields and promote grain yields by conserving more applied N in soil in rice\uffe2\uff80\uff93rapeseed rotation systems.

", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "Ammonia", "Nitrogen", "Brassica napus", "Pyrazoles", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Oryza", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Volatilization", "Environmental Pollution", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Yanfeng Lian, Yingxu Chen, Wenhong Li, Hua Li, Xinqiang Liang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0476"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2008.0476", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2008.0476", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2008.0476"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2008.0408", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-01-05", "description": "

While water quality functions of conservation buffers established adjacent to cropped fields have been widely documented, the relative contribution of these re\uffe2\uff80\uff90established perennial plant systems to greenhouse gases has not been completely documented. In the case of methane (CH4), these systems have the potential to serve as sinks of CH4or may provide favorable conditions for CH4production. This study quantifies CH4flux from soils of riparian buffer systems comprised of three vegetation types and compares these fluxes with those of adjacent crop fields. We measured soil properties and diel and seasonal variations of CH4flux in 7 to 17 yr\uffe2\uff80\uff90old re\uffe2\uff80\uff90established riparian forest buffers, warm\uffe2\uff80\uff90season and cool\uffe2\uff80\uff90season grass filters, and an adjacent crop field located in the Bear Creek watershed in central Iowa. Forest buffer and grass filter soils had significantly lower bulk density (P< 0.01); and higher pH (P< 0.01), total carbon (TC) (P< 0.01), and total nitrogen (TN) (P< 0.01) than crop field soils. There was no significant relationship between CH4flux and soil moisture or soil temperature among sites within the range of conditions observed. Cumulative CH4flux was \uffe2\uff88\uff920.80 kg CH4\uffe2\uff80\uff93C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921in the cropped field, \uffe2\uff88\uff920.46 kg CH4\uffe2\uff80\uff93C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921within the forest buffers, and 0.04 kg CH4\uffe2\uff80\uff93C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921within grass filters, but difference among vegetation covers was not significant. Results suggest that CH4flux was not changed after establishment of perennial vegetation on cropped soils, despite significant changes in soil properties.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "riparian buffer", "methane", "Natural Resources Management and Policy", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "crops", "rivers", "630", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "pollutants", "Rivers", "Agronomy and Crop Sciences", "13. Climate action", "Soil Pollutants", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Hydrology", "Methane", "Ecosystem", "Water Pollutants", " Chemical", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0408"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2008.0408", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2008.0408", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2008.0408"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2008.0483", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-06-24", "description": "

Microbial production and consumption of greenhouse gases (GHG) is influenced by temperature and nutrients, especially during the first few weeks after agricultural fertilization. The effect of fertilization on GHG fluxes should occur during and shortly after application, yet data indicating how application timing affects both GHG fluxes and crop yields during a growing season are lacking. We designed a replicated (n= 5) field experiment to test for the short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effect of fertilizer application timing on fluxes of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) over a growing season in the northern Great Plains. Each 0.30\uffe2\uff80\uff90ha plot was planted to maize (Zea maysL.) and treated similarly with the exception of fertilizer timing: five plots were fertilized with urea in early spring (1 April) and five plots were fertilized with urea in late spring (13 May). We hypothesized time\uffe2\uff80\uff90integrated fluxes over a growing season would be greater for the late\uffe2\uff80\uff90spring treatment, resulting in a greater net GHG flux, as compared to the early\uffe2\uff80\uff90spring treatment. Data collected on 59 dates and integrated over a 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90mo time course indicated CO2fluxes were greater (P< 0.0001) and CH4fluxes were lower (P< 0.05) for soils fertilized in late spring. Net GHG flux was also significantly affected by treatment, with 0.84 \uffc2\uffb1 0.11 kg CO2equivalents m\uffe2\uff88\uff922for early spring and 1.04 \uffc2\uffb1 0.13 kg CO2equivalents m\uffe2\uff88\uff922for late spring. Nitrous oxide fluxes, however, were similar for both treatments. Results indicate fertilizer application timing influences net GHG emissions in dryland cropping systems.

", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Time and Motion Studies", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Gases", "Seasons", "Fertilizers", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0483"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2008.0483", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2008.0483", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2008.0483"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2008.0527", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-10-30", "title": "Synthetic Nitrogen Fertilizers Deplete Soil Nitrogen: A Global Dilemma For Sustainable Cereal Production", "description": "

Cereal production that now sustains a world population of more than 6.5 billion has tripled during the past 40 yr, concurrent with an increase from 12 to 104 Tg yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 of synthetic N applied largely in ammoniacal fertilizers. These fertilizers have been managed as a cost\uffe2\uff80\uff90effective form of insurance against low yields, without regard to the inherent effect of mineral N in promoting microbial C utilization. Such an effect is consistent with a net loss of soil organic C recently observed for the Morrow Plots, America's oldest experiment field, after 40 to 50 yr of synthetic N fertilization that substantially exceeded grain N removal. A similar decline in total soil N is reported herein for the same site and would be expected from the predominantly organic occurrence of soil N. This decline is in agreement with numerous long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term baseline data sets from chemical\uffe2\uff80\uff90based cropping systems involving a wide variety of soils, geographic regions, and tillage practices. The loss of organic N decreases soil productivity and the agronomic efficiency (kg grain kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 N) of fertilizer N and has been implicated in widespread reports of yield stagnation or even decline for grain production in Asia. A major global evaluation of current cereal production systems should be undertaken, with a view toward using scientific and technological advances to increase input efficiencies. As one aspect of this strategy, the input of ammoniacal N should be more accurately matched to crop N requirement. Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term sustainability may require agricultural diversification involving a gradual transition from intensive synthetic N inputs to legume\uffe2\uff80\uff90based crop rotations.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Internationality", "Nitrogen", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "12. Responsible consumption", "Food Supply", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Edible Grain", "Environmental Pollution", "Fertilizers"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Richard L Mulvaney, T. R. Ellsworth, S. A. Khan,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0527"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2008.0527", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2008.0527", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2008.0527"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2009.0138", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-20", "title": "Influence Of Biochars On Nitrous Oxide Emission And Nitrogen Leaching From Two Contrasting Soils", "description": "

