Accurate knowledge of the response of root turnover to a changing climate is needed to predict growth and produce carbon cycle models. A soil warming system and shading were used to vary soil temperature and received radiation independently in a temperate grassland dominated by Holcus lanatus L. Minirhizotrons allowed root growth and turnover to be examined non\uffe2\uff80\uff90destructively. In two short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (8 week) experiments, root responses to temperature were seasonally distinct. Root number increased when heating was applied during spring, but root death increased during autumnal heating. An experiment lasting 12 months demonstrated that any positive response to temperature was short\uffe2\uff80\uff90lived and that over a full growing season, soil warming led to a reduction in root number and mass due to increased root death during autumn and winter. Root respiration was also insensitive to soil temperature over much of the year. In contrast, root growth was strongly affected by incident radiation. Root biomass, length, birth rate, number and turnover were all reduced by shading. Photosynthesis in H. lanatus exhibited some acclimation to shading, but assimilation rates at growth irradiance were still lower in shaded plants. The negative effects of shading and soil warming on roots were additive. Comparison of root data with environmental measurements demonstrated a number of positive relationships with photosynthetically active radiation, but not with soil temperature. This was true both across the entire data set and within a shade treatment. These results demonstrate that root growth is unlikely to be directly affected by increased soil temperatures as a result of global warming, at least in temperate areas, and that predictions of net primary productivity should not be based on a positive root growth response to temperature.
", "keywords": ["Plantago lanceolata Acclimation", "Root respiration", "belowground production", "soil temperature", "warming", "Belowground net primary production", "550", "Received photosynthetically active radiation", "Root turnover", "Plantago lanceolata", "photosynthetically active radiation", "Plantago", "580", "2. Zero hunger", "Root demography", "Temperature", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Minirhizotrons", "Keywords: acclimation", "climate change", "Holcus lanatus", "13. Climate action", "Lanceolata", "Soil warming", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "root system", "grassland", "shading", "respiration"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/495/1/fitterah10.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00729.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00729.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00729.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00729.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-01-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2013.11.003", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-12-10", "title": "Soil Compaction Variation During Corn Growing Season Under Conservation Tillage", "description": "Abstract Area cultivated using conservation tillage methods has recently increased in Iran and soil compaction increment is one of the most challenging issues in this new technology. In addition to the soil compaction status at the end of growing season, soil compaction variation during the growing season is also important because of its potential effect on the crop growth and yield. Therefore, soil compaction variation during the corn growing season under different tillage methods and its effect on the crop yield was investigated in this study. The research was conducted in the form of a split plot experimental design with nine treatments and six replications. Main plots were tillage methods including: (1) conventional tillage method (CT); (2) reduced tillage (RT); and (3) zero tillage or direct drilling (ZT). Soil depth ranges of 0\u20130.10, 0.10\u20130.20, and 0.20\u20130.30\u00a0m were considered as sub plots. Soil bulk density (BD) and soil cone index (CI) were measured during corn growth season (eight measurements for bulk density and five measurements for cone index) as indices of soil compaction. Corn silage yield, thousand kernels weight, and grain yield were also determined in this research. Collected data were analyzed using SAS statistics software and Duncan's multiple range tests were used to compare the treatments means. Results indicated that tillage methods and soil depth had a significant effect on the soil bulk density so that the maximum soil bulk density was obtained from ZT method and soil depth range of 0.10\u20130.20\u00a0m. The difference between soil bulk densities in different tillage methods was statistically significant from the beginning of growth season to two month after the first irrigation (sixth measurement); while, this difference was not significant from the sixth measurement to the end of growth season. Soil cone index was also significantly affected by tillage methods and soil depth in such a way that ZT method and 0.20\u20130.30\u00a0m soil depth range had the maximum cone index. Although, the difference between tillage methods for corn yield and yield components was not statistically different, ZT method decreased corn thousand kernels weight, silage yield, and grain yield compared to the CT method for 11.1, 2.4, and 18.2%, respectively.