{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.02.028", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:16:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-03-07", "title": "Possibilities to improve soil aggregate stability using biochars derived from various biomasses through slow pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, or torrefaction", "description": "Various thermochemical conversion technologies can be applied in producing biochar from a wide range of raw materials. We studied the chemical quality of 10 different biochars produced via torrefaction (TOR), slow pyrolysis (SP), or hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), in order to assess their potential in improving clay soil aggregate stability and thus contribute to mitigation of erosion from agricultural soils. X-ray tomography was used to visualize soil aggregates in some selected biochar treatments. Feedstock type had a major influence on the properties of the biochar, but in general biochars derived through SP were alkaline and exhibited higher electrical conductivity and ash content and lower surface activity than acidic HTC and TOR biochars. Alkyl peak areas determined from FTIR spectra were higher in biochars produced by TOR and HTC than in SP biochars, which indicates a higher degree of hydrophobicity in the former. Significantly higher aggregate stability and reduced colloid detachment were achieved with HTC biochars, most likely due to hydrophobicity reducing wetting rate and aggregate slaking. When mixed with initially aggregated soil, the biochar particles settled in inter-aggregate voids. According to image analysis, the internal porosity of soil aggregates was not affected by biochar addition, i.e., biochar did not enter the aggregates during the short incubation period. Addition of hydrophobic HTC biochar decreased the soil water content at field capacity, whereas more inert SP chars tended to increase it. The overall effect of biochar hydrophobicity on soil functions needs to be explored prior to wider use of biochar as a soil amendment.", "keywords": ["ta1172", "ta1171", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "erosion", "333", "6. Clean water", "soil aggregates", "clay soils", "ta1181", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy", "agricultural soils", "soil structure", "ta414", "ta415"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.02.028"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.02.028", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.02.028", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.02.028"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116827", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:16:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-09", "title": "Cocktails of pesticide residues in conventional and organic farming systems in Europe \u2013 Legacy of the past and turning point for the future", "description": "

<p>Considering that pesticides have been used in Europe for over 70 years, a system for monitoring pesticide residues in EU soils and their effects on soil health is long overdue. In an attempt to address this problem, we tested 340 EU agricultural topsoil samples for multiple pesticide residues. These samples originated from 4 representative EU case study sites (CSS), which covered 3 countries and four of the main EU crops: vegetable and orange production in Spain (S-V and S-O, respectively), grape production in Portugal (P-G), and potato production in the Netherlands (N-P). Soil samples were collected between 2015 and 2018 after harvest or before the start of the growing season, depending on the CSS. Conventional and organic farming results were compared in S-V, S-O and N-P. Soils from conventional farms presented mostly mixtures of pesticide residues, with a maximum of 16 residues/sample. Soils from organic farms had significantly fewer residues, with a maximum of 5 residues/sample. The residues with the highest frequency of detection and the highest content in soil were herbicides: glyphosate and its main metabolite AMPA (P-G, N-P, S-O), and pendimethalin (S-V). Total residue content in soil reached values of 0.8 mg kg-1 for S-V, 2 mg kg-1 for S-O and N-P, and 12 mg kg-1 for P-G. Organic soils presented 70-90% lower residue concentrations than the corresponding conventional soils. There is a severe knowledge gap concerning the effects of the accumulated and complex mixtures of pesticide residues found in soil on soil biota and soil health. Safety benchmarks should be defined and introduced into (soil) legislation as soon as possible. Soil remediation techniques should be developed to keep the levels of pesticide residues below such benchmarks. Furthermore, the process of transitioning to organic farming should take into consideration the residue mixtures and their residence time in soil.  </p>

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Organic Agriculture", "Portugal", "Pesticide Residues", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "EU agricultural soils", "Europe", "Soil", "Mixtures of pesticide residues", "Spain", "13. Climate action", "Mixtures of pesticide residues; EU agricultural soils Organic", " conventional farming", "Soil Pollutants", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Organic and conventional farming", "Netherlands"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116827"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Pollution", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116827", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116827", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116827"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-03-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2024.109035", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:15:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-05-04", "title": "Soil and climatic characteristics and farming system shape fungal communities in European wheat fields", "description": "Fungi play a pivotal role as highly effective decomposers of plant residues and essential mycorrhizal symbionts,\u00a0augmenting water and nutrient uptake in plants and contributing to diverse functions within agroecosystems.\u00a0This study examined soil fungi in 188 wheat fields across nine European pedoclimatic zones under both conventional\u00a0and organic farming systems, utilizing ITS1 amplicon sequencing. The investigation aimed to quantify\u00a0changes induced by the farming system in soil fungi and their correlation with soil features and climatic factors\u00a0across these pedoclimatic zones, spanning from northern to southern Europe. The pedoclimatic zone emerged as\u00a0a key determinant in shaping the overall composition of the fungal community. Zones characterized by moist and\u00a0cool climates, along with low levels of available phosphorus and carbonate, exhibited higher fungal richness.