{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.065", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-28T16:16:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-09-24", "title": "A computational model to simulate self-heating ignition across scales, configurations, and coal origins", "description": "Abstract   Self-heating of fuel layers can trigger ignition when the temperature of the surroundings is sufficiently high. Self-heating ignition has been a hazard and safety concern in raw materials production, transportation, and storage facilities for centuries. Hot plate and oven-basket experiments are the two most used lab-scale experiments to assess the hazard of self-heating ignition. While extensive experiments have been done to study this phenomenon, modelling of the experiments is substantially lagging behind. A computational model that can accurately simulate self-heating ignition under the two experimental configurations has not been developed yet. In this study, we build such a model by coupling heat transfer, mass transfer, and chemistry using the open-source code Gpyro. Due to the accessibility of large amount of experimental data, coal is chosen as the material for model validation. A literature review of the kinetic parameters for coal samples from different origins reveals that there is a compensation effect between the activation energy and exponential factor. Combining the compensation effect with our model, we simulate 6 different experimental studies covering the two experimental configurations, a wide range of sample sizes (heights ranging from 5\u202fmm to 126\u202fmm), and various coal origins (6 countries). The model accurately predicts critical ignition temperature (Tig) for all 24 experiments with an error below 7\u202f\u00b0C. This computational model unifies for the first time the two most used self-heating ignition experiments and provides theoretical insights to understand self-ignition for different fuels under different conditions.", "keywords": ["Technology", "Engineering", " Chemical", "Energy & Fuels", "LOW-TEMPERATURE OXIDATION", "0306 Physical Chemistry (Incl. Structural)", "0904 Chemical Engineering", "Chemical", "7. Clean energy", "BIOMASS", "HOT SURFACE", "Engineering", "KINETIC-PARAMETERS", "Science & Technology", "Energy", "PYROLYSIS", "Hot plate", "THERMAL IGNITION", "DUST LAYERS", "LIGNITE", "624", "Ignition", "620", "Coal", "Self-heating", "13. Climate action", "Oven-basket", "BEHAVIOR", "SMOLDERING COMBUSTION", "0913 Mechanical Engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.065"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Fuel", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.065", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.065", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.065"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10518-019-00736-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-28T16:15:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-10-15", "title": "Seismic fragility of buried steel natural gas pipelines due to axial compression at geotechnical discontinuities", "description": "This paper presents an extended set of numerical fragility functions for the structural assessment of buried steel natural gas (NG) pipelines subjected to axial compression caused by transient seismic ground deformations. The study focuses on NG pipelines crossing sites with a vertical geotechnical discontinuity, where high compression straining of a buried pipeline is expected to occur under seismic transient ground deformations. A de-coupled numerical framework is developed for this purpose, which includes a 3D finite element model of the pipe\u2013trench system employed to evaluate rigorously the soil\u2013pipe interaction effects on the pipeline axial response in a quasi-static manner. One-dimensional soil response analyses are used to determine critical ground deformation patterns at the vicinity of the geotechnical discontinuity, caused by the ground shaking. A comprehensive parametric analysis is performed by implementing the proposed analytical framework for an ensemble of 40 recorded earthquake ground motions. Crucial parameters that affect the seismic response and therefore the seismic vulnerability of buried steel NG pipelines namely, the diameter, wall thickness, burial depth and internal pressure of the pipeline, the backfill compaction level, the pipe\u2013soil interface friction characteristics, the soil deposits characteristics, as well as initial geometric imperfections of the walls of the pipeline, are systematically considered. The analytical fragility functions are developed in terms of peak ground velocity at the ground surface, for four performance limit states, considering all the associated uncertainties. The study contributes towards a reliable quantitative risk assessment of buried steel NG pipelines, crossing similar sites, subjected to seismically-induced transient ground deformations.", "keywords": ["Fragility curves", "seismic response", "fragility curves", "local buckling", "steel pipelines", "02 engineering and technology", "624", "620", "0201 civil engineering", "natural gas pipelines", "Soil\u2013pipe interaction", "Natural gas pipelines", "Steel pipelines", "Transient ground deformations", "transient ground deformations", "Seismic response", "Fragility curves; Local buckling; Natural gas pipelines; Seismic response; Soil\u2013pipe interaction; Steel pipelines; Transient ground deformations", "soil-pipe interaction", "Local buckling"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3058531/1/Tsinidis_etal._BEEE_2019_manuscript.pdf"}, {"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-019-00736-8.