{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.3389/fagro.2022.841086", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:21:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-03-07", "title": "Laser Weeding with Small Autonomous Vehicles: Friends or Foes?", "description": "

Weed control is necessary to ensure a high crop yield with good quality. Herbicide application and mechanical weeding are the most common methods worldwide. The use of herbicides has led to the increasing occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds and unwanted contamination of the environment. Mechanical weed control harms beneficial organisms, increases the degradation of organic matter, may dry out the soil, and stimulate new cohorts of weed seeds to germinate. Therefore, there is a need to develop more sustainable weed control means. We suggest using small autonomous vehicles equipped with lasers as a sustainable alternative method. Laser beams are based on electricity, which can be produced from non-fossil fuels. Deep learning methods can be used to locate and identify weed and crop plants for targeting and delivery of laser energy with robotic actuators. Given the targeted nature of laser beams, the area exposed for weed control can be reduced substantially compared to commonly used weed control methods. Therefore, the risk of affecting non-target organisms is minimized, and the soil will be kept untouched in the field, avoiding triggering weed seeds to germinate. Small autonomous vehicles may have limited weeding capacity, and precautions need to be taken as reflections from the laser beam can be harmful to humans and animals. In this paper, we discuss the pros and cons of replacing or supplementing common used weed control methods with laser weeding. The ability to use laser weeding technology is relatively new and not yet widely practiced or commercially available. Therefore, we do not discuss and compare the costs of the various methods at this early stage of the development of the technology.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "S", "alternative weed control", " integrated weed management", " non-chemical weed control", " site-specific weed management", " thermal weed control", " weed killers", "non-chemical weed control", "Plant culture", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "SB1-1110", "thermal weed control", "integrated weed management", "13. Climate action", "site-specific weed management", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "weed killers", "alternative weed control"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Andreasen Christian, Scholle Karsten, Saberi Mahin,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2022.841086"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fagro.2022.841086", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fagro.2022.841086", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fagro.2022.841086"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-03-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3402/tellusb.v54i5.16689", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-24T16:21:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-12-17", "description": "We present a first analysis of data (June 1998 to December 2000) from the long-term eddy covariance site established in a\u00a0Pinus sylvestris stand near Zotino in central Siberia as part of the EUROSIBERIAN CARBONFLUX project. As well as examining seasonal patterns in net ecosystem exchange\u00a0(NE), daily, seasonal and annual estimates of the canopy photosynthesis (or gross primary productivity,\u00a0GP) were obtained using\u00a0NE and ecosystem respiration measurements.Although the forest was a small (but significant) source of CO2 throughout the snow season (typically mid-October to early May) there was a rapid commencement of photosynthetic capacity shortly following the commencement of above-zero air temperatures in spring: in 1999 the forest went from a quiescent state to significant photosynthetic activity in only a few days. Nevertheless, canopy photosynthetic capacity was observed to continue to increase slowly throughout the summer months for both 1999 and 2000, reaching a maximum capacity in early August. During September there was a marked decline in canopy photosynthesis which was only partially attributable to less favourable environmental conditions. This suggests a reduction in canopy photosynthetic capacity in autumn, perhaps associated with the cold hardening process. For individual time periods the canopy photosynthetic rate was mostly dependent upon incoming photon irradiance. However, reductions in both canopy conductance and overall photosynthetic rate in response to high canopy-to-air vapour differences were clearly evident on hot dry days. The relationship between canopy conductance and photosynthesis was examined using Cowan's notion of optimality in which stomata serve to maximise the marginal evaporative cost of plant carbon gain. The associated Lagrangian multiplier (\u03bb) was surprisingly constant throughout the growing season. Somewhat remarkably, however, its value was markedly different between years, being\u00a0416 mol mol\u22121 in 1999 but\u00a0815 mol mol\u22121 in 2000. Overall the forest was a substantial sink for CO2 in both 1999 and 2000: around\u00a013 mol C m\u22122 a\u22121. Data from this experiment, when combined with estimates of net primary productivity from biomass sampling suggest that about 20% of this sink was associated with increasing plant biomass and about 80% with an increase in the litter and soil organic carbon pools. This high implied rate of carbon accumulation in the litter soil organic matter pool seems unsustainable in the long term and is hard to explain on the basis of current knowledge.DOI:\u00a010.1034/j.1600-0889.2002.01487.x", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v54i5.16689"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Tellus%20B%3A%20Chemical%20and%20Physical%20Meteorology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3402/tellusb.v54i5.16689", "name": "item", "description": "10.3402/tellusb.v54i5.16689", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3402/tellusb.v54i5.16689"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.3sm0340", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-06-24T16:22:05Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: Vegetation type controls root turnover in global grasslands", "description": "unspecifiedRoot turnover in grasslands", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Wang, Jinsong, Sun, Jian, Yu, Zhen, Li, Yong, Tian, Dashuan, Wang, Bingxue, Li, Zhaolei, Niu, Shuli,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.3sm0340"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.3sm0340", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.3sm0340", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.3sm0340"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.h3r16", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-06-24T16:22:11Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: The impact of environmental heterogeneity and life stage on the hindgut microbiota of Holotrichia parallela larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)", "description": "unspecifiedGut microbiota has diverse ecological and evolutionary effects on their hosts. However, the ways in which it responds to environmental heterogeneity and host physiology remain poorly understood. To this end, we surveyed intestinal microbiota of Holotrichia parallela larvae at different instars and from different geographic regions. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed and clones were subsequently screened by DGGE and sequenced. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the major phyla, and bacteria belonging to Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae and Rhodocyclaceae families were commonly found in all natural populations. However, bacterial diversity (Chao1 and Shannon indices) and community structure varied across host populations, and the observed variation can be explained by soil pH, organic carbon and total nitrogen, and the climate factors (e.g., mean annual temperature) of the locations where the populations were sampled. Furthermore, increases in the species richness and diversity of gut microbiota were observed during larval growth. Bacteroidetes comprised the dominant group in the first instar; however, Firmicutes composed the majority of the hindgut microbiota during the second and third instars. Our results suggest that the gut\u2019s bacterial community changes in response to environmental heterogeneity and host\u2019s physiology, possibly to meet the host\u2019s ecological needs or physiological demands.", "keywords": ["Holotrichia parallela", "Cenozoic era", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Huang, Shengwei, Zhang, Hongyu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h3r16"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.h3r16", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.h3r16", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.h3r16"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-05-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.pb271", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:22:13Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: Interactions among roots, mycorrhizae and free-living microbial communities differentially impact soil carbon processes", "description": "unspecifiedPlant roots, their associated microbial community and free-living soil microbes interact to regulate the movement of carbon from the soil to the atmosphere, one of the most important and least understood fluxes of terrestrial carbon. Our inadequate understanding of how plant\u2013microbial interactions alter soil carbon decomposition may lead to poor model predictions of terrestrial carbon feedbacks to the atmosphere. Roots, mycorrhizal fungi and free-living soil microbes can alter soil carbon decomposition through exudation of carbon into soil. Exudates of simple carbon compounds can increase microbial activity because microbes are typically carbon limited. When both roots and mycorrhizal fungi are present in the soil, they may additively increase carbon decomposition. However, when mycorrhizas are isolated from roots, they may limit soil carbon decomposition by competing with free-living decomposers for resources. We manipulated the access of roots and mycorrhizal fungi to soil in situ in a temperate mixed deciduous forest. We added 13C-labelled substrate to trace metabolized carbon in respiration and measured carbon-degrading microbial extracellular enzyme activity and soil carbon pools. We used our data in a mechanistic soil carbon decomposition model to simulate and compare the effects of root and mycorrhizal fungal presence on soil carbon dynamics over longer time periods. Contrary to what we predicted, root and mycorrhizal biomass did not interact to additively increase microbial activity and soil carbon degradation. The metabolism of 13C-labelled starch was highest when root biomass was high and mycorrhizal biomass was low. These results suggest that mycorrhizas may negatively interact with the free-living microbial community to influence soil carbon dynamics, a hypothesis supported by our enzyme results. Our steady-state model simulations suggested that root presence increased mineral-associated and particulate organic carbon pools, while mycorrhizal fungal presence had a greater influence on particulate than mineral-associated organic carbon pools. Synthesis. Our results suggest that the activity of enzymes involved in organic matter decomposition was contingent upon root\u2013mycorrhizal\u2013microbial interactions. Using our experimental data in a decomposition simulation model, we show that root\u2013mycorrhizal\u2013microbial interactions may have longer-term legacy effects on soil carbon sequestration. Overall, our study suggests that roots stimulate microbial activity in the short term, but contribute to soil carbon storage over longer periods of time.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "roots", "13. Climate action", "simulation model", "carbon dynamics", "Rhizosphere", "stable isotope", "plant-soil (belowground) interactions", "15. Life on land", "extra-cellular enzyme activity", "mycorrhizae"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Moore, Jessica A. M., Jiang, Jiang, Patterson, Courtney M., Wang, Gangsheng, Mayes, Melanie A., Classen, Aim\u00e9e T.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.pb271"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.pb271", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.pb271", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.pb271"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-09-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/amt-2021-82", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:22:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-22", "title": "An automated system for trace gas \ufb02ux measurements from plantfoliage and other plant compartments", "description": "

Abstract. Plant shoots can act as sources or sinks of trace gases including methane and nitrous oxide. Accurate measurementsof these trace gas fluxes require enclosing of shoots in closed non-steady state chambers. Due to plant physiological activity, this type of enclosures, however, lead to CO2 depletion in the enclosed air volume, condensation of transpired water, and warmingof the enclosures exposed to sunlight, all of which may bias the flux measurements. Here, we present PlasTraGAS, ab novel measurement system designed for continuous and automated measurements of trace gas and volatile organic compound (VOC) fluxes from plant shoots. The system uses transparent shoot enclosures equipped with Peltier cooling elements and automatically replaces fixated CO2 and removes transpired water from the enclosure. The system is designed for measuring trace gasfluxes over extended periods, capturing diurnal and seasonal variations and linking trace gas exchange to plant physiologicalfunctioning and environmental drivers. Initial measurements show daytime CH4 emissions two pine shoots of 0.056 and 0.089 nmol g\u22121 foliage d.w.h\u22121or 7.80 and 13.1 nmol m\u22122 h\u22121. Simultaneously measured CO2 uptake rates were 9.2 and 7.6 mmol m\u22122 sec\u22121 and transpiration rates of 1.24 and 0.90 mol m\u22122 h\u22121. Concurrent measurement of VOC emissionsdemonstrated that potential effects of spectral interferences on CH4 flux measurements were at least ten-fold smaller than themeasured CH4 fluxes. Overall, this new system solves multiple technical problems that so far prevented automated plant shoottrace gas flux measurements, and holds the potential for providing important new insights into the role of plant foliage in the global CH4 and N2O cycles.

", "keywords": ["Earthwork. Foundations", "13. Climate action", "TA715-787", "Environmental engineering", "TA170-171", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "Geosciences", "EMISSIONS", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/14/4445/2021/amt-14-4445-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-82"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Atmospheric%20Measurement%20Techniques", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/amt-2021-82", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/amt-2021-82", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/amt-2021-82"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-03-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/bg-11-6969-2014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:22:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-12-11", "title": "Meta-analysis of high-latitude nitrogen-addition and warming studies implies ecological mechanisms overlooked by land models", "description": "

Abstract. Accurate representation of ecosystem processes in land models is crucial for reducing predictive uncertainty in energy and greenhouse gas feedbacks with the climate. Here we describe an observational and modeling meta-analysis approach to benchmark land models, and apply the method to the land model CLM4.5 with two versions of belowground biogeochemistry. We focused our analysis on the aboveground and belowground responses to warming and nitrogen addition in high-latitude ecosystems, and identified absent or poorly parameterized mechanisms in CLM4.5. While the two model versions predicted similar soil carbon stock trajectories following both warming and nitrogen addition, other predicted variables (e.g., belowground respiration) differed from observations in both magnitude and direction, indicating that CLM4.5 has inadequate underlying mechanisms for representing high-latitude ecosystems. On the basis of observational synthesis, we attribute the model\uffe2\uff80\uff93observation differences to missing representations of microbial dynamics, aboveground and belowground coupling, and nutrient cycling, and we use the observational meta-analysis to discuss potential approaches to improving the current models. However, we also urge caution concerning the selection of data sets and experiments for meta-analysis. For example, the concentrations of nitrogen applied in the synthesized field experiments (average = 72 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) are many times higher than projected soil nitrogen concentrations (from nitrogen deposition and release during mineralization), which precludes a rigorous evaluation of the model responses to likely nitrogen perturbations. Overall, we demonstrate that elucidating ecological mechanisms via meta-analysis can identify deficiencies in ecosystem models and empirical experiments.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "QE1-996.5", "Ecology", "Geology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "Life", "13. Climate action", "QH501-531", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "QH540-549.5", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6969-2014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/bg-11-6969-2014", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/bg-11-6969-2014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/bg-11-6969-2014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-08-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/egusphere-egu21-11039", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:22:25Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2021-03-04", "title": "Hydrological processes and water flux quantification in agricultural fields under different tillage and irrigation systems using water stable isotopes", "description": "

<p>Sustainable agriculture should be based on management practices that improve resource usage efficiency and minimize harmful impacts on the environment while maintaining and stabilizing crop production. Both tillage and irrigation can have a great influence on hydrological processes within agroecosystems. However, it remains difficult to directly assess the effect of practices on water fluxes which has been mainly indirectly quantified by complex numerical modelling methods in the past. Therefore, the objective of the study was to use a space for time concept and measure oxygen and hydrogen isotopes (δ<sup>18</sup>O, δ<sup>2</sup>H) in the pore water of soil profiles as well as moisture contents for quantifying the soil water balance and fluxes. Covering all combinations, soil profiles and isotope analysis was performed for 16 sites planted with winter wheat and managed with different tillage (conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), minimal tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT)) and irrigation systems (hose reel boom irrigation with nozzles (BI), sprinkler irrigation (SI), drip irrigation (DI) and no irrigation (NI)). The results indicated that the more intense the tillage, the lower the water content. Among the irrigation systems, DI had the highest average water content. Tracing the minimum in the isotopic composition of the pores water within the depth profiles showed a deeper percolation of water in the CT fields, which indicates higher water flow velocity. Considering both water content and differences in water flow velocities resulted in water fluxes ranging from 90 to 151 mm yr<sup>-1</sup>. The losses due to evapotranspiration varied between 57 and 80%. The resulting evapotranspiration within tillage and irrigation variants decreased in the order RT>CT≈MT>NT, and SI>BI>DI>NI. Thus, the method revealed that the lower water content in CT fields is a consequence of deeper water infiltration. Moreover, irrigation water contributed mostly to evapotranspiration, and drip irrigation showed the lowest evapotranspiration losses among irrigation systems. This study demonstrated that water stable isotopes can be used as indicators and are a promising method to quantify water fluxes in agricultural fields with great potential for evaluating management practices.</p>

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-11039"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/egusphere-egu21-11039", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/egusphere-egu21-11039", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-11039"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-03-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/soil-2020-96", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:22:34Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2021-02-06", "title": "Controls on heterotrophic soil respiration and carbon cycling in geochemically distinct African tropical forest soils", "description": "