\u00a0However, variations in fungal diversity and relative abundances were observed within zones due to farming\u00a0system-induced changes. Soil pH and bulk density were identified as major factors, for example, they correlate\u00a0with an increase in potential pathogenic taxa (Mycosphaerella, Nectriaceae, Alternaria) in two Mediterranean\u00a0zones and with an increase of potential plant growth promoting taxa (Saitozyma, Solicoccozyma) in the Boreal\u00a0zone. Organic farming, in general, promoted elevated fungal richness. The Lusitanian and Nemoral zones under\u00a0organic farming exhibited the highest fungal richness and diversity. In terms of organic farming, both symbiotrophs\u00a0and potential pathogens increased in the Lusitanian zone, while pathotrophs were more prevalent in the\u00a0Central Atlantic and South Mediterranean zones under organic farming. These findings propose potential indicators\u00a0for organic farming, including fungal endophytes in zones characterized by a moist and cool climate, low\u00a0available phosphorus content, and low soil pH. Organic farming may favor mycorrhizae and potential pathogens\u00a0in zones with drier and warmer climates, along with higher soil pH, calcium carbonate content, and bulk density.\u00a0This study provides novel insights and underscores the significance of regional climatic and edaphic conditions in\u00a0shaping the soil fungal community in different farming systems within European wheat fields. This work was funded by the European Commission Horizon 2020 project SoildiverAgro [grant agreement 817819].", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "570", "Organic farming", "15. Life on land", "630", "conventional farming", "wheat field", "Conventional farming", "organic farming", "Agricultural soils", "farming system", "fungi", "Fungal diversity"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109035"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2024.109035", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2024.109035", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109035"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.022", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:15:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-01-19", "title": "Full Accounting Of The Greenhouse Gas (Co2, N2o, Ch4) Budget Of Nine European Grassland Sites", "description": "The full greenhouse gas balance of nine contrasted grassland sites covering a major climatic gradient over Europe was measured during two complete years. The sites include awide range ofmanagement regimes (rotational grazing, continuous grazing andmowing), the three main types of managed grasslands across Europe (sown, intensive permanent and semi-natural grassland) and contrasted nitrogen fertilizer supplies. At all sites, the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 was assessed using the eddy covariance technique.N2Oemissions weremonitored using various techniques (GC-cuvette systems, automated chambers and tunable diode laser) and CH4 emissions resulting from enteric fermentation of the grazing cattle were measured in situ at four sites using the SF6 tracer method. Hence, when expressed in CO2-C equivalents, emissions of N2O and CH4 resulted in a 19% offset of the NEE sink activity. An attributedGHG balance has been calculated by subtracting fromthe NBP: (i)N2OandCH4 emissions occurring within the grassland plot and (ii) off-site emissions ofCO2 andCH4 as a result of the digestion and enteric fermentation by cattle of the cut herbage.The net exchanges by the grassland ecosystems of CO2 and of GHG were highly correlated with the difference in carbon used by grazing versus cutting, indicating that cut grasslands have a greater on-site sink activity than grazed grasslands. However, the net biome productivity was significantly correlated to the total C used by grazing and cutting, indicating that, on average, net carbon storage declines with herbage utilisation for herbivores", "keywords": ["Livestock", "330", "net ecosystem exchange", "NITROUS OXIDE", "native tallgrass prairie", "GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE", "Nitrogen cycle", "Carbon sequestration;", "12. Responsible consumption", "dioxide", "primary productivity", "METHANE", "CARBON SEQUESTRATION", "[SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "NITROGEN CYCLE", "nitrogen cycle", "soil carbon", "2. Zero hunger", "nitrous oxide", "methane", "land management", "LIVESTOCK", "sequestration", "livestock grazing", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbon sequestration", "nitrous-oxide emissions", "[SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment", "Nitrous oxide;", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "agricultural soils", "environment", "Methane", "respiration"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.022"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.022", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.022", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.022"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-011-9447-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:14:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-08-01", "title": "Leaching Losses Of Nitrate Nitrogen And Dissolved Organic Nitrogen From A Yearly Two Crops System, Wheat-Maize, Under Monsoon Situations", "description": "A large amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizers applied to the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping systems in the North China Plain (NCP) contributes largely to N leaching to the groundwater. A series of field experiments were carried out during October 2004 and September 2007 in a lysimeter field to reveal the temporal changes of N leaching losses below 2-m depth from this land system as well as the effects of N fertilizer application rates on N leaching. Four N rates (0, 180, 260, and 360 kg N ha(-1) as urea) were applied in the study area. Seasonal leachate volumes were 87 and 72 mm in the first and second maize season, respectively, and 13 and 4 mm during the winter wheat and maize season in the third rotational year, respectively. The average seasonal flow-weighted NO(3)-N concentrations in leachate for the four N fertilizer application rates ranged from 8.1 to 103.7 mg N l(-1), and seasonal flow-weighted dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations in leachate varied from 0.8 to 6.0 mg N l(-1). Total amounts of NO(3)-N leaching lost throughout the 3 years were in the range of 14.6 to 177.8 kg ha(-1) for the four N application rates, corresponding to N leaching losses in the range of 4.0-7.6% of the fertilizers applied. DON losses throughout the 3 years were 1.4, 2.1, 3.6, and 6.3 kg N ha(-1) for the four corresponding fertilization rates. The application rate of 180 kg N ha(-1) was recommended based on the balance between reducing N leaching and maintaining crop yields. The results indicated that there is a potential risk of N leaching during the winter wheat season, and over-fertilization of chemical N can result in substantial N leaching losses by high-intensity rainfalls in summer.