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00736-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bulletin%20of%20Earthquake%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10518-019-00736-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10518-019-00736-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10518-019-00736-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-10-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10518-021-01083-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:15:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-04-08", "title": "Model of seismic design lateral force levels for the existing reinforced concrete European building stock", "description": "As part of the development of a European Seismic Risk Model 2020 (ESRM20), the spatial and temporal evolution of seismic design across Europe has been studied in order to bet- ter classify reinforced concrete buildings (which represent more than 30% of the approxi- mately 145 million residential, commercial and industrial buildings in Europe) and map them to vulnerability models based on simulated seismic design. This paper summarises the model that has been developed to assign the years when different seismic design levels (low code, moderate code and high code) were introduced in a number of European coun- tries and the associated lateral forces that were specified spatially within each country for the low and moderate codes for typical reinforced concrete mid-rise buildings. This process has led to an improved understanding of how design regulations evolved across Europe and how this has impacted the vulnerability of the European residential building stock. The model estimates that ~ 60% of the reinforced concrete buildings in Europe have been seis- mically designed, and of those buildings ~ 60% have been designed to low code, ~ 25% to moderate code and 15% to high code. This seismic design model aims at being a dynamic source of information that will be continuously updated with additional feedback from local experts and datasets. To this end, all of the data has been made openly available as shapefiles on a GitLab repository.", "keywords": ["Seismic design evolution ; Lateral force levels ; European building stock ; Exposure model ; Seismic zonation maps ; Seismic risk", "Physics", "ddc:530", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Seismic design evolution", "02 engineering and technology", "624", "Exposure model", "530", "Seismic zonation maps", "Seismic risk", "11. Sustainability", "Lateral force levels", "European building stock", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/530"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-021-01083-3.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01083-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bulletin%20of%20Earthquake%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10518-021-01083-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10518-021-01083-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10518-021-01083-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-04-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110749", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-28T16:15:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-07-19", "title": "Contribution of aboveground and belowground biomass of Robinia pseudoacacia trees to total plant carbon stocks in a young agroforestry system", "description": "Allocation to aboveground and belowground compartments of tree biomass in Mediterranean agroforestry systems (AFS) is poorly documented, especially for young trees. This work aimed at (i) characterizing the effects of land use (Agroforestry, AF vs. Tree Plantation, TP) on 5-year-old black locust tree growth, tree biomass allocation, and tree C stocks at plot scale, and (ii) assessing the effect of land use on total carbon stocks (AF vs. TP vs. Crop Monoculture). Allometric equations were built for upscaling tree biomass at the plot scale. Biomass of understory vegetation and crops were estimated at the plot scale in the three land uses. Tree diameter was 19 % higher in the AF than in TP, likely due to different light microclimate, while tree height did not vary significantly between land uses. Tree biomass allocation to aboveground and belowground compartments (70 % and 30 % of total tree biomass, respectively) did not vary between land uses. Higher efficiency in building tree carbon stock was shown in agroforestry than in tree plantation per area unit. Trees accounted for 39 % and 66 % of total carbon stocks in biomass in AF and TP, respectively. Understory vegetation accounted for 8 % and 34 % of total carbon stocks in biomass in AF and TP, respectively. Land equivalent ratio values, which involved tree, crop and understory vegetation carbon stocks, did not yet indicate a synergetic effect on accumulation of plant carbon compared to sole crop or tree plantations. This study provides new reference values of carbon stocks in biomass in a young AFS.", "keywords": ["http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_330982", "plant", "Triticum turgidum", "utilisation des terres", "syst\u00e8mes agroforestiers", "Biomass allocation", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16111", "enracinement", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3081", "biomasse", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1666", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1301", "Agroforestry", "agroforesterie", "Black locust", "changement climatique", "Allometry", "biomasse souterraine", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_363a2055", "Robinia", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_331583", "croissance", "Roots", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "s\u00e9questration du carbone", "Carbon stocks", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_926", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3394", "Biomass production", "Robinia pseudoacacia", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6624", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6625", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4182", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7958", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6649", "France", "carbone"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110749"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20and%20Forest%20Meteorology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110749", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110749", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110749"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.07.046", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:16:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-21", "title": "Experimental