Abstract. Heterotrophic soil respiration is an important component of the global terrestrial carbon (C) cycle, driven by environmental factors acting from local to continental scales. For tropical Africa, these factors and their interactions remain largely unknown. Here, using samples collected along strong topographic and geochemical gradients in the East African Rift Valley, we study how soil chemistry and soil fertility, derived from the geochemical composition of soil parent material, can drive soil respiration even after many millennia of weathering and soil development. To address the drivers of soil respiration, we incubated soils from three regions with contrasting geochemistry (mafic, felsic, and mixed sedimentary) sampled along slope gradients. For three soil depths, we measured the potential maximum heterotrophic respiration under stable environmental conditions as well as the radiocarbon content (\u039414C) of the bulk soil and respired CO2. We found that soil microbial communities were able to mineralize C from fossil as well as other poor quality C sources under laboratory conditions representative of tropical topsoils. Furthermore, despite similarities in terms of climate, vegetation, and the size of soil C stocks, soil respiration showed distinct patterns with soil depth and parent material geochemistry. The topographic origin of our samples was not a main determinant of the observed respiration rates and \u039414C. In situ, however, soil hydrological conditions likely influence soil C stability by inhibiting decomposition in valley subsoils. Our study shows that soil fertility conditions are the main determinant of C stability in tropical forest soils. Further, in the presence of organic carbon sources of poor quality or the presence of strong mineral related C stabilization, microorganisms tend to discriminate against these sources in favor of more accessible forms of soil organic matter as energy sources, resulting in a slower rate of C cycling. Our results demonstrate that even in deeply weathered tropical soils, parent material has a long-lasting effect on soil chemistry that can influence and control microbial activity, the size of subsoil C stocks, and the turnover of C in soil. Soil parent material and its lasting control on soil chemistry need to be taken into account to understand and predict C stabilization and rates of C cycling in tropical forest soils.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2020-96"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/soil-2020-96", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/soil-2020-96", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/soil-2020-96"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-02-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.10065971", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:22:37Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Database of topsoil chemical and physical properties in Croatia", "description": "Sources Data for database is collected from four main sources:\u00a0 Data published in book 'Martinovi\u0107, J. and Vrankovi\u0107, A. (Editors), 1997. Baza podataka o hrvatskim tlima, I. Dr\u017eavna uprava za za\u0161titu prirode i okoli\u0161a, Zagreb' labeled as 'martinovic_1997' in the database. This source consists of 2199 pedological profiles sampled from 1963 to 1996, most of which include depth to bedrock information. Data from project: 'Spatial variability of trace and toxic metals in agricultural soils of Croatia', Ministry of Science and Education and Croatian Waters. Project leader: prof.dr.sc. Marija Romi\u0107 from Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, labeled as 'agricultural_2013'. Data are sampled from 'database of properties and quality of agricultural soils of Croatia' on 8x8 km grid and consists only from top soil samples (0-30 cm). There are 811 samples in this database. Data from the the project: 'Change in soil carbon stocks and calculation of trends in total nitrogen and organic carbon in soil and C: N ratio', from Ministry of Environmental Protection and Energy, carried on by Croatian Geological Institute (HGI), the Croatian Forestry Institute (H\u0160I) and the Agricultural Land Agency (APZ). This dataset consists of two subsets: 'azo_2013' - 2519 samples of topsoil (0-25 cm), from 1994 to 2004 for making of Geochemistry Atlas of Croatia 'azo_2016' - 742 locations were revisited during 2015-2016 and new samples are taken and analyzed in horizons 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm. Network of piezometers Description of sources\u00a0 Martinovi\u0107, J. and Vrankovi\u0107, A. (Editors), 1997. Baza podataka o hrvatskim tlima (Database of Croatian Soils)\u00a0 The database contains data on soil profiles and covers the total area of the Republic of Croatia. Only data accepted by external control are entered in the Database, as well as those profiles for which there is a minimum data. External control of data reliability was performed by comparing the genetical-morphological characteristics of the soil determined by field research and the data of laboratory soil analyses. The profiles for which the field and laboratory analyses are found to differ are rejected. In addition to data on soil properties, basic data on pedogenetic factors are given. The soil profiles surveyed in the period 1963-1996 are entered in the database. The majority of data come from the Basic Pedological Map of Croatia (Osnovna pedolo\u0161ka karta Hrvatske - OPKH) project. The following are entered in the Database: 1347 profiles in volume I and 851 profiles in volume II, a total of 2198 pedological profiles Spatial variability of trace and toxic metals in agricultural soils of Croatia, Project Leader: Marija Romi\u0107\u00a0 The problem of exposure of agricultural soils to different anthropogenic inputs of toxic metals, but also of other potentially toxic substances, has acquired global dimensions in the last decades. Besides atmospheric deposition, environmental dispersion of chemicals used in agriculture is an important factor directly affecting the natural soil functions, or indirectly endangering the biosphere by bioaccumulation and inclusion into the food chain. Metal concentrations in soil can be generally predicted starting with the element abundance in the parent material. The extent to which pedogenesis affects heavy metals distribution varies according to the prevailing factors affecting soil processes. Because of the toxicity to plants and animals, it is important to determine their content, forms and distribution. Such hypotheses may be tested by total metal content determination, as well as other elements relevant for geochemical valorization of the agricultural soils of Croatia. Thus, the spatial variability and baseline of elements in soils will be determined by means of relevant statistical and geostatistical methods. The maps of toxic metal distribution will be produced and the suitability of soils for agriculture will be assessed. GIS is increasingly used in environmental assessment studies because of its ability to superimpose different spatial information and to combine them with the results of statistical analysis, enabling thus the detection of complex spatial relationships among different parameters. Geostatistics and multivariate statistics has been widely used in geochemical studies to identify pollution sources and to apportion natural vs. anthropogenic contribution, establishing a geochemical background as well. The main objectives of the investigation are: (i) to provide a geochemical database relevant to the agricultural soils in Croatia; (ii) to provide a detailed information about the natural variability of the geochemical background which is pertinent to administrative and legal issues as well as to safety food production and environmental protection; (iii) presenting the influence of human and other environmental activities on the soil quality mainly regarding the toxic and trace metal contents, and (iv) we are going to observe the influence of natural conditions on regional differences which have been widely neglected so far, and have not been taken into account while national regulations and guidelines on soil toxic metal contents have been established. Change in soil carbon stocks and calculation of trends in total nitrogen and organic carbon in soil and C: N ratio\u00a0 The project is funded by the Fund for Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency within the Program 'Upgrading and Development of the Environmental Information System and Improving the Monitoring and Reporting System on the State of the Environment in the Republic of Croatia', Component 2: Improving the Monitoring and Reporting System on the State of the Environment Croatia; improving the system of data collection and exchange and developing methodologies for their processing in accordance with the guidelines of the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol defined by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).\u00a0 The project holder is the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Energy, and the executors are the Croatian Geological Institute, the Croatian Forestry Institute and the Agricultural Land Agency. In the period 2014-2017, field and laboratory research of soil conditions was conducted at 725 representative locations. General data on the location of sampling were collected, which contain administrative, locational, geographical and other data (relief, climatic and meteorological data, detailed data on land use and vegetation cover, description of surface soil properties). Field soil sampling for each LULUCF land use category was performed according to a modified methodology described in the EU DG JRC (Joint Research Center) 'Protocol for soil sampling to confirm changes in organic carbon stocks in the EU' by Stolbovoy et al. 2007 (Soil sampling protocol to certify the changes of organic carbon stock in mineral soil of the European Union - EU JRC). The protocol modifications aimed to ensure reporting under the UNFCCC and Kyoto protocols, i.e., to ensure compliance with the IPCC methodology. Soil sampling on forest land (FL) according to the JRC protocol is planned at two depths of 0-10 cm and 10 - 20 cm and an organic layer (list), but due to reporting requirements under the UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol, sampling was carried out at a depth of 20 - 30 cm. Land under crops (CL) was sampled at two depths (0-20 cm and 20-30 cm) and grasslands (GL), wetlands (WL), settlements (SL) and other land (OL) were sampled at three depths 0- 10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm. Geochemical analyzes were performed at depths of 0\u201310 and 20\u201330 cm for forest soils (FL) and for meadows and pastures (GL) while for soils under crops (CL) composite samples of 0\u201330 cm and 0\u201320 cm were analyzed. Network of piezometers To get a more accurate depth to bedrock parameter, positions of 812 piezometers are considered as they have at least 4 meters of depth to bedrock. Description of database Column names and descriptions: Metadata columns: site_key - unique identifier that identifies sample in source database\u00a0source_db - label of source database\u00a0source_sampled - label of organization/team who sampled and analyzed data\u00a0site_obsdate - year of taking sample\u00a0longitude_decimal_degrees - longitude in degrees in WGS84 geographical projection\u00a0latitude_decimal_degrees - latitude in degrees in WGS84 geographical projection\u00a0pedon_completeness_index - quality factor (0-100)\u00a0taxgrtgroup - classification of sample according to WBR 2014/2016 classification\u00a0 Soil properties columns: column name - property - measurement units - descriptionoc - Carbon, Organic - % wt - CMS analyte. Organic carbon is a measure of all organic forms of carbon in the soil, including organic carbon within minerals.\u00a0n_tot_ncs - Nitrogen, Total NCS - % wt - Total nitrogen is a measure of all organic and inorganic nitrogen, including that found in nitrogen minerals.ca_mehlich3 - Calcium, Mehlich3 Extractable \u00a0- mg/kg - The calcium extracted by the Mehlich III solution.\u00a0k_mehlich3 - Potassium, Mehlich3 Extractable - mg/kg - The potassium extracted by the Mehlich III solution.\u00a0mg_mehlich3 - Magnesium, Mehlich3 Extractable - mg/kg - The magnesium extracted by the Mehlich III solution.\u00a0p_mehlich3 - Phosphorus, Mehlich3 Extractable - mg/kg - The phosphorus extracted by the Mehlich III solution.\u00a0cec_sum - Cation Exchange Capacity, Summary \u00a0 cmol(+)/kg - The effective cation exchange capacity is calculated by BASE_SUM+AL_KCL. It is not calculated if soluble salts are present. It is reported as meq per 100 grams on a <2 mm base. CMS derived value default\u00a0ec_satp - Electrical Conductivity , Saturation Extract - dS/m - The electrical conductivity of the saturation extract is used to estimate the concentration of salts in a sample, and provides inferences on cation concentration in solution and osmotic pressure. It is reported as mmhos per centimeter.\u00a0caco3 - Carbonates - % wt - Carbonate in the < 2mm fraction is measured by CO2 evolution after acid treatment. It is reported as gravimetric percent CaCO3 on a <2 mm base, even though carbonates of Mg, Na, K, and Fe may be present and react with the acidph_h2o - pH, 1:1 Soil-Water Suspension - (NA) - The pH, 1:1 soil-water suspension is the pH of a sample measured in distilled water at a 1:1 soil:solution ratio. If wider ratios increase the pH, salts are indicated.\u00a0ph_kcl - The pH, 1:1 soil-KCl suspension - (NA) - The pH, 1:1 soil-KCl suspension is the pH of a sample measured in 1.0N KCl at a 1:1 soil:solution ratio. If the pH in KCl < pH in water, Al+++ is indicated.\u00a0total_clay - Clay, Total - % wt - Total clay is the soil separate with <0.002 mm particle diameter. Clay size carbonate is included. Total clay is reported as a weight percent of the <2 mm fraction.\u00a0total_silt - Silt, Total - % wt - Total silt is the soil separate with 0.002 to 0.05 mm particle size. It is reported as a gravimetric percent on a <2 mm base.\u00a0total_sand - Sand, Total - % wt - Total sand is the soil separate with 0.05 to 2.0 mm particle diameter. It is reported as a gravimetric percent on a <2 mm base.\u00a0wpg2 - Coarse fragments - % wt - The weight fraction of particles with >2 mm diameter is reported as a gravimetric percent on a whole soil base.\u00a0db_od Bulk Density, <2mm Fraction, Ovendry - g/cc - Bulk density, oven dry (105 C) is the weight per unit volume of the <2 mm fraction, with volume measured on oven dry (105 C) natural fabric (clods). It is reported as grams per cubic centimeter on a <2 mm base.\u00a0dbr - Depth to bedrock - cm - Depth to the R horizon or similar", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "16. Peace & justice", "3. Good health"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10065971"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.10065971", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.10065971", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.10065971"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-11-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.10404481", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:22:40Z", "type": "Report", "title": "D.4.1 \u2013 Coaching and Capacity Building Report, Round #1", "description": "This deliverable reports on the work related to tasks 4.1 and 4.2, carried out by consortium partners from Department of Agroecology at Aarhus University and ENoLL (European Network of Living Labs), respectively. These partners provide applicants with tools and coaching (T4.1), to ease the application process and guide them through consortium building and to design sustainable and well-thought soil health improving living labs. To provide possible applicants from all over Europe with valuable advice, NATI00NS has found mentors in 18 European\u00a0countries, who can be consulted by possible applicants. This deliverable is written to report on the implementation and execution of tasks 4.1,\u00a0Coaching Sessions, and 4.2, Capacity Building. The tasks feed into NATI00NS\u2019 main objective,\u00a0that is enhancing the possibilities of more viable and well-planned soil health improving living\u00a0lab applications under the Mission auspices, which hopefully will lead to the establishment of\u00a0well-functioning living labs in the near future. The deliverable will provide both the public and\u00a0the funding body, with knowledge on NATI00NS\u2019 initial progress and results. In short, the function of T4.1 has been to identify candidate Soil Health Living Lab Mentors in\u00a0all EU member states and associated countries, followed up by a process aligning the\u00a0candidates' perceptions on the meaning of a living lab and understanding the topic description\u00a0in dept by participating in on-line training sessions. This concluded in mentor candidates\u00a0signing the Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA) agreements to officially become mentors and\u00a0thereby be mandated to coach possible living lab applicants within the NATI00NS framework. Alongside the coaching of mentors, NATI00NS\u2019 has carried out capacity building, prepared and\u00a0implemented by ENoLL, the European Network of Living Labs, a NATI00NS consortium partner,\u00a0that leads online support to bolster up stakeholders around the Soil Mission (hereafter only\u00a0described as the Mission) and broaden their understanding of what a LL is. ENoLL have for this\u00a0purpose, produced e-learning materials, including factsheets and webinars. The Capacity\u00a0Building in combination with Coaching Session activities, provide information and training,\u00a0that enhance the chances of well-conceived and relevant Soil Health Living Labs being created,\u00a0by making sure living lab applicants are not only trained well by mentors with knowledge on\u00a0living lab concepts; participants will also have capacity building material available to them in\u00a0order to design and create a strong Living Lab consortium. The materials include manuals\u00a0which they can use to design a living lab. The capacity building provided by NATI00NS does, in\u00a0general, provide applicants with hands-on capacities, whether it be factsheets or webinars on\u00a0specific living lab related questions.In supporting the applicants at national level identifying It has been important to associate\u00a0skilled mentors has been of the essence. Therefore, the NATI00NS consortium has mapped\u00a0stakeholders across EU Member States and Associated Countries during most of its first\u00a0\u2018introduction and pilot\u2019 phase, to get in contact with gatekeepers in each country. In most countries, the National Contact Point (NCP) structure, and its responsible officers\u00a0appointed either for the Mission or the Food, Bioeconomy, Natural Resources, Agriculture and\u00a0Environment area, were primary contact points, since it is already an integrated part of their\u00a0job description, to support the Soil Health Mission calls. Consequently, many NCPs have taken\u00a0on the role of mentors themselves while others have tried assisting NATIOONS in finding\u00a0suitable mentor candidates, interested in acting as mentors within the NATI00NS framework. NCPs are national structures associated to the framework programme. NCPs give personalised support on the spot and in applicants' own languages. After reaching out to possible mentors, AU AGRO has continuously answered questions about\u00a0the scope of the mentoring work \u2013 such as the mentors\u2019 expected workload, responsibilities,\u00a0and for how long they are expected to commit to mentoring duties. In parallel, NATIOONS has\u00a0planned and implemented two training of trainers webinars that offered training to candidate\u00a0mentors, so they all could be aligned in terms of living lab concepts, practical circumstances\u00a0regarding the application process and confidentiality measures, after which they were able to\u00a0take an informed decision about becoming NATI00NS Mentors or not.All webinar participants, whether they joined for reasons of curiosity or already knew they\u00a0would commit to mentoring, were then briefed on, how it is necessary for them to read and\u00a0sign NDA-documents to officially become NATI00NS appointed Soil Health Living Lab mentors,\u00a0and thus appear on the NATIOONS website with name and contact details. NATIOONS have\u00a0since then continuously collected signed NDA documents and updated the website\u00a0accordingly, thereby expanding the number of mentors available to possible applicants.To carry out the work related to recruiting soil health living lab mentors and training them in\u00a0living lab-affiliated concepts, a number of Aarhus University\u2019s soil and farming systems\u00a0scientists and research support advisers, planned a training programme for mentors. They have also been responsible for all communication and mapping of possible mentors, organising of the training of trainers event (I.e., training the mentors that will eventually offer\u00a0training to living lab applicants) webinars and gathering and handling Non-disclosure\u00a0Agreement (NDA) documents and FAQ by mentors and applicants. Content for webinars on\u00a0soil health and living labs, have been created and presented by the NATI00NS partners who\u00a0also produced the slides for the National Engagement Events \u2013 another NATIOONS activity\u00a0belonging to another work package, which will be described in its own deliverable. Additionally, a senior officer from the Aarhus University\u2019s Research Support Office, with great\u00a0experience in providing support for framework programme applicants, provided webinar\u00a0attendants with important guidance on application practices. The Capacity Building (CB) efforts plays a pivotal role in the NATI00NS project, to ensure the\u00a0success of the Mission. Its main objective is to guarantee the submission of high-quality\u00a0applications for the first two sets of topics aimed at establishing Living Labs (LLs) in 2023 and\u00a02024. These efforts are led by the European Network of Living Labs (ENoLL) as part of Work\u00a0Package 4, 'Supporting Proposal Applicants.'\u00a0NATI00NS\u2019 Capacity Building brings together a comprehensive range of essential training and\u00a0guidance activities tailored specifically for applicants interested in the LL topics related to the\u00a0Mission. At its core, Capacity Building provides online support materials for stakeholders\u00a0involved in the Mission. These materials include a series of e-learning resources, such as\u00a0Factsheets and recorded webinars, offering information about the criteria governing Soil\u00a0Health LLs and the objectives of the Missions within the context of various land use types. Thisinitiative sets the stage for prospective LL applicants in the future.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "9. Industry and infrastructure", "15. Life on land", "16. Peace & justice"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Krabbe, Kasper, Couture, Isabelle, Cavallo, Dolinda,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10404481"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.10404481", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.10404481", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.10404481"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-12-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.16894966", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:23:59Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2023-02-22", "title": "Management of alternative water resources for variable rate irrigation - a Hungarian case study", "description": "