The influence of biochar on nitrogen (N) transformation processes in soil is not fully understood. This study assessed the influence of four biochars (wood and poultry manure biochars synthesized at 400\uffc2\uffb0C, nonactivated, and at 550\uffc2\uffb0C, activated, abbreviated as: W400, PM400, W550, PM550, respectively) on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission and N leaching from an Alfisol and a Vertisol. Repacked soil columns were subjected to three wetting\uffe2\uff80\uff93drying (W\uffe2\uff80\uff93D) cycles to achieve a range of water\uffe2\uff80\uff90filled pore space (WFPS) over a 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90mo period. During the first two W\uffe2\uff80\uff93D cycles, W400 and W550 had inconsistent effects on N2O emissions and the soils amended with PM400 produced higher N2O emissions relative to the control. The initially greater N2O emission from the PM400 soils was ascribed to its higher labile intrinsic N content than the other biochars. During the third W\uffe2\uff80\uff93D cycle, all biochar treatments consistently decreased N2O emissions, cumulatively by 14 to 73% from the Alfisol and by 23 to 52% from the Vertisol, relative to their controls. In the first leaching event, higher nitrate leaching occurred from the PM400\uffe2\uff80\uff90amended soils compared with the other treatments. In the second event, the leaching of ammonium was reduced by 55 to 93% from the W550\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and PM550\uffe2\uff80\uff90Alfisol and Vertisol, and by 87 to 94% from the W400\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and PM400\uffe2\uff80\uff90Vertisol only (cf. control). We propose that the increased effectiveness of biochars in reducing N2O emissions and ammonium leaching over time was due to increased sorption capacity of biochars through oxidative reactions on the biochar surfaces with ageing.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "Time Factors", "Nitrogen", "Nitrous Oxide", "Water", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Air Pollution", "Charcoal", "Soil Pollutants", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Water Pollutants", " Chemical"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2009.0138"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2009.0138", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2009.0138", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2009.0138"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2011.0058", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-06-29", "title": "Kinetics Of Carbon Mineralization Of Biochars Compared With Wheat Straw In Three Soils", "description": "Application of biochars to soils may stabilize soil organic matter and sequester carbon (C). The objectives of our research were to study in vitro C mineralization kinetics of various biochars in comparison with wheat straw in three soils and to study their contribution to C stabilization. Three soils (Oxisol, Alfisol topsoil, and Alfisol subsoil) were incubated at 25\u00b0C with wheat straw, charcoal, hydrothermal carbonization coal (HTC), low-temperature conversion coal (LTC), and a control (natural organic matter). Carbon mineralization was analyzed by alkali absorption of CO released at regular intervals over 365 d. Soil samples taken after 5 and 365 d of incubation were analyzed for soluble organic C and inorganic N. Chemical characterization of biochars and straw for C and N bonds was performed with Fourier transformation spectroscopy and with the N fractionation method, respectively. The LTC treatment contained more N in the heterocyclic-bound N fraction as compared with the biochars and straw. Charcoal was highly carbonized when compared with the HTC and LTC. The results show higher C mineralization and a lower half-life of straw-C compared with biochars. Among biochars, HTC showed some C mineralization when compared with charcoal and LTC over 365 d. Carbon mineralization rates were different in the three soils. The half-life of charcoal-C was higher in the Oxisol than in the Alfisol topsoil and subsoil, possibly due to high Fe-oxides in the Oxisol. The LTC-C had a higher half-life, possibly due to N unavailability. We conclude that biochar stabilization can be influenced by soil type.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Kinetics", "Soil", "Plant Stems", "Nitrogen", "Charcoal", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon", "Triticum"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0058"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2011.0058", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2011.0058", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2011.0058"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2009.0491", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-08-24", "description": "

In many regions, conservation tillage has replaced conventional tilling practices to reduce soil erosion, improve water conservation, and increase soil organic matter. However, tillage can have marked effects on soil properties, specifically nutrient redistribution or stratification in the soil profile. The objective of this research was to examine soil phosphorus (P) forms and concentrations in a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term study comparing conservation tillage (direct drilling, \uffe2\uff80\uff9cNo Till\uffe2\uff80\uff9d) and conventional tillage (moldboard plowing to 20 cm depth, \uffe2\uff80\uff9cTill\uffe2\uff80\uff9d) established on a fine sandy loam (Orthic Humo\uffe2\uff80\uff90Ferric Podzol) in Prince Edward Island, Canada. No significant differences in total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), total P, or total organic P concentrations were detected between the tillage systems at any depth in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 60\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth range analyzed. However, analysis with phosphorus\uffe2\uff80\uff9031 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed differences in P forms in the plow layer. In particular, the concentration of orthophosphate was significantly higher under No Till than Till at 5 to 10 cm, but the reverse was true at 10 to 20 cm. Mehlich 3\uffe2\uff80\uff93extractable P was also significantly higher in No Till at 5 to 10 cm and significantly higher in Till at 20 to 30 cm. This P stratification appears to be caused by a lack of mixing of applied fertilizer in No Till because the same trends were observed for pH and Mehlich 3\uffe2\uff80\uff93extractable Ca (significantly higher in the Till treatment at 20 to 30 cm), reflecting mixing of applied lime. The P saturation ratio was significantly higher under No Till at 0 to 5 cm and exceeded the recommended limits, suggesting that P stratification under No Till had increased the potential for P loss in runoff from these sites.

", "keywords": ["Conservation of Natural Resources", "Soil", "Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy", "13. Climate action", "Phosphorus Isotopes", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2009.0491"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2009.0491", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2009.0491", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2009.0491"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2008.0517", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-08-25", "title": "Nitrogen, Tillage, And Crop Rotation Effects On Carbon Dioxide And Methane Fluxes From Irrigated Cropping Systems", "description": "

Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effects of tillage intensity, N fertilization, and crop rotation on carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) flux from semiarid irrigated soils are poorly understood. We evaluated effects of: (i) tillage intensity [no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) and conventional moldboard plow tillage (CT)] in a continuous corn rotation; (ii) N fertilization levels [0\uffe2\uff80\uff93246 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for corn (Zea mays L.); 0 and 56 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.); 0 and 112 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for barley (Hordeum distichon L.)]; and (iii) crop rotation under NT soil management [corn\uffe2\uff80\uff90barley (NT\uffe2\uff80\uff90CB); continuous corn (NT\uffe2\uff80\uff90CC); corn\uffe2\uff80\uff90dry bean (NT\uffe2\uff80\uff90CDb)] on CO2 and CH4 flux from a clay loam soil. Carbon dioxide and CH4 fluxes were monitored one to three times per week using vented nonsteady state closed chambers. No\uffe2\uff80\uff90till reduced (14%) growing season (154 d) cumulative CO2 emissions relative to CT (NT: 2.08 Mg CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff93C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921; CT: 2.41 Mg CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff93C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), while N fertilization had no effect. Significantly lower (18%) growing season CO2 fluxes were found in NT\uffe2\uff80\uff90CDb than NT\uffe2\uff80\uff90CC and NT\uffe2\uff80\uff90CB (11.4, 13.2 and 13.9 kg CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff93C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921d\uffe2\uff88\uff921 respectively). Growing season CH4 emissions were higher in NT (20.2 g CH4 ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) than in CT (1.2 g CH4 ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Nitrogen fertilization and cropping rotation did not affect CH4 flux. Implementation of NT for 7 yr with no N fertilization was not adequate for restoring the CH4 oxidation capacity of this clay loam soil relative to CT plowed and fertilized soil.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrogen", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Fertilizers", "Methane", "Oxidation-Reduction", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "ALLUVIONE, Francesco, A. D. Halvorson, S. J. Del Grosso,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0517"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2008.0517", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2008.0517", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2008.0517"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2009.0027", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-02-23", "description": "