study of moisture content effects on the transient gas and particle emissions from peat fires", "description": "Abstract   Peat fires are a global-scale source of carbon emissions and a leading cause of regional air quality deterioration, especially in Southeast Asia. The ignition and spread of peat fires are strongly affected by moisture, which acts as an energy sink. However, moisture effects on peat fire emissions are poorly understood in the literature. Here we present the first experimental work to investigate transient gas and particle emissions for a wide range of peat moisture contents (MCs). We include drying, ignition, smouldering spread, and even flaming stages. Peat samples conditioned to different MCs were burnt in the laboratory where a suite of diagnostics simultaneously measured mass loss rate, temperature profiles, real-time concentration of 20 gas species, and size-fractioned particle mass. It was found that MC affects emissions, in addition to peat burning dynamics. An increase in MC below a smouldering threshold of 160% in dry basis leads to a decrease in NH3 and greenhouse gas emissions, including CO2 and CH4. The burning of wet peat emits more coarse particles (between 1 and 10\u00a0\u00b5m) than dry peat, especially during the ignition stage. In contrast, flaming stage emits mostly soot particles less than 1\u00a0\u00b5m, and releases 100% more fully oxidised gas species including CO2, NO2 and SO2 than smouldering. The examination of the resulting modified combustion efficiency (MCE) reveals that it fails to recongnise smouldering combustion with sufficient accuracy, especially for wet peat with MC\u00a0>\u00a0120%. MCE confuses drying and flaming, and has significant variations during the ignition stage. As a result, MCE is not valid as a universal fire mode indicator used in the field. This work fills the knowledge gap between moisture and emissions, and provides a better understanding which can help mitigate peat fires.", "keywords": ["Energy", "biomass", "0904 Chemical Engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "624", "Wildfire", "15. Life on land", "0902 Automotive Engineering", "01 natural sciences", "13. Climate action", "moisture", "11. Sustainability", "pollution", "0204 chemical engineering", "fire", "0913 Mechanical Engineering", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.07.046"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Combustion%20and%20Flame", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.07.046", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.07.046", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.07.046"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.052", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-28T16:16:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-04-14", "title": "Self-ignition of natural fuels: Can wildfires of carbon-rich soil start by self-heating?", "description": "Abstract   Carbon-rich soils, like histosols or gelisols, cover more than 3% of the Earth's land surface, and store roughly three times more carbon than the Earth's forests. Carbon-rich soils are reactive porous materials, prone to smouldering combustion if the inert and moisture contents are low enough. An example of soil combustion happens in peatlands, where smouldering wildfires are common in both boreal and tropical regions. This work focuses on understanding soil ignition by self-heating, which is due to spontaneous exothermic reactions in the presence of oxygen under certain thermal conditions. We investigate the effect of soil inorganic content by creating under controlled conditions soil samples with inorganic content (IC) ranging from 3% to 86% of dry weight: we use sand as a surrogate of inorganic matter and peat as a surrogate of organic matter. This range is very wide and covers all IC values of known carbon-rich soils on Earth. The experimental results show that self-heating ignition in different soil types is possible, even with the 86% inorganic content, but the tendency to ignite decreases quickly with increasing IC. We report a clear increase in ambient temperature required for ignition as the IC increases. Combining results from 39 thermostatically-controlled oven experiments, totalling 401\u00a0h of heating time, with the Frank-Kamenetskii theory of ignition, the lumped chemical kinetic and thermal parameters are determined. We then use these parameters to upscale the laboratory experiments to soil layers of different thicknesses for a range of ambient temperatures ranging from 0\u00a0\u00b0C to 40\u00a0\u00b0C. The analysis predicts the critical soil layer thicknesses in nature for self-ignition at various possible environmental temperatures. For example, at 40\u00a0\u00b0C a soil layer of 3% inorganic content can be ignited through self-heating if it is thicker than 8.8\u00a0m, but at 86% IC the layer has to be 1.8\u00a0km thick, which is impossible to find in nature. We estimate that the critical IC for a ambient temperature of 40\u00a0\u00b0C and soil thickness of 50\u00a0m is 68%. Because those are extreme values of temperature and thickness, no self-heating ignition of soil can be expected above the 68% threshold of inorganic content. This is the first in-depth experimental quantification of soil self-heating and shows that indeed it is possible that wildfires are initiated by self-heating in some soil types and conditions.", "keywords": ["Technology", "Engineering", " Civil", "550", "Materials Science", "PEAT", "0904 Chemical Engineering", "Materials Science", " Multidisciplinary", "MOISTURE", "Civil Engineering", "7. Clean energy", "Wildfires", "Soil", "COAL", "Engineering", "Smouldering", "FIRES", "Multidisciplinary", "Science & Technology", "Civil", "624", "15. Life on land", "Ignition", "13. Climate action", "SPREAD", "BEHAVIOR", "SMOLDERING COMBUSTION"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.052"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Fire%20Safety%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.052", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.052", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.052"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.082", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-28T16:16:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-05-20", "title": "Pyrolysis