The dynamic fragmentation of jointed rock blocks during rockslide avalanches has been investigated by discrete element method simulations for a multiple arrangement of a rock block sliding over a simple slope geometry. The rock blocks are released along an inclined sliding plane and subsequently collide onto a flat horizontal plane at a sharp kink point. The contact force chains generated by the impact appear initially at the bottom frontal corner of the rock block and then propagate radially upward to the top rear part of the block. The jointed rock blocks exhibit evident contact force concentration and discontinuity of force wave propagation near the joint, associating with high energy dissipation of granular dynamics. The corresponding force wave propagation velocity can be less than 200\uffc2\uffa0m/s, which is much smaller than that of an intact rock (1,316\uffc2\uffa0m/s). The concentration of contact forces at the bottom leads to high rock fragmentation intensity and momentum boosts, facilitating the spreading of many fine fragments to the distal ends. However, the upper rock block exhibits very low rock fragmentation intensity but high energy dissipation due to intensive friction and damping, resulting in the deposition of large fragments near the slope toe. The size and shape of large fragments are closely related to the orientation and distribution of the block joints. The cumulative fragment size distribution can be well fitted by the Weibull's distribution function, with very gentle and steep curvatures at the fine and coarse size ranges, respectively. The numerical results of fragment size distribution can match well some experimental and field observations.
", "keywords": ["discrete element method; dynamic fragmentation; force wave; fragment size distribution; jointed rock; rockslide avalanche;", "discrete element method; dynamic fragmentation; force wave; fragment size distribution; jointed rock; rockslide avalanche", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "551", "530", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2017JB015210"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB015210"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Solid%20Earth", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/2017JB015210", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/2017JB015210", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/2017JB015210"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/adfm.201910259", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:14:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-03-12", "title": "All\u2010Dielectric Programmable Huygens' Metasurfaces", "description": "AbstractLow\uffe2\uff80\uff90loss nanostructured dielectric metasurfaces have emerged as a breakthrough platform for ultrathin optics and cutting\uffe2\uff80\uff90edge photonic applications, including beam shaping, focusing, and holography. However, the static nature of their constituent materials has traditionally limited them to fixed functionalities. Tunable all\uffe2\uff80\uff90dielectric infrared Huygens' metasurfaces consisting of multi\uffe2\uff80\uff90layer Ge disk meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90units with strategically incorporated non\uffe2\uff80\uff90volatile phase change material Ge3Sb2Te6 are introduced. Switching the phase\uffe2\uff80\uff90change material between its amorphous and crystalline structural state enables nearly full dynamic light phase control with high transmittance in the mid\uffe2\uff80\uff90IR spectrum. The metasurface is realized experimentally, showing post\uffe2\uff80\uff90fabrication tuning of the light phase within a range of 81% of the full 2\uffcf\uff80 phase shift. Additionally, the versatility of the tunable Huygen's metasurfaces is demonstrated by optically programming the spatial light phase distribution of the metasurface with single meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90unit precision and retrieving high\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolution phase\uffe2\uff80\uff90encoded images using hyperspectral measurements. The programmable metasurface concept overcomes the static limitations of previous dielectric metasurfaces, paving the way for \uffe2\uff80\uff9cuniversal\uffe2\uff80\uff9d metasurfaces and highly efficient, ultracompact active optical elements like tunable lenses, dynamic holograms, and spatial light modulators.Polarization is a fundamental property of electromagnetic waves that plays a key role in many physical phenomena and applications. Schemes to manipulate it are revisited with the emergence of metasurfaces, which have brought multi\uffe2\uff80\uff90functionalities straightforwardly. However, this has come at the expense of design complexity that relies strongly on field theory. Here, an ingenious strategy of modular design is proposed to construct subwavelength multifunctional polarization control devices. Chiral metasurfaces with different handedness are first proposed and regarded as modules. The versatile polarization controller can thus be obtained with the combination of different modules. These experiments demonstrate that the well\uffe2\uff80\uff90designed polarization controller possesses reconfigurable functionality, and various broadband polarization and amplitude regulation functions with high efficiency including arbitrary linear polarization rotation, asymmetric transmission effect, neutral\uffe2\uff80\uff90density\uffe2\uff80\uff90like filter, polarization beam splitter, etc., can be readily realized just by changing the cascaded modules. The physical mechanisms of the versatile polarization controller and chiral metasurface modules are both guaranteed by the Fabry\uffe2\uff80\uff93P\uffc3\uffa9rot\uffe2\uff80\uff90like resonances, which are theoretically verified via the transfer matrix method. It is envisioned that the modular concept will be of great benefit to designing compact multifunctional polarization controllers.Broadband topological metamaterials hold the key for designing the next generation of integrated photonic platforms and microwave devices given their protected back\uffe2\uff80\uff90scattering\uffe2\uff80\uff90free and unidirectional edge states, among other exotic properties. However, synthesizing such metamaterial has proven challenging. Here, a broadband bandgap (relative bandwidth of more than 43%) Valley\uffe2\uff80\uff90Hall topological metamaterial with deep subwavelength thickness is proposed. The present topological metamaterial is composed of three layers printed circuit boards whose total thickness is 1.524\uffc2\uffa0mm \uffe2\uff89\uff88 \uffce\uffbb/100. The topological phase transition is achieved by introducing an asymmetry parameter \uffce\uffb4r. Three mechanically reconfigurable edge states can be obtained by varying interlayer displacement. Their robust transmission is demonstrated through two kinds of waveguide domain walls with cavities and disorders. Exploiting the proposed topological metamaterial, a six\uffe2\uff80\uff90way power divider is constructed and measured as a proof\uffe2\uff80\uff90of\uffe2\uff80\uff90concept of the potential of the proposed technology for future electromagnetic devices.Metal\uffe2\uff80\uff90free carbon electrodes with well\uffe2\uff80\uff90defined composition and smooth topography are prepared via sputter deposition followed by thermal treatment with inert and reactive gases. X\uffe2\uff80\uff90ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy show that three carbons of similar N/C content that differ in N\uffe2\uff80\uff90site composition are thus prepared: an electrode consisting of almost exclusively graphitic\uffe2\uff80\uff90N (NG), an electrode with predominantly pyridinic\uffe2\uff80\uff90N (NP), and one with \uffe2\uff89\uff881:1 NG:NP composition. These materials are used as model systems to investigate the activity of N\uffe2\uff80\uff90doped carbons in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) using voltammetry. Results show that selectivity toward 4e\uffe2\uff80\uff90reduction of O2 is strongly influenced by the NG/NP site composition, with the material possessing nearly uniform NG/NP composition being the only one yielding a 4e\uffe2\uff80\uff90reduction. Computational studies on model graphene clusters are carried out to elucidate the effect of N\uffe2\uff80\uff90site homogeneity on the reaction pathway. Calculations show that for pure NG\uffe2\uff80\uff90doping or NP\uffe2\uff80\uff90doping of model graphene clusters, adsorption of hydroperoxide and hydroperoxyl radical intermediates, respectively, is weak, thus favoring desorption prior to complete 4e\uffe2\uff80\uff90reduction to hydroxide. Clusters with mixed NG/NP sites display synergistic effects, suggesting that co\uffe2\uff80\uff90presence of these sites improves activity and selectivity by achieving high theoretical reduction potentials while facilitating retention of intermediates. It is possible to control the source of recombination in the same sample of porous silicon by applying a cyclic sequence of hydrogenation\u2013oxidation\u2013hydrogenation processes and, consequently, switching on-demand between Shockley\u2013Read\u2013Hall and Auger recombinations.