The use of organic residues as soil additives is increasing, but, depending on their composition and application methods, these organic amendments can stimulate the emissions of CO2 and N2O. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of management practices in irrigated sweet corn (Zea mays L.) on CO2 and N2O emissions and to relate emissions to environmental factors. In a 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr study, corn residues (CR) and pasteurized chicken manure (PCM) were used as soil amendments compared with no residue (NR) under three management practices: shallow tillage (ST) and no tillage (NT) under consecutive corn crops and ST without crop. Tillage significantly increased (P < 0.05) CO2 and N2O fluxes in residue\uffe2\uff80\uff90amended plots and in NR plots. Carbon dioxide and N2O fluxes were correlated with soil NH4 concentrations and with days since tillage and days since seeding. Fluxes of CO2 were correlated with soil water content, whereas N2O fluxes had higher correlation with air temperature. Annual CO2 emissions were higher with PCM than with CR and NR (9.7, 2.9, and 2.3 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively). Fluxes of N2O were 34.4, 0.94, and 0.77 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 with PCM, CR, and NR, respectively. Annual amounts of CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff93C and N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff93N emissions from the PCM treatments were 64 and 3% of the applied C and N, respectively. Regardless of cultivation practices, elevated N2O emissions were recorded in the PCM treatment. These emissions could negate some of the beneficial effects of PCM on soil properties.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrogen", "Air", "Rain", "Nitrous Oxide", "Temperature", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "Manure", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Israel", "Chickens"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2009.0027"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2009.0027", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2009.0027", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2009.0027"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2009.0482", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-08-24", "title": "Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions Following Band-Incorporation Of Fertilizer Nitrogen And Swine Manure", "description": "

Treatment of liquid swine manure (LSM) offers opportunities to improve manure nutrient management. However, N2O fluxes and cumulative emissions resulting from application of treated LSM are not well documented. Nitrous oxide emissions were monitored following band\uffe2\uff80\uff90incorporation of 100 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 of either mineral fertilizer, raw LSM, or four pretreated LSMs (anaerobic digestion; anaerobic digestion + flocculation; filtration; decantation) at the four\uffe2\uff80\uff90leaf stage of corn (Zea mays L.). In a clay soil, a larger proportion of applied N was lost as N2O with the mineral fertilizer (average of 6.6%) than with LSMs (3.1\uffe2\uff80\uff935.0%), whereas in a loam soil, the proportion of applied N lost as N2O was lower with the mineral fertilizer (average of 0.4%) than with LSMs (1.2\uffe2\uff80\uff932.4%). Emissions were related to soil NO3 intensity in the clay soil, whereas they were related to water\uffe2\uff80\uff90extractable organic C in the loam soil. This suggests that N2O production was N limited in the clay soil and C limited in the loam soil, and would explain the interaction found between N sources and soil type. The large N2O emission coefficients measured in many treatments, and the contradicting responses among N sources depending on soil type, indicate that (i) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) default value (1%) may seriously underestimate N2O emissions from fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90textured soils where fertilizer N and manure are band\uffe2\uff80\uff90incorporated, and (ii) site\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific factors, such as drainage conditions and soil properties (e.g., texture, organic matter content), have a differential influence on emissions depending on N source.

", "keywords": ["Manure", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "Nitrogen", "Swine", "13. Climate action", "Nitrous Oxide", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Fertilizers", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2009.0482"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2009.0482", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2009.0482", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2009.0482"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2010.0041", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-08-24", "title": "Nitrogen Source Effects On Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Irrigated No-Till Corn", "description": "

Nitrogen fertilization is essential for optimizing crop yields; however, it may potentially increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The study objective was to assess the ability of commercially available enhanced\uffe2\uff80\uff90efficiency N fertilizers to reduce N2O emissions following their application in comparison with conventional dry granular urea and liquid urea\uffe2\uff80\uff90ammonium nitrate (UAN) fertilizers in an irrigated no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) corn (Zea mays L.) production system. Four enhanced\uffe2\uff80\uff90efficiency fertilizers were evaluated: two polymer\uffe2\uff80\uff90coated urea products (ESN and Duration III) and two fertilizers containing nitrification and urease inhibitors (SuperU and UAN+AgrotainPlus). Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured during two growing seasons using static, vented chambers and a gas chromatograph analyzer. Enhanced\uffe2\uff80\uff90efficiency fertilizers significantly reduced growing\uffe2\uff80\uff90season N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff90N emissions in comparison with urea, including UAN. SuperU and UAN+AgrotainPlus had significantly lower N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff90N emissions than UAN. Compared with urea, SuperU reduced N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff90N emissions 48%, ESN 34%, Duration III 31%, UAN 27%, and UAN+AgrotainPlus 53% averaged over 2 yr. Compared with UAN, UAN+AgrotainPlus reduced N2O emissions 35% and SuperU 29% averaged over 2 yr. The N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff90N loss as a percentage of N applied was 0.3% for urea, with all other N sources having significantly lower losses. Grain production was not reduced by the use of alternative N sources. This work shows that enhanced\uffe2\uff80\uff90efficiency N fertilizers can potentially reduce N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff90N emissions without affecting yields from irrigated NT corn systems in the semiarid central Great Plains.

", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Agricultural Irrigation", "Climate", "Nitrous Oxide", "Water", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Methane"], "contacts": [{"organization": "A. D. Halvorson, S. J. Del Grosso, ALLUVIONE, Francesco,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0041"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2010.0041", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2010.0041", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2010.0041"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/bg-16-1883-2019", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:22:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-05-07", "title": "N\u2009:\u2009P stoichiometry and habitat effects on Mediterranean savanna seasonal root dynamics", "description": "