kinetics and multi-objective inverse modelling of cellulose at the microscale", "description": "Abstract   The chemistry of pyrolysis, together with heat transfer, drives ignition and flame spread of biomass materials under many fire conditions, but it is poorly understood. Cellulose is the main component of biomass and is often taken as a surrogate for biomass. Its chemistry of pyrolysis is simpler and dominates the pyrolysis of biomass. Many reaction schemes with corresponding kinetic parameters can be found in the literature for the pyrolysis of cellulose, but their appropriateness for fire is unknown. This study investigated inverse modelling and blind predictions of six reaction schemes of different complexities for isothermal and non-isothermal thermogravimetric experiments. We used multi-objective optimisation to simultaneously and separately inverse model the kinetic parameters of each reaction scheme to several experiments. Afterwards we tested these parameters with blind predictions. For the first time, we reveal a set of equally viable solutions for the modelling of pyrolysis chemistry of different experiments. This set of solutions is called a Pareto front, and represents a trade-off between predictions of different experiments. It stems from the uncertainty in the experiments and in the modelling. Parameters derived from non-isothermal experiments compared well with the literature, and performed well in blind predictions of both isothermal and non-isothermal experiments. Complexity beyond the Broido-Shafizadeh scheme with seven parameters proved to be unnecessary to predict the mass loss of cellulose; hence, simple reaction schemes are most appropriate for macroscale fire models. Modellers should, therefore, use simple reaction schemes to model pyrolysis in macroscale fire models.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0904 Chemical Engineering", "General Physics and Astronomy", "General Materials Science", "General Chemistry", "Building and Construction", "624", "540", "Safety", " Risk", " Reliability and Quality", "Civil Engineering", "7. Clean energy", "European Research Council"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Richter, F, Rein, G,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.082"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Fire%20Safety%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.082", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.082", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.082"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.pedobi.2007.05.004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-28T16:16:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-06-19", "title": "Effects Of The Earthworm Pontoscolex Corethrurus On Banana Plants Infected Or Not With The Plant-Parasitic Nematode Radopholus Similis", "description": "Summary   Radopholus similis is a worldwide endoparasitic nematode that greatly hampers banana (Musa acuminata, Cavendish subgroup) productivity. Earthworms are known to closely interact with above-ground and under-ground soil biota and particularly with plants and microfaunal communities. This study was aimed at investigating, under greenhouse conditions, the effects of the earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus on banana growth and nutrient uptake, and assessing the influences of this earthworm on the development of an inoculated population of R. similis. Six-week-old tissue culture banana plants were submitted to four treatments: with P. corethrurus, R. similis, P. corethrurus+R. similis, and a control with no earthworms or nematodes. At the end of the experiment, the P. corethrurus treatments showed significantly higher leaf surface areas, shoot dry root weights, and root fresh weights than those without earthworms. This root growth enhancement probably contributed to the evident but non-significant decrease in the density of nematodes in the roots, even though earthworms did not reduce the total number of nematodes per whole root system. Moreover, the presence of earthworms slightly alleviated the severity of root damage. N bioavailability in the soil, along with N, Ca, and Mg content of banana plants, were also significantly increased in the presence of earthworms. Our results demonstrated that banana plant growth and nutrition were positively influenced by earthworms. Cropping practices that boost the development of earthworm communities in soil should therefore be promoted to enhance sustainability and to naturally alleviate nematode impact.", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "PRATYLENCHIDAE", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "endogeic species", "nutrient uptake", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_29111", "pratylenchidae", "F62 - Physiologie v\u00e9g\u00e9tale - Croissance et d\u00e9veloppement", "lutte antin\u00e9matode", "Musa acuminata", "630", "[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "absorption de substances nutritives", "Oligochaeta", "GLOSSOSCOLECIDAE", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4993", "580", "2. Zero hunger", "MUSA ACUMINATA", "BANANIER", "ENDOGEIC SPECIES", "NUTRIENT UPTAKE", "Musa", "plant growth", "promotion", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "culture sous abri", "H10 - Ravageurs des plantes", "croissance", "Radopholus similis", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24799", "6. Clean water", "PLANT GROWTH", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "glossoscolecidae", "PROMOTION", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3394", "13. Climate action", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "[SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5273", "plantations", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5110", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5990", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6243"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2007.05.004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Pedobiologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.pedobi.2007.05.004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.pedobi.2007.05.004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.pedobi.2007.05.004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.proci.2020.07.016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:16:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-08-19", "title": "A multi-step reaction scheme to simulate self-heating ignition of coal: Effects of oxygen adsorption and smouldering combustion", "description": "Abstract   Self-heating ignition has been a fire hazard in coal production, transportation, and storage for decades. Self-heating ignition of coal is driven by two exothermic processes which are chemically and thermodynamically different: adsorption of oxygen and heterogeneous combustion (smouldering). In classical self-heating theory and previous computational studies, a lumped one-step reaction was used. However, this scheme does not differentiate the aforementioned two processes. This study develops a computational model that incorporates a 4-step reaction scheme, encompassing both adsorption and smouldering, to simulate self-heating ignition. The kinetic parameters for a bituminous coal are first obtained through inverse-modelling of thermogravimetric experimental data from the literature. Based on the 4-step reaction scheme and kinetic parameters, we simulate two sets of hot plate experiments from the literature and predict the critical ignition temperature of different sample thicknesses. These predictions are compared with the predictions using a 1-step reaction scheme. Predictions based on both schemes show a good agreement with experiments when sample thickness(L) is less than 20\u202fmm. However, the accuracy of the model with1-step scheme decreases as the sample thickness increases. The critical ignition temperatures predicted by the 1-step scheme become significantly higher than the 4-step scheme when L\u00a0>\u00a020\u202fmm and at L\u202f=\u202f127\u202fmm the difference is over 12%. According to the simulation results of the 4-step scheme, at the large-scale scenarios, adsorption is the dominant reaction before ignition and the acceleration of smouldering occurs afterwards. As 1-step reaction scheme does not differentiate adsorption and smouldering, a 4-step scheme is more suitable for realistic and large scale scenarios.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0904 Chemical Engineering", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "624", "0902 Automotive Engineering", "7. Clean energy", "620", "0913 Mechanical Engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2020.07.016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proceedings%20of%20the%20Combustion%20Institute", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.proci.2020.07.016", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.proci.2020.07.016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.proci.2020.07.016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.proci.2020.08.052", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:16:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-10-30", "title": "Using cellular automata to simulate field-scale flaming and smouldering wildfires in tropical peatlands", "description": "Abstract   Peat wildfires are the largest fires on Earth involving both flaming and smouldering combustion, with one leading to the other. A common ignition source of smouldering fires in tropical peatlands are intentional flaming fires used to clear surface vegetation. To capture the behaviour of these fires, it is necessary to consider the interaction between flaming vegetation and smouldering peat. However, doing so is infeasible with the state-of-the-art wildfire models, as they do not consider the transition from flaming to smouldering and are computationally too expensive at the field-scale hundreds of hectares. In this work, we overcome these limitations and model both flaming and smouldering at the field-scale using cellular automata: that is a discrete mathematical model that uses simple rules to capture complex behaviour while remaining computationally light. The model was calibrated against existing experiments in the literature and used to predict the effect of peat moisture content on the behaviour of peatland wildfires. The model shows how flaming creates smouldering hotspots and how these hotspots merge \u2013 flaming spreads rapidly, consuming surface vegetation, leaving behind hotspots of smouldering peat which consumes most of the peat. The model was then applied to study a real prescribed fire of 573\u202fha peatland in Borneo in 2015, observed by drone footage. The model captured the spread patterns of the fire and predicted that 2.9\u202fha of peatland burnt after 3 months with 70% peat moisture content (dry-based). This ioutcome could have been reduced to 0.02\u202fha if the peat moisture content had been above 100%. This work improves the fundamental understanding of how peat wildfires spread at the field scale which has received little attention until now.", "keywords": ["Cellular automata", "Technology", "Engineering", " Chemical", "Energy & Fuels", "0904 Chemical Engineering", "Chemical", "0902 Automotive Engineering", "Prescribed fire", "FIRE", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Modelling", "Engineering", "Smouldering", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Science & Technology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "624", "Peat fire", "15. Life on land", "Mechanical", "Engineering", " Mechanical", "MODEL", "13. Climate action", "Physical Sciences", "Thermodynamics", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "SPREAD", "0913 Mechanical Engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2020.08.052"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proceedings%20of%20the%20Combustion%20Institute", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.proci.2020.08.052", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.proci.2020.08.052", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.proci.2020.08.052"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.106013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:17:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-01-27", "title": "Simplified