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "winter-wheat", "north china plain", "nitrate nitrogen", "in-field lysimeters", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "dissolved organic nitrogen", "rotation", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "corn", "leaching losses", "fertilization", "13. Climate action", "management strategies", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "double-cropping system", "agricultural soils", "accumulation", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-011-9447-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10705-011-9447-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10705-011-9447-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10705-011-9447-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-08-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11027-020-09916-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:15:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-06-22", "title": "The effect of crop residues, cover crops, manures and nitrogen fertilization on soil organic carbon changes in agroecosystems: a synthesis of reviews", "description": "Abstract

International initiatives are emphasizing the capture of atmospheric CO2 in soil organic C (SOC) to reduce the climatic footprint from agroecosystems. One approach to quantify the contribution of management practices towards that goal is through analysis of long-term experiments (LTEs). Our objectives were to analyze knowledge gained in literature reviews on SOC changes in LTEs, to evaluate the results regarding interactions with pedo-climatological factors, and to discuss disparities among reviews in data selection criteria. We summarized mean response ratios (RRs) and stock change rate (SCR) effect size indices from twenty reviews using paired comparisons (N). The highest RRs were found with manure applications (30%, N\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89418), followed by aboveground crop residue retention and the use of cover crops (9\uffe2\uff80\uff9310%, N\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89995 and 129), while the effect of nitrogen fertilization was lowest (6%, N\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89846). SCR for nitrogen fertilization exceeded that for aboveground crop residue retention (233 versus 117\uffc2\uffa0kg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921, N\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89183 and 279) and was highest for manure applications and cover crops (409 and 331\uffc2\uffa0kg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921, N\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89217 and 176). When data allows, we recommend calculating both RR and SCR because it improves the interpretation. Our synthesis shows that results are not always consistent among reviews and that interaction with texture and climate remain inconclusive. Selection criteria for study durations are highly variable, resulting in irregular conclusions for the effect of time on changes in SOC. We also discuss the relationships of SOC changes with yield and cropping systems, as well as conceptual problems when scaling-up results obtained from field studies to regional levels. 12 kg N ha-1 in the 0-20 cm layer for treatments that had a pronounced litter layer. NO 3-N concentrations below 60 cm depth were 10 kg N ha-1 layer-1 in the control plots where maize had been cultivated each year. There was a flush of NO 3-N in the Sesbania and Acacia plots with the first rains. Topsoil NO3-N had increased to > 29 kg N ha-1 by the time of establishing the maize crop. This increase in NO3-N in the topsoil was not sustained as concentrations decreased rapidly within three weeks of maize planting, to amounts of 8.6 kg N ha-1 and 11.2 kg N ha -1 for the Sesbania and Acacia plots, respectively. Total NO 3-N leaching losses from the 0-40 cm layer ranged from 29-40 kg ha-1 for Sesbania and Acacia plots within two weeks when 104 mm rainfall was received to an already fully recharged soil profile. Nitrate then accumulated below the 40 cm depth during early season when the maize had not developed a sufficient root length density to effectively capture nutrients. At one week after planting maize, N2O fluxes of 12.3 g N2O-N ha-1 day-1 from Sesbania plots were about twice as high as those from Acacia, and about seven times the 1.6 g N2O-N ha -1 day-1 from maize monoculture. This was at the time when mineral N was at its peak in the topsoil. The unfertilized maize showed consistently low N2O emissions, which never exceeded 2 g N 2O-N ha-1 day-1 for all the eight sampling dates. The decrease of mineral N concentration in the topsoil resulted in reduced N2O fluxes, despite very high soil moisture conditions. Total N2O-N emissions were greatest for Sesbania plots with 0.3 kg ha -1 lost in 56 days. We conclude that, under high rainfall conditions, there is an inherent problem in managing mineral N originating from mineralization of organic materials as it accumulates at the onset of rains, and is susceptible to leaching before the crop root system develops. We did not quantify nitric oxide and N2 gas emissions, but it is unlikely that total gaseous N losses would be significant and contribute to poor N recovery that has been widely reported.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "emissions", "n2o", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "temporal variation", "fertilization", "land-use", "tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "ch4 fluxes", "agricultural soils", "organic-matter", "management"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Chikowo, R., Mapfumo, P., Nyamugafata, P., Giller, K.E.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/b:plso.0000020977.28048.fd"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/b:plso.0000020977.28048.fd", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/b:plso.0000020977.28048.fd", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/b:plso.0000020977.28048.fd"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1088/1748-9326/ac9b50", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-10-19", "title": "Synthesizing the evidence of nitrous oxide mitigation practices in agroecosystems", "description": "Abstract