Abstract. Mediterranean grasslands are highly seasonal and co-limited by water and nutrients. In such systems, little is known about root dynamics which may depend on individual plant properties and environment as well as seasonal water shortages and site fertility. Patterns of root biomass and activity are affected by the presence of scattered trees, grazing, site management, and chronic nitrogen deposition, all of which can affect nutrient ratios and potentially cause development of nitrogen\uffe2\uff80\uff89:\uffe2\uff80\uff89phosphorus (N\uffe2\uff80\uff89:\uffe2\uff80\uff89P) imbalances in ecosystem stoichiometry. In this study we combined observations from minirhizotrons with root measurements from direct soil cores and ingrowth cores, along with measures of above-ground biomass to investigate seasonal root dynamics and root\uffe2\uff80\uff89:\uffe2\uff80\uff89shoot ratios in a Mediterranean tree\uffe2\uff80\uff93grass \uffe2\uff80\uff9csavanna\uffe2\uff80\uff9d. We investigated responses to soil fertility, using nutrient manipulation (N\uffe2\uff88\uff95NP addition) and spatial microhabitat treatments between open-pasture and microhabitats under the tree canopy. Root dynamics over time were also compared with indices of above-ground growth drawn from proximal remote sensing. Results show distinct differences in root dynamics and biomass between treatments and microhabitats. Root biomass was higher with N additions, but did not differ from the control with NP additions in early spring. By the end of the growing season root biomass had increased with NP in open pastures but not higher than N added alone. In contrast, root length density (RLD) in pastures responded stronger to the NP than N-only addition, while beneath trees root biomass tended to be higher with only N. Even though root biomass increased, the root\uffe2\uff80\uff89:\uffe2\uff80\uff89shoot ratio decreased under nutrient treatments. Timing of root and shoot growth was reasonably well paired, although in autumn root growth appeared to be substantially slower than \uffe2\uff80\uff9cregreening\uffe2\uff80\uff9d of the system. We interpret these differences as a shift in community structure and/or root traits under changing stoichiometry induced by the fertilization. We also consider seasonal (phenology) differences in the strength and direction of effects observed.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/16/1883/2019/bg-16-1883-2019.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1883-2019"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/bg-16-1883-2019", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/bg-16-1883-2019", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/bg-16-1883-2019"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-05-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2010.0145", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-04-26", "description": "Soil particle size and land management practices are known to have considerable infl uence on carbon (C) storage in soils, but such information is lacking for silvopastoral systems in Spain. Th is study quantifi ed the amounts of soil C stored at various depths to 100 cm under ilvopastoral plots of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) and birch (Betula pendula Roth) in comparison to treeless pasture in Galicia, Spain. Soils were fractionated into three size classes (<53, 53\u2013250, and 250\u20132000 \u03bcm), and C stored in them and in the whole (nonfractionated) soil was determined. Overall, the C stock to 1 m ranged from 80.9 to 176.9 Mg ha\u22121 in these soils. Up to 1 m depth, 78.82% of C was found in the 0- to 25-cm soil depth, with 12.9, 4.92, and 3.36% in the 25- to 50-, 50- to 75-, and 75- to 100-cm depths, respectively. Soils under birch at 0 to 25 cm stored more C in the 250- to 2000-\u03bcm size class as compared with those under adiata pine; at that depth, pasture had more C than pine silvopasture in the smaller soil fractions (<53 and 53\u2013250 \u03bcm). In the 75- to 100-cm depth, there was signifi cantly more storage of C in the 250- to 2000-\u03bcm fraction in both silvopastures as compared with the pasture. Th e higher storage of soil C in larger fraction size in lower soil depths of silvopasture suggests that planting of trees into traditional agricultural landscapes will promote longer-term storage of C in the soil.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Carbon Sequestration", "organic carbon.", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Pinus", "Carbon", "Trees", "soil", "Soil", "Species Specificity", "Spain", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Particle Size", "Fertilizers", "Betula", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0145"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2010.0145", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2010.0145", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2010.0145"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2010.0168", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-04-26", "title": "Agroforestry Buffers For Nonpoint Source Pollution Reductions From Agricultural Watersheds", "description": "Despite increased attention and demand for the adoption of agroforestry practices throughout the world, rigorous long-term scientific studies confirming environmental benefits from the use of agroforestry practices are limited. The objective was to examine nonpoint-source pollution (NPSP) reduction as influenced by agroforestry buffers in watersheds under grazing and row crop management. The grazing study consists of six watersheds in the Central Mississippi Valley wooded slopes and the row crop study site consists of three watersheds in a paired watershed design in Central Claypan areas. Runoff water samples were analyzed for sediment, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) for the 2004 to 2008 period. Results indicate that agroforestry and grass buffers on grazed and row crop management sites significantly reduce runoff, sediment, TN, and TP losses to streams. Buffers in association with grazing and row crop management reduced runoff by 49 and 19%, respectively, during the study period as compared with respective control treatments. Average sediment loss for grazing and row crop management systems was 13.8 and 17.9 kg ha yr, respectively. On average, grass and agroforestry buffers reduced sediment, TN, and TP losses by 32, 42, and 46% compared with the control treatments. Buffers were more effective in the grazing management practice than row crop management practice. These differences could in part be attributed to the differences in soils, management, and landscape features. Results from this study strongly indicate that agroforestry and grass buffers can be designed to improve water quality while minimizing the amount of land taken out of production.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Geologic Sediments", "Missouri", "Nitrogen", "Water Pollution", "Agriculture", "Forestry", "Fresh Water", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "6. Clean water", "Trees", "Rivers", "13. Climate action", "Water Movements", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0168"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2010.0168", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2010.0168", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2010.0168"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2010.0454", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-06-27", "title": "Comparative Losses Of Glyphosate And Selected Residual Herbicides In Surface Runoff From Conservation-Tilled Watersheds Planted With Corn Or Soybean", "description": "Residual herbicides regularly used in conjunction with conservation tillage to produce corn ( L.) and soybean [ (L.) Merr] are often detected in surface water at concentrations that exceed their U.S. maximum contaminant levels (MCL) and ecological standards. These risks might be reduced by planting glyphosate-tolerant varieties of these crops and totally or partially replacing the residual herbicides alachlor, atrazine, linuron, and metribuzin with glyphosate, a contact herbicide that has a short half-life and is strongly sorbed to soil. Therefore, we applied both herbicide types at typical rates and times to two chisel-plowed and two no-till watersheds in a 2-yr corn/soybean rotation and at half rates to three disked watersheds in a 3-yr corn/soybean/wheat-red clover ( L.- L.) rotation and monitored herbicide losses in surface runoff for three crop years. Average dissolved glyphosate loss for all tillage practices, as a percentage of the amount applied, was significantly less ( \u2264 0.05) than the losses of atrazine (21.4x), alachlor (3.5x), and linuron (8.7x) in corn-crop years. Annual, flow-weighted, concentration of atrazine was as high as 41.3 \u03bcg L, much greater than its 3 \u03bcg L MCL. Likewise, annual, flow-weighted alachlor concentration (MCL = 2 \u03bcg L) was as high as 11.2 and 4.9 \u03bcg L in corn- and soybean-crop years, respectively. In only one runoff event during the 18 watershed-years it was applied did glyphosate concentration exceed its 700 \u03bcg L MCL and the highest, annual, flow-weighted concentration was 3.9 \u03bcg L. Planting glyphosate-tolerant corn and soybean and using glyphosate in lieu of some residual herbicides should reduce the impact of the production of these crops on surface water quality.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Glyphosate", "Glycine max", "Herbicides", "Glycine", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "Water Supply", "13. Climate action", "Medicago", "Water Movements", "Water Pollution", " Chemical", "Soil Pollutants", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Triticum", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0454"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2010.0454", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2010.0454", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2010.0454"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/microorganisms8010013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:21:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-12-20", "title": "Genome Analyses and Genome-Centered Metatranscriptomics of Methanothermobacter wolfeii Strain SIV6, Isolated from a Thermophilic Production-Scale Biogas Fermenter", "description": "