design of bridges for multiple-support earthquake excitation", "description": "Abstract   This paper presents a novel, bridge-dependent approach for quantifying the increase of design quantities due to spatially variable earthquake ground motion (SVEGM). Contrary to the existing methods for multiple support bridge excitation analysis that are either too complicated to be applied by most practitioners or oversimplied (e.g. Eurocode 8, Annex D provisions), this method aims to strike a balance between simplicity, accuracy and computational efficiency. The method deliberately avoids generating support-dependent, acceleration or displacement, asynchronous inputs for the prediction of bridge response. The reasons behind this decision are twofold: (a) first, the uncertainty associated with the generation of asynchronous motion scenarios, as well as the exact soil properties, stratification and topography is high while, (b) the response of a bridge is particularly sensitive to the above due to the large number of natural modes involved. It is therefore prohibitive to address SVEGM effects deterministically in the framework of a design code. Instead, this new method is based on two important and well-documented observations: (a) that SVEGM is typically globally beneficial but locally detrimental [1], and (b) that the local seismic demand increase is very closely correlated with the excitation of higher modes, which are not normally activated in the case of uniform ground motion [2,3]. Along these lines, a set of static analyses are specified herein to complement the standard, code-based response spectrum analysis. These static analyses apply spatially distributed lateral forces, whose patterns match the shape of potentially excited anti-symmetric modes. The amplitude of those forces is derived as a function of the expected amplification of these modes according to the process initially proposed by Price et al. [4]. Two real bridges with different structural configurations are used as a test-bed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new method. Comparison of the results with those obtained through rigorous response history analysis using partially correlated, spatially variable, spectrum-compatible input motions [5] shows that, the simplified method presented herein provides a reasonably accurate estimation of the SVEGM impact on the response of the bridges examined at a highly reduced computational cost. This is essentially an elastic method that is found to be simple, yet precise enough to consist an attractive alternative for the design and assessment of long and/or important bridge structures in earthquake-prone regions.", "keywords": ["Anti-symmetric modes", "Multiple-support excitation", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "624", "Seismic codes", "Bridges", "Spatial variability", "0201 civil engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.106013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Dynamics%20and%20Earthquake%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.106013", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.106013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.106013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.106030", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:17:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-01-17", "title": "Optimal intensity measures for the structural assessment of buried steel natural gas pipelines due to seismically-induced axial compression at geotechnical discontinuities", "description": "Abstract   This paper investigates the efficiency and sufficiency of various seismic intensity measures for the structural assessment of buried steel natural gas (NG) pipelines subjected to axial compression caused by transient seismic ground deformations. The study focuses on buried NG pipelines crossing perpendicularly a vertical geotechnical discontinuity with an abrupt change on the soil properties, where the potential of high compression strain is expected to be increased under seismic wave propagation. A detailed analytical framework is developed for this purpose, which includes a 3D finite element model of the pipe-trench system, to evaluate rigorously the pipe-soil interaction phenomena, and 1D soil response analyses that are employed to determine critical ground deformation patterns at the geotechnical discontinuity, caused by seismic wave propagation. A comprehensive numerical parametric study is conducted by employing the analytical methodology in a number of soil-pipeline configurations, considering salient parameters that control the axial response of buried steel NG pipelines, i.e. diameter, wall thickness and internal pressure of the pipeline, wall imperfections of the pipeline, soil properties and backfill compaction level and friction characteristics of the backfill-pipe interface. Using the peak compression strain of the pipeline as engineering demand parameter and a number of regression analyses relative to the examined seismic intensity measures, it is shown that the peak ground velocity PGV at ground surface constitutes the optimum intensity measure for the structural assessment of the examined infrastructure.", "keywords": ["Natural gas pipelines", "Steel pipelines", "Intensity measures", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Efficiency", "02 engineering and technology", "624", "Efficiency; Intensity measures; Local buckling; Natural gas pipelines; Steel pipelines; Sufficiency", "Sufficiency", "620", "Local buckling", "0201 civil engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3073673/1/Tsinidis_etal._SDEE_2020_manuscript.