Our understanding of the rhizosphere is limited by the lack of techniques for in situ live microscopy. Current techniques are either destructive or unsuitable for observing chemical changes within the pore space. To address this limitation, we have developed artificial substrates, termed smart soils, that enable the acquisition and 3D reconstruction of chemical sensors attached to soil particles.
MethodsThe transparency of smart soils was achieved using polymer particles with refractive index matching that of water. The surface of the particles was modified both to retain water and act as a local sensor to report on pore space pH via fluorescence emissions. Multispectral signals were acquired from the particles using a light sheet microscope, and machine learning algorithms predicted the changes and spatial distribution in pH at the surface of the smart soil particles.
ResultsThe technique was able to predict pH live and in situ within \uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.5 units of the true pH value. pH distribution could be reconstructed across a volume of several cubic centimetres around plant roots at 10\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcm resolution. Using smart soils of different composition, we revealed how root exudation and pore structure create variability in chemical properties.
ConclusionSmart soils captured the pH gradients forming around a growing plant root. Future developments of the technology could include the fine tuning of soil physicochemical properties, the addition of chemical sensors and improved data processing. Hence, this technology could play a critical role in advancing our understanding of complex rhizosphere processes.
", "keywords": ["/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1100/1111", "light sheet microscopy", "0301 basic medicine", "570", "0303 health sciences", "name=Soil Science", "/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1100/1110", "Sensing soil", "live imaging", "15. Life on land", "root", "530", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "03 medical and health sciences", "Root", "13. Climate action", "Rhizosphere", "Light sheet microscopy", "name=Plant Science", "rhizosphere", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "Live imaging"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06151-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-023-06151-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-023-06151-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-023-06151-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-07-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.advwatres.2019.01.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:15:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-01-30", "title": "Interaction between biofilm growth and NAPL remediation: A pore-scale study", "description": "Abstract In this paper, we introduce a pore-scale model to study the interaction between biofilm growth and non-aqueous-phase-liquid (NAPL) dissolution. Liquid flow and dissolved NAPL transport are coupled with a biofilm growth model to correctly describe the complex dynamics of the processes including fluid flow, NAPL dissolution/biodegradation and biofilm growth. Fluid flow is simulated using an immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann (IB-LB) model; while solute transport is solved by a cut-cell finite volume method (FVM). A uniform dissolution approach is also adopted to capture the temporal evolution of trapped blobs. Spatio-temporal distributions of the biomass are investigated using a cellular automaton algorithm combined with the immersed boundary method (IBM). Simulations focused on NAPL dissolution in both abiotic and biotic conditions are conducted to assess the capability of the model. In abiotic conditions, we analyze the effects of the hydrodynamic regimes and the spatial distribution of NAPL blobs on the dissolution rate under different assumptions (i.e., blob size and Peclet number). In biotic conditions, a series of impact factors are also investigated (i.e., spatial distribution, reaction kinetics and NAPL-induced toxicity). Finally, the current model is used to evaluate the pore scale relevance of a local equilibrium assumption between fluid phase and biofilm phase in the vicinity of the NAPL source.", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "570", "biofilm growth", "cellular automata", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "0207 environmental engineering", "[SPI.MECA.MEFL] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph]", "02 engineering and technology", "530", "[SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph]", "porous media", "immersed boundary method", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "[SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "NAPL biodegradation", "[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "lattice Botzmann method"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2019.01.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Advances%20in%20Water%20Resources", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.advwatres.2019.01.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.advwatres.2019.01.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.advwatres.2019.01.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.proci.2018.05.125", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:17:13Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-21", "title": "Upward-and-downward spread of smoldering peat fire", "description": "Abstract Smoldering is the dominant combustion process in peat fire, releasing a large amount of carbon and smoke into the atmosphere. The spread of smoldering in peatland is a multi-dimensional process, which is slow, low-temperature, persistent, and difficult to detect. In this work, we investigate the upward spread of peat fire from the underground to the surface after forced ignition which is a relevant configuration but rarely studied. In the experiment, ignition is not possible if the igniter is deeper than 15\u202fcm below the free surface, regardless of moisture content or density. Once ignited, the 1st-stage upward fire spread is initiated towards the free surface (opposed smoldering) with a peak temperature of 300\u202f\u00b0C, leaving behind a char structure that does not collapse. Then, a 2nd-stage downward spread (forward smoldering) is activated with a peak temperature of 600\u202f\u00b0C and regression of free surface. The upward spread is faster than the downward spread. The rates of both upward and downward spread decrease as the peat density or depth is increased. These experimental observations are successfully captured by a 1D computational model of heat and mass transfer with 5-step kinetics. Modelling results further suggest that (1) the oxygen diffusion controls the entire upward-to-downward spread