Most of the climate scenarios predict increased water scarcity in arid areas, such as Hungary. However, the irrigated area in Hungary covers 2% of agricultural land, mostly with outdated irrigation technology. The aim of the research was to develop the basis of a variable rate irrigation for water-saving precision sprinkler irrigation system on an arable area (85 ha) which is located in the reference area of the Tisza Riven Basin. There is limited available water resources at the site, therefore alternative water sources utilization system was set up for irrigation to adapt to climate change and reduce fertilizers. The basis of the alternative water resources are excess water, treated wastewater, biogas fermentation sludge which is collected in a water reservoir with 114000 m3 capacity. For proper irrigation scheduling, heterogeneity of topography, hydrological, soil and crop conditions has to be explored and monitored. Therefore physically-based modelling of the water balance and remote sensing-based surplus water and &#160;vegetation status surveying are tested to use for accurate irrigation scheduling.Shallow groundwater and/or soil compaction can also contribute to excess inland water. This may occur even if there are drought periods in a year (e.g. in the Pannonian region), resulting in spots with a low crop yield. A LiDAR-based digital elevation model was found to provide appropriate data to identify sites affected by excess inland water. The spots identified can be used as spatial input data to compile a variable rate irrigation prescription map for imposing reduced (or zero) irrigation at areas more vulnerable to the occurrence of excess inland water. The water balance was also assessed for sites with physically-based models. Hydrus was used to model soil moisture changes at the Hungarian case study site.A model concept for crop evapotranspiration estimation was also developed based on vegetation indices calculated from satellite imagery. Several combinations of sensors and remote sensing products were tested to use in ETc modelling potentially. This approach was tested both at the Hungarian case study sites. Remote sensing-based analysis of crop evapotranspiration, combined with physically-based modelling, appears to be a promising method in water balance modelling of maize fields, especially if these fields are in summer when the crop is fully developed. However, the remotely sensed information verification is essential for the proper utilization of the remote sensing data in ETc modelling and predicting the spatio-temporal dynamics of crop yield, evapotranspiration, and irrigation demands.There is a need further benchmark scenarios to improve both physically-based models and satellite-based crop evapotranspiration models to achieve more accurate and valid simulations.The abstract was funded by European Union&#8217;s Horizon 2020 &#8220;WATERAGRI Water retention and nutrient recycling in soils and steams for improved agricultural production&#8221; research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 858375. This research was supported by the J&#225;nos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16894966"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.16894966", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.16894966", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.16894966"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-05-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.4287780", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:24:13Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Forest carbon prospecting for climate change mitigation: Version 1.0", "description": "This data package includes the two 1-km resolution global maps (.tif) of tropical forests between ~23.44\u00b0N and 23.44\u00b0S produced from the study: 1) investible forest carbon (in tCO2e ha-1y-1) and 2) forest carbon return-on-investment (Net Present Value in USD ha-1y-1) over a 30-year timeframe. It also includes the R script to reproduce these layers and their uncertainties. Investible Forest Carbon: The investible forest carbon map was produced based on the total volume of CO2e associated with the three main carbon pools in the tropics, namely aboveground carbon, belowground carbon and soil organic carbon. This is followed by the application of key Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) criteria including additionality, to determine the magnitude and areas of investible forest carbon across the tropics. Aboveground carbon. A stoichiometric factor of 0.475 was applied to recent spatial data on aboveground carbon biomass to obtain carbon stock based on established carbon accounting methodologies. An uncertainty analyses was also performed to account for potential variability in stoichiometric factor. Subsequently, a conversion factor of 3.67 was applied to the carbon stock layer to obtain the volume of CO2e associated with this carbon pool. Belowground carbon. Belowground carbon biomass was firstly derived by applying two allometric equations relating to root to shoot biomass to the most recent spatial dataset on aboveground carbon biomass following established carbon accounting methodologies. The two equations are: Belowground biomass = 0.489\u00d7aboveground biomass^0.89; and Belowground biomass = 0.26\u00d7aboveground biomass A stoichiometric factor of 0.475 was subsequently applied to the estimated belowground carbon biomass to obtain the carbon stock. An uncertainty analyses was then performed to determine the mean, minimum and maximum values for belowground carbon. Following that, a conversion factor of 3.67 was applied to the carbon stock layer to obtain the volume of CO2e associated with this carbon pool. Soil Organic Carbon. Organic carbon density of the topsoil layer (0-30 cm) was obtained from the European Soil Data Centre as it represented the best data available for soil organic carbon. A conversion factor of 3.67 was subsequently applied to derive the volume of CO2e associated with this carbon pool. Applying VCS criteria. The criterion of additionality is a pre-condition for carbon credits to be certified under the VCS. This implies that only the volume of forest carbon that are under imminent threat of decline or loss if left unprotected by a conservation intervention can be certified under the VCS. The volume of forest carbon under threat of loss was based on the best available data on predicted deforestation rates across the tropics (through to the year 2029), and annualized over predicted 15-year period. The estimated annual deforestation rates was then applied to the total volume of CO2e associated with tropical forests as estimated above, deriving the volume of CO2e that would be certifiable and thus investible under the VCS. In addition, a conservative 10-year decay estimate was assumed for the estimate of the belowground carbon pool, and lands that will likely not be certifiable for other reasons, including recently deforested areas (i.e. for the period of 2010-2017), a well as human settlements, were excluded. Lastly, the VCS requirement to set aside buffer credits of 20% was accounted for to consider the risk of non-permanence associated with Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) projects. Return-on-Investment. From the investible forest carbon map, the relative profitability of these areas was then modelled to produce a global forest carbon return-on-investment map based on their NPV. The NPV of returns were based on several simplifying assumptions following established values from previous studies. Cost of project establishment. The cost of project establishment was estimated to be at $25 ha-1. This was based on a range of costs that are key to the development of a project, including but not limited to project design, governance and planning, enforcement, zonation, land tenure and acquisition, surveying and research. Cost for annual maintenance. The cost for annual maintenance was estimated to be $10 ha-1, which included aspects such as in education and communication, monitoring, sustainable livelihoods, marketing, finance and administration. Carbon price. A constant carbon price of $5.8 t-1CO\u00ad2e for the first five years was applied. This price was based on an average price of carbon for avoided deforestation projects reported recently by Forest Trends\u2019 Ecosystem Marketplace (i.e. for the period 2006 \u2013 2018). Subsequently, a 5% price appreciation was applied annually over a project timeframe of 30 years. Discount rate. We calculated NPV of annual and accumulated profits over 30 years based on a 10% risk-adjusted discount rate. Further details for these datasets and their uncertainties are presented in Koh et. al. For questions or issues on the spatial data layers, please contact Yiwen Zeng (zengyiwen@nus.edu.sg).", "keywords": ["Carbon stocks", "Climate change mitigation", "13. Climate action", "Carbon finance", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Koh, Lian Pin, Zeng, Yiwen, Sarira, Tasya Vadya, Siman, Kelly,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4287780"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.4287780", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.4287780", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.4287780"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-11-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.3591992", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:24:10Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Organic matter content (om) soil maps of the Upper Colorado River Basin", "description": "UPDATE: WE FOUND A RENDERING ERROR IN MANY AREAS OF THE 5 CM MAP. WE HAVE RECREATED THE MAP AND INCLUDED IN A NEW VERSION OF THE REPOSITORY. Repository includes maps of organic matter content (% wt) as defined by United States soil survey program. These data are preliminary or provisional and are subject to revision. They are being provided to meet the need for timely best science. The data have not received final approval by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and are provided on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the data. This data should be used in combination with a soil depth or depth to restriction layer map (both layers that will be released soon as part of this project) to eliminate areas mapped at deeper depths than the soil actually goes. This is a limitation of this data which will hopefully be updated in future updates. The creation and interpretation of this data is documented in the following article. Please note this article has not been reviewed yet and this citation will be updated as the peer review process proceeds. Nauman, T. W., Duniway, M. C., In Preparation. Predictive reconstruction of soil survey property maps for field scale adaptive land management. Soil Science Society of America Journal. File Name Details: ACCURACY!! Please see manuscript and Github repository (https://github.com/naumi421/SoilReconProps) for full details on accuracy. We do provide cross validation (CV) accuracy plots in this repository for both the overall sample (_CV_plots.tif). These plots compare CV predictions with observed values relative to a 1:1 line. Values plotted near the 1:1 line are more accurate. Note that values are plotted in hex-bin density scatter plots because of the large number of observations (most are >3000). Predictions are also evaluated with the U.S. soil survey laboratory database soil organic carbon (SOC) data. The SOC measurements were coverted to OM matter values using the common 1.724 conversion factor. The converted OM values are compared to predicted OM values using an accuracy plot (OM_SOC_plots.tif). Elements are separated by underscore (_) in the following sequence: property_r_depth_cm_geometry_model_additional_elements.extension Example: om_r_0_cm_2D_QRF_bt.tif Indicates soil organic matter content (om) at 0 cm depth using a 2D model (separate model for each depth) employing a quantile regression forest. This file is the raster prediction map for this model. There may be additional GIS files associated with this file (e.g. pyramids) that have the same file name, but different extensions. The _bt indicates that the map has been back transformed from ln or sqrt transformation used in modeling. The following elements may also exist on the end of filenames indicating other spatial files that characterize a given model's uncertainty (see below). _95PI_h: Indicates the layer is the upper 95% prediction interval value. _95PI_l: Indicates the layer is the lower 95% prediction interval value. _95PI_relwidth: Indicates the layer is the 95% relative prediction interval (RPI). The RPI is a standardization of the prediction interval that indicates that model is constraining uncertainty relative to the original sample. RPI values less than one represent uncertainty is being improved by the model relative to the original sample, and values less than 0.5 indicate low uncertainty in predictions. See paper listed above and also Nauman and Duniway (In revision) for more details on RPI. References Nauman, T. W., and Duniway, M. C., In Revision, Relative prediction intervals reveal larger uncertainty in 3D approaches to predictive digital soil mapping of soil properties with legacy data: Geoderma", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "soil organic matter", "digital soil mapping", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "predictive soil mapping", "soil property mapping"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Nauman, Travis", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3591992"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.3591992", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.3591992", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.3591992"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.4487144", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:24:14Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Eddy Covariance data from ICOS-associated station IT-NIV \u2013 August-November 2019", "description": "RestrictedData stored here refer to Eddy Covariance (EC) data measured in 2019 between August and November at the Alpine CZO (Critical Zone Observatory, hereafter CZO@Nivolet) which was established at the Nivolet Plain (Piani del Nivolet) in the Gran Paradiso National Park (GPNP), located in the western Italian Alps. The EC site (IT-NIV) is an ICOS-associated station. CZO@Nivolet is aimed at investigating the cross-scale interactions between climatic shifts and ecosystem functions multiple scales, involving multidisciplinary studies. The main research questions that we aim to answer are concerning: (a) the effect of bedrock lithology, soil physics and chemisty, topographic hetereogenity, biotic components and meteo-climatic parameters in modulating CO2 flux in alpine grassland; and (b) what are the controlling factors of organic C and weathering under geologic substrates and different topographic positions. The investigations started in 2017. In 2019, the EC tower was added to deeply study CO2, H20, latent and sensible heat exchanges between soil, vegetation, and atmosphere. Carbon dioxide fluxes and environmental variables are recorded during the snow-free season to estimate carbon storage and explore CO2 fluxes drivers in high-altitude grasslands. Further developments will regard the integration of different techniques (Eddy Covariance, Remote Sensing, Flux chambers) to improve both spatial and temporal extent of carbon fluxes estimates to finally assess grasslands' productivity.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "alpine grassland", "15. Life on land", "Gran Paradiso National Park", "Mountain", "EO_Data", "Eddy Covariance", "Net Ecosystem Exchange", "ecosystem-atmosphere carbon exchange"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Vivaldo, Gianna, Raco, Brunella, Baneschi, Ilaria, Giamberini, Maria Silvia,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4487144"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.4487144", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.4487144", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.4487144"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-05-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.5574882", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:24:17Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2020-03-09", "title": "Hyperspectral imaging for high resolution mapping of soil profile organic carbon distribution in an Austrian Alpine landscape", "description": "