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils are the main source of atmospheric N2O, a potent greenhouse gas and key ozone-depleting substance. Several agricultural practices with potential to mitigate N2O emissions have been tested worldwide. However, to guide policymaking for reducing N2O emissions from agricultural soils, it is necessary to better understand the overall performance and variability of mitigation practices and identify those requiring further investigation. We performed a systematic review and a second-order meta-analysis to assess the abatement efficiency of N2O mitigation practices from agricultural soils. We used 27 meta-analyses including 41 effect sizes based on 1119 primary studies. Technology-driven solutions (e.g. enhanced-efficiency fertilizers, drip irrigation, and biochar) and optimization of fertilizer rate have considerable mitigation potential. Agroecological mitigation practices (e.g. organic fertilizer and reduced tillage), while potentially contributing to soil quality and carbon storage, may enhance N2O emissions and only lead to reductions under certain pedoclimatic and farming conditions. Other mitigation practices (e.g. lime amendment or crop residue removal) led to marginal N2O decreases. Despite the variable mitigation potential, evidencing the context-dependency of N2O reductions and tradeoffs, several mitigation practices may maintain or increase crop production, representing relevant alternatives for policymaking to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and safeguard food security. Stubble burning has traditionally been used in semi-arid land for pest and weed control, and to remove the excess of crop residues before seeding in no-tillage systems. We compared differences in soil properties in a long-term (10 years) tillage trial on a carbonated soil in semi-arid north-east Spain under no-tillage with stubble returned and stubble burnt, with the conventional tillage system (mouldboard plough, stubble returned) as a reference. Differences in total soil organic C and C in particulate organic matter, mineralisation potential, soil physical properties (bulk density, penetration resistance, and aggregate size distribution and stability), and earthworm populations were quantified. The effect of stubble burning was absent or insignificant compared with that of tillage in most of the parameters studied. The most significant effect of stubble burning was the change in soil organic matter quality in the topsoil and penetration resistance. No-till plus stubble burning stocked an amount of organic C in the soil similar to no-till without burning, but the particulate organic matter content and mineralisation potential were smaller. Earthworm activity was similar under the 2 no-till systems, although a trend towards bigger earthworms with increasing penetration resistance was observed under the system with burning. Our results indicate that the role of burnt plant residues and earthworms in organic matter accumulation and soil aggregation in Mediterranean carbonated soils under no tillage is of major importance, meriting further attention and research.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "long-term", "microbial biomass", "carbon", "australia", "stubble management", "dynamics", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "eastern victoria", "conservation tillage", "systems", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "agricultural soils"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1071/sr07021"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1071/sr07021", "name": "item", "description": "10.1071/sr07021", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1071/sr07021"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00798.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:19:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-03-24", "title": "Soil Susceptibility To Compaction By Wheeling As A Function Of Some Properties Of A Silty Soil As Affected By The Tillage System", "description": "Summary

The recent increase in conservation tillage offers the possible benefit of decreasing soil compaction risk by wheeling. Excessive compaction has damaging consequences for agriculture and the environment. Direct drilling is likely to change soil porosity and soil carbon content in the long term. This paper analyses the effect of both of these factors on soil mechanical strength through measurements of the compression index Cc, the swelling index Cs, and the pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90compression stress pc*. Oedometer tests were performed on remoulded soils taken from an experiment with a wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff90maize rotation, where three soil tillage systems were compared over 31 years: annual mouldboard ploughing, superficial tillage (10\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm depth), and no tillage. The results show that initial structural porosity (i.e. macro\uffe2\uff80\uff90porosity) increased Cc slightly and decreased pc* exponentially. Consequently, the risk of compaction in the direct drilling systems should decrease when a decrease in soil porosity is found, compared with conventional systems. However, this change in soil porosity in direct drilling is not always observed. The other variables that can be influenced by tillage system, i.e. carbon content or soil moisture, have also been examined to assess the possible benefit of direct drilling on soil compaction risk. For soils with similar initial structural porosity, our results show that the increase in carbon content of the superficial soil layers in direct drilling systems tends to increase the soil\uffe2\uff80\uff99s susceptibility to compaction by increasing Cc in wet conditions and by decreasing pc* in dry conditions. Moisture conditions at wheeling determine the degree of soil compaction as a function of tillage system.

Sensibilit\uffc3\uffa9 des sols au tassement par les engins agricoles: analyse de l\uffe2\uff80\uff99effet du travail du sol pour un sol limoneux

R\uffc3\uffa9sum\uffc3\uffa9