of peat fire, (2) the oxidation of peat sustains the 1st-stage upward spread, and (3) the oxidation of char sustains the 2nd-stage downward spread. This is the first study investigating the upward spread of peat fire, which helps understand the persistence of peat fire and guide the fire prevention and suppression strategies.", "keywords": ["570", "Technology", "Engineering", " Chemical", "Energy & Fuels", "0904 Chemical Engineering", "Density", "Chemical", "02 engineering and technology", "MOISTURE", "0902 Automotive Engineering", "530", "Modelling", "OXYGEN", "0201 civil engineering", "COMBUSTION", "Engineering", "0204 chemical engineering", "Science & Technology", "Critical depth", "ROLES", "Opposed and forward smoldering", "BURN", "Mechanical", "Engineering", " Mechanical", "SOIL", "DENSITY", "Physical Sciences", "DEPTH", "Thermodynamics", "Wildland fire", "0913 Mechanical Engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.05.125"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proceedings%20of%20the%20Combustion%20Institute", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.proci.2018.05.125", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.proci.2018.05.125", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.proci.2018.05.125"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.10.027", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:17:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-11-13", "title": "Can a buried gas pipeline experience local buckling during earthquake ground shaking?", "description": "Abstract The damage potential of spatially variable seismic ground motion on buried pipelines has long been confirmed by field evidence, but it is still debatable whether transient seismic loads can be truly detrimental to the pipeline integrity. In the absence of systematic scrutiny of the effects of local site conditions on the seismic behaviour of such structures, this study presents a staged approach to numerically investigate the elastic-plastic buckling response of buried steel natural gas pipelines subject to transient differential ground motions arising from strong lateral site inhomogeneities. The first stage involves the study of 2D linear viscoelastic and equivalent-linear site response for the case of two sites and the resulting seismic demand in terms of longitudinal strains for input motions of various intensities and frequency content. The influence of key problem parameters is examined, and the most unfavourable relative ground deformation cases are identified. In the second stage of analysis, the critical in-plane ground displacement field is imposed monotonically on a near-field trench-like 3D continuum soil model encasing a long cylindrical shell model of the pipeline. Next, the performance of the buried pipeline is assessed under axial compression. The impedance contrast between the laterally inhomogeneous soil profiles is shown to govern the amplitude of induced elastic strains, which are maximized for low-frequency excitations. It is also demonstrated that peak axial strains along the pipeline considering equivalent-linear soil behaviour under strong earthquake motion can be as much as two orders of magnitude larger than their linear counterparts, as a result of the severe, spatially variable moduli degradation. It is finally shown that the seismic vibrations of certain inhomogeneous sites can produce appreciable axial stress concentration in the critically affected pipeline segment near the material discontinuity, enough to trigger coupled buckling modes in the plastic range. This behaviour is found to be controlled by pronounced axial force-bending moment interaction and is not accounted for in code-prescribed limit states.", "keywords": ["Site response analysis", "Inhomogeneous sites", "Wave propagation", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "Natural gas", "530", "Soil-pipe interaction", "Earthquake ground motion", "620", "Local buckling"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.10.027"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Dynamics%20and%20Earthquake%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.10.027", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.10.027", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.10.027"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2022GL101407", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:18:13Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-03-03", "title": "Solute Front Shear and Coalescence Control Concentration Gradient Dynamics in Porous Micromodel", "description": "AbstractIn subsurface environments, incomplete mixing at the pore scale limits reaction rates, rendering their prediction by Darcy\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale models challenging. Such pore scale concentration gradients are enhanced by the deformation of solute fronts and decay under the action of molecular diffusion and solute filament merging. It is currently unclear how these processes govern concentration gradient dynamics under different flow rates. We measure experimentally pore scale concentrations in solute fronts transported in a two\uffe2\uff80\uff90dimensional porous micromodel over an extensive range of flow rates. We demonstrate that pore\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale shear flow increases concentration gradients up to a time predicted by the lamellar mixing theory in shear flow. However, the flow rate\uffe2\uff80\uff90dependency of the mean concentration gradient at this so\uffe2\uff80\uff90called mixing time is weaker than predicted theoretically, a discrepancy which we explain quantitatively by accounting for lamellae aggregation. These findings shed new light on the pore\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale mechanisms driving mixing dynamics in porous media.Air flows may be decoupled from the underlying surface either due to strong stratification of air or due to canopy drag suppressing cross\uffe2\uff80\uff90canopy mixing. During decoupling, turbulent fluxes vary with height and hence identification of decoupled periods is crucial for the estimation of surface fluxes with the eddy covariance (EC) technique and computation of ecosystem\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale carbon, heat, and water budgets. A new indicator for identifying the decoupled periods is derived using forces (buoyancy and canopy drag) hindering movement of a downward propagating air parcel. This approach improves over the existing methods since (1) changes in forces hindering the coupling are accounted for, and (2) it is based on first principles and not on ad hoc empirical correlations. The applicability of the method is demonstrated at two contrasting EC sites (flat open terrain, boreal forest) and should be applicable also at other EC sites above diverse ecosystems (from grasslands to dense forests).