&lt;p&gt;Studies on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks mostly focus on topsoils (&lt; 30 cm). However, 30 to 63% of the SOC are stored in the subsoils (30 to 100 cm), and the factors controlling SOC storage in subsoils may be substantially different than in topsoils. The low mean SOC content in subsoils makes its quantification and characterization challenging. Thus, new approaches are required to depict the SOC stocks distribution in full soil profile. Hyperspectral imaging of soil core samples can provide high spatial resolution of the vertical distribution of SOC in a soil profile. The main objective of the ongoing study, within the Horizon 2020 European Project Circular Agronomics, is to apply laboratory hyperspectral imaging with a variety of machine learning approaches for the mapping of OC distribution in undisturbed soil cores. Soil cores were collected down to a depth of one meter in grasslands of 15 organic farms located in the Lungau Valley, in Austria. Some samples were divided into five depths in the field for classical bulk soil measurements (total carbon and nitrogen, texture, pH, EC and bulk density) on disturbed samples. Undisturbed soil cores were sliced vertically for laboratory hyperspectral imaging in the range of Vis-NIR (400-1000 nm). We were able to reveal the hotspots of OC and map the OC distribution in soil profile by applying a variety of machine learning approaches (i.e. partial least square and random forest regression) as a function of spectral responses. A digital elevation model was further exploited to investigate the effects of topographical factors such as elevation, aspect and slope on SOC profile distribution. Landsat 8 data were also used to depict the spatial variability of land insensitive cover/vegetation in study area.&lt;/p&gt;