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "J. Zabihi, S. Afzalinia,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2013.11.003"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2013.11.003", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2013.11.003", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2013.11.003"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2015.09.012", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-10-13", "title": "Soil Organic Carbon In Playas And Adjacent Prairies, Cropland, And Conservation Reserve Program Land Of The High Plains, Usa", "description": "Abstract Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important reservoir for atmospheric CO2 associated with climate warming. The High Plains, USA, lacks region-wide SOC estimates within playa wetlands and their adjacent watershed. Croplands often have less SOC than grasslands, and the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP; former croplands planted to grass) may return SOC. Our goals were to estimate SOC within playa wetlands and investigate small scale differences within wetland catchments across a broad agriculturally modified landscape. We estimated SOC (kg\u00a0m\u22122) to 50\u00a0cm depth from 4 soil cores/catchment (in playas and 10, 40 and 100\u00a0m into uplands) at 56, 52, and 54 sites in native grassland, CRP and cropland, respectively. At a subset of sample locations within each land use type, we estimated SOC to 1\u00a0m depth to characterize SOC missed by shallow sampling. In playa wetlands, CRP SOC from 0 to 50\u00a0cm was 18% greater than croplands, but native grassland playa SOC did not differ from other land-uses. From 0 to 1\u00a0m, SOC in native grassland wetlands and uplands was 20% greater than the same habitats within croplands, while CRP lands were intermediate. Native grassland playa SOC also was 16% greater than in surrounding native short grass prairie. Playas therefore represent an important SOC repository in the High Plains ecoregion. CRP playas and uplands may require an additional 10\u201330 years to resemble native grassland SOC. SOC increased with playa area throughout CRP and native grassland catchments, suggesting playa hydrogeomorphology influences adjacent upland SOC. High Plains playas store 20.8\u00a0Tg C and cropland conversion caused a cumulative loss of 2.0\u00a0Tg C from 82,000\u00a0ha of playas. Currently, CRP enrollment on over 25,000\u00a0ha of playas has returned 0.2\u00a0Tg C (95% CI: 0.1\u20130.3), only half the historic SOC lost by cropland conversion within CRP playas. To promote SOC storage, native grasslands and large playas should be preserved and CRP enrollments should be maintained over long timescales.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jessica L. O\u2019Connell, Dale W. Daniel, Loren M. Smith, Scott T. McMurry,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.09.012"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2015.09.012", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2015.09.012", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2015.09.012"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2013.11.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-01-03", "title": "Root-Length Densities Of Various Annual Crops Following Crops With Contrasting Root Systems", "description": "Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate how soil structure and root-length densities of annual crops can be influenced by preceding crops. Three different annual field crops (spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L., winter barley, Hordeum vulgare L. and winter oilseed rape, Brassica napus L.) were cultivated either after two continuous years of chicory, Cichorium intybus L., a perennial taprooted fodder crop or after annual crops with fibrous root systems (oats, Avena sativa L. and tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb). Biopores of two diameter classes (2\u20135\u00a0mm and >5\u00a0mm) were quantified per unit surface area by visual classification in 45\u2013145\u00a0cm soil depth. Root-length density was estimated by using the profile wall method or by image analysis of roots washed from monolith samples. After chicory, the number of large sized biopores per unit surface area in the subsoil was greater than after annual crops with fibrous root systems. When grown after chicory, the root-length densities of annual winter crops below 115\u00a0cm soil depth were greater than after fibrous precrops. It is concluded that cultivation of taprooted crops with the ability to create larger sized biopores allows subsequent crops to establish more roots in deep soil layers, with potentially greater access to nutrients and water from the subsoil.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2013.11.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2013.11.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2013.11.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2013.11.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2013.12.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-02-02", "title": "Tillage And Cover Crop Species Affect Soil Organic Carbon In Andosol, Kanto, Japan", "description": "1. IntroductionIn the Kanto region of Japan, a major agricultural areacontaining the largest plain in Honshu Island including the greaterTokyo area, moderate climate conditions support diverse agricul-tural production. A double-cropping system in which main cropswere cultivated in summer followed by winter cereals wasformerly practiced. However, winter cereals have disappeared inthe region because they cannot compete with foreign products,and winter fallowing is now a common practice in upland \ufb01elds.The predominantsoiltypeinthisregionisAndosol,whichcontainsmainly volcanic ash as parent material, as well as humus. Usuallyhigh soil carbon contents owing to low pH and formation ofaluminum\u2013humus complexes contribute to soil organic matteraccumulation (Miyazawa et al., 2013). However, \ufb01xation causeshigh phosphorus absorption and these soils are prone to winderosion owing to their weak structure, particularly in the winterfallow season. Andosols in upland \ufb01eld conditions often showimproved soil pH and available phosphorus through the applica-tion of super phosphorus or lime, brought about by farmingpractices that promote the decomposition of soil organic matter(Takataetal.,2011).Therefore,maintainingthesoilorganiccarbonin Andosols requires considerable inputs of C (Ohta, 2011).Soil organic carbon (SOC) has various roles in producing cropsand improving their environment(Franzluebbers, 2002; Lal, 2004a,2004b; Weil and Magdoff, 2004; Baker et al., 2007). For improvingSOC, manure application is a common practice (Shirato et al.,2004; Shimizuetal.,2009;KogaandTsuji,2009;Kimuraetal.,2011).SOC can be increased by elevating biomass production, practicingcrop rotation including cover crops, and practicing conservation", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2013.12.