", "keywords": ["canopy", "550", "turbulence", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "0207 environmental engineering", "stable stratification", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "530", "01 natural sciences", "decoupling", "13. Climate action", "flux", " mixing", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2020GL091615"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl091615"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geophysical%20Research%20Letters", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2020gl091615", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2020gl091615", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2020gl091615"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-11-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41567-019-0612-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:18:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-19", "title": "Photonic Weyl points due to broken time-reversal symmetry in magnetized semiconductor", "description": "Nature Physics volume 15, pages1150\u20131155(2019)", "keywords": ["Multidisciplinary", "Science & Technology", "02 Physical Sciences", "F300", "H600", "Physics", "Fluids & Plasmas", "Physics", " Multidisciplinary", "02 engineering and technology", "530", "01 natural sciences", "SEMIMETAL", "Physical Sciences", "0103 physical sciences", "0210 nano-technology", "01 Mathematical Sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/47156/1/Dongyang_Nature_Physics_2019.pdf"}, {"href": "http://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-019-0612-7.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-019-0612-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Physics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41567-019-0612-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41567-019-0612-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41567-019-0612-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41586-023-06042-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:18:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-05-24", "title": "Microbial carbon use efficiency promotes global soil carbon storage", "description": "AbstractSoils store more carbon than other terrestrial ecosystems1,2. How soil organic carbon (SOC) forms and persists remains uncertain1,3, which makes it challenging to understand how it will respond to climatic change3,4. It has been suggested that soil microorganisms play an important role in SOC formation, preservation and loss5\uffe2\uff80\uff937. Although microorganisms affect the accumulation and loss of soil organic matter through many pathways4,6,8\uffe2\uff80\uff9311, microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) is an integrative metric that can capture the balance of these processes12,13. Although CUE has the potential to act as a predictor of variation in SOC storage, the role of CUE in SOC persistence remains unresolved7,14,15. Here we examine the relationship between CUE and the preservation of SOC, and interactions with climate, vegetation and edaphic properties, using a combination of global-scale datasets, a microbial-process explicit model, data assimilation, deep learning and meta-analysis. We find that CUE is at least four times as important as other evaluated factors, such as carbon input, decomposition or vertical transport, in determining SOC storage and its spatial variation across the globe. In addition, CUE shows a positive correlation with SOC content. Our findings point to microbial CUE as a major determinant of global SOC storage. Understanding the microbial processes underlying CUE and their environmental dependence may help the prediction of SOC feedback to a changing climate.The accumulation of soiling on photovoltaic (PV) modules affects PV systems worldwide. Soiling consists of mineral dust, soot particles, aerosols, pollen, fungi and/or other contaminants that deposit on the surface of PV modules. Soiling absorbs, scatters, and reflects a fraction of the incoming sunlight, reducing the intensity that reaches the active part of the solar cell. Here, we report on the comparison of naturally accumulated soiling on coupons of PV glass soiled at seven locations worldwide. The spectral hemispherical transmittance was measured. It was found that natural soiling disproportionately impacts the blue and ultraviolet (UV) portions of the spectrum compared to the visible and infrared (IR). Also, the general shape of the transmittance spectra was similar at all the studied sites and could adequately be described by a modified form of the \uffc3\uff85ngstr\uffc3\uffb6m turbidity equation. In addition, the distribution of particles sizes was found to follow the IEST-STD-CC 1246E cleanliness standard. The fractional coverage of the glass surface by particles could be determined directly or indirectly and, as expected, has a linear correlation with the transmittance. It thus becomes feasible to estimate the optical consequences of the soiling of PV modules from the particle size distribution and the cleanliness value.
", "keywords": ["Photovoltaic Arrays", "Cleanliness", "Particle", "PV", "02 engineering and technology", "Oceanography", "7. Clean energy", "soiling; experimental; transmittance; spectrum", "Turbidity", "Size", "Materials Science and Engineering", "\u00c5ngstr\u00f6m turbidity equation", "Transmittance", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Photovoltaic system", "Ultraviolet", "Microscopy", "Soiling", "Energy", "Ecology", "Physics", "Q", "R", "Imaging and sensing", "Geology", "Particle size", "6. Clean water", "Photovoltaic Efficiency", "Chemistry", "Physical chemistry", "Particle (ecology)", "Physical Sciences", "Sunlight", "Medicine", "Infrared", "570", "Particle-size distribution", "PV System", "Energy science and technology", "Science", "Optical spectroscopy", "Partial Shading", "530", "Modelling", "Article", "Environmental science", "Techniques and instrumentation", "Optical physics", "Meteorology", "Artificial Intelligence", "Machine Learning Methods for Solar Radiation Forecasting", "Optical techniques", "Optoelectronics", "Aerosol", "Biology", "Renewable Energy", " Sustainability and the Environment", "Electronics", " photonics and device physics", "Building Integrated Photovoltaics", "Optics", "Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "Materials science", "Photovoltaics", "Optics and photonics", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Computer Science", "Solar Thermal Energy Technologies"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.uniroma1.it/bitstream/11573/1625670/2/Smestad_Modelling_2020.pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56868-z.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56868-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41598-019-56868-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41598-019-56868-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41598-019-56868-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-01-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s43247-021-00192-w", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:18:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-06-10", "title": "Carbon dioxide fluxes increase from day to night across European streams", "description": "AbstractGlobally, inland waters emit over 2 Pg of carbon per year as carbon dioxide, of which the majority originates from streams and rivers. Despite the global significance of fluvial carbon dioxide emissions, little is known about their diel dynamics. Here we present a large-scale assessment of day- and night-time carbon dioxide fluxes at the water-air interface across 34 European streams. We directly measured fluxes four times between October 2016 and July 2017 using drifting chambers. Median fluxes are 1.4 and 2.1\uffe2\uff80\uff89mmol\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 at midday and midnight, respectively, with night fluxes exceeding those during the day by 39%. We attribute diel carbon dioxide flux variability mainly to changes in the water partial pressure of carbon dioxide. However, no consistent drivers could be identified across sites. Our findings highlight widespread day-night changes in fluvial carbon dioxide fluxes and suggest that the time of day greatly influences measured carbon dioxide fluxes across European streams.Field\uffe2\uff80\uff90growing silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) clones (clone 4 and 80) were exposed to elevated CO2 and O3 in open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top chambers for three consecutive growing seasons (1999\uffe2\uff80\uff932001). At the beginning of the OTC experiment, all trees were 7 years old. We studied the single and interaction effects of CO2 and O3 on silver birch below\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground carbon pools (i.e. effects on fine roots and mycorrhizas, soil microbial communities and sporocarp production) and also assessed whether there are any clonal differences in these below\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground CO2 and O3 responses. The total mycorrhizal infection level of both clones was stimulated by elevated CO2 alone and elevated O3 alone, but not when elevated CO2 was used in fumigation in combination with elevated O3. In both clones, elevated CO2 affected negatively light brown/orange mycorrhizas, while its effect on other mycorrhizal morphotypes was negligible. Elevated O3, instead, clearly decreased the proportions of black and liver\uffe2\uff80\uff90brown mycorrhizas and increased that of light brown/orange mycorrhizas. Elevated O3 had a tendency to decrease standing fine root mass and sporocarp production as well, both of these O3 effects mainly manifesting in clone 4 trees. CO2 and O3 treatment effects on soil microbial community composition (PLFA, 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90OH\uffe2\uff80\uff90FA profiles) were negligible, but quantitative PLFA data showed that in 2001 the PLFA fungi\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83bacteria\uffe2\uff80\uff90ratio of clone 80 trees was marginally increased because of elevated CO2 treatments. This study shows that O3 effects were most clearly visible at the mycorrhizal root level and that some clonal differences in CO2 and O3 responses were observable in the below\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground carbon pools. In conclusion, the present data suggests that CO2 effects were minor, whereas increasing tropospheric O3 levels can be an important stress factor in northern birch forests, as they might alter mycorrhizal morphotype assemblages, mycorrhizal infection rates and sporocarp production.