In the thermophilic biogas-producing microbial community, the genus Methanothermobacter was previously described to be frequently abundant. The aim of this study was to establish and analyze the genome sequence of the archaeal strain Methanothermobacter wolfeii SIV6 originating from a thermophilic industrial-scale biogas fermenter and compare it to related reference genomes. The circular chromosome has a size of 1,686,891 bases, featuring a GC content of 48.89%. Comparative analyses considering three completely sequenced Methanothermobacter strains revealed a core genome of 1494 coding sequences and 16 strain specific genes for M. wolfeii SIV6, which include glycosyltransferases and CRISPR/cas associated genes. Moreover, M. wolfeii SIV6 harbors all genes for the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway and genome-centered metatranscriptomics indicates the high metabolic activity of this strain, with 25.18% of all transcripts per million (TPM) belong to the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway and 18.02% of these TPM exclusively belonging to the mcr operon. This operon encodes the different subunits of the enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase (EC: 2.8.4.1), which catalyzes the final and rate-limiting step during methanogenesis. Finally, fragment recruitment of metagenomic reads from the thermophilic biogas fermenter on the SIV6 genome showed that the strain is abundant (1.2%) within the indigenous microbial community. Detailed analysis of the archaeal isolate M. wolfeii SIV6 indicates its role and function within the microbial community of the thermophilic biogas fermenter, towards a better understanding of the biogas production process and a microbial-based management of this complex process.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "570", "Methanothermobacter wolfeii", "metagenomics", "0303 health sciences", "metatranscriptomics", "thermophilic biogas fermenter", "comparative analyses", "Methanothermobacter wolfeii; thermophilic biogas fermenter; genome mining; comparative analyses; CRISPR/cas; metabolic pathway reconstruction; metagenomics; fragment recruitment; metatranscriptomics", "CRISPR/cas", "metabolic pathway reconstruction", "7. Clean energy", "Article", "03 medical and health sciences", "CRISPR/cas", "genome mining", "8. Economic growth", "Methanothermobacter wolfeii", "fragment recruitment"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/1/13/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/1/13/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Microorganisms", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/microorganisms8010013", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/microorganisms8010013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/microorganisms8010013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-12-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2010.0162", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-04-26", "description": "Silvopastoral management of fast-growing tree plantations is becoming popular in the Brazilian Cerrado (savanna). To understand the influence of such systems on soil carbon (C) storage, we studied C content in three aggregate size classes in six land-use systems (LUS) on Oxisols in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The systems were a native forest, a treeless pasture, 24- and 4-yr-old eucalyptus ( sp.) plantations, and 15- and 4-yr-old silvopastures of fodder grass plus animals under eucalyptus. From each system, replicated soil samples were collected from four depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-50, and 50-100 cm), fractionated into 2000- to 250-, 250- to 53-, and <53-\u03bcm size classes representing macroaggregates, microaggregates, and silt + clay, respectively, and their C contents determined. Macroaggregate was the predominant size fraction under all LUS, especially in the surface soil layers of tree-based systems. In general, C concentrations (g kg soil) in the different aggregate size fractions did not vary within the same depth. The soil organic carbon (SOC) stock (Mg C ha) to 1-m depth was highest under pasture compared with other LUS owing to its higher soil bulk density. The soils under all LUS had higher C stock compared with other reported values for managed tropical ecosystems: down to 1 m, total SOC stock values ranged from 461 Mg ha under pasture to 393 Mg ha under old eucalyptus. Considering the possibility for formation and retention of microaggregates within macroggregates in low management-intensive systems such as silvopasture, the macroaggregate dynamics in the soil seem to be a good indicator of its C storage potential.", "keywords": ["Carbon Sequestration", "Eucalyptus", "Livestock", "Agriculture", "Forestry", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Carbon", "Soil", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Particle Size", "Fertilizers", "Brazil", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0162"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2010.0162", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2010.0162", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2010.0162"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2010.0419", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-02-22", "description": "

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from grazing animal excreta are estimated to be responsible for 1.5 Tg of the total 6.7 Tg of anthropogenic N2O emissions. This study was conducted to determine the in situ effect of incorporating biochar, into soil, on N2O emissions from bovine urine patches and associated pasture uptake of N. The effects of biochar rate (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), following soil incorporation, were investigated on ruminant urine\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived N2O fluxes, N uptake by pasture, and pasture yield. During an 86\uffe2\uff80\uff90d spring\uffe2\uff80\uff90summer period, where irrigation and rainfall occurred, the N2O fluxes from 15N labeled ruminant urine patches were reduced by >50%, after incorporating 30 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 of biochar. Taking into account the N2O emissions from the control plots, 30 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 of biochar reduced the N2O emission factor from urine by 70%. The atom% 15N enrichment of the N2O emitted was lower in the 30 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 biochar treatment, indicating less urine\uffe2\uff80\uff90N contributed to the N2O flux. Soil NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff90N concentrations were lower with increasing biochar rate during the first 30 d following urine deposition. No differences occurred, due to biochar addition, with respect to dry matter yields, herbage N content, or recovery of 15N applied in herbage. Incorporating biochar into the soil can significantly diminish ruminant urine\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived N2O emissions. Further work is required to determine the persistence of the observed effect and to fully understand the mechanism(s) of the observed reduction in N2O fluxes.

", "keywords": ["bovine urine", "550", "Nitrogen", "Nitrous Oxide", "Urine", "Soil", "ANZSRC::0702 Animal Production", "ANZSRC::0503 Soil Sciences", "Animals", "Humans", "biochar", "Weather", "2. Zero hunger", "nitrous oxide", "ANZSRC::31 Biological sciences", "emissions", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "ANZSRC::050304 Soil Chemistry (excl. Carbon Sequestration Science)", "ANZSRC::37 Earth sciences", "13. Climate action", "Charcoal", "ANZSRC::41 Environmental sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Cattle", "Volatilization"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0419"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2010.0419", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2010.0419", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2010.0419"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2011.0039", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-08-25", "title": "Fertilizer Source And Tillage Effects On Yield-Scaled Nitrous Oxide Emissions In A Corn Cropping System", "description": "

Management practices such as fertilizer or tillage regime may affect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and crop yields, each of which is commonly expressed with respect to area (e.g., kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 or Mg grain ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Expressing N2O emissions per unit of yield can account for both of these management impacts and might provide a useful metric for greenhouse gas inventories by relating N2O emissions to grain production rates. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (>17 yr) tillage treatments and N fertilizer source on area\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and yield\uffe2\uff80\uff90scaled N2O emissions, soil N intensity, and nitrogen use efficiency for rainfed corn (Zea mays L.) in Minnesota over three growing seasons. Two different controlled\uffe2\uff80\uff90release fertilizers (CRFs) and conventional urea (CU) were surface\uffe2\uff80\uff90applied at 146 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 several weeks after planting to conventional tillage (CT) and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) treatments. Yield\uffe2\uff80\uff90scaled emissions across all treatments represented 0.4 to 1.1% of the N harvested in the grain. Both CRFs reduced soil nitrate intensity, but not N2O emissions, compared with CU. One CRF, consisting of nitrification and urease inhibitors added to urea, decreased N2O emissions compared with a polymer\uffe2\uff80\uff90coated urea (PCU). The PCU tended to have lower yields during the drier years of the study, which increased its yield\uffe2\uff80\uff90scaled N2O emissions. The overall effectiveness of CRFs compared with CU in this study may have been reduced because they were applied several weeks after corn was planted. Across all N treatments, area\uffe2\uff80\uff90scaled N2O emissions were not significantly affected by tillage. However, when expressed per unit yield of grain, grain N, or total aboveground N, N2O emissions with NT were 52, 66, and 69% greater, respectively, compared with CT. Thus, in this cropping system and climate regime, production of an equivalent amount of grain using NT would generate substantially more N2O compared with CT.

", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Climate", "Nitrous Oxide", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Fertilizers", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0039"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2011.0039", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2011.0039", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2011.0039"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2011.0064", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-12-05", "title": "Role of Nitrogen Fertilization in Sustaining Organic Matter in Cultivated Soils", "description": "

Soil organic matter (SOM) is essential for sustaining food production and maintaining ecosystem services and is a vital resource base for storing C and N. The impact of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term use of synthetic fertilizer N on SOM, however, has been questioned recently. Here we tested the hypothesis that long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term application of N results in a decrease in SOM. We used data from 135 studies of 114 long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experiments located at 100 sites throughout the world over time scales of decades under a range of land\uffe2\uff80\uff90management and climate regimes to quantify changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil organic nitrogen (SON). Published data of a total of 917 and 580 observations for SOC and SON, respectively, from control (unfertilized or zero N) and N\uffe2\uff80\uff90fertilized treatments (synthetic, organic, and combination) were analyzed using the SAS mixed model and by meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis. Results demonstrate declines of 7 to 16% in SOC and 7 to 11% in SON with no N amendments. In soils receiving synthetic fertilizer N, the rate of SOM loss decreased. The time\uffe2\uff80\uff90fertilizer response ratio, which is based on changes in the paired comparisons, showed average increases of 8 and 12% for SOC and SON, respectively, following the application of synthetic fertilizer N. Addition of organic matter (i.e., manure) increased SOM, on average, by 37%. When cropping systems fluctuated between flooding and drying, SOM decreased more than in continuous dryland or flooded systems. Flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) soils show net accumulations of SOC and SON. This work shows a general decline in SOM for all long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term sites, with and without synthetic fertilizer N. However, our analysis also demonstrates that in addition to its role in improving crop productivity, synthetic fertilizer N significantly reduces the rate at which SOM is declining in agricultural soils, worldwide.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrogen", "Climate", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Organic Chemicals", "Fertilizers"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0064"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2011.0064", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2011.0064", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2011.0064"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2011.0100", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-06-29", "title": "Switchgrass Biochar Affects Two Aridisols", "description": "The use of biochar has received growing attention because of its ability to improve the physicochemical properties of highly weathered Ultisols and Oxisols, yet very little research has focused on its effects in Aridisols. We investigated the effect of low or high temperature (250 or 500\u00b0C) pyrolyzed switchgrass () biochar on two Aridisols. In a pot study, biochar was added at 2% w/w to a Declo loam (Xeric Haplocalcids) or to a Warden very fine sandy loam (Xeric Haplocambids) and incubated at 15% moisture content (by weight) for 127 d; a control (no biochar) was also included. Soils were leached with 1.2 to 1.3 pore volumes of deionized HO on Days 34, 62, 92, and 127, and cumulative leachate Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, NO-N, NO-N, and NH-N concentrations were quantified. On termination of the incubation, soils were destructively sampled for extractable Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Zn, NO-N, and NH-N, total C, inorganic C, organic C, and pH. Compared with 250\u00b0C, the 500\u00b0C pyrolysis temperature resulted in greater biochar surface area, elevated pH, higher ash content, and minimal total surface charge. For both soils, leachate Ca and Mg decreased with the 250\u00b0C switchgrass biochar, likely due to binding by biochar's functional group sites. Both biochars caused an increase in leachate K, whereas the 500\u00b0C biochar increased leachate P. Both biochars reduced leachate NO-N concentrations compared with the control; however, the 250\u00b0C biochar reduced NO-N concentrations to the greatest extent. Easily degradable C, associated with the 250\u00b0C biochar's structural make-up, likely stimulated microbial growth, which caused NO-N immobilization. Soil-extractable K, P, and NO-N followed a pattern similar to the leachate observations. Total soil C content increases were linked to an increase in organic C from the biochars. Cumulative results suggest that the use of switchgrass biochar prepared at 250\u00b0C could improve environmental quality in calcareous soil systems by reducing nutrient leaching potential.", "keywords": ["Minerals", "Soil", "Charcoal", "500", "Water", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Panicum", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0100"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2011.0100", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2011.0100", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2011.0100"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/rs12193228", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:21:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-10-05", "title": "Qualifications of Rice Growth Indicators Optimized at Different Growth Stages Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Digital Imagery", "description": "