L\uffe2\uff80\uff99adoption croissante du semis direct pourrait permettre de diminuer le risque de tassement des sols lors du passage des engins agricoles. Les tassements s\uffc3\uffa9v\uffc3\uffa8res du sol ont des cons\uffc3\uffa9quences importantes sur l\uffe2\uff80\uff99environnement et l\uffe2\uff80\uff99agriculture. A long\uffe2\uff80\uff90terme, la technique du semis direct modifie la porosit\uffc3\uffa9 et la teneur en carbone du sol. Cet article propose de quantifier l\uffe2\uff80\uff99effet de ces deux facteurs sur la r\uffc3\uffa9sistance m\uffc3\uffa9caniques du sol par des mesures de l\uffe2\uff80\uff99indice de compression Cc, de l\uffe2\uff80\uff99indice recompression Cs et de la pression de preconsolidation pc*. Des essais oedom\uffc3\uffa9triques ont \uffc3\uffa9t\uffc3\uffa9 r\uffc3\uffa9alis\uffc3\uffa9s sur des \uffc3\uffa9chantillons de sols remani\uffc3\uffa9s (sol limoneux) pr\uffc3\uffa9lev\uffc3\uffa9s sur un essai comparant trois syst\uffc3\uffa8mes de travail du sol depuis 31 ans pour une rotation bl\uffc3\uffa9/ma\uffc3\uffafs: labour, travail superficiel (10\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm), semis direct. Les r\uffc3\uffa9sultats montrent que la macroporosit\uffc3\uffa9 appel\uffc3\uffa9e porosit\uffc3\uffa9 structurale du sol induit une faible augmentation de Cc et une d\uffc3\uffa9croissance exponentielle de pc*. Ceci doit diminuer le risque de tassement dans les syst\uffc3\uffa8mes o\uffc3\uffb9 le semis direct s\uffe2\uff80\uff99accompagne d\uffe2\uff80\uff99une r\uffc3\uffa9duction de la porosit\uffc3\uffa9. Cette \uffc3\uffa9volution de la porosit\uffc3\uffa9 en semis direct n\uffe2\uff80\uff99est cependant pas syst\uffc3\uffa9matique. L\uffe2\uff80\uff99effet des autres facteurs doit \uffc3\uffaatre consid\uffc3\uffa9r\uffc3\uffa9, \uffc3\uffa0 savoir teneur en eau et teneur en carbone. Nos r\uffc3\uffa9sultats montrent que pour des sols de m\uffc3\uffaame porosit\uffc3\uffa9 structurale, l\uffe2\uff80\uff99augmentation de la teneur en carbone des horizons superficiels dans les syst\uffc3\uffa8mes en semis direct a tendance \uffc3\uffa0 augmenter la sensibilit\uffc3\uffa9 du sol au tassement par une augmentation Cc en conditions humides et une diminution de pc* en conditions s\uffc3\uffa8ches. Les conditions hydriques d\uffe2\uff80\uff99intervention ont donc un effet d\uffc3\uffa9terminant sur la sensibilit\uffc3\uffa9 du sol au tassement selon les modalit\uffc3\uffa9s de travail du sol.

", "keywords": ["WATER-CONTENT", "2. Zero hunger", "UNIAXIAL COMPACTION", "POROSITY", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "INDICE DE COMPRESSION", "6. Clean water", "ORGANIC-MATTER", "HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES", "DENSITY", "STRENGTH", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "COMPRESSION", "AGRICULTURAL SOILS", "ARABLE SOILS", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00798.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00798.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00798.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00798.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-01-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.14815", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:19:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-30", "title": "How to measure, report and verify soil carbon change to realize the potential of soil carbon sequestration for atmospheric greenhouse gas removal", "description": "Abstract

There is growing international interest in better managing soils to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) content to contribute to climate change mitigation, to enhance resilience to climate change and to underpin food security, through initiatives such as international \uffe2\uff80\uff984p1000\uffe2\uff80\uff99 initiative and the FAO's Global assessment of SOC sequestration potential (GSOCseq) programme. Since SOC content of soils cannot be easily measured, a key barrier to implementing programmes to increase SOC at large scale, is the need for credible and reliable measurement/monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) platforms, both for national reporting and for emissions trading. Without such platforms, investments could be considered risky. In this paper, we review methods and challenges of measuring SOC change directly in soils, before examining some recent novel developments that show promise for quantifying SOC. We describe how repeat soil surveys are used to estimate changes in SOC over time, and how long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experiments and space\uffe2\uff80\uff90for\uffe2\uff80\uff90time substitution sites can serve as sources of knowledge and can be used to test models, and as potential benchmark sites in global frameworks to estimate SOC change. We briefly consider models that can be used to simulate and project change in SOC and examine the MRV platforms for SOC change already in use in various countries/regions. In the final section, we bring together the various components described in this review, to describe a new vision for a global framework for MRV of SOC change, to support national and international initiatives seeking to effect change in the way we manage our soils.

Soil contamination by heavy metals is of particular concern, due to the direct negative impact on crop yield, food quality and human health. Although the conventional approach to monitor heavy metals relies on field sampling and lab analysis, the proliferation in the use of portable spectrometers has reduced the cost and time of investigation. However, discrepancies in spectral data from different spectrometers increase the modeling time and undermine the model accuracy for spatial mapping. This study, therefore, took advantage of the readily accessible Landsat 7 data to predict and map the spatiotemporal distribution of ten heavy metals (i.e., Sb, Pb, Ni, Mn, Hg, Cu, Cr, Co, Cd and As) over a 640 km2 area in Belgium. The Land Use/Cover Area Frame Survey (LUCAS) database of a region in north-eastern Belgium was used to retrieve variation in heavy metals concentrations over time and space, using the Landsat 7 imagery for four single dates in 2009, 2013, 2016 and 2020. Three regression methods, namely, partial least squares regression (PLSR), random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) were used to model and predict the heavy metal concentrations for 2009. By comparing these models unbiasedly, the best model was selected for predicting and mapping the heavy metal distributions for 2013, 2016 and 2020. RF turned out to be the optimal model for 2009 with a coefficient of determination of prediction (R2P) and residual prediction deviation of prediction (RPDP) ranging from 0.62 to 0.92, and 1.23 to 2.79, respectively. The measured heavy metal distributions along the river floodplains, at the highlands and in the lowlands, were generally high, compared to their RF spatiotemporal predictions, which decreased over time. Increasing moisture contents in the floodplains adjacent to the river channels and the lowlands were the primary contributors to the reduction in the satellite reflectance spectra. However, topsoil erosion from rainfall, snowmelt as well as wind into the lowlands could have influenced the reduction in heavy metal spatiotemporal predicted values over time in the highlands. The spatiotemporal prediction maps produced for the heavy metals for the four different years revealed a good spatial similarity and consistency with the measured maps for 2009, which indicates their stability over the years.