", "keywords": ["juuristo", "rauduskoivu", "korotettu CO2", "PLFA", "610", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "kasvukausi", "hiilidioksidipitoisuus", "Ka", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "otsoni", "530", "korotettu O3"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Kasurinen, A., Kein\u00e4nen, M.M., Kaipainen, S., Nilsson, L.-O., Vapaavuori, E., Kontro, M.H., Holopainen, T.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00970.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00970.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00970.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00970.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1088/1367-2630/abeb46", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:18:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-02", "title": "Improved earthquake aftershocks forecasting model based on long-term memory", "description": "A prominent feature of earthquakes is their empirical laws, including memory (clustering) in time and space. Several earthquake forecasting models, such as the epidemic-type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model, were developed based on these empirical laws. Yet, a recent study [1] showed that the ETAS model fails to reproduce the significant long-term memory characteristics found in real earthquake catalogs. Here we modify and generalize the ETAS model to include short- and long-term triggering mechanisms, to account for the short- and long-time memory (exponents) discovered in the data. Our generalized ETAS model accurately reproduces the short- and long-term/distance memory observed in the Italian and Southern Californian earthquake catalogs. The revised ETAS model is also found to improve earthquake forecasting after large shocks.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "550", "Science", "Physics", "QC1-999", "Q", "forecasting", "earthquake memory", "530", "01 natural sciences", "ETAS model", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "0103 physical sciences", "earthquake memory; ETAS model; forecasting"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/abeb46"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Journal%20of%20Physics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1088/1367-2630/abeb46", "name": "item", "description": "10.1088/1367-2630/abeb46", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1088/1367-2630/abeb46"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1088/1367-2630/ac2755", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:18:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-09-16", "title": "Edge state mimicking topological behavior in a one-dimensional electrical circuit", "description": "For one-dimensional (1D) topological insulators, the edge states always reside in the bulk bandgaps as isolated modes. The emergence and vanishing of these topological edge states are always associated with the closing/reopening of the bulk bandgap and changes in topological invariants. In this work, we discover a special kind of edge state in a 1D electrical circuit, which can appear not only inside the bandgap but also outside the bulk bands with the changing of bulk circuit parameters, resembling Tamm states or Shockley states. We prove analytically that the emergence/vanishing of this edge state and its position relative to the bulk bands depends on the intersections of certain critical frequencies. Specifically, the edge mode in the proposed circuit can be mathematically described by polynomials with roots equal to some critical frequencies in the bulk circuit. From this point\u00a0of view, the transition of the edge state is uniquely determined by the order of the critical frequencies in the bulk circuit. Such topological behaviors shown by the edge state in the proposed electrical circuit may indicate, in a broader sense, the presence of certain type of topology.", "keywords": ["Topological insulator", "edge stage", "topological insulator", "Multidisciplinary", "Science & Technology", "02 Physical Sciences", "Fluids & Plasmas", "Science", "Physics", "QC1-999", "Physics", " Multidisciplinary", "Q", "530", "01 natural sciences", "510", "REALIZATION", "Edge stage", "Physical Sciences", "0103 physical sciences", "electrical circuit", "Electrical circuit"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac2755"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Journal%20of%20Physics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1088/1367-2630/ac2755", "name": "item", "description": "10.1088/1367-2630/ac2755", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1088/1367-2630/ac2755"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1088/1361-6463/ac4768", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:18:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-12-31", "title": "Dual-band all-dielectric chiral photonic crystal", "description": "AbstractWe present an all-dielectric chiral photonic crystal that guides the propagation of electromagnetic waves without backscattering for dual bands. The chiral photonic crystal unit cell is composed of four dielectric cylinders with increasing inner diameter clockwise or anticlockwise, which leads to chirality. It is demonstrated that the proposed chiral photonic crystal can generate dual band gaps in the gigahertz frequency range and has two types of edge states, which is similar to topologically protected edge states. Hence, the interface formed by the proposed 2D chiral photonic crystal can guide the propagation of electromagnetic waves without backscattering, and this complete propagation is immune to defects (position disorder or frequency disorder). To illustrate the applicability of the findings in communication systems, we report a duplexer and a power divider based on the presented all-dielectric chiral photonic crystal. The parameters in Richards' equation are usually calculated from experimentally measured values of the soil\u2013water characteristic curve and saturated hydraulic conductivity. The complex pore structures that often occur in porous media complicate such parametrization due to hysteresis between wetting and drying and the effects of tortuosity. Rather than estimate the parameters in Richards' equation from these indirect measurements, image-based modelling is used to investigate the relationship between the pore structure and the parameters. A three-dimensional, X-ray computed tomography image stack of a soil sample with voxel resolution of 6\u2009\u03bcm has been used to create a computational mesh. The Cahn\u2013Hilliard\u2013Stokes equations for two-fluid flow, in this case water and air, were applied to this mesh and solved using the finite-element method in COMSOL Multiphysics. The upscaled parameters in Richards' equation are then obtained via homogenization. The effect on the soil\u2013water retention curve due to three different contact angles, 0\u00b0, 20\u00b0 and 60\u00b0, was also investigated. The results show that the pore structure affects the properties of the flow on the large scale, and different contact angles can change the parameters for Richards' equation.
The development of robust forecasts of human-induced seismicity is highly desirable to mitigate the effects of disturbing or damaging earthquakes. We assess the performance of a well-established statistical model, the epidemic-type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model, with a catalog of \uffe2\uff88\uffbc93,000 microearthquakes observed at the Preston New Road (PNR, United Kingdom) unconventional shale gas site during, and after hydraulic fracturing of the PNR-1z and PNR-2 wells. Because ETAS was developed for slower loading rate tectonic seismicity, to account for seismicity caused by pressurized fluid, we also generate three modified ETAS with background rates proportional to injection rates. We find that (1)\uffc2\uffa0the standard ETAS captures low seismicity between and after injections but is outperformed by the modified model during high-seismicity periods, and (2)\uffc2\uffa0the injection-rate driven ETAS substantially improves when the forecast is calibrated on sleeve-specific pumping data. We finally forecast out-of-sample the PNR-2 seismicity using the average response to injection observed at PNR-1z, achieving better predictive skills than the in-sample standard ETAS. The insights from this study contribute toward producing informative seismicity forecasts for real-time decision making and risk mitigation techniques during unconventional shale gas development.
", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "03 medical and health sciences", "550", "13. Climate action", "530", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article-pdf/92/6/3471/5452253/srl-2020454.1.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200454"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Seismological%20Research%20Letters", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1785/0220200454", "name": "item", "description": "10.1785/0220200454", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1785/0220200454"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-05-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.18038/estubtda.645651", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:20:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-12-07", "title": "DETECTION OF \u201cWALL THINNING\u201d TYPE DEFECTS IN PIPELINES BY THERMAL METHOD", "description": "A thermophysical model of a pipe with a local defect of the \u201cwall thinning\u201d type is developed. Calculations of thermal anomalies for pipelines with different parameters of hidden defects are performed, illustrating the possibility of using the thermal method of nondestructive testing. The conditions and methods of thermal control of individual sections of pipelines are specified. Thermal imaging examination of steam pipelines of the main condensate of the nuclear power plant was carried out. External factors that make it difficult to detect hidden defects (the influence of external lighting, cylindrical shape of controlled objects, powerful external heat sources) are analyzed. It was found that cavitation phenomena significantly increase the temperature drop in the locations of local defects. The possibility of using the thermal method of nondestructive testing for rapid detection of hidden defects such as \u201cwall thinning\u201d in the pipelines of the main condensate has been confirmed experimentally
Low\uffe2\uff80\uff90loss nanostructured dielectric metasurfaces have emerged as a breakthrough platform for ultrathin optics and cutting\uffe2\uff80\uff90edge photonic applications, including beam shaping, focusing, and holography. However, the static nature of their constituent materials has traditionally limited them to fixed functionalities. Tunable all\uffe2\uff80\uff90dielectric infrared Huygens' metasurfaces consisting of multi\uffe2\uff80\uff90layer Ge disk meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90units with strategically incorporated non\uffe2\uff80\uff90volatile phase change material Ge3Sb2Te6 are introduced. Switching the phase\uffe2\uff80\uff90change material between its amorphous and crystalline structural state enables nearly full dynamic light phase control with high transmittance in the mid\uffe2\uff80\uff90IR spectrum. The metasurface is realized experimentally, showing post\uffe2\uff80\uff90fabrication tuning of the light phase within a range of 81% of the full 2\uffcf\uff80 phase shift. Additionally, the versatility of the tunable Huygen's metasurfaces is demonstrated by optically programming the spatial light phase distribution of the metasurface with single meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90unit precision and retrieving high\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolution phase\uffe2\uff80\uff90encoded images using hyperspectral measurements. The programmable metasurface concept overcomes the static limitations of previous dielectric metasurfaces, paving the way for \uffe2\uff80\uff9cuniversal\uffe2\uff80\uff9d metasurfaces and highly efficient, ultracompact active optical elements like tunable lenses, dynamic holograms, and spatial light modulators.In the atmospheric boundary layer, phenomena exist with challenging properties such as spatial heterogeneity, particularly during stable weak wind situations. Studying spatially heterogeneous features requires spatially distributed measurements on fine spatial and temporal scales. Fiber-Optic Distributed Sensing (FODS) can provide spatially distributed measurements, simultaneously offering a spatial resolution on the order of decimeters and a temporal resolution on the order of seconds. While FODS has already been deployed to study various variables, FODS wind direction sensing has only been demonstrated in idealized wind tunnel experiments. We present the first distributed observations of FODS wind directions from field data. The wind direction sensing is accomplished by using pairs of actively heated fiber optic cables with cone-shaped microstructures attached to them. Here we present three different methods of calculating wind directions from the FODS measurements, two based on using combined wind speed and direction information and one deriving wind direction independently from FODS wind speed. For each approach, the effective temporal and spatial resolution is quantified using spectral coherence. With each method of calculating wind directions, temporal resolutions on the order of tens of seconds can be achieved. The accuracy of FODS wind directions was evaluated against a sonic anemometer, showing deviations of less than 15\uffc2\uffb0 most of the time. The applicability of FODS for wind direction measurements in different environmental conditions is tested by analysing the dependence of FODS wind direction accuracy and observable scales on environmental factors. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of this technique by presenting a period that displays spatial and temporal structures in the wind direction.
", "keywords": ["Spectral analysis/models/distribution", "550", "Atmosphere", "0207 environmental engineering", "Distributed Temperature Sensing", "02 engineering and technology", "Field experiments", "Wind effects", "530", "01 natural sciences", "Turbulence", "13. Climate action", "Atmosphere-land interaction", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Freundorfer, Anita, Lapo, Karl, Schneider, Johann, Thomas, Christoph K.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/atot/aop/JTECH-D-21-0019.1/JTECH-D-21-0019.1.xml"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-21-0019.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Atmospheric%20and%20Oceanic%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1175/jtech-d-21-0019.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1175/jtech-d-21-0019.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1175/jtech-d-21-0019.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-09-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1515/nanoph-2021-0803", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:20:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-04-11", "title": "Recent progress in terahertz metamaterial modulators", "description": "AbstractThe terahertz (0.1\uffe2\uff80\uff9310\uffc2\uffa0THz) range represents a fast-evolving research and industrial field. The great interest for this portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, which lies between the photonics and the electronics ranges, stems from the unique and disruptive sectors where this radiation finds applications in, such as spectroscopy, quantum electronics, sensing and wireless communications beyond 5G. Engineering the propagation of terahertz light has always proved to be an intrinsically difficult task and for a long time it has been the bottleneck hindering the full exploitation of the terahertz spectrum. Amongst the different approaches that have been proposed so far for terahertz signal manipulation, the implementation of metamaterials has proved to be the most successful one, owing to the relative ease of realisation, high efficiency and spectral versatility. In this review, we present the latest developments in terahertz modulators based on metamaterials, while highlighting a few selected key applications in sensing, wireless communications and quantum electronics, which have particularly benefitted from these developments. The 2019 Coronavirus disease or COVID-19 has apparently become a new global challenge. Not only did the pandemic drive all actors to make response, but it also affected the relations among them. That Indonesia raised multilateralism in the unprecedented situation while more unilateral or populist actions taken by a number of states encouraged this research. This paper attempts to explain Indonesia\u2019s foreign policy in upholding multilateralism to respond to the COVID-19. Such response was intended to mitigate the impacts caused by the pandemic. This research applied holistic constructivism in understanding the determinants of Indonesia\u2019s foreign policy by investigating both domestic and international cause. This research utilized the qualitative method with an explanatory analysis. The findings show that such Indonesia\u2019s foreign policy was driven by its identity constructed by both indigenous norm of \u2018Gotong Royong\u2019 and global norm of \u2018International Health Regulation\u2019. The norm-laden or identity-based foreign policy was leading it to uphold multilateralism which was considered appropriate in order to coordinate, collaborate and cooperate with international communities. In addition, Indonesia maintained its trust on and support to the World Health Organization as the most leading actor in health governance championing fight against the pandemic. This paper argues that the norm factors do matter in Indonesia\u2019s foreign policy in facing uncertainties in the vulnerable and interconnected world. Through the case studied, this paper suggests that looking at the domestic actor as well as the state in international system help provide a better understanding on the state behavior in international relations.