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Vis-NIR imaging spectroscopy", " Alpine grassland", " Digital elevation model", " Subsoils"], "contacts": [{"organization": "YASER OSTOVARI, K\u00f6ppend\u00f6rfer, Baptist, Guigue, Julien, Van Groenigen, Jan Willem, Creamer, Rachel, Guggenberger, Thomas, Grassauer, Florian, Hobley, Eleanor, Ferron, Laura, Martens, Henk, K\u00f6gel-Knabner, Ingrid, Vidal, Alix,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5574882"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.5574882", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.5574882", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.5574882"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-03-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.6320617", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:24:18Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "MOSSO_SoilChemistry_AllSites_Monthly_2016-2020", "description": "Abstract The dataset provides information about the soil chemical properties at eight permanent LTER sites (named site 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, according to the LTER site numerations), located between 2686 (site 10) and 2854 m a.s.l. (site 6). The investigated period is 2016-2020. Details: Site 1 (coordinates: 45\ufffd\ufffd52'22.43'N, 7\ufffd\ufffd52'25.84'E; elevation: 2840 m a.s.l.), Site 2 (coordinates: 45\ufffd\ufffd52'22.17'N, 7\ufffd\ufffd52'38.07'E; elevation: 2800 m a.s.l.), Site 3 (coordinates: 45\ufffd\ufffd52'13.52'N, 7\ufffd\ufffd52'35.01'E; elevation: 2770 m a.s.l.), Site 6 (coordinates: 45\ufffd\ufffd52'32.21'N, 7\ufffd\ufffd52'31.87'E; elevation: 2854 m a.s.l.), Site 7 (coordinates: 45\ufffd\ufffd52'29.13'N, 7\ufffd\ufffd52'44.71'E; elevation: 2813 m a.s.l.), Site 8 (coordinates: 45\ufffd\ufffd52'27.74'N, 7\ufffd\ufffd52'56.86'E; elevation: 2749 m a.s.l.), Site 9 (coordinates: 45\ufffd\ufffd52'23.80'N, 7\ufffd\ufffd53'3.96'E; elevation: 2720 m a.s.l.), and Site 10 (coordinates: 45\ufffd\ufffd52'21.76'N, 7\ufffd\ufffd53'9.32'E; elevation: 2686 m a.s.l.). The bedrock is primarily micaschists, with some inclusions of amphibolites and calcschists. The vegetation of the sites is included in the \ufffd\ufffd\ufffdSiliceous alpine and boreal grasslands\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd (habitat 6150, according to the EU Habitat Directive). At each site, consisting of paired plots for soil and vegetation survey, three 9 m2 plots are established, where three topsoil samples (A horizon, 0\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd10 cm depth) are collected each month during the snow-free season. On soil samples the following analysis are performed: N-NH4, N-NO3, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), microbial carbon (Cmicr), and microbial nitrogen (Nmicr). Method Description Each soil sample consists of three subsamples that are homogenised by sieving at 2 mm. An aliquot of 20 g of fresh soil is extracted with 100 mL K2SO4 0.5 M, while 10 g are fumigated using chloroform for 18 h before extraction with 50 mL K2SO4 0.5 M. The concentration of DOC in not fumigated soil extracts (extractable DOC) is determined with a TOC analyzer (Elementar, Vario TOC, Hanau, Germany) after filtration with 0.45 \ufffd\ufffdm nylon membrane filters. The microbial carbon (Cmicr) is estimated as the difference in extractable DOC between fumigated and non-fumigated samples, corrected using a recovery factor of 0.45 (Brookes et al. 1985, https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(85)90144-0). Extractable N-NH4 concentration in soil extracts is measured spectrophotometrically (U-2000, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) using a modified Berthelot method based on the reaction with salicylate in the presence of alkaline sodium dichloroisocyanurate (Crooke and Simpson 1971, https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740220104). Extractable N-NO3 concentration in soil extracts is measured spectrophotometrically (U-2000, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) using the Greiss reaction (Mulvaney 1996, ISBN-10: \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 0891188258; ISBN-13: \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 978-0891188254) modified according to Cucu et al. (2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-013-0893-4). Extractable TDN is measured as reported for DOC. Extractable DON is determined as the difference between extractable TDN and inorganic nitrogen (extractable N-NH4 + N-NO3) in the extracts. Nmicr is estimated from the difference in extractable TDN between fumigated and non-fumigated samples corrected using a recovery factor of 0.54 (Brookes et al. 1985, https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(85)90144-0). Instrumentation Spectrophotometer U-2000, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan (N-NH4 and N-NO3) Elementar, Vario TOC, Hanau, Germany (DOC and TDN)", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Freppaz, Michele, Colombo, Nicola,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6320617"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.6320617", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.6320617", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.6320617"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.7656722", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:24:29Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data for: The effect of land-use change on soil C, N, P, and their stoichiometries: A global synthesis", "description": "Open AccessData description This dataset includes detailed information about five different types of land use change reported in \u201cThe effect of land-use change on soil C, N, P, and their stoichiometries: A global synthesis (Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2023.108402)\u201d. Lists of five different types of land use change 1) conversion of primary forest to cropland 2) conversion of primary forest to grassland 3) conversion of cropland to forest 4) conversion of grassland to forest 5) conversion of grassland to cropland Lists of detailed information Land use change (pre-LUC, post-LUC) Country, Location, Geographic position (Longitude, Latitude) Altitude (m) Climate zone Weather [rainfall (mm yr-1) and temperature (\u00b0C)] Reported time of change (years) Vegetation type (pre-LUC, post-LUC) Fertilizer (pre-LUC, post-LUC: type, application; change) Soil sampling depth (cm) Soil type [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil pH, bulk density, CEC [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil organic carbon [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil total nitrogen [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil total phosphorus [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil C:N [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil C:P [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Soil N:P [units, pre-LUC, post-LUC, change rate (%)] Reference Data collection method We analyzed five different types of LUC: 1) conversion of primary forest to cropland, 2) conversion of primary forest to grassland, 3) conversion of cropland to forest, 4) conversion of grassland to forest, and 5) conversion of grassland to cropland. We classified primary forest as forest that had not previously been cleared and used for other land uses. The conversion of cropland or grassland to forest includes naturally generated and intentionally planted forest. Cropland is land used for growing agricultural crops and may include short pasture phases, and grassland is land used continuously for grazing purposes, but may include occasional and repeated pasture-renewal phases. While we tried to make categorical distinctions between these land-use types, land uses are often more fluid in practice, which may not always have been stated in the publications underlying our data compilation. When a paper reported both contents and stocks, we used the stock-based measure. We used reported stocks if the original work had already been corrected to equivalent soil mass (Ellert and Bettany, 1995) or if corrected stocks had been reported in previous reviews or meta-analyses (Don et al., 2011; Poeplau et al., 2011; Guo and Gifford, 2002). Where bulk-density correction had not been applied, we tried to make those corrections to estimate changes to equivalent soil mass if studies provided sufficient information on soil bulk density and depth, using the method of Zhang et al. (2004). If that was not possible, we used the reported SOC, TN, or TP contents. Acknowledgements We thank scientists who measured, analyzed, and published the data compiled for this study. We are especially grateful to Drs. Axel Don, Christopher Poeplau, Lex Bouwman, and Gaihe Yang, who provided their global meta-data through personal communication. D.-G.K. acknowledges support from the IAEA CRP D15020. M.U.F.K and L.L.L. were supported by the Strategic Science Investment Fund (SSIF) of New Zealand\u2019s Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "land-use change", " greenhouse gas emissions", " soil", " carbon", " nitrogen", " phosphorus", " stoichiometry", " time", " temperature", " rainfall", " forest type", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7656722"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.7656722", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.7656722", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.7656722"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-02-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.7687513", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:24:29Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Effects of a fungal invasion on soil bacteria", "description": "Presentation by F.Pinzari at The World Congress of Soil Science 2022, which took place in Glasgow from 31st July - 5th August 2022 Abstract: Effects of a fungal invasion on soil bacteria Pinzari F.1,2, Clark M.D.1, Misra R. 3, Chooneea D.3, Xu X.-M.4, Jungblut A.D.1 1Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD London, UK 2Institute for Biological Systems, Council of National Research of Italy (CNR), Monterotondo (RM), Italy 3Core Research Laboratories, Molecular Biology, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom 4National Institute of Agricultural Botany, East Malling Research Station (EMR), East Malling, UK Fungal bioinoculants have a vast potential in agriculture because they can help increase crop yields and quality and reduce the application of chemicals. Their effectiveness has been widely tested (Malus\u00e0 et al., 2016). However, little is known about the effect of bioinoculants on microbial assemblages in non-rhizospheric soil. A sudden artificial introduction of a fungal species in soil could theoretically impact the biodiversity of local microbial communities and lead to changes in nutrient availability (van Elsas et al., 2012). We assessed the impact of a competitive fungal inoculum, the globally-used biofertiliser Trichoderma afroharzianum T22, on soil microcosms to understand 1) to what extent the native microbial community richness and relative abundance are influenced by a fungal strain introduced to soil; 2) whether microbial taxa are resilient to the disturbance caused by the fungus; 3) how far the bioinoculant impacts the soil microorganisms functions. We used bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (Illumina) and a shotgun metagenomic analysis (Oxford Nanopore Sequencing) to analyse the microbial communities in bioreactors after seven weeks of incubation with and without the fungus. The presence of the fungus had a negative impact on the abundance of some groups of bacteria, such as the genus Pseudomonas, and it stimulated the presence of species metabolically linked to the fungus, including chitin degrading Chitinophagaceae. In conclusion, the results suggest that more than an impact on bacteria's overall biodiversity, the fungus has favoured some groups at the expense of others, even creating new food webs and trophic niches. References Malus\u00e0 E, Pinzari F, Canfora L (2016) Efficacy of Biofertilizers: Challenges to Improve Crop Production. In: D.P. Singh et al. (eds.), Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity: Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity, pp.17-40 Springer India doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2644-4_2 van Elsas JD, Chiurazzi M, Mallon CA, Elhottova D, Kristufek V, Salles JF. (2012) Microbial diversity determines the invasion of soil by a bacterial pathogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 24;109(4):1159-64. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1109326109.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil", " Trichoderma", " invasion", " microbial community", " bioinoculants", " T22", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pinzari, Flavia, Jungblut, Anne D., Clark, M.D., Misra, R., Xu, X.-M., Chooneea, D.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7687513"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.7687513", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.7687513", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.7687513"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.7695462", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:24:29Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Knowedge needs and gaps on soil and land management", "description": "Soil health is vital for many ecosystem services. The Horizon Europe (HE) Mission \u201cA Soil Deal for Europe\u201d aims to accelerate the transition to sustainable soil and land management and healthy soils through an am-bitious transdisciplinary research and innovation (R&I) programme, largely based on actor engagement, Liv-ing Labs and Lighthouses. The H2020 Soil Mission Support (SMS) project supported the implementation of the HE Mission, and aimed to improve the coordination of R&I on sustainable soil and land management. Through a co-creation process together with actors, SMS collated available knowledge, actors R&I needs and identified R&I gaps that need to be addressed for successful transition towards sustainable soil and land management.
The first step was to identify existing R&I knowledge through a keyword-based analysis of scientific literature published and peer reviewed, related to sustainable soil and land management. The literature analysis ad-dressed the full range of societal challenges, soil health objectives, land use types and knowledge domains necessary to capture the socio-ecological complexity of soil health. Covering some 15,700 scientific articles, this literature analysis represents the current peer reviewed knowledge stock on sustainable soil and land management. A textual analysis using the digital platform CorTexT was undertaken to explore the identified literature and submitted to project consortium internal experts, who analysed and processed the collected information of their respective area of expertise (Annex III). The literature analysis revealed that the societal challenges \u201creduce soil degradation\u201d and \u201cimprove disaster control\u201d have been studied extensively. Con-versely, the societal challenges \u201cmitigate land take\u201d and \u201cincrease biodiversity\u201d and the knowledge domains \u201cscience-based policy support\u201d and \u201cawareness, training & education\u201d are less discussed. Factsheets present-ing the results of the literature analysis per societal challenge were developed and can be found in Annex VIII. Note that as the key-word based literature search was limited to Scopus-indexed scientific journals, other publishing formats such as conference papers, books, book chapters, non-digitalized articles, grey literature, reports, patents, etc., may be underrepresented or not included in the used data base. The exclusive use of Scopus-indexed scientific articles provided quality insurance of the material through the publication peer-review system. Nonetheless, important documents and knowledge have been incorporated by the consor-tium experts when analysing the collected literature.
The second step was to consult actors through online workshops and surveys in order to gain a practice-oriented \u2018real-life\u2019 picture of current knowledge and R&I needs for swift implementation of sustainable soil and land management. This step was seen as complementary of the published and peer-reviewed literature.
Finally, after exploring our stocktaking of R&I from existing knowledge evidenced by literature review and the actor\u2019s knowledge needs identified from actor consultations, we identified R&I gaps. The main knowledge gaps across all Mission Objectives were of socio-economic nature: drivers and causes of land degradation, knowledge management, governance and policies for inciting improved management, and interaction with other sectors are not sufficiently understood. Second, the HE Missions\u2019 focus on improving soil literacy was supported by the literature analysis and by the actor consultation, which both revealed knowledge gaps re-lated to education and capacity building in all land use types and domains affecting soil health: production, consumption, trade, policy and governance. Thirdly, there is a gap in the long-term implementation of a new mode of knowledge co-design, where researchers and practitioners together develop solutions for sustaina-ble soil and land management in a real-world context. The HE Missions\u2019 focus on Living Labs and Lighthouses has the potential to close this gap. Finally, there is a need to define several concepts (e.g. soil health, soil degradation, footprint). Such definitions should be shared and will be a basis to identify relevant indicators and respective thresholds, and to develop guidelines to support monitoring programmes in order to translate knowledge into evidence for decision making.
The outcome of the deliverable is a list of validated R&I gaps across all Mission Objectives which will feed into the SMS roadmap and the HE Mission.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Mason, Elo\u00efse, L\u00f6bmann, Michael, Matt, Mireille, Sharif, Ibrat, Maring, Linda, Ittner, Sophie, Bispo, Antonio,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7695462"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.7695462", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.7695462", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.7695462"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-02-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.7695641", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:24:30Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Soil and land management ontology reference document", "description": "The Soil Mission Support (SMS) project supports the European Commission and the Mission Board of the Horizon Europe
Mission in the area of Soil Health and Food in delivering its objectives and related targets. It is assumed that the
Soil Mission and its related objectives and specific targets can only be achieved through healthy soils and for that,
stakeholder engagement is needed. Healthy soils are defined as soils that are in good chemical, biological and physical
condition and thus are able to continuously provide as many ecosystem services as possible (EC, 2021a). Stakeholders
are defined as those who are affected in their interest or concern by changes in soil and land management (Brils et al.,
2022).
With multi-stakeholder processes, language and use of language is very important. The capability to understand each
other is critical. Communication difficulties originate to a large extent from the \u2018jargon\u2019 used in the different communities.
A common language facilitates \u2018learning together\u2019 which helps to build trust, develop a common view on the issues
at stake, resolve conflicts and arrive at joint solutions that are technically sound and that can be implemented in
practice. Ontology defines a common vocabulary for those who, for example, need to converse about a common issue
or share information in a specific domain.
In first instance the shared domain of discourse was defined and then at different levels of hierarchy:
\u00b7 Primary objects of relevance for the domain of discourse were selected;
\u00b7 The inter-relational links between these objects was conceptualized (conceptual model); and
\u00b7 These objects were defined in a representational vocabulary (a common language).
The domain of discourse covers soil and land management aimed to achieve the first six (of the eight) Soil Mission
objectives, which are: 1. reduce desertification, 2. conserve soil organic carbon stocks, 3. stop soil sealing and increase
re-use of urban soils, 4. reduce soil pollution and enhance restoration, 5. prevent erosion, and 6. improve soil structure
to enhance soil biodiversity.
The first level of hierarchy covers soil and land and its use. At this level the following objects have been selected, interrelated
in a conceptual model (i.e. visual of soil and land-use) and defined in a common language: soil, land, landuse
and land-use types (including: urban, industrial, agriculture, forest, nature and protected land).
The second level of hierarchy covers soil management. At his level the following objects have been selected, interrelated
in a conceptual soil management model and defined in a common language: soil management (including: soil
management strategy, measures, program of measures), soil ecosystems (including: ecosystem services, pressures,
healthy soil ecosystems), users (stakeholders) and information.
Lastly, the third level of hierarchy covers the achievement of the first six Soil Mission objectives. At this level the
most relevant objects related to each of these objectives are selected and interrelated to their position in the DPSIR
(Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response) framework which is at this 3rd level superimposed on the soil management
model as used for level 2.
The remaining two Soil Mission objectives, i.e. 7. reduce the EU global footprint on soils and 8. improve soil literacy in
society, do not directly relate to the actual management of soil and land. However, also for these mission objectives
some important objects have been selected and defined in a common language.
Experts in the SMS project \u2013 jointly covering the fields of expertise related to all the 8 Soil Mission objectives \u2013 developed
this ontology. This ontology should now be used in soil policy and management practice, such as Living Labs. In
such settings, the ontology can be improved through interaction with stakeholders from different backgrounds, further
increasing its value.
The key-recommendations are:
\u00b7 use this ontology in soil policy and management practice (e.g. Living Labs)
\u00b7 soil policy makers and managers should promote its use in such practice
\u00b7 use the feedback from stakeholders to further improve the ontology
In support of the dissemination of this document a policy brief is prepared and attached as annex in this document.
Both documents are made publicly available via de SMS website: https://www.soilmissionsupport.eu/outputs", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "15. Life on land", "12. Responsible consumption"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Nougues, Laura, Brils, Jos,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7695641"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.7695641", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.7695641", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.7695641"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-02-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.8057232", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:24:32Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Upscaling soil organic carbon measurements at the continental scale using multivariate clustering analysis and machine learning", "description": "Data Description: To improve SOC estimation in the United States, we upscaled site-based SOC measurements to the continental scale using multivariate geographic clustering (MGC) approach coupled with machine learning models. First, we used the MGC approach to segment the United States at 30 arc second resolution based on principal component information from environmental covariates (gNATSGO soil properties, WorldClim bioclimatic variables, MODIS biological variables, and physiographic variables) to 20 SOC regions. We then trained separate random forest model ensembles for each of the SOC regions identified using environmental covariates and soil profile measurements from the International Soil Carbon Network (ISCN) and an Alaska soil profile data. We estimated United States SOC for 0-30 cm and 0-100 cm depths were 52.6 + 3.2 and 108.3 + 8.2 Pg C, respectively. Files in collection (32): Collection contains 22 soil properties geospatial rasters, 4 soil SOC geospatial rasters, 2 ISCN site SOC observations csv files, and 4 R scripts gNATSGO TIF files: \u251c\u2500\u2500 available_water_storage_30arc_30cm_us.tif [30 cm depth soil available water storage]
\u251c\u2500\u2500 available_water_storage_30arc_100cm_us.tif [100 cm depth soil available water storage]
\u251c\u2500\u2500 caco3_30arc_30cm_us.tif [30 cm depth soil CaCO3 content]
\u251c\u2500\u2500 caco3_30arc_100cm_us.tif [100 cm depth soil CaCO3 content]
\u251c\u2500\u2500 cec_30arc_30cm_us.tif [30 cm depth soil cation exchange capacity]
\u251c\u2500\u2500 cec_30arc_100cm_us.tif [100 cm depth soil cation exchange capacity]
\u251c\u2500\u2500 clay_30arc_30cm_us.tif [30 cm depth soil clay content]
\u251c\u2500\u2500 clay_30arc_100cm_us.tif [100 cm depth soil clay content]
\u251c\u2500\u2500 depthWT_30arc_us.tif [depth to water table]
\u251c\u2500\u2500 kfactor_30arc_30cm_us.tif [30 cm depth soil erosion factor]
\u251c\u2500\u2500 kfactor_30arc_100cm_us.tif [100 cm depth soil erosion factor]
\u251c\u2500\u2500 ph_30arc_100cm_us.tif [100 cm depth soil pH]
\u251c\u2500\u2500 ph_30arc_100cm_us.tif [30 cm depth soil pH]
\u251c\u2500\u2500 pondingFre_30arc_us.tif [ponding frequency]
\u251c\u2500\u2500 sand_30arc_30cm_us.tif [30 cm depth soil sand content]
\u251c\u2500\u2500 sand_30arc_100cm_us.tif [100 cm depth soil sand content]
\u251c\u2500\u2500 silt_30arc_30cm_us.tif [30 cm depth soil silt content]
\u251c\u2500\u2500 silt_30arc_100cm_us.tif [100 cm depth soil silt content]
\u251c\u2500\u2500 water_content_30arc_30cm_us.tif [30 cm depth soil water content]
\u2514\u2500\u2500 water_content_30arc_100cm_us.tif [100 cm depth soil water content] SOC TIF files: \u251c\u2500\u250030cm SOC mean.tif [30 cm depth soil SOC]
\u251c\u2500\u2500100cm SOC mean.tif [100 cm depth soil SOC]
\u251c\u2500\u250030cm SOC CV.tif [30 cm depth soil SOC coefficient of variation]
\u2514\u2500\u2500100cm SOC CV.tif [100 cm depth soil SOC coefficient of variation] site observations csv files: ISCN_rmNRCS_addNCSS_30cm.csv 30cm ISCN sites SOC replaced NRCS sites with NCSS centroid removed data ISCN_rmNRCS_addNCSS_100cm.csv 100cm ISCN sites SOC replaced NRCS sites with NCSS centroid removed data
Data format: Geospatial files are provided in Geotiff format in Lat/Lon WGS84 EPSG: 4326 projection at 30 arc second resolution. Geospatial projection: 
GEOGCS['GCS_WGS_1984', DATUM['D_WGS_1984', SPHEROID['WGS_1984',6378137,298.257223563]], PRIMEM['Greenwich',0], UNIT['Degree',0.017453292519943295]] (base) [jbk@theseus ltar_regionalization]$ g.proj -w GEOGCS['wgs84', DATUM['WGS_1984', SPHEROID['WGS_1984',6378137,298.257223563]], PRIMEM['Greenwich',0], UNIT['degree',0.0174532925199433]]
", "keywords": ["gNATSGO", "the United States SOC", "US soil properties", "15. Life on land", "Gridded National Soil Survey Geographic Database", "International Soil Carbon Network (ISCN)"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8057232"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.8057232", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.8057232", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.8057232"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-01-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.8089699", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:24:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-11-28", "title": "High-resolution and three-dimensional mapping of soil texture of China", "description": "The lack of detailed three-dimensional soil texture information largely restricts many applications in agriculture, hydrology, climate, ecology and environment. This study predicted 90 m resolution spatial variations of sand, silt and clay contents at a national extent across China and at multiple depths 0\u20135, 5\u201315, 15\u201330, 30\u201360, 60\u2013100 and 100\u2013200 cm. We used 4579 soil profiles collected from a national soil series inventory conducted recently and currently available environmental covariates. The covariates characterized environmental factors including climate, parent materials, terrain, vegetation and soil conditions. We constructed random forest models and employed a parallel computing strategy for the predictions of soil texture fractions based on its relationship with the environmental factors. Quantile regression forest was used to estimate the uncertainty of the predictions. Results showed that the predicted maps were much more accurate and detailed than the conventional linkage maps and the SoilGrids250m product, and could well represent spatial variation of soil texture across China. The relative accuracy improvement was around 245\u2013370% relative to the linkage maps and 83\u2013112% relative to the SoilGrids250m product with regard to the R2, and it was around 24\u201326% and 14\u201319% respectively with regard to the RMSE. The wide range between 5% lower and 95% upper prediction limits may suggest that there was a substantial room to improve current predictions. Besides, we found that climate and terrain factors are major controllers for spatial patterns of soil texture in China. The heat and water-driven physical and chemical weathering and wind-driven erosion processes primarily shape the pattern of clay content. The terrain, wind and water-driven deposition, erosion and transportation sorting processes of soil particles primarily shape the pattern of silt. The findings provide clues for modeling future soil evolution and for national soil security management under the background of global and regional environmental changes.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Digital soil mapping", "13. Climate action", "Large extent", "Machine learning", "Environmental factors", "Uncertainty", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8089699"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.8089699", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.8089699", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.8089699"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.8109600", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:24:34Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data on soil compounds, respiration and incorporation of 13C-labeled substrate", "description": "Open AccessSee Readme.pdf", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "microdialysis", "respiration rates", "compound concentration in soil solution", "PLFA and NLFA", "13C isotopic labeling", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Wiesenbauer, Julia, Kaiser, Christina,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8109600"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.8109600", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.8109600", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.8109600"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-07-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.8320433", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:24:36Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Carbon storage and carbon-equivalent albedo impact for US forests, by age and forest type", "description": "These tables document estimates of carbon storage (Mg/ha +/- Standard Error) and carbon-equivalent albedo impacts (same units) of US forests by age and forest type (Healey et al., in review). Carbon estimates are derived from field measurements made by the USDA Forest Service on approximately 125,000 forested field plots (Domke et al., 2022). Soil organic carbon is omitted from these estimates, but all other above- and below-ground pools are included. Albedo impacts (time-dependent emissions equivalent, TDEE; Bright et al., 2016) were developed by applying atmospheric kernels (Bright and O'Halloran) to a new Landsat blue sky albedo product for the Landsat archive (Erb et al., 2022), as described by Healey et al. (in review). Standard error is supplied for each age/forest type bin for carbon storage, but upper and lower standard error bounds are specified for TDEE because log transformation creates an asymmetrical uncertainty envelope. Bright, Bogren, Bernier, Astrup, (2016). Carbon-equivalent metrics for albedo changes in land management contexts: Relevance of the time dimension. Ecol. Appl. 26, 1868\u20131880 Bright, R. M., & O'Halloran, T. L. (2019). Developing a monthly radiative kernel for surface albedo change from satellite climatologies of Earth's shortwave radiation budget: CACK v1. 0. Geoscientific Model Development, 12(9), 3975-3990. Domke, Walters, Nowak, Greenfield, Smith, Nichols, Ogle, Coulston, Wirth (2022). Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals From Forest Land, Woodlands, Urban Trees, and Harvested Wood Products in the United States, 1990\u20132020. (US Dept. Ag. For. Service, Madison, WI; https://doi.org/10.2737/FS-RU-382). Erb, Li, Sun, Paynter, Wang, & Schaaf, (2022). Evaluation of the Landsat-8 Albedo Product across the Circumpolar Domain. Remote Sensing, 14(21), 5320. Healey, Yang, Erb, Bright, Domke, Frescino, Schaaf, (in review) New satellite observations expose albedo dynamics offsetting half of carbon storage benefits in US forests.", "keywords": ["climate change", "forest carbon", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "Landsat", "albedo"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Healey, Sean, Yang, Zhiqiang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8320433"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.8320433", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.8320433", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.8320433"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-09-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5846/stxb201105220671", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:25:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-08-20", "description": "Litter decomposition is an important component of nutrient cycling and carbon decomposition in grassland ecosystems,and livestock grazing has been a major human intervention to these process.The effects of grazing on litter decomposition vary with climate environment conditions and grassland vegetation types.Alpine mesophytic meadow and alpine semi-hydric marsh meadow are the two rangeland ecosystems commonly seen on the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,which differentiate themselves by not only the physic/bio environments but also the plant species composition and therefore the litter qualities.In order to understand grazing effects on the litter decomposition of these two meadows,grazed and fenced plots were set respectively on the both meadows.The rates of decomposition and nutrient release were measured for the three littler samples(mesophytic meadow mixed litter,Deschampsia caespitos litter,and Potentilla anserine litter) in the alpine mesophytic meadow plots,and three litter samples(semi-hydric marsh mixed litter,Carex muliensis litter\u3001Kobresia tibetica litter) in the semi-hyddric marsh meadow plots.The four species generally also represented the dominant species showing respectively in the reverse succession series driven by grazing and climate warming.It was found that there were significant differences in litter decompositions for the dominant species.In alpine mesophytic meadow,Potentilla anserine decomposed faster than Deschampsia caespitos,while in alpine semi-hydric meadowKobresia tibetica decomposed more quickly.Grazing accelerated the litter decomposition in general,but the responses varied with the species.On the other hand,Deschamp siacaespitos and Carex muliensis have lower decomposition rates in the grazed plots.Grazing has little effect on organic carbon decomposition and the release of C,but positively affected on the release of N and P from the litters.The patterns of litter decomposition and nutrient release of the dominant species suggested that there might exist a positive feedback effect in the alpine marsh meadow degradation due to the accelerating decomposition rate and C release along the reverse succession series.In addition,Potentilla anserine,a typical dominant species of in degraded meadow,was found to have higher litter quality and faster decomposition rate than the other species,reflecting that in the mesophytic community,the plant adopted 'evasion strategy' rather than 'resistance strategy' in response to heavy grazing.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "\u738b\u5fd7\u8fdc Wang Zhiyuan, \u5b59\u5e9a Sun Geng, \u5434\u5b81 Wu Ning, \u7f57\u5149\u8363 Luo Guangrong, \u5f20\u8273\u535a Zhang Yanbo, \u7f57\u9e4f Luo Peng, \u725f\u6210\u9999 Mou Chengxiang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201105220671"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Acta%20Ecologica%20Sinica", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5846/stxb201105220671", "name": "item", "description": "10.5846/stxb201105220671", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5846/stxb201105220671"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.6084/m9.figshare.19498606", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:25:09Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2022-04-02", "title": "Additional file 1 of Rhizosheath\u2013root system changes exopolysaccharide content but stabilizes bacterial community across contrasting seasons in a desert environment", "description": "Additional file 1. Result S1. Analysis of rhizosheath sand composition. Result S2. Analysis of cultivable bacteria. Table S1. Climatic conditions throughout the year in Ksar Ghilane, Sahara Desert (Tunisia); data elaborated from https://www.worldweatheronline.com ; data as reported as monthly average measurement from January 2019 to now. Table S2. List of FISH probes used and conditions applied; probe sequence (5\u2019-3\u2019), attached fluorochrome (fluor.), bacterial target group, percentage of formaldehyde (FA) used during treatment, and references are also reported. Table S3. Number of KTUs and sequences used for each sample. RH: rhizosphere, RS: rhizosheath, RT: root tissue, BS: bulk sand. Table S4. Humidity (RH%) and temperature (T\u00b0C) measured in summer (June, 2016) and winter (November, 2016) for bulk sand and belowground speargrasses (i.e., plant rhizosheath\u2013root system, RS). Table S5. Physico-chemical analyses conducted on bulk sand (BS) and rhizosheath matrix (RS) collected in summer (S) and winter (W). Table S6. PERMANOVA pair-wise comparison test of physico-chemical conditions (Table S5) in rhizosheath (RS) and bulk sand (BS) collected during summer (S) and winter (W) seasons. Table S7. Multivariate test (pairwise comparison) of beta-diversity associated with root tissue, rhizosheath, rhizosphere, and bulk sand. Table S8. Mean and standard error of multivariate dispersions from centroid calculated for each compartment (within-betadiversity). Table S9. Relative importance of different ecological processes in the assembly of bacterial community associated with the rhizosheath-root system compartments and bulk sand in two contrasting seasons. Table S10. Generalized linear model univariate test indicates the KTUs contributing to the difference in bulk soil among summer and winter. Table S11. Tukey\u2019s honest significance difference (TukeyHSD) pairwise comparison tests for the degree, betweenness and keystone species detected across the four co-occurrence networks, namely bulk sand winter, bulk sand winter summer, rhizosheath\u2013root system winter and rhizosheath\u2013root system summer. Table S12. List of bacterial isolates, PGP activity, and abiotic resistance tested in vitro. Figure S1. Stipagrostis pungens rhizosheath-root system. Figure S2. Rarefaction curves of bacterial reads obtained by pair-ends MiSeq Illumina sequencing in bulk sand, rhizosheath, rhizosphere, and root tissues. Figure S3. Visualization of Stipagrostis pungens rhizosheath with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Figure S4. SEM images and electron micrographs of the sand grains and root tissue within the rhizosheath of Stipagrostis pungens using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) to reveal chemical composition. Figure S5. Localization of bacteria in rhizosheath-root system by confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Figure S6. Bacterial KTUs distribution across samples. Figure S7. Venn diagram shows the distribution of bacterial KTUs across compartment categories. Figure S8. Alpha diversity expressed as richness (number of KTUs) and Shannon diversity across the compartment categories. Figure S9. Quantification of betadiversity components in bulk sand bacterial communities across seasons (summer and winter). Figure S10. Alpha diversity expressed as richness (number of KTUs) and Shannon diversity across the compartments in summer and winter. Figure S11. Venn diagrams showing the number of KTUs present in summer and/or in winter in each compartment category. Figure S12. Analysis of 2-fold change was performed to evaluate the KTUs that had a significantly (p < 0.01) different relative abundance (2-fold change) over summer and winter. Figure S13. Taxonomy of co-occurrence network degrees in bulk sand and rhizosheath matrix across seasons. Figure S14. Microcosms to evaluate sand wettability in vitro. Evaluation of sand weight at 48 h and along the entire incubation (0, 24 and 48 h).", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Marasco, Ramona, Fusi, Marco, Mosqueira, Maria, Booth, Jenny Marie, Rossi, Federico, Cardinale, Massimiliano, Michoud, Gr\u00e9goire, Rolli, Eleonora, Mugnai, Gianmarco, Vergani, Lorenzo, Borin, Sara, De Philippis, Roberto, Cherif, Ameur, Daffonchio, Daniele,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19498606"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.6084/m9.figshare.19498606", "name": "item", "description": "10.6084/m9.figshare.19498606", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.6084/m9.figshare.19498606"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.6084/m9.figshare.7987250", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:25:13Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2019-04-12", "title": "Dataset S4 from Convergent evolution in Arabidopsis halleri and Arabidopsis arenosa on calamine metalliferous soils.", "description": "It is a plausible hypothesis that parallel adaptation events to the same environmental challenge should result in genetic changes of similar or identical effects, depending on the underlying fitness landscapes. However, systematic testing of this is scarce. Here we examine this hypothesis in two closely related plant species, Arabidopsis halleri and Arabidopsis arenosa, which co-occur at two calamine metalliferous (M) sites harbouring toxic levels of the heavy metals zinc and cadmium. We conduct individual genome resequencing alongside soil elemental analysis for 64 plants from eight populations on M and non-metalliferous (NM) soils, and identify genomic footprints of selection and local adaptation. Selective sweep and environmental association analyses indicate a modest degree of gene as well as functional network convergence, whereby the proximal molecular factors mediating this convergence mostly differ between site pairs and species. Notably, we observe repeated selection on identical single nucleotide poly-morphisms in several A. halleri genes at two independently colonized M sites. Our data suggest that species-specific metal handling and other biological features could explain a low degree of convergence between species. The parallel establishment of plant populations on calamine M soils involves convergent evolution, which will probably be more pervasive across sites purposely chosen for maximal similarity in soil composition.This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Convergent evolution in the genomics era: new insights and directions\u2019.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Preite, Veronica, Sailer, Christian, Syllwasschy, Lara, Bray, Sian, Ahmadi, Hassan, Kr\u00e4mer, Ute, Yant, Levi,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7987250"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.6084/m9.figshare.7987250", "name": "item", "description": "10.6084/m9.figshare.7987250", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.6084/m9.figshare.7987250"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.6084/m9.figshare.7987292", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:25:13Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2019-04-12", "title": "Dataset S1 from Convergent evolution in Arabidopsis halleri and Arabidopsis arenosa on calamine metalliferous soils.", "description": "It is a plausible hypothesis that parallel adaptation events to the same environmental challenge should result in genetic changes of similar or identical effects, depending on the underlying fitness landscapes. However, systematic testing of this is scarce. Here we examine this hypothesis in two closely related plant species, Arabidopsis halleri and Arabidopsis arenosa, which co-occur at two calamine metalliferous (M) sites harbouring toxic levels of the heavy metals zinc and cadmium. We conduct individual genome resequencing alongside soil elemental analysis for 64 plants from eight populations on M and non-metalliferous (NM) soils, and identify genomic footprints of selection and local adaptation. Selective sweep and environmental association analyses indicate a modest degree of gene as well as functional network convergence, whereby the proximal molecular factors mediating this convergence mostly differ between site pairs and species. Notably, we observe repeated selection on identical single nucleotide poly-morphisms in several A. halleri genes at two independently colonized M sites. Our data suggest that species-specific metal handling and other biological features could explain a low degree of convergence between species. The parallel establishment of plant populations on calamine M soils involves convergent evolution, which will probably be more pervasive across sites purposely chosen for maximal similarity in soil composition.This article is part of the theme issue \u2018Convergent evolution in the genomics era: new insights and directions\u2019.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Preite, Veronica, Sailer, Christian, Syllwasschy, Lara, Bray, Sian, Ahmadi, Hassan, Kr\u00e4mer, Ute, Yant, Levi,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7987292"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.6084/m9.figshare.7987292", "name": "item", "description": "10.6084/m9.figshare.7987292", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.6084/m9.figshare.7987292"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "11585/996230", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:25:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-10-10", "title": "Beyond PLFA: Concurrent extraction of neutral and glycolipid fatty acids provides new insights into soil microbial communities", "description": "The analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) is one of the most common methods used to quantify the abundance, and analyse the community structure, of soil microbes. The PLFA extraction method can yield two additional lipid fractions\u2014neutral lipids and glycolipids\u2014which potentially hold additional, valuable information on soil microbial communities. Yet its quantitative sensitivity on complete neutral lipid (NLFA) and glycolipid fatty acid (GLFA) profiles has never been validated. In this study we tested (i) if the high-throughput PLFA method can be expanded to concurrently extract complete NLFA and GLFA profiles, as well as sterols, (ii) whether taxonomic specificities of signature fatty acids are retained across the three lipid fractions in pure culture strains, and (iii) whether NLFAs and GLFAs allow soil-specific fingerprinting to the same extent as PLFA analysis. By adjusting the polarity of chloroform with 2% ethanol for solid phase extraction, pure lipid standards were fully fractionated into neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids. Sterols eluted in the neutral lipid fraction, and a betaine lipid co-eluted with phospholipids. We found consistent taxonomic specificities of fatty acid markers across the three lipid fractions by analysing pure culture extracts representative of soil microbes. Fatty acid profiles from soil extracts, however, showed stronger differences between PLFAs, NLFAs, and GLFAs than between soil types. This indicates that PLFAs and NLFAs signify different community properties (biomass vs. carbon storage, putatively), and that GLFAs are sensitive markers for community traits which behave differently than PLFAs. Although we consistently found high abundances of characteristic sterols in fungal extracts, the PLFA extraction method only yielded miniscule amounts of ergosterol from soil extracts. We argue that concomitant measurement of fatty acid profiles from all three lipid fractions is a low-effort and potentially information-rich addition to the PLFA method, and discuss its applicability for soil microbial community analyses.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "106022 Mikrobiologie", "0303 health sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil lipids", "03 medical and health sciences", "106026 \u00d6kosystemforschung", "NLFA", "Ergosterol", "Ergosterol; GLFA; NLFA; Phospholipid fatty acids; Soil lipids", "Phospholipid fatty acid", "soil lipids", "Phospholipid fatty acids", "106022 Microbiology", "GLFA", "106026 Ecosystem research"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/11585/996230"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "11585/996230", "name": "item", "description": "11585/996230", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/11585/996230"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1854/LU-8732814", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:26:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-09", "title": "Litter quality, mycorrhizal association, and soil properties regulate effects of tree species on the soil fauna community", "description": "Abstract Forest management, including selection of appropriate tree species to mitigate climate change and sustain biodiversity, requires a better understanding of factors that affect the composition of soil fauna communities. These communities are an integral part of the soil ecosystem and play an essential role in forest ecosystem functioning related to carbon and nitrogen cycling. Here, by performing a field study across six common gardens in Denmark, we evaluated the effects of tree species identity and mycorrhizal association (i.e., arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and ectomycorrhiza (ECM)) on soil fauna (meso- and macrofauna) taxonomic and functional community composition by using diversity, abundance, and biomass as proxies. We found that (1) tree species identity and mycorrhizal association both showed significant effects on soil fauna communities, but the separation between community characteristics in AM and ECM tree species was not entirely consistent; (2) total soil fauna abundance, biomass, as well as taxonomic and functional diversity were generally significantly higher under AM tree species, as well as lime, with higher litter quality (high N and base cation and low lignin:N ratio); (3) tree species significantly influenced the properties of litter, forest floor, and soil, among which litter and/or forest floor N, P, Ca, and Mg concentrations, soil pH, and soil moisture predominantly affected soil fauna abundance, biomass, and taxonomic and functional diversity. Our results from this multisite common garden experiment provide strong and consistent evidence of positive effects of tree species with higher litter quality on soil fauna communities in general, which helps to better understand the effects of tree species selection on soil biodiversity and its functions related to forest soil carbon sequestration.", "keywords": ["DECOMPOSITION", "EARTHWORMS", "Diversity", "PH", "FOREST FLOOR", "Common garden experiment", "Soil meso- and macrofauna", "DIVERSITY", "Biology and Life Sciences", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "NITROGEN", "CARBON", "Taxonomic group", "FUNCTIONAL TRAITS", "Abundance", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Functional group", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "BIODIVERSITY", "ABUNDANCE", "Biomass"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/1854/LU-8732814"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1854/LU-8732814", "name": "item", "description": "1854/LU-8732814", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1854/LU-8732814"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1871.1/bbc7e25d-d1b9-4c7d-baa4-1a09012f06b2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:26:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-11-21", "title": "Global biomass burning fuel consumption and emissions at 500\u2009m spatial resolution based on the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED)", "description": "