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.106030"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Dynamics%20and%20Earthquake%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.106030", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.106030", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.106030"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.tust.2019.01.025", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:17:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-02-10", "title": "A critical review on the vulnerability assessment of natural gas pipelines subjected to seismic wave propagation. Part 1: Fragility relations and implemented seismic intensity measures", "description": "\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd Natural gas (NG) pipeline networks constitute a critical means of energy transportation, playing a vital role in the economic development of modern societies. The associated socio-economic and environmental impact, in case of seismically-induced severe damage, highlights the importance of a rational assessment of the structural integrity of this infrastructure against seismic hazards. Up to date, this assessment is mainly performed by implementing empirical fragility relations, which associate the repair rate, i.e. the number of repairs/damages per unit length of the pipeline, with a seismic intensity measure. A limited number of analytical fragility curves that compute probabilities of failure for various levels of predefined damage states have also been proposed, recently. In the first part of this paper, a thorough critical review of available fragility relations for the vulnerability assessment of buried NG pipelines is presented. The paper focuses on the assessment against seismically-induced transient ground deformations, which, under certain circumstances, may induce non-negligible deformations and strains on buried NG pipelines, especially in cases of pipelines crossing heterogeneous soil sites. Particular emphasis is placed on the efficiency of implemented seismic intensity measures to be evaluated or measured in the field and, more importantly, to correlate with observed structural damage on buried NG pipelines. In the second part of this paper, alternative methods for the analytical evaluation of the fragility of steel NG pipelines under seismically-induced transient ground deformations are presented. Through the discussion, recent advancements in the field are highlighted, whilst acknowledged gaps are identified, providing recommendations for future research.", "keywords": ["Seismic intensity measures", "Natural gas pipelines", "Steel pipelines", "13. Climate action", "Fragility; Natural gas pipelines; Seismic intensity measures; Steel pipelines; Transient ground deformations", "Transient ground deformations", "Fragility", "624", "620"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3033544/1/Tsinidis_et_al._part_1_revised_manuscript.pdf"}, {"href": "http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3033439/1/Tsinidis_et_al._part_1_revised_manuscript.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.01.025"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Tunnelling%20and%20Underground%20Space%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.tust.2019.01.025", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.tust.2019.01.025", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.tust.2019.01.025"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.tust.2019.103056", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:17:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-07-27", "title": "A critical review on the vulnerability assessment of natural gas pipelines subjected to seismic wave propagation. Part 2: Pipe analysis aspects", "description": "Abstract   The socio-economic and environmental impact, in case of severe damage on Natural Gas (NG) pipeline networks, highlights the importance of a rational assessment of the structural integrity of this infrastructure against seismic hazards. Up to date, this assessment is mainly performed by employing empirical fragility relations, while a limited number of analytical fragility curves have also been proposed recently. The critical review of available fragility relations for the assessment of buried pipelines under seismically-induced transient ground deformations, presented in the first part of this paper, highlighted the need for further investigation of the seismic vulnerability of NG pipeline networks, by employing analytical methodologies, capable of simulating effectively distinct damage modes of this infrastructure. In this part of the paper, alternative methods for the analytical evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of buried steel NG pipelines are presented. The discussion focuses on methods that may appropriately simulate buckling failures of buried steel NG pipelines since these constitute critical damage modes for the structural integrity of this infrastructure, when subjected to seismically-induced transient ground deformations. Salient parameters that control the seismic response and vulnerability of buried pressurized steel pipelines and therefore should be considered by the relevant analytical methods, such as the operational pressure of the pipeline, the geometric imperfections of the pipeline walls, the trench backfill properties, the site characteristics and the spatial variability of the seismic ground motion along the pipeline axis, are thoroughly discussed. Finally, a new approach for the assessment of buried steel NG pipelines against seismically-induced buckling failures is introduced. Through the discussion, recent advancements in the field are highlighted, whilst acknowledged gaps are identified, providing recommendations for future research.", "keywords": ["Natural gas pipelines", "Buckling", "Steel pipelines", "Transient ground deformations", "Buckling; Fragility; Natural gas pipelines; Soil-pipe interaction; Steel pipelines; Transient ground deformations", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Fragility", "02 engineering and technology", "624", "Soil-pipe interaction", "620", "0201 civil engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.103056"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Tunnelling%20and%20Underground%20Space%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.tust.2019.103056", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.tust.2019.103056", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.tust.2019.103056"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0002242", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:17:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-03-14", "title": "Physical