In this article, we analyze the rotation rates in a building derived from a network of translation sensors and recorded by a rotation sensor. The building is Grenoble city hall, a reinforced concrete structure with permanent accelerometric translation sensors at the top and bottom of the building. A temporary experiment was conducted, consisting in installing a BlueSeis-3A rotation sensor for more than 24 h at the top of the structure. The ambient vibrations were analyzed. The amplitudes of translation accelerations and rotation rates at the top and bottom of the building, along with their variations over time, were analyzed. The acceleration/rotation ratios were then compared with the impulse wave velocities derived from seismic interferometry by deconvolution between the top and bottom. Perspectives with regard to building imaging, time monitoring of structural integrity and understanding the contribution of rotations to the structure\uffe2\uff80\uff99s response are discussed, offering new suggestions for research projects.
", "keywords": ["570", "structural health monitoring (SHM)", "Chemical technology", "Communication", "[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "TP1-1185", "02 engineering and technology", "530", "rotation", "buildings", "City-Hall Grenoble", "0201 civil engineering", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "array-derived", "civil engineering"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gu\u00e9guen, Philippe, Guattari, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric, Aubert, Coralie, Laudat, Theo,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/1/142/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010142"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Sensors", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/s21010142", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/s21010142", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/s21010142"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-12-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/amt-14-2409-2021", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:22:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-09-23", "title": "Suitability of fibre-optic distributed temperature sensing for revealing mixing processes and higher-order moments at the forest\u2013air interface", "description": "Abstract. Suitability of fibre-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) technique to observe atmospheric mixing profiles within and above forest was quantified and these profiles were analysed. The spatially continuous observations were made at a 125\uffe2\uff80\uff89m tall mast in a boreal pine forest. Air flows near forest canopies diverge from typical boundary layer flows due to the influence of roughness elements (i.e. trees) on the flow. Ideally these complex flows should be studied with spatially continuous measurements, yet such measurements are not feasible with conventional micrometeorological measurements with e.g. sonic anemometers. Hence the suitability of DTS measurements for studying canopy flows was quantified. The DTS measurements were able to discern continuous profiles of turbulent fluctuations and mean values of air temperature along the mast providing information about mixing processes (e.g. canopy eddies, evolution of inversion layers at night) and up to third order turbulence statistics across the forest-atmosphere interface. Turbulence measurements with 3D sonic anemometers and Doppler lidar at the site were also utilised in this analysis. The continuous profiles for turbulence statistics were in line with prior studies made at wind tunnels and large eddy simulations for canopy flows. The DTS measurements contained a significant noise component which was however quantified and its effect on turbulence statistics was accounted for. Underestimation of air temperature fluctuations at high frequencies caused 20...30\uffe2\uff80\uff89% underestimation of temperature variance at typical flow conditions. Despite these limitations, the DTS measurements should prove useful also in other studies concentrating on flows near roughness elements and/or non-stationary periods, since the measurements revealed spatio-temporal patterns of the flow which were not possible to discern from single point measurements fixed in space.
", "keywords": ["Fiber-optic distributed sensing", "550", "Airflow", "TA715-787", "Environmental engineering", "Forestry", "TA170-171", "15. Life on land", "530", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental sciences", "Turbulence", "Earthwork. Foundations", "13. Climate action", "Forest", "Geosciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/14/2409/2021/amt-14-2409-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2409-2021"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Atmospheric%20Measurement%20Techniques", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/amt-14-2409-2021", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/amt-14-2409-2021", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/amt-14-2409-2021"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-09-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-10-405-2018", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:22:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-03-12", "title": "Global Carbon Budget 2017", "description": "Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere \u2013 the global carbon budget \u2013 is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-cover change data and bookkeeping models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as \u00b11\u03c3. For the last decade available (2007\u20132016), EFF was 9.4\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121, ELUC 1.3\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.7\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121, GATM 4.7\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.1\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121, SOCEAN 2.4\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121, and SLAND 3.0\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.8\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121, with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.6\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For year 2016 alone, the growth in EFF was approximately zero and emissions remained at 9.9\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121. Also for 2016, ELUC was 1.3\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.7\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121, GATM was 6.1\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.2\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121, SOCEAN was 2.6\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121, and SLAND was 2.7\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.0\u202fGtC\u202fyr\u22121, with a small BIM of \u22120.3\u202fGtC. GATM continued to be higher in 2016 compared to the past decade (2007\u20132016), reflecting in part the high fossil emissions and the small SLAND consistent with El Ni\u00f1o conditions. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 402.8\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.1\u202fppm averaged over 2016. For 2017, preliminary data for the first 6\u20139\u00a0months indicate a renewed growth in EFF of +2.0\u202f% (range of 0.8 to 3.0\u202f%) based on national emissions projections for China, USA, and India, and projections of gross domestic product (GDP) corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9 et al., 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). All results presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2017 (GCP, 2017).