The accurate estimation of the key growth indicators of rice is conducive to rice production, and the rapid monitoring of these indicators can be achieved through remote sensing using the commercial RGB cameras of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, the method of using UAV RGB images lacks an optimized model to achieve accurate qualifications of rice growth indicators. In this study, we established a correlation between the multi-stage vegetation indices (VIs) extracted from UAV imagery and the leaf dry biomass, leaf area index, and leaf total nitrogen for each growth stage of rice. Then, we used the optimal VI (OVI) method and object-oriented segmentation (OS) method to remove the noncanopy area of the image to improve the estimation accuracy. We selected the OVI and the models with the best correlation for each growth stage to establish a simple estimation model database. The results showed that the OVI and OS methods to remove the noncanopy area can improve the correlation between the key growth indicators and VI of rice. At the tillering stage and early jointing stage, the correlations between leaf dry biomass (LDB) and the Green Leaf Index (GLI) and Red Green Ratio Index (RGRI) were 0.829 and 0.881, respectively; at the early jointing stage and late jointing stage, the coefficient of determination (R2) between the Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Modified Green Red Vegetation Index (MGRVI) was 0.803 and 0.875, respectively; at the early stage and the filling stage, the correlations between the leaf total nitrogen (LTN) and UAV vegetation index and the Excess Red Vegetation Index (ExR) were 0.861 and 0.931, respectively. By using the simple estimation model database established using the UAV-based VI and the measured indicators at different growth stages, the rice growth indicators can be estimated for each stage. The proposed estimation model database for monitoring rice at the different growth stages is helpful for improving the estimation accuracy of the key rice growth indicators and accurately managing rice production.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "object-oriented segmentation method", "optimal index method", "rice", "Science", "Q", "rice; growth indicators; multi-stage vegetation index; unmanned aerial vehicle; optimal index method; object-oriented segmentation method; estimation accuracy", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "02 engineering and technology", "multi-stage vegetation index", "15. Life on land", "estimation accuracy", "growth indicators", "13. Climate action", "unmanned aerial vehicle", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Zhengchao Qiu, Haitao Xiang, Fei Ma, Changwen Du,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/19/3228/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/19/3228/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12193228"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs12193228", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs12193228", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs12193228"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-10-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2011.0077", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-06-29", "title": "Capacity Of Biochar Application To Maintain Energy Crop Productivity: Soil Chemistry, Sorghum Growth, And Runoff Water Quality Effects", "description": "Pyrolysis of crop biomass generates a by-product, biochar, which can be recycled to sustain nutrient and organic C concentrations in biomass production fields. We evaluated effects of biochar rate and application method on soil properties, nutrient balance, biomass production, and water quality. Three replications of eight sorghum [ (L.) Moench] treatments were installed in box lysimeters under greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised increasing rates (0, 1.5, and 3.0 Mg ha) of topdressed or incorporated biochar supplemented with N fertilizer or N, P, and K fertilizer. Simulated rain was applied at 21 and 34 d after planting, and mass runoff loss of N, P, and K was measured. A mass balance of total N, P, and K was performed after 45 d. Returning 3.0 Mg ha of biochar did not affect sorghum biomass, soil total, or Mehlich-3-extractable nutrients compared to control soil. Yet, biochar contributed to increased concentration of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and mass loss of total phosphorus (TP) in simulated runoff, especially if topdressed. It was estimated that up to 20% of TP in topdressed biochar was lost in surface runoff after two rain events. Poor recovery of nutrients during pyrolysis and excessive runoff loss of nutrients for topdressed biochar, especially K, resulted in negative nutrient balances. Efforts to conserve nutrients during pyrolysis and incorporation of biochar at rates derived from annual biomass yields will be necessary for biochar use in sustainable energy crop production.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrogen", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "Charcoal", "Potassium", "Water Movements", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "14. Life underwater", "Sorghum", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0077"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2011.0077", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2011.0077", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2011.0077"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2011.0119", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-06-29", "title": "Biochar And Earthworm Effects On Soil Nitrous Oxide And Carbon Dioxide Emissions", "description": "Biochar is the product of pyrolysis produced from feedstock of biological origin. Due to its aromatic structure and long residence time, biochar may enable long-term carbon sequestration. At the same time, biochar has the potential to improve soil fertility and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soils. However, the effect of biochar application on GHG fluxes from soil must be investigated before recommendations for field-scale biochar application can be made. A laboratory experiment was designed to measure carbon dioxide (CO) and nitrous oxide (NO) emissions from two Irish soils with the addition of two different biochars, along with endogeic (soil-feeding) earthworms and ammonium sulfate, to assist in the overall evaluation of biochar as a GHG-mitigation tool. A significant reduction in NO emissions was observed from both low and high organic matter soils when biochars were applied at rates of 4% (w/w). Earthworms significantly increased NO fluxes in low and high organic matter soils more than 12.6-fold and 7.8-fold, respectively. The large increase in soil NO emissions in the presence of earthworms was significantly reduced by the addition of both biochars. biochar reduced the large earthworm emissions by 91 and 95% in the low organic matter soil and by 56 and 61% in the high organic matter soil (with and without N fertilization), respectively. With peanut hull biochar, the earthworm emissions reduction was 80 and 70% in the low organic matter soil, and only 20 and 10% in the high organic matter soil (with and without N fertilization), respectively. In high organic matter soil, both biochars reduced CO efflux in the absence of earthworms. However, soil CO efflux increased when peanut hull biochar was applied in the presence of earthworms. This study demonstrated that biochar can potentially reduce earthworm-enhanced soil NO and CO emissions. Hence, biochar application combined with endogeic earthworm activity did not reveal unknown risks for GHG emissions at the pot scale, but field-scale experiments are required to confirm this.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Charcoal", "Nitrous Oxide", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "Oligochaeta", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0119"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2011.0119", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2011.0119", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2011.0119"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2011.0126", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-06-29", "description": "Carbon-rich biochar derived from the pyrolysis of biomass can sequester atmospheric CO, mitigate climate change, and potentially increase crop productivity. However, research is needed to confirm the suitability and sustainability of biochar application to different soils. To an irrigated calcareous soil, we applied stockpiled dairy manure (42 Mg ha dry wt) and hardwood-derived biochar (22.4 Mg ha), singly and in combination with manure, along with a control, yielding four treatments. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied when needed (based on preseason soil test N and crop requirements) in all plots and years, with N mineralized from added manure included in this determination. Available soil nutrients (NH-N; NO-N; Olsen P; and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-extractable K, Mg, Na, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Fe), total C (TC), total N (TN), total organic C (TOC), and pH were evaluated annually, and silage corn nutrient concentration, yield, and uptake were measured over two growing seasons. Biochar treatment resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in available soil Mn and a 1.4-fold increase in TC and TOC, whereas manure produced a 1.2- to 1.7-fold increase in available nutrients (except Fe), compared with controls. In 2009 biochar increased corn silage B concentration but produced no yield increase; in 2010 biochar decreased corn silage TN (33%), S (7%) concentrations, and yield (36%) relative to controls. Manure produced a 1.3-fold increase in corn silage Cu, Mn, S, Mg, K, and TN concentrations and yield compared with the control in 2010. The combined biochar-manure effects were not synergistic except in the case of available soil Mn. In these calcareous soils, biochar did not alter pH or availability of P and cations, as is typically observed for acidic soils. If the second year results are representative, they suggest that biochar applications to calcareous soils may lead to reduced N availability, requiring additional soil N inputs to maintain yield targets.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Silage", "Time Factors", "Calcareous soil", "Corn / maize", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "910", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Manure", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Charcoal", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Cattle", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0126"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2011.0126", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2011.0126", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2011.0126"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2011.0133", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-06-29", "title": "Influence Of Biochar On Nitrogen Fractions In A Coastal Plain Soil", "description": "Interest in the use of biochar from pyrolysis of biomass to sequester C and improve soil productivity has increased; however, variability in physical and chemical characteristics raises concerns about effects on soil processes. Of particular concern is the effect of biochar on soil N dynamics. The effect of biochar on N dynamics was evaluated in a Norfolk loamy sand with and without NHNO. High-temperature (HT) (\u2265500\u00b0C) and low-temperature (LT) (\u2264400\u00b0C) biochars from peanut hull ( L.), pecan shell ( Wangenh. K. Koch), poultry litter (), and switchgrass ( L.) and a fast pyrolysis hardwood biochar (450-600\u00b0C) were evaluated. Changes in inorganic, mineralizable, resistant, and recalcitrant N fractions were determined after a 127-d incubation that included four leaching events. After 127 d, little evidence of increased inorganic N retention was found for any biochar treatments. The mineralizable N fraction did not increase, indicating that biochar addition did not stimulate microbial biomass. Decreases in the resistant N fraction were associated with the high pH and high ash biochars. Unidentified losses of N were observed with HT pecan shell, HT peanut hull, and HT and LT poultry litter biochars that had high pH and ash contents. Volatilization of N as NH in the presence of these biochars was confirmed in a separate short-term laboratory experiment. The observed responses to different biochars illustrate the need to characterize biochar quality and match it to soil type and land use.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "Time Factors", "Nitrogen", "Charcoal", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "15. Life on land", "Ecosystem", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0133"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2011.0133", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2011.0133", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2011.0133"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2011.0180", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-12-05", "description": "