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2013.12.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2013.12.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2013.12.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2014.02.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-03-08", "title": "Soil Biological Properties, Soil Losses And Corn Yield In Long-Term Organic And Conventional Farming Systems", "description": "Abstract Topsoil losses through surface runoff have severe implications for farmers, as well as surrounding ecosystems and waterbodies. However, integrating management systems that enhance soil organic matter (SOM) can stabilize the soil surface from erosion. Little is known about how differences in both tillage and cropping system management affect carbon and subsequent sediment losses in horticultural fields, particularly in the humid climate of the southeast. Research was conducted in the Appalachian Mountains in Mills River, NC on a fine-sandy loam Acrisol from 2010 to 2012 on long-term plots established in 1994. Project objectives included to: (1) quantify labile and total organic matter based on tillage and cropping system practices, (2) determine if relationships exist between SOC ad sediment losses, and (3) determine long-term management and tillage impacts on total organic matter lost via runoff. We hypothesized that organic management and reduced tillage would lead to increased soil carbon, which subsequently reduce losses as soil is stabilized. Organic no tillage and conventional till treatments contained on average 14.34 and 6.80\u00a0g\u00a0kg \u22121 total carbon (TC) respectively, with the organic no till treatments containing twice the quantity of TC and light fraction particulate organic matter (LPOM) in the upper 15\u00a0cm as compared with the conventionally tilled treatments, and four times the quantity of microbial biomass carbon (MBC). LPOM and HPOM, the heavier fraction of POM, did not differ in the organic till and conventional no till treatments.Data support our hypothesis that organic production in combination with no tillage increases C pools (both total and labile) as compared with tilled conventional plots. However, organic no till treatments produced sweet corn ( Zea mays var. saccharata ) yields less than 50% of that of conventional treatments, attributed to weed competition and lack of available N. No tillage treatments lost two to four times less soil C via surface runoff than tilled systems. Additionally, we found that as total soil C increased, suspended solids lost through surface runoff decreased. Overall, our results indicate tillage to be an important factor in enhancing soil C and decreasing soil loss through surface runoff.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.02.002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2014.02.002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2014.02.002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2014.02.002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2014.03.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-04-02", "title": "Effect Of Tillage And Cropping Systems On Runoff, Soil Loss And Crop Yields Under Semiarid Rainfed Agriculture In India", "description": "Cropping practice (tillage) is an important management tool for tackling water induced erosion hazard, promoting in situ water conservation and improving and stabilising crop yields from rainfed production systems of semiarid and subtropical regions. Four practices including conventional tillage (CT), ridge farming tillage (RFT), no tillage (NT) and stubble mulch farming tillage (SMFT) were evaluated for 11 years (1990\u20131991 to 2001\u20132002) under semiarid rainfed conditions in western India on a very deep, sandy loam soil. Green gram1 (Vigna radiata)\u2013mustard (Brassica juncea) sequential cropping and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) + pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) intercropping systems were tested for the first four years (first phase of the experiment). Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)\u2013mustard sequential cropping and cowpea + castor (Ricinus communis) intercropping systems were used for the following seven years (second phase of the experiment). Runoff, soil losses, sediment concentrations, crop yields, soil organic carbon, bulk density and water stable aggregates were observed for all the treatment combinations. RFT and SMFT were both effective in reducing runoff and soil loss. RFT, NT and SMFT reduced runoff by 69.4, 16.2 and 59.6% respectively compared with CT. Average soil loss in NT was 37.2% less than CT. Average sediment concentration of runoff during June\u2013July was greater than in August\u2013October for all treatments and average sediment concentrations were greater under CT and RFT. The highest average yield of all crops except green gram was recorded under SMFT. Surface soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density and water stable macro-aggregates were all significantly greater under NT at the end of the experiment, but reverting to uniform tillage negated this effect. Micro-aggregates built-up under SMFT were relatively more stable than those all under NT. The results of this study demonstrate that in the semi-arid sub-tropical agro-ecosystem of Gujarat (western India) adoption of SMFT can significantly improve and stabilise the crop yields and reverse land degradation process.