Abstract. In fire emission models, the spatial resolution of both the modelling framework and the satellite data used to quantify burned area can have considerable impact on emission estimates. Consideration of this sensitivity is especially important in areas with heterogeneous land cover and fire regimes and when constraining model output with field measurements. We developed a global fire emissions model with a spatial resolution of 500\u2009m using MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. To accommodate this spatial resolution, our model is based on a simplified version of the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) modelling framework. Tree mortality as a result of fire, i.e.\u00a0fire-related forest loss, was modelled based on the overlap between 30\u2009m forest loss data and MODIS burned area and active fire detections. Using this new 500\u2009m model, we calculated global average carbon emissions from fire of 2.1\u00b10.2 (\u00b11\u03c3 interannual variability, IAV)\u2009Pg\u2009C\u2009yr\u22121 during 2002\u20132020. Fire-related forest loss accounted for 2.6\u00b10.7\u2009% (uncertainty range =1.9\u2009%\u20133.3\u2009%) of global burned area and 24\u00b16\u2009% (uncertainty range =16\u2009%\u201331\u2009%) of emissions, indicating that fuel consumption in forest fires is an order of magnitude higher than the global average. Emissions from the combustion of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the boreal region and tropical peatlands accounted for 13\u00b14\u2009% of global emissions. Our global fire emissions estimate was higher than the 1.5\u2009Pg\u2009C\u2009yr\u22121 from GFED4 and similar to 2.1\u2009Pg\u2009C\u2009yr\u22121 from GFED4s. Even though GFED4s included more burned area by accounting for small fires undetected by the MODIS burned area mapping algorithm, our emissions were similar to GFED4s due to higher average fuel consumption. The global difference in fuel consumption could mainly be explained by higher SOC emissions from the boreal region as constrained by additional measurements. The higher resolution of the 500\u2009m model also contributed to the difference by improving the simulation of landscape heterogeneity and reducing the scale mismatch in comparing field measurements to model grid cell averages during model calibration. Furthermore, the fire-related forest loss algorithm introduced in our model led to more accurate and widespread estimation of high-fuel-consumption burned area. Recent advances in burned area detection at resolutions of 30\u2009m and finer show a substantial amount of burned area that remains undetected with 500\u2009m sensors, suggesting that global carbon emissions from fire are likely higher than our 500\u2009m estimates. The ability to model fire emissions at 500\u2009m resolution provides a framework for further improvements with the development of new satellite-based estimates of fuels, burned area, and fire behaviour, for use in the next generation of GFED.

", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Geology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/1871.1/bbc7e25d-d1b9-4c7d-baa4-1a09012f06b2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1871.1/bbc7e25d-d1b9-4c7d-baa4-1a09012f06b2", "name": "item", "description": "1871.1/bbc7e25d-d1b9-4c7d-baa4-1a09012f06b2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1871.1/bbc7e25d-d1b9-4c7d-baa4-1a09012f06b2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1887/4246123", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:26:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-08-30", "title": "Inland Waters Increasingly Produce and Emit Nitrous Oxide", "description": "Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived greenhouse gas and currently contributes \u223c10% to global greenhouse warming. Studies have suggested that inland waters are a large and growing global N2O source, but whether, how, where, when, and why inland-water N2O emissions changed in the Anthropocene remains unclear. Here, we quantify global N2O formation, transport, and emission along the aquatic continuum and their changes using a spatially explicit, mechanistic, coupled biogeochemistry-hydrology model. The global inland-water N2O emission increased from 0.4 to 1.3 Tg N yr-1 during 1900-2010 due to (1) growing N2O inputs mainly from groundwater and (2) increased inland-water N2O production, largely in reservoirs. Inland waters currently contribute 7 (5-10)% to global total N2O emissions. The highest inland-water N2O emissions are typically in and downstream of reservoirs and areas with high population density and intensive agricultural activities in eastern and southern Asia, southeastern North America, and Europe. The expected continuing excessive use of nutrients, dam construction, and development of suboxic conditions in aging reservoirs imply persisting high inland-water N2O emissions.", "keywords": ["Inland waters", "N2O cycling", " long-term temporal changes", "long-term temporal changes", "Nitrous oxide", "Asia", " Southern", "Nitrous Oxide", "Integrated process-based modeling", "Water", "Agriculture", "General Chemistry", "15. Life on land", "N2O cycling", "6. Clean water", "Greenhouse gas emission", "13. Climate action", "Environmental Chemistry", "14. Life underwater", "Spatial distributions", "closed N2O budget"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/1887/4246123"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1887/4246123", "name": "item", "description": "1887/4246123", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1887/4246123"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-08-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1959.7/uws:75008", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:26:13Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-10-04", "title": "Plant footprint decreases the functional diversity of molecules in topsoil organic matter after millions of years of ecosystem development", "description": "AbstractAim

Theory suggests that the diversity of molecules in soil organic matter (SOM functional diversity) provides key insights on multiple ecosystem services. We aimed to investigate how and why SOM functional diversity and composition change as topsoils develop, and its implications for key soil functions (e.g., from nutrient pool to water regulation).

Location

We reported data on 16 soil chronosequences globally distributed in nine countries from six continents.

Time Period

2016\uffe2\uff80\uff932017.

Major Taxa Studied

Soil microbes (bacteria and fungi) and vascular plants.

Methods

SOM functional diversity and composition without mineral interference were measured using diffuse reflectance mid\uffe2\uff80\uff90infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT). We aimed to characterize the main environmental factors related to SOM functional diversity and composition. Also, we calculated the links among SOM functional diversity and key soil functions.

Results

We found that SOM functional diversity declines after millions of years of soil formation (pedogenesis). We further showed that increases in plant cover and productivity led to a higher ratio of reduced (e.g., alkanes) over oxidized carbon forms (i.e., C: O\uffe2\uff80\uff90functional groups ratio), which was positively correlated to SOM functional diversity as soils age. Our findings indicated that the plant footprint (i.e., the accumulation of plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived material promoting the C: O\uffe2\uff80\uff90functional group ratio) would explain the reduction of SOM functional diversity as ecosystems develop. Moreover, the dissimilarity in SOM composition consistently increased with soil age, with the soil development stage emerging as the main predictor of SOM dissimilarity across contrasting biomes.

Main Conclusions

Our global survey contextualized the natural history of SOM functional diversity and composition during long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term soil development. Together, we showed how plant footprint drives the losses of SOM functional diversity with increasing age, which might provide a novel mechanism to explain typically reported losses in ecosystem functions during ecosystem retrogression.A broader knowledge of the contribution of carbon (C) released by plant roots (exudates) to soil is a prerequisite for optimizing the management of organic matter in arable soils. This is the first study to show the contribution of constantly applied13C\uffe2\uff80\uff90labelled maize and wheat exudates to water extractable organic carbon (WEOC), microbial biomass\uffe2\uff80\uff90C (MB\uffe2\uff80\uff90C), and CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90C evolution during a 25\uffe2\uff80\uff90day incubation of agricultural soil material. The CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90C evolution and respective \uffce\uffb413C values were measured daily. The WEOC and MB\uffe2\uff80\uff90C contents were determined weekly and a newly developed method for determining \uffce\uffb413C values in soil extracts was applied. Around 36% of exudate\uffe2\uff80\uff90C of both plants was recovered after the incubation, in the order WEOC < MB\uffe2\uff80\uff90C < CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90C for maize and MB\uffe2\uff80\uff90C < WEOC < CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90C for wheat. Around 64% of added exudate\uffe2\uff80\uff90C was not retrieved with the methods used here. Our results suggest that great amounts of exudates became stabilized in non\uffe2\uff80\uff90water extractable organic fractions. The amounts of MB\uffe2\uff80\uff90C stayed relatively constant over time despite a continuous exudate\uffe2\uff80\uff90C supply, which is the prerequisite for a growing microbial population. A lack of mineral nutrients might have limited microbial growth. The CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90C mineralization rate declined during the incubation and this was probably caused by a shift in the microbial community structure. Consequently, incoming WEOC was left in the soil solution leading to rising WEOC amounts over time. In the exudate\uffe2\uff80\uff90treated soil additional amounts of soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived WEOC (up to 110 \uffce\uffbcg g\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and MB\uffe2\uff80\uff90C (up to 60 \uffce\uffbcg g\uffe2\uff88\uff921) relative to the control were determined. We suggest therefore that positive priming effects (i.e. accelerated turnover of soil organic matter due to the addition of organic substrates) can be explained by exchange processes between charged, soluble C\uffe2\uff80\uff90components and the soil matrix. As a result of this exchange, soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived WEOC becomes available for mineralization.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "A. Gattinger, F. Buegger, M. Marx, J. C. Munch, A. Zsolnay,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2007.00911.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2007.00911.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2007.00911.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2007.00911.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-03-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/ldr.2158", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:14:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-04-03", "title": "Changes in soil organic carbon under eucalyptus plantations in brazil: a comparative analysis", "description": "ABSTRACT

Proper assessment of environmental quality or degradation requires knowledge of how terrestrial C pools respond to land use change. Forest plantations offer a considerable potential to sequester C in aboveground biomass. However, their impact on initial levels of soil organic carbon (SOC) varies from strong losses to gains, possibly affecting C balances in afforestation or reforestation initiatives. We compiled paired\uffe2\uff80\uff90plot studies on how SOC stocks under native vegetation change after planting fast\uffe2\uff80\uff90growth Eucalyptus species in Brazil, where these plantations are becoming increasingly important. SOC changes for the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9320 and 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9340\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm depths varied between \uffe2\uff88\uff9225 and 42\uffe2\uff80\uff89Mg\uffe2\uff80\uff89ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, following a normal distribution centered near zero. After replacing native vegetation by Eucalyptus plantations, mean SOC changes were \uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffb75 and 0\uffc2\uffb73\uffe2\uff80\uff89Mg\uffe2\uff80\uff89ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9320 and 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9340\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm depths, respectively. These are very low figures in comparison to C stocks usually sequestered in aboveground biomass and were statistically nonsignificant as demonstrated by a t\uffe2\uff80\uff90test at p\uffe2\uff80\uff89<\uffe2\uff80\uff890\uffc2\uffb705. Similar low, nonsignificant SOC changes were estimated after data were stratified into first or second rotation cycles, soil texture and biome (savanna, rainforest or grassland). Although strong SOC losses or gains effectively occurred in some cases, their underpinning causes could not be generally identified in the present work and must be ascribed in a case basis, considering the full set of environmental and management conditions. We conclude that Eucalyptus spp. plantations in average have no net effect on SOC stocks in Brazil. Copyright \uffc2\uffa9 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