Abstract. The NY-\uffc3\uff85lesund TurbulencE Fiber Optic eXperiment (NYTEFOX) was a field experiment at the Ny-\uffc3\uff85lesund Arctic site (78.9\uffe2\uff88\uff98\uffe2\uff80\uff89N, 11.9\uffe2\uff88\uff98\uffe2\uff80\uff89E) and yielded a unique meteorological data set. These data describe the distribution of heat, airflows, and exchange in the Arctic boundary layer for a period of 14\uffe2\uff80\uff89d from 26\uffc2\uffa0February to 10\uffc2\uffa0March\uffc2\uffa02020. NYTEFOX is the first field experiment to investigate the heterogeneity of airflow and its transport of temperature, wind, and kinetic energy in the Arctic environment using the fiber-optic distributed sensing (FODS) technique for horizontal and vertical observations. FODS air temperature and wind speed were observed at a spatial resolution of 0.127\uffe2\uff80\uff89m and a temporal resolution of 9\uffe2\uff80\uff89s along a 700\uffe2\uff80\uff89m horizontal array at 1\uffe2\uff80\uff89m above ground level (a.g.l.) and along three 7\uffe2\uff80\uff89m vertical profiles. Ancillary data were collected from three sonic anemometers and an acoustic profiler (minisodar; sodar is an acronym for \uffe2\uff80\uff9csound detection and ranging\uffe2\uff80\uff9d) yielding turbulent flow statistics and vertical profiles in the lowest 300\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff80\uff89a.g.l., respectively. The observations from this field campaign are publicly available on Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4756836, Huss et al.,\uffc2\uffa02021) and supplement the meteorological data set operationally collected by the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) at Ny-\uffc3\uff85lesund, Svalbard.
", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "Fiber-Optic Distributed Sensing", "550", "Polar Amplification", "500", "Geology", "530", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental sciences", "Turbulence", "Arctic", "13. Climate action", "GE1-350", "14. Life underwater", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/13/3439/2021/essd-13-3439-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3439-2021"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%20System%20Science%20Data", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-13-3439-2021", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-13-3439-2021", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-13-3439-2021"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-07-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2815712844", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:27:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-02-28", "title": "Willis Metamaterial on a Structured Beam", "description": "Open Access21 pages, 3 figures", "keywords": ["[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics]", "[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics]", "[PHYS.PHYS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]", "Physics", "QC1-999", "FOS: Physical sciences", "Acoustics", "Physics - Applied Physics", "Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)", "530", "01 natural sciences", "Metamaterials", "0103 physical sciences", "[PHYS.PHYS] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2815712844"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Physical%20Review%20X", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2815712844", "name": "item", "description": "2815712844", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2815712844"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-02-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10044/1/73088", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:25:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-19", "title": "Photonic Weyl points due to broken time-reversal symmetry in magnetized semiconductor", "description": "Nature Physics volume 15, pages1150\u20131155(2019)", "keywords": ["Multidisciplinary", "Science & Technology", "02 Physical Sciences", "F300", "H600", "Physics", "Fluids & Plasmas", "Physics", " Multidisciplinary", "02 engineering and technology", "530", "01 natural sciences", "SEMIMETAL", "Physical Sciences", "0103 physical sciences", "0210 nano-technology", "01 Mathematical Sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/47156/1/Dongyang_Nature_Physics_2019.pdf"}, {"href": "http://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-019-0612-7.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10044/1/73088"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Physics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10044/1/73088", "name": "item", "description": "10044/1/73088", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10044/1/73088"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10044/1/107703", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:25:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-01-24", "title": "Evolution of the edge states and corner states in a multilayer honeycomb valley-Hall topological metamaterial", "description": "The valley-Hall effect provides topological protection to a broad class of defects in valley-Hall photonic topological metamaterials. Unveiling precisely how such protection is achieved and its implications in practical implementations is paramount to move from fundamental science to applications. To this end, we investigate a honeycomb valley-Hall topological metamaterial and monitor the evolution of the topological valley-Hall edge states and higher-order corner states under different perturbation \u03b4R. The evolutions of the edge states of the armchair and zigzag interfaces are demonstrated, respectively. By adjusting the geometric parameters and introducing disturbances to break the inversion symmetry, we achieve the edge states with different modes including the conventional crossed edge state and the specific gapped edge state. It is found that the edge states of topological valley kinking will gradually separate with the increase of \u03b4R, and finally a complete gap between the edge states appears. The gap has rarely been reported previously in topological materials fabricated by printed circuit board technology. In addition, the higher-order topological corner states can also be observed in the proposed topological metamaterial. The higher-order topological phase is theoretically characterized by nontrivial bulk polarization and the Wannier centers. Our results show that the corner state localization becomes stronger with the increase of \u03b4R. It is expected that our results will provide a platform for the realization of optical topological insulators.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "530"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10044/1/107703"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Physical%20Review%20B", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10044/1/107703", "name": "item", "description": "10044/1/107703", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10044/1/107703"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-01-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10044/1/107846", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:25:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-04-23", "title": "Modular Design for Versatile Broadband Polarizing Metasurfaces with Freely Switching Functions", "description": "AbstractPolarization is a fundamental property of electromagnetic waves that plays a key role in many physical phenomena and applications. Schemes to manipulate it are revisited with the emergence of metasurfaces, which have brought multi\uffe2\uff80\uff90functionalities straightforwardly. However, this has come at the expense of design complexity that relies strongly on field theory. Here, an ingenious strategy of modular design is proposed to construct subwavelength multifunctional polarization control devices. Chiral metasurfaces with different handedness are first proposed and regarded as modules. The versatile polarization controller can thus be obtained with the combination of different modules. These experiments demonstrate that the well\uffe2\uff80\uff90designed polarization controller possesses reconfigurable functionality, and various broadband polarization and amplitude regulation functions with high efficiency including arbitrary linear polarization rotation, asymmetric transmission effect, neutral\uffe2\uff80\uff90density\uffe2\uff80\uff90like filter, polarization beam splitter, etc., can be readily realized just by changing the cascaded modules. The physical mechanisms of the versatile polarization controller and chiral metasurface modules are both guaranteed by the Fabry\uffe2\uff80\uff93P\uffc3\uffa9rot\uffe2\uff80\uff90like resonances, which are theoretically verified via the transfer matrix method. It is envisioned that the modular concept will be of great benefit to designing compact multifunctional polarization controllers.We present an all-dielectric chiral photonic crystal that guides the propagation of electromagnetic waves without backscattering for dual bands. The chiral photonic crystal unit cell is composed of four dielectric cylinders with increasing inner diameter clockwise or anticlockwise, which leads to chirality. It is demonstrated that the proposed chiral photonic crystal can generate dual band gaps in the gigahertz frequency range and has two types of edge states, which is similar to topologically protected edge states. Hence, the interface formed by the proposed 2D chiral photonic crystal can guide the propagation of electromagnetic waves without backscattering, and this complete propagation is immune to defects (position disorder or frequency disorder). To illustrate the applicability of the findings in communication systems, we report a duplexer and a power divider based on the presented all-dielectric chiral photonic crystal.