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.03.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2014.03.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2014.03.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2014.03.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2014.04.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-05-24", "title": "Carbon And Nitrogen Sequestration In Soils Under Different Management In The Semi-Arid Pampa (Argentina)", "description": "A B S T R A C T Soil management affects distribution and the stocks of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different crop sequences and tillage systems on the vertical distribution and stocks of soil carbon and nitrogen. We hypothesized that no-tillage promotes surface organic carbon and total nitrogen accumulation, but does not affect the C and N stocks, when compared with reduced tillage. In addition, the incorporation of maize in the crop sequence increases total organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks. Observations were carried out in 2010 in an experiment located in the semiarid Argentine Pampa, on an Entic Haplustoll. A combination of three tillage systems (no tillage, no tillage with cover crop in winter and reduced tillage) and two crop sequences (soybean\u2013maize and soybean monoculture) were assessed. After 15 years of management treatments, soil samples to a depth of 100 cm at seven intervals, were taken and analyzed for bulk density, organic carbon and total nitrogen. Total organic carbon stock up to a depth of 100 cm showed significant differences between soils under different tillage systems (reduced tillage < no tillage = no tillage with cover crop), the last ones having 8% more than the reduced tillage treatment. Soybean\u2013maize had 3% more organic C up to 100 cm depth than the soybean monoculture. Total nitrogen stock was higher under no-till treatments than under reduced tillage, both at 0\u201350 and 0\u2013100 cm depths. Total organic carbon stratification ratios (0\u20135 cm/5\u201310 cm) were around 1.6 under no-till and lower under reduced tillage. The stratification ratio explains less than 40% of soil carbon stock. Tillage system had a greater impact on soil carbon stock than crop sequence.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.04.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2014.04.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2014.04.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2014.04.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00738.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:20:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-03-30", "title": "Impact Of Agricultural Land-Use Change On Carbon Storage In Boreal Alaska", "description": "AbstractClimate warming is most pronounced at high latitudes, which could result in the intensification of the extensively cultivated areas in the boreal zone and could further enhance rates of forest clearing in the coming decades. Using paired forest\uffe2\uff80\uff90field sampling and a chronosequence approach, we investigated the effect of conversion of boreal forest to agriculture on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in interior Alaska. Chronosequences showed large soil C losses during the first two decades following deforestation, with mean C stocks in agricultural soils being 44% or 8.3\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922lower than C stocks in original forest soils. This suggests that soil C losses from land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use change in the boreal region may be greater than those in other biomes. Analyses of changes in stable C isotopes and in quality of soil organic matter showed that organic C was lost from soils by combustion of cleared forest material, decomposition of organic matter and possibly erosion. Chronosequences indicated an increase in C storage during later decades after forest clearing, with 60\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90old grassland showing net ecosystem C gain of 2.1\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922over the original forest. This increase in C stock resulted probably from a combination of large C inputs from belowground biomass and low C losses due to a small original forest soil C stock and low tillage frequency. Reductions in soil N stocks caused by land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use change were smaller than reductions in C stocks (34% or 0.31\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922), resulting in lower C/N ratios in field compared with forest mineral soils, despite the occasional incorporation of high\uffe2\uff80\uff90C forest\uffe2\uff80\uff90floor material into field soils. Carbon mineralization per unit of mineralized N was considerably higher in forests than in fields, which could indicate that decomposition rates are more sensitive in forest soils than in field soils to inorganic N addition (e.g. by increased N deposition from the atmosphere). If forest conversion to agriculture becomes more widespread in the boreal region, the resulting C losses (51% or 11.2\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922at the ecosystem level in this study) will induce a positive feedback to climatic warming and additional land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use change. However, by selecting relatively C\uffe2\uff80\uff90poor soils and by implementing management practices that preserve C, losses of C from soils can be reduced.
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