Modeling of the Seismic Response of Gas Pipelines in Laterally Inhomogeneous Soil", "description": "AbstractThis paper reports on results from a series of 1-g, reduced-scale shake table tests of a 216-m-long portion of an onshore steel gas transmission pipeline embedded in horizontally layered so...", "keywords": ["gas pipelines", "inhomogeneous soil", "seismic excitation", "02 engineering and technology", "624", "530", "shake table experiment", "0201 civil engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/%28ASCE%29GT.1943-5606.0002242"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0002242"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geotechnical%20and%20Geoenvironmental%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0002242", "name": "item", "description": "10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0002242", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0002242"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1061/(asce)ps.1949-1204.0000330", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-28T16:17:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-07-06", "title": "Scenario-Based Seismic Risk Assessment for Buried Transmission Gas Pipelines at Regional Scale", "description": "AbstractBuried gas pipelines in seismic-prone regions may suffer leaks or breaks as a consequence of an earthquake, especially if the pipeline is subjected to large differential displacements due t...", "keywords": ["Landslide risk", "Liquefaction risk", "550", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Shake map", "02 engineering and technology", "624", "Decision support systems", "Cross-correlated intensity measures", "13. Climate action", "Loss curve", "11. Sustainability", "Damage map"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/%28ASCE%29PS.1949-1204.0000330"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ps.1949-1204.0000330"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Pipeline%20Systems%20Engineering%20and%20Practice", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1061/(asce)ps.1949-1204.0000330", "name": "item", "description": "10.1061/(asce)ps.1949-1204.0000330", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1061/(asce)ps.1949-1204.0000330"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1071/WF16198", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-28T16:17:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-10-31", "title": "Downward spread of smouldering peat fire: the role of moisture, density and oxygen supply", "description": "<p>Smouldering fires in peatland are different from the flames in wildland fires. Smouldering peat fire is slow, low-temperature and more persistent, releasing large amounts of smoke into the atmosphere. In this work, we experimentally and computationally investigate the vertical downward spread of smouldering fire in a column of 30cm-tall moss peat under variable moisture content (MC) and bulk density. The measured downward spread rate decreases with depth and wet bulk density, and is ~1cmh\uffe2\uff88\uff921 equivalent to a carbon emission flux of 200 tonnesday\uffe2\uff88\uff921ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. We observe that downward spread increases as MC increases substantially at least inside the range from 10 to 70%, which is not intuitive and goes against the trend observed for the horizontal spread in the same peat. We also conduct one-dimensional computational simulations to successfully reproduce the experimental observations. The analysis shows that the spread rate increases with MC and decreases with density because smouldering spread is controlled by the oxygen supply. The volume of the porous peat expands when absorbing water, which reduces the density of organic matter and decreases the heat release rate. This shows that the widely assumed conclusion that the spread rate of wildfire decreases with MC is not universal when applied to smouldering fires.</p>", "keywords": ["WILDFIRES", "Science & Technology", "0602 Ecology", "fire spread rate", "Forestry", "BURN", "in-depth spread", "624", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "BIOMASS", "modelling", "COMBUSTION", "IGNITION", "13. Climate action", "DEPTH", "carbon emission", "0705 Forestry Sciences", "peatland", "ORGANIC SOILS", "0502 Environmental Science And Management", "Life Sciences & Biomedicine", "KINETICS", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.publish.csiro.au/WF/pdf/WF16198"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1071/WF16198"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/International%20Journal%20of%20Wildland%20Fire", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1071/WF16198", "name": "item", "description": "10.1071/WF16198", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1071/WF16198"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.32075/17ecsmge-2019-0696", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Screw pile design optimisation under tension in sand", "description": "Many applications in offshore engineering, such as floating or jacket-founded wind turbines or wave energy converters, require a significant uplift capacity of their foundations to be kept in place. Straight-shafted or suction piles in sands have a limited uplift capacity as they resist by friction only. In contrast, screw piles or screw anchors are a promising solution which provides a similar capacity to plate anchors and does not generate disturbance for marine mammals (e.g. from pile driving operations). The optimisation of the screw pile design does not rely only on the geotechnical assessment of the uplift capacity based on soil strength, but also on operational (installation requirements) and structural (helix bending, core section stress, limiting steel plate thick-ness) constraints. This paper develops a methodology for the design optimisation of screw piles under pure ten-sion in sand, incorporating all of these constraints, based on simplified analytical or semi-analytical approaches. 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