", "keywords": ["Soil organic matter", "Carbon stocks", "Tropical soils", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Fast-growth tree plantations", "Land use change"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2158"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land%20Degradation%20%26amp%3B%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/ldr.2158", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/ldr.2158", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/ldr.2158"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-04-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.04.015", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:16:13Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-05-06", "title": "Ecosystem service delivery of agri-environment measures: A synthesis for hedgerows and grass strips on arable land", "description": "Abstract In north western Europe, agricultural systems are generally managed to maximize the potential delivery of provisioning ecosystem services. This has often been at the expense of other ecosystem services. Because the current supply of most ecosystem services is insufficient to meet the increasing demand, particular attention to ecosystem service delivery and hence multifunctionality in agriculture is vital. In this paper, we quantitatively assessed the impact of hedgerows and grass strips bordering parcels with annual arable crops on the simultaneous delivery of a set of ecosystem services and from there we identified synergies and trade-offs on virtual parcels. After a systematic literature search, mixed models were applied on observations from 60 studies and quantitative effect relationships between ecosystem service delivery and hedgerow and grass strip characteristics were developed. Next to the hedgerow, until a distance of twice the hedgerow height, arable crop yield was reduced by 29%. Beyond this distance, until 20 times the hedgerow height, crop yield was increased by 6%. Compared to a similar arable parcel without hedgerow or grass strip, soil carbon stock was 22% higher in the hedgerow, on average 6% higher in the adjacent parcel next to the hedgerow and 37% higher in the upper 30\u00a0cm soil layer in the grass strip. Both hedgerows and grass strips intercepted nitrogen from the surface (69% and 67%, respectively) and subsurface (34% and 32%, respectively) flow and phosphorus (67% and 73%, respectively) and soil sediment (91% and 90%, respectively) from the surface flow. More natural predator species were found on parcels with hedgerows, but the number of predators was unaffected. On parcels with grass strips, both predator density and diversity was higher and aphid density was reduced. Our calculations on parcel level indicate that the trade-off between arable crop yield and regulating ecosystem services depends on hedgerow width and height and parcel dimensions. A similar trade-off is found on parcels with grass strips, but increasing grass strip width results in a proportionally higher delivery of regulating ecosystem services.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.04.015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.04.015", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.04.015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2017.04.015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.09.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:17:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-10-02", "title": "Microbial Community Composition And Carbon Cycling Within Soil Microenvironments Of Conventional, Low-Input, And Organic Cropping Systems", "description": "This study coupled stable isotope probing with phospholipid fatty acid analysis ((13)C-PLFA) to describe the role of microbial community composition in the short-term processing (i.e., C incorporation into microbial biomass and/or deposition or respiration of C) of root- versus residue-C and, ultimately, in long-term C sequestration in conventional (annual synthetic fertilizer applications), low-input (synthetic fertilizer and cover crop applied in alternating years), and organic (annual composted manure and cover crop additions) maize-tomato (Zea mays - Lycopersicum esculentum) cropping systems. During the maize growing season, we traced (13)C-labeled hairy vetch (Vicia dasycarpa) roots and residues into PLFAs extracted from soil microaggregates (53-250 \u03bcm) and silt-and-clay (<53 \u03bcm) particles. Total PLFA biomass was greatest in the organic (41.4 nmol g(-1) soil) and similar between the conventional and low-input systems (31.0 and 30.1 nmol g(-1) soil, respectively), with Gram-positive bacterial PLFA dominating the microbial communities in all systems. Although total PLFA-C derived from roots was over four times greater than from residues, relative distributions (mol%) of root- and residue-derived C into the microbial communities were not different among the three cropping systems. Additionally, neither the PLFA profiles nor the amount of root- and residue-C incorporation into the PLFAs of the microaggregates were consistently different when compared with the silt-and-clay particles. More fungal PLFA-C was measured, however, in microaggregates compared with silt-and-clay. The lack of differences between the mol% within the microbial communities of the cropping systems and between the PLFA-C in the microaggregates and the silt-and-clay may have been due to (i) insufficient differences in quality between roots and residues and/or (ii) the high N availability in these N-fertilized cropping systems that augmented the abilities of the microbial communities to process a wide range of substrate qualities. The main implications of this study are that (i) the greater short-term microbial processing of root- than residue-C can be a mechanistic explanation for the higher relative retention of root- over residue-C, but microbial community composition did not influence long-term C sequestration trends in the three cropping systems and (ii) in spite of the similarity between the microbial community profiles of the microaggregates and the silt-and-clay, more C was processed in the microaggregates by fungi, suggesting that the microaggregate is a relatively unique microenvironment for fungal activity.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.09.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.09.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.09.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.09.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agsy.2016.06.007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:16:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-07-20", "title": "Greening And Producing: An Economic Assessment Framework For Integrating Trees In Cropping Systems", "description": "Abstract Environmental measures in an agricultural context often lead to extra constraints in current farming. This suggests trade-offs between the environmental objectives and profitability. Whether trade-offs exist, or may be turned into win-win, depends on creative farm options to comply new constraints. This paper concentrates on Ecological Focus Areas as a new EU Common Agricultural Policy greening requirement, and investigates profitability changes of two greening options with permanent woody elements, hedgerows and alley cropping. We predicted discounted gross margins for a hedgerow and alley cropping greening option and four market scenarios on a representative arable farm in Flanders (Belgium). Starting from the tree row, over a distance of 1.64 times the tree height, relative crop yield is 70% as compared to a treeless situation. Between 1.64 and 9.52 times the tree height, relative yield is 107%. Beyond that point, the effect is considered negligible. Discounted gross margins are calculated to account for the time horizon. Relative discounted gross margins at farm level, compared to the business as usual option, vary between 91% and 108%, depending on market conditions and policy support. The calculations show that fulfilment of the 5% ecological focus area greening requirement on arable farms with hedgerows and alley cropping only becomes economically competitive to the traditional cropping systems with extra financial stimuli (e.g. greening payments). We also show and discuss how the calculations can be fine-tuned and used in policy making, e.g. by i) getting better insights in the tree-crop interactions, ii) including the effect of e.g. crop type, tree species, tree line space and tree line orientation in the meta-information, iii) evaluating this conditional competitiveness and suggesting a better linking between subsidy level and ecological value and ecosystem services and iv) exploring novel valorization channels for wood products.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.06.007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agsy.2016.06.007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agsy.2016.06.007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.06.007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.eja.2015.09.012", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:16:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-11-04", "title": "Contribution Of Green Manure Legumes To Nitrogen Dynamics In Traditional Winter Wheat Cropping System In The Loess Plateau Of China", "description": "Abstract Excessive application of N fertilizer in pursuit of higher yields is common due to poor soil fertility and low crop productivity. However, this practice causes serious soil depletion and N loss in the traditional wheat cropping system in the Loess Plateau of China. Growing summer legumes as the green manure (GM) crop is a viable solution because of its unique ability to fix atmospheric N 2 . Actually, little is known about the contribution of GM N to grain and N utilization in the subsequent crop. Therefore, we conducted a four-year field experiment with four winter wheat-based rotations (summer fallow-wheat, Huai bean\u2013wheat, soybean\u2013wheat, and mung bean\u2013wheat) and four nitrogen fertilizer rates applied to wheat (0, 108, 135, and 162\u00a0kg\u00a0N/ha) to investigate the fate of GM nitrogen via decomposition, utilization by wheat, and contribution to grain production and nitrogen economy through GM legumes. Here we showed that GM legumes accumulated 53\u201376\u00a0kg\u00a0N/ha per year. After decomposing for approximately one year, more than 32\u00a0kg\u00a0N/ha was released from GM legumes. The amount of nitrogen released via GM decomposition that was subsequently utilized by wheat was 7\u201327\u00a0kg N/ha. Incorporation of GM legumes effectively replaced 13\u201348% (average 31%) of the applied mineral nitrogen fertilizer. Additionally, the GM approach during the fallow period reduced the risk of nitrate-N leaching to depths of 0\u2013100\u00a0cm and 100\u2013200\u00a0cm by 4.8 and 19.6\u00a0kg\u00a0N/ha, respectively. The soil nitrogen pool was effectively improved by incorporation of GM legumes at the times of wheat sowing. Cultivation of leguminous GM during summer is a better option than bare fallow to maintain the soil nitrogen pool, and decrease the rates required for N fertilization not only in the Loess Plateau of China but also in other similar dryland regions worldwide.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Zhang Dabin, Yao Pengwei, Cao Weidong, Zhao Na, Yu Changwei, Gao Yajun,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2015.09.012"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.eja.2015.09.012", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.eja.2015.09.012", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.eja.2015.09.012"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.eja.2022.126515", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:16:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-04-26", "title": "Simulating water lateral inflow and its contribution to spatial variations of rainfed wheat yields", "description": "Spatial variations of crop yields are commonly observed in typical rainfed systems worldwide. It is accepted that such variations are likely to be associated, among other factors, with water spatial variations due to lateral water flows occurring in fields with undulating topography. However, some of the main processes governing water spatial distribution such as lateral flow are not entirely considered by the most commonly adopted crop simulation models. This brings uncertainty to the process of yield simulation at field-scale, especially under water-limited conditions. Although it is expected that lateral water movement determines spatial variations of crop yields, it is still unclear what is the net contribution of lateral water inflows (LIF) to spatial variations of rainfed yields in fields of undulating topography. In this sense, by combining field experimentation, simulation models (HYDRUS-1D and AquaCrop), and the use of artificial neural networks, we assessed the occurrence and magnitude of LIF, and their impact on wheat yields in Cordoba, Spain, over a 30-year period. Seasonal precipitation varied over 30 years from 212.8 to 759.5 mm, and cumulative LIF ranged from 30 to 125 mm. The ratio of seasonal cumulative LIF divided by seasonal precipitation varied from 10.7% to 38.9% over the 30 years. The net contribution of LIF to spatial variations of rainfed potential yields showed to be relevant but highly irregular among years. Despite the inter-annual variability, typical of Mediterranean conditions, the occurrence of LIF caused simulated wheat yields to vary + 16% from up to downslope areas of the field. The net yield responses to LIF, in downslope areas were on average 383 kg grain yield (GY) ha\u22121, and the LIF marginal water productivity reached 24.6 ( \u00b1 13.2) kg GY ha\u22121 mm\u22121 in years of maximum responsiveness. Decision makers are encouraged to take water spatial variations into account when adjusting management to different potential yielding zones within the same field. However, this process is expected to benefit from further advances in in-season weather forecasting that should be coupled with a methodological approach such as the one presented here. This research received funding from the European Commission under project SHui - Grant agreement ID 773903 and also from the Spanish Government under Grant PID2019-105793RB-I00. Peer reviewed", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126515"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.eja.2022.126515", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.eja.2022.126515", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126515"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2004.04.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-24T16:16:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-08-26", "title": "Carbon Sequestration In Tropical And Temperate Agroforestry Systems: A Review With Examples From Costa Rica And Southern Canada", "description": "Deforestation in the tropics, and fossil fuel burning in temperate regions contribute to the largest flux of CO 2 to the atmosphere. Therefore, land-use systems that increase the soil organic matter (SOM) pool and stabilize soil organic carbon (SOC) need to be implemented. Agroforestry systems have the potential to sequester atmospheric carbon (C) in trees and soil while maintaining sustainable productivity. The potential to sequester C in agroforestry systems in tropical and temperate regions is promising, but little information is available to date. The objective of this paper is to give an overview of the history of agroforestry and to outline differences in management practices between tropical and temperate systems. This review focuses on C inputs, SOC pools and SOC stabilization with highlights from Costa Rican and Canadian systems, and their role in C sequestration and trading. The potential to sequester C in aboveground components in agroforestry systems is estimated to be 2.1 \u00d7 10 9 Mg C year \u22121 in tropical and 1.9 \u00d7 10 9 Mg C year \u22121 in temperate biomes. However, the type of agroforestry systems and their capacity to sequester C vary globally. For example, alley cropping is an agroforestry practice where trees are integrated with crops, therefore storing C in the woody components of the trees and in the soil, with a continual addition of organic material from tree prunings and crop residues. Studies from Costa Rica have shown that a 10-year-old system with E. poeppigianasequestered C at a rate of 0.4 Mg C ha \u22121 year \u22121 in coarse roots and 0.3 Mg C ha \u22121 year \u22121 in tree trunks. Tree branches and leaves are added to the soil as mulch, contributing 1.4 Mg C ha \u22121 year \u22121 in addition to 3.0 Mg ha \u22121 year \u22121 from crop residues. This resulted in an annual increase of the SOC pool by 0.6 Mg ha \u22121 year \u22121 . Despite the two crop rotations in tropical agroforests, C input from crop residues is similar between the two biomes. The total organic matter input, however, is still greater in tropical systems due to the larger addition from tree prunings. This greater input does not necessarily increase the SOC pool significantly when compared to a temperate system of similar age as a result of faster turnover rates of the SOM pool. \u00a9 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.04.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2004.04.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2004.04.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2004.04.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-24T16:16:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-11-18", "title": "Responses Of Soil Microbial Biomass And N Availability To Transition Strategies From Conventional To Organic Farming Systems", "description": "Abstract Organic farming can enhance soil biodiversity, alleviate environmental concerns and improve food safety through eliminating the applications of synthetic chemicals. However, yield reduction due to nutrient limitation and pest incidence in the early stages of transition from conventional to organic systems is a major concern for organic farmers, and is thus a barrier to implementing the practice of organic farming. Therefore, identifying transition strategies that minimize yield loss is critical for facilitating the implementation of organic practices. Soil microorganisms play a dominant role in nutrient cycling and pest control in organic farming systems, and their responses to changes in soil management practices may critically impact crop growth and yield. Here we examined soil microbial biomass and N supply in response to several strategies for transitioning from conventional to organic farming systems in a long-term field experiment in Goldsboro, NC, USA. The transitional strategies included one fully organic strategy (ORG) and four reduced-input strategies (withdrawal of each or gradual reduction of major conventional inputs\u2014synthetic fertilizers, pesticides (insecticides/fungicides), and herbicides), with a conventional practice (CNV) serving as a control. Microbial biomass and respiration rate were more sensitive to changes in soil management practices than total C and N. In the first 2 years, the ORG was most effective in enhancing soil microbial biomass C and N among the transition strategies, but was accompanied with high yield losses. By the third year, soil microbial biomass C and N in the reduced-input transition strategies were statistically significantly greater than those in the CNV (averaging 32 and 35% higher, respectively), although they were slightly lower than those in the ORG (averaging 13 and 17% lower, respectively). Soil microbial respiration rate and net N mineralization in all transitional systems were statistically significantly higher than those in the CNV (averagely 83 and 66% greater, respectively), with no differences among the various transition strategies. These findings suggest that the transitional strategies that partially or gradually reduce conventional inputs can serve as alternatives that could potentially minimize economic hardships as well as benefit microbial growth during the early stages of transition to organic farming systems.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.013", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.01.004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-24T16:16:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-03-01", "title": "Changes In Intrasystem N Cycling From N-2-Fixing Shrub Encroachment In Grassland: Multiple Positive Feedbacks", "description": "Nitrogen-fixing species can increase both the availability and cycling of nitrogen (N) in ecosystems. Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) is an exotic woody shrub associated with N2-fixing actinomycetes that forms dense patches in disturbed landscapes (i.e., riparian zones adjacent to crop systems, old fields and agricultural grasslands) throughout the midwestern United States. We used paired plots dominated by either E. umbellata or C3 grassland to test whether the shrub encroachment altered pools and fluxes of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) in the soil. Annual mean of NO3\u2010N concentrations in soil water collected from porous cup tension lysimeters every 2 weeks for 1 year was 20 times higher in soil beneath E. umbellata compared to grassland vegetation. Temporal variation in NO3\u2010N leaching occurred in the shrubencroached plots, with more nitrate leaching in the dormant season relative to the growing season. Potential net N mineralization, nitrification rates, and extractable N in the surface 10 cm of soil were also higher below E. umbellata. Following establishment of N2-fixing shrub patches for 7\u201013 years, the soil C:N ratio showed a declining trend due to lower total soil C rather than an increase in N. Labile carbon pools (i.e., microbial biomass C (MBC) and soil respiration rates) were lower in surface soil below E. umbellata, which demonstrated an additional positive feedback between encroachment of E. umbellata and N export. Less demand for mineralized N due to associated N2 fixation, coupled with higher rates of nitrification and lower microbial demand for N collectively contributed to higher export of N below the E. umbellata patched relative to the grassland system. Thus, areas invaded by this exotic N2-fixing species may function as N sources rather than the N conserving systems typically expected early successional communities following agricultural abandonment. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.01.004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.01.004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.01.004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2006.01.004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.01.008", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-24T16:16:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-03-14", "title": "Promising Indicators For Assessment Of Agroecosystems Alteration Among Natural, Reforested And Agricultural Land Use In Southern Brazil", "description": "Microbiological soil-quality indicators, especially related to C and N cycles, and microbial diversity may be useful tools to determine whether a particular environment responds to an imposed management or reclamation strategy. External influences such as forest clearance and soil management affect biological indicators making them useful to point out whether the land use strategy is sustainable. Accordingly, the aim of this work was to assess the utility of some soil chemical and microbiological properties and 16S rDNA diversity in bacteria domain and their significance as soil-quality indicators in different land use systems in southern Brazil, Parana State. Nine sites with soil originated from basalt (Rhodic Ferralsol), previously covered with the Atlantic native forest were evaluated: a native forest tract as reference; three sites artificially reforested with native species, but with understory differently managed; secondary forest naturally regenerated from abandoned pasture; artificially reforested with eucalyptus; two wheat-cropped sites at differing vegetative stages; one site in fallow. Twenty-four chemical and microbiological properties and their derivatives were assessed, in addition to molecular diversity of bacteria domain based on denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. Amongst all variables, the most dissimilar along the sites were total organic C, microbial biomass C and N, and ammonification rate. Total organic C was highest in the native forest, followed by secondary forest, eucalyptus and the artificially reforested sites; the wheat-cropped and fallow sites produced the lowest values. This trend was also observed for ammonification rate, which was closely correlated to organic C. Microbial biomass C and N were also higher in the reforested sites, whereas for microbial N biomass, the eucalyptus site resembled to the wheat-cropped and fallow sites. The DGGE analysis revealed that the fallow, eucalyptus and wheat-cropped sites had less bacterial diversity. All the sites reforested with native species grouped with the native forest, while the eucalyptus, fallow and wheat-cropped sites formed separate clusters. A similar clustering pattern was observed when all chemical and microbiological properties were considered in a grouping analysis. The results for reforestation employing native species tended to be similar to those of the stable native forest, while the use of an exotic species (eucalyptus) tended to be similar to those of the cropped sites. In addition, the fallow site showed general unfavorable trends in microbiological indicators and less bacterial diversity, suggesting that such soil management is not sustainable at least in subtropical areas. In this case, would be preferable provide the soil with vegetal covering that increase the organic C inputs and consequently microbial diversity and activity.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.01.008"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.01.008", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.01.008", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2006.01.008"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/2017jg004269", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-24T16:14:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-12-18", "title": "Soil Carbon Dynamics in Soybean Cropland and Forests in Mato Grosso, Brazil", "description": "Abstract

Climate and land use models predict that tropical deforestation and conversion to cropland will produce a large flux of soil carbon (C) to the atmosphere from accelerated decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM). However, the C flux from the deep tropical soils on which most intensive crop agriculture is now expanding remains poorly constrained. To quantify the effect of intensive agriculture on tropical soil C, we compared C stocks, radiocarbon, and stable C isotopes to 2\uffc2\uffa0m depth from forests and soybean cropland created from former pasture in Mato Grosso, Brazil. We hypothesized that soil disturbance, higher soil temperatures (+2\uffc2\uffb0C), and lower OM inputs from soybeans would increase soil C turnover and deplete C stocks relative to nearby forest soils. However, we found reduced C concentrations and stocks only in surface soils (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310\uffc2\uffa0cm) of soybean cropland compared with forests, and these differences could be explained by soil mixing during plowing. The amount and \uffce\uff9414C of respired CO2 to 50\uffc2\uffa0cm depth were significantly lower from soybean soils, yet CO2 production at 2\uffc2\uffa0m deep was low in both forest and soybean soils. Mean surface soil \uffce\uffb413C decreased by 0.5\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 between 2009 and 2013 in soybean cropland, suggesting low OM inputs from soybeans. Together these findings suggest the following: (1) soil C is relatively resistant to changes in land use and (2) conversion to cropland caused a small, measurable reduction in the fast\uffe2\uff80\uff90cycling C pool through reduced OM inputs, mobilization of older C from soil mixing, and/or destabilization of SOM in surface soils.