The importance of agricultural practices to greenhouse gas mitigation is examined worldwide. However, there is no consensus on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and CO2 emissions as affected by soil management practices and their relationships with soil texture. No\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) agriculture often results in soil C gain, though, not always. Soil net CO2 exchange rate (NCER) and environmental factors (SOC, soil temperature [Tsoil], and water content [Wsoil]), as affected by soil type (loam and sandy loam), tillage (conventional, reduced, and NT), and fertilization, were quantified in long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term field experiments in Lithuania. Soil tillage and fertilization affected total CO2 flux (heterotrophic and autotrophic) through effect on soil SOC sequestration, water, and temperature regime. After 11 yr of different tillage and fertilization management, SOC content was 23% more in loam than in sandy loam. Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term NT contributed to 7 to 27% more SOC sequestration on loam and to 29 to 33% more on sandy loam compared with reduced tillage (RT) or conventional tillage (CT). Soil water content in loam was 7% more than in sandy loam. Soil gravimetric water content, averaged across measurement dates and fertilization treatments, was significantly less in NT than CT and RT in both soils. Soil organic carbon content and water storage capacity of the loam and sandy loam soils exerted different influences on NCER. The NCER from the sandy loam soil was 13% greater than that from the loam. In addition, NCER was 4 to 9% less with NT than with CT and RT systems on both loam and sandy loam soils. Application of mineral NPK fertilizers promoted significantly greater NCER from loam but suppressed NCER by 15% from sandy loam.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "Soil", "Time Factors", "13. Climate action", "Water", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Fertilizers", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0180"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2011.0180", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2011.0180", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2011.0180"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2011.0124", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-06-29", "description": "Acid weathered soils often require lime and fertilizer application to overcome nutrient deficiencies and metal toxicity to increase soil productivity. Slow-pyrolysis chicken manure biochars, produced at 350 and 700\u00b0C with and without subsequent steam activation, were evaluated in an incubation study as soil amendments for a representative acid and highly weathered soil from Appalachia. Biochars were mixed at 5, 10, 20, and 40 g kg into a Gilpin soil (fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludult) and incubated in a climate-controlled chamber for 8 wk, along with a nonamended control and soil amended with agronomic dolomitic lime (AgLime). At the end of the incubation, soil pH, nutrient availability (by Mehlich-3 and ammonium bicarbonate diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid [AB-DTPA] extractions), and soil leachate composition were evaluated. Biochar effect on soil pH was process- and rate-dependent. Biochar increased soil pH from 4.8 to 6.6 at the high application rate (40 g kg), but was less effective than AgLime. Biochar produced at 350\u00b0C without activation had the least effect on soil pH. Biochar increased soil Mehlich-3 extractable micro- and macronutrients. On the basis of unit element applied, increase in pyrolysis temperature and biochar activation decreased availability of K, P, and S compared to nonactivated biochar produced at 350\u00b0C. Activated biochars reduced AB-DTPA extractable Al and Cd more than AgLime. Biochar did not increase NO in leachate, but increased dissolved organic carbon, total N and P, PO, SO, and K at high application rate (40 g kg). Risks of elevated levels of dissolved P may limit chicken manure biochar application rate. Applied at low rates, these biochars provide added nutritional value with low adverse impact on leachate composition.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Appalachian Region", "Temperature", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Manure", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Charcoal", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Chickens", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Isabel M. Lima, Harry W. Godwin, Jonathan J. Halvorson, Amir Hass, Javier M. Gonzalez, Douglas G. Boyer,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0124"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2011.0124", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2011.0124", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2011.0124"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2011.0132", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-06-29", "title": "Biochar And Hydrochar Effects On Greenhouse Gas (Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, And Methane) Fluxes From Soils", "description": "With a growing world population and global warming, we are challenged to increase food production while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We studied the effects of biochar (BC) and hydrochar (HC) produced via pyrolysis or hydrothermal carbonization, respectively, on GHG fluxes in three laboratory incubation studies. In the first experiment, ryegrass was grown in sandy loam mixed with equal amounts of a nitrogen-rich peanut hull BC, compost, BC+compost, double compost, or no addition (control); wetting-drying cycles and N fertilization were applied. Biochar with or without compost significantly reduced NO emissions and did not change the CH uptake, whereas ryegrass yield was significantly increased. In the second experiment, 0% (control) or 8% (w/w) of BC (peanut hull, maize, wood chip, or charcoal) or 8% HC (beet chips or bark) was mixed into a soil and incubated at 65% water-holding capacity (WHC) for 140 d. Treatments included simulated plowing and N fertilization. All BCs reduced NO emissions by \u223c60%. Hydrochars reduced NO emissions only initially but significantly increased them after N fertilization to 302% (HC-beet) and 155% (HC-bark) of the control emissions, respectively. Large HC-associated CO emissions suggested that microbial activity was stimulated and that HC was less stable than BC. In the third experiment, nutrient-rich peanut hull BC addition and incubation over 1.5 yr at high WHCs did not promote NO emissions. However, NO emissions were significantly increased with BC after NHNO addition. In conclusion, BC reduced NO emissions and improved the GHG-to-yield ratio under field-relevant conditions. However, the risk of increased NO emissions with HC addition must be carefully evaluated.", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Time Factors", "Nitrous Oxide", "Water", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "Nitrification", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Charcoal", "Lolium", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Methane"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0132"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2011.0132", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2011.0132", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2011.0132"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2011.0157", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-06-29", "description": "Biochar application to soil has drawn much attention as a strategy to sequester atmospheric carbon in soil ecosystems. The applicability of this strategy as a climate change mitigation option is limited by our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the observed changes in greenhouse gas emissions from soils, microbial responses, and soil fertility changes. We conducted an 8-wk laboratory incubation using soils from PASTURE (silt loam) and RICE PADDY (silt loam) sites with and without two types of biochar (biochar from swine manure [CHAR-M] and from barley stover [CHAR-B]). Responses to addition of the different biochars varied with the soil source. Addition of CHAR-B did not change CO and CH evolution from the PASTURE or the RICE PADDY soils, but there was a decrease in NO emissions from the PASTURE soil. The effects of CHAR-M addition on greenhouse gas emissions were different for the soils. The most substantial change was an increase in NO emissions from the RICE PADDY soil. This result was attributed to a combination of abundant denitrifiers in this soil and increased net nitrogen mineralization. Soil phosphatase and N-acetylglucosaminidase activity in the CHAR-B-treated soils was enhanced compared with the controls for both soils. Fungal biomass was higher in the CHAR-B-treated RICE PADDY soil. From our results, we suggest CHAR-B to be an appropriate amendment for the PASTURE and RICE PADDY soils because it provides increased nitrogen availability and microbial activity with no net increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Application of CHAR-M to RICE PADDY soils could result in excess nitrogen availability, which may increase NO emissions and possible NO leaching problems. Thus, this study confirms that the ability of environmentally sound biochar additions to sequester carbon in soils depends on the characteristics of the receiving soil as well as the nature of the biochar.", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Time Factors", "Bacteria", "Agriculture", "Oryza", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Oxygen", "13. Climate action", "Charcoal", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Methane", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0157"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2011.0157", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2011.0157", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2011.0157"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2011.0194", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-12-05", "title": "Nitrogen Source Effects On Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Strip-Till Corn", "description": "

Nitrogen (N) application to crops generally results in increased nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Commercially available, enhanced\uffe2\uff80\uff90efficiency N fertilizers were evaluated for their potential to reduce N2O emissions from a clay loam soil compared with conventionally used granular urea and urea\uffe2\uff80\uff90ammonium nitrate (UAN) fertilizers in an irrigated strip\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (ST) corn (Zea mays L.) production system. Enhanced\uffe2\uff80\uff90efficiency N fertilizers evaluated were a controlled\uffe2\uff80\uff90release, polymer\uffe2\uff80\uff90coated urea (ESN), stabilized urea, and UAN products containing nitrification and urease inhibitors (SuperU and UAN+AgrotainPlus), and UAN containing a slow\uffe2\uff80\uff90release N source (Nfusion). Each N source was surface\uffe2\uff80\uff90band applied (202 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) at corn emergence and watered into the soil the next day. A subsurface\uffe2\uff80\uff90band ESN treatment was included. Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured during two growing seasons using static, vented chambers and a gas chromatograph analyzer. All N sources had significantly lower growing season N2O emissions than granular urea, with UAN+AgrotainPlus and UAN+Nfusion having lower emissions than UAN. Similar trends were observed when expressing N2O emissions on a grain yield and N uptake basis. Loss of N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff93N per kilogram of N applied was <0.8% for all N sources. Corn grain yields were not different among N sources but greater than treatments with no N applied. Selection of N fertilizer source can be a mitigation practice for reducing N2O emissions in strip\uffe2\uff80\uff90till, irrigated corn in semiarid areas.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "Time Factors", "Nitrogen", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Methane"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Claudia Pozzi Jantalia, Stephen J. Del Grosso, Ardell D. Halvorson,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0194"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2011.0194", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2011.0194", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2011.0194"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=0&offset=10300&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=0&offset=10300&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=0&offset=10250", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=0&offset=10350", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 17025, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-05T05:32:10.934228Z"}