", "keywords": ["PROVINCE", "Landsat 7", "analysis", "Science", "random forest (RF)", "MOISTURE", "01 natural sciences", "NIR SPECTROSCOPY", "spatiotemporal analysis", "AGRICULTURAL SOILS", "spatiotemporal", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "RANGE", "Q", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "3. Good health", "MULTIVARIATE", "TOPSOILS", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "soil heavy metal; Landsat 7; partial least squares regression (PLSR); random forest (RF); support vector machine (SVM); spatiotemporal analysis", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "support vector machine (SVM)", "soil heavy metal", "partial least squares regression (PLSR)"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4615/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4615/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224615"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs13224615", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs13224615", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs13224615"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-11-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10871/131886", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:26:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-10-19", "title": "Synthesizing the evidence of nitrous oxide mitigation practices in agroecosystems", "description": "Abstract

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils are the main source of atmospheric N2O, a potent greenhouse gas and key ozone-depleting substance. Several agricultural practices with potential to mitigate N2O emissions have been tested worldwide. However, to guide policymaking for reducing N2O emissions from agricultural soils, it is necessary to better understand the overall performance and variability of mitigation practices and identify those requiring further investigation. We performed a systematic review and a second-order meta-analysis to assess the abatement efficiency of N2O mitigation practices from agricultural soils. We used 27 meta-analyses including 41 effect sizes based on 1119 primary studies. Technology-driven solutions (e.g. enhanced-efficiency fertilizers, drip irrigation, and biochar) and optimization of fertilizer rate have considerable mitigation potential. Agroecological mitigation practices (e.g. organic fertilizer and reduced tillage), while potentially contributing to soil quality and carbon storage, may enhance N2O emissions and only lead to reductions under certain pedoclimatic and farming conditions. Other mitigation practices (e.g. lime amendment or crop residue removal) led to marginal N2O decreases. Despite the variable mitigation potential, evidencing the context-dependency of N2O reductions and tradeoffs, several mitigation practices may maintain or increase crop production, representing relevant alternatives for policymaking to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and safeguard food security.

Soil organic matter (SOM) and the ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen (C/N ratio) are fundamental to the ecosystem services provided by soils. Therefore, understanding the spatial distribution and relationships between the SOM components mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM), particulate organic matter (POM), and C/N ratio is crucial. Three ensemble machine learning models were trained to obtain spatial predictions of the C/N ratio, MAOM, and POM in German agricultural topsoil (0\u201310 cm). Parameter optimization and model evaluation were performed using nested cross-validation. Additionally, a modification to the regressor chain was applied to capture and interpret the interactions among the C/N ratio, MAOM, and POM. The ensemble models yielded mean absolute percent errors (MAPEs) of 8.2% for the C/N ratio, 14.8% for MAOM, and 28.6% for POM. Soil type, pedo-climatic region, hydrological unit, and soilscapes were found to explain 75% of the variance in MAOM and POM, and 50% in the C/N ratio. The modified regressor chain indicated a nonlinear relationship between the C/N ratio and SOM due to the different decomposition rates of SOM as a result of variety in its nutrient quality. These spatial predictions enhance the understanding of soil properties\u2019 distribution in Germany.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Agriculture (General)", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbon fraction", "01 natural sciences", "pedometrics", "S1-972", "multi-target prediction", "regressor chain", "digital soil mapping", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "agricultural soils", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/14/8/1298/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081298"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/agriculture14081298", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/agriculture14081298", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/agriculture14081298"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-08-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14017262", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:23:37Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2024-07-02", "title": "SERENA EJPSOIL PL EROSION SOIL LOSS", "description": "Open AccessThe data are derived from the calculation of indicators based on a standard methodology established as\u00a0part of the EJP Soil SERENA\u00a0programme. Please keep in mind that: It is the result of a modelling exercise and does not necessarily reflect reality. Despite the efforts made to provide reliable data, the results\u00a0may contain inconsistencies,\u00a0depending\u00a0in particular on\u00a0the raw data\u00a0available\u00a0and level of accuracy of the techniques chosen\u00a0and\u00a0their prior knowledge\u00a0. It is necessary to consider how the results have been obtained\u00a0in order to\u00a0decide on their\u00a0relevance\u00a0in relation to the intended\u00a0purpose\u00a0of reuse. These results are interesting from a scientific point of view, but their use\u00a0for environmental\u00a0management and policy issues should be done keeping the previous aspects in mind and\u00a0complementing when\u00a0necessary\u00a0the provided results with the best available data. ==> Finally, it is the responsibility of the users of this information to decide whether it is appropriate to use these data and whether the data meet their needs. The authors of this resource can in no way be held responsible for the results obtained from the use of this data.", "keywords": ["862695", "Agricultural soils", "Soil threats", "RUSLE", "Poland", "SERENA", "Soil Loss", "EJP-SOIL", "Soil Erosion"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pindral, Sylwia, Klimkowicz-Pawlas, Agnieszka, Smreczak, Bo\u017cena,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14017262"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14017262", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14017262", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14017262"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14017679", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:23:37Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2024-06-17", "title": "SERENA EJPSOIL PL GHG NEP", "description": "Open AccessThe data are derived from the calculation of indicators based on a standard methodology established as\u00a0part of the EJP Soil SERENA\u00a0programme. Please keep in mind that: It is the result of a modelling exercise and does not necessarily reflect reality. Despite the efforts made to provide reliable data, the results\u00a0may contain inconsistencies,\u00a0depending\u00a0in particular on\u00a0the raw data\u00a0available\u00a0and level of accuracy of the techniques chosen\u00a0and\u00a0their prior knowledge\u00a0. It is necessary to consider how the results have been obtained\u00a0in order to\u00a0decide on their\u00a0relevance\u00a0in relation to the intended\u00a0purpose\u00a0of reuse. These results are interesting from a scientific point of view, but their use\u00a0for environmental\u00a0management and policy issues should be done keeping the previous aspects in mind and\u00a0complementing when\u00a0necessary\u00a0the provided results with the best available data. ==> Finally, it is the responsibility of the users of this information to decide whether it is appropriate to use these data and whether the data meet their needs. The authors of this resource can in no way be held responsible for the results obtained from the use of this data.", "keywords": ["Agricultural Soils", "Climate Regulation", "GHG", "Poland", "Soil-based Ecosystem Services", "SERENA", "EJP-SOIL"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pindral, Sylwia, Klimkowicz-Pawlas, Agnieszka, Smreczak, Bo\u017cena,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14017679"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14017679", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14017679", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14017679"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14017261", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:23:37Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2024-07-02", "title": "SERENA EJPSOIL PL EROSION SOIL LOSS", "description": "Open AccessThe data are derived from the calculation of indicators based on a standard methodology established as\u00a0part of the EJP Soil SERENA\u00a0programme. Please keep in mind that: It is the result of a modelling exercise and does not necessarily reflect reality. Despite the efforts made to provide reliable data, the results\u00a0may contain inconsistencies,\u00a0depending\u00a0in particular on\u00a0the raw data\u00a0available\u00a0and level of accuracy of the techniques chosen\u00a0and\u00a0their prior knowledge\u00a0. It is necessary to consider how the results have been obtained\u00a0in order to\u00a0decide on their\u00a0relevance\u00a0in relation to the intended\u00a0purpose\u00a0of reuse. These results are interesting from a scientific point of view, but their use\u00a0for environmental\u00a0management and policy issues should be done keeping the previous aspects in mind and\u00a0complementing when\u00a0necessary\u00a0the provided results with the best available data. ==> Finally, it is the responsibility of the users of this information to decide whether it is appropriate to use these data and whether the data meet their needs. The authors of this resource can in no way be held responsible for the results obtained from the use of this data.", "keywords": ["862695", "Agricultural soils", "Soil threats", "RUSLE", "Poland", "SERENA", "Soil Loss", "EJP-SOIL", "Soil Erosion"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pindral, Sylwia, Klimkowicz-Pawlas, Agnieszka, Smreczak, Bo\u017cena,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14017261"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14017261", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14017261", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14017261"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14017678", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-13T16:23:37Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2024-06-17", "title": "SERENA EJPSOIL PL GHG NEP", "description": "Open AccessThe data are derived from the calculation of indicators based on a standard methodology established as\u00a0part of the EJP Soil SERENA\u00a0programme. Please keep in mind that: It is the result of a modelling exercise and does not necessarily reflect reality. Despite the efforts made to provide reliable data, the results\u00a0may contain inconsistencies,\u00a0depending\u00a0in particular on\u00a0the raw data\u00a0available\u00a0and level of accuracy of the techniques chosen\u00a0and\u00a0their prior knowledge\u00a0. It is necessary to consider how the results have been obtained\u00a0in order to\u00a0decide on their\u00a0relevance\u00a0in relation to the intended\u00a0purpose\u00a0of reuse. These results are interesting from a scientific point of view, but their use\u00a0for environmental\u00a0management and policy issues should be done keeping the previous aspects in mind and\u00a0complementing when\u00a0necessary\u00a0the provided results with the best available data. ==> Finally, it is the responsibility of the users of this information to decide whether it is appropriate to use these data and whether the data meet their needs. The authors of this resource can in no way be held responsible for the results obtained from the use of this data.", "keywords": ["Agricultural Soils", "Climate Regulation", "GHG", "Poland", "Soil-based Ecosystem Services", "SERENA", "EJP-SOIL"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pindral, Sylwia, Klimkowicz-Pawlas, Agnieszka, Smreczak, Bo\u017cena,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14017678"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14017678", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14017678", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14017678"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14018212", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-13T16:23:37Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2024-09-10", "title": "SERENA EJPSOIL PL SOC LOSS SOC CONTENT", "description": "Open AccessThe data are derived from the calculation of indicators based on a standard methodology established as\u00a0part of the EJP Soil SERENA\u00a0programme. Please keep in mind that: It is the result of a modelling exercise and does not necessarily reflect reality. Despite the efforts made to provide reliable data, the results\u00a0may contain inconsistencies,\u00a0depending\u00a0in particular on\u00a0the raw data\u00a0available\u00a0and level of accuracy of the techniques chosen\u00a0and\u00a0their prior knowledge\u00a0. It is necessary to consider how the results have been obtained\u00a0in order to\u00a0decide on their\u00a0relevance\u00a0in relation to the intended\u00a0purpose\u00a0of reuse. These results are interesting from a scientific point of view, but their use\u00a0for environmental\u00a0management and policy issues should be done keeping the previous aspects in mind and\u00a0complementing when\u00a0necessary\u00a0the provided results with the best available data. ==> Finally, it is the responsibility of the users of this information to decide whether it is appropriate to use these data and whether the data meet their needs. The authors of this resource can in no way be held responsible for the results obtained from the use of this data.", "keywords": ["RCP", "Agricultural Soils", "Soil threats", "Poland", "SOC content", "SOC loss", "SERENA", "EJP-SOIL"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pindral, Sylwia, Klimkowicz-Pawlas, Agnieszka, Smreczak, Bo\u017cena,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14018212"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14018212", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14018212", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14018212"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14018211", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-13T16:23:37Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2024-09-10", "title": "SERENA EJPSOIL PL SOC LOSS SOC CONTENT", "description": "Open AccessThe data are derived from the calculation of indicators based on a standard methodology established as\u00a0part of the EJP Soil SERENA\u00a0programme. Please keep in mind that: It is the result of a modelling exercise and does not necessarily reflect reality. Despite the efforts made to provide reliable data, the results\u00a0may contain inconsistencies,\u00a0depending\u00a0in particular on\u00a0the raw data\u00a0available\u00a0and level of accuracy of the techniques chosen\u00a0and\u00a0their prior knowledge\u00a0. It is necessary to consider how the results have been obtained\u00a0in order to\u00a0decide on their\u00a0relevance\u00a0in relation to the intended\u00a0purpose\u00a0of reuse. These results are interesting from a scientific point of view, but their use\u00a0for environmental\u00a0management and policy issues should be done keeping the previous aspects in mind and\u00a0complementing when\u00a0necessary\u00a0the provided results with the best available data. ==> Finally, it is the responsibility of the users of this information to decide whether it is appropriate to use these data and whether the data meet their needs. The authors of this resource can in no way be held responsible for the results obtained from the use of this data.", "keywords": ["RCP", "Agricultural Soils", "Soil threats", "Poland", "SOC content", "SOC loss", "SERENA", "EJP-SOIL"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pindral, Sylwia, Klimkowicz-Pawlas, Agnieszka, Smreczak, Bo\u017cena,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14018211"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14018211", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14018211", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14018211"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "104055d9-597c-4ef0-a7f6-a6ec3484297d", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[5.92, 50.05], [5.92, 51.91], [8.24, 51.91], [8.24, 50.05], [5.92, 50.05]]]}, "properties": {"license": "CC BY", "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the Inplamint's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the Inplamint and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the Inplamint and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The Inplamint and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2024-02-15", "type": "Service", "created": "2021-05-28", "language": "eng", "title": "Web Map Service of the dataset 'INPLAMINT.Soil_microbial_stoichiometry_Chronosequence_Inden_2019'", "description": "This Web Map Service includes spatial information used by datasets 'AGIS Map Service of the dataset 'INPLAMINT.Soil_microbial_stoichiometry_Chronosequence_Inden_2019''", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["infoMapAccessService", "Soil", "total organic carbon", "total nitrogen", "soil respiration", "loess", "reclamation", "reclaimed soils", "mining", "agricultural soils", "grassland soils"], "contacts": [{"name": "Jessica Clayton", "organization": "University of Cologne", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "j.clayton@uni-koeln.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Prof Michael Bonkowski", "organization": "University of Cologne", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "m.bonkowski@uni-koeln.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0003-2656-1183", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "BonaRes Data Centre", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - Workgroup Research Data Management", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 300"}], "emails": [{"value": "dataservice@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "University of Cologne", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "infoMapAccessService"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "total organic carbon"}, {"id": "total nitrogen"}, {"id": "soil respiration"}, {"id": "loess"}, {"id": "reclamation"}, {"id": "reclaimed soils"}, {"id": "mining"}, {"id": "agricultural soils"}, {"id": "grassland soils"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=104055d9-597c-4ef0-a7f6-a6ec3484297d", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/wss/service/ags-relay/ags/guest/arcgis/rest/services/Inplamint/ID_3001_Inden_NRW_Germany_Geoplot/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "104055d9-597c-4ef0-a7f6-a6ec3484297d", "name": "item", "description": "104055d9-597c-4ef0-a7f6-a6ec3484297d", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/104055d9-597c-4ef0-a7f6-a6ec3484297d"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-02-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "11093/9583", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:26:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-04-14", "title": "Occurrence, persistence and risk assessment of pesticide residues in European wheat fields: A continental scale approach", "description": "Pesticide residues in agricultural soils represent an environmental concern that requires special attention due to their potential ecological and public health risks. We analyzed 614 pesticides in 188 wheat fields across Europe subjected to both conventional and organic farming systems. At least one pesticide residue was detected in 141 soils. Seventy-eight pesticides or their metabolites were detected. The presence of pesticides was significantly higher in both number and concentration in conventional fileds (up to 0.98\u202fmg\u202fkg-1) compared to organically managed sites (up to 0.40\u202fmg\u202fkg-1). A total of 88\u202f% of conventional fields and 63\u202f% of organic fields contained two or more pesticides. Conversion from conventional to organic farming does not guarantee that soils will be pesticide-free in the short term. Fenbutatin oxide was the most frequently detected pesticide in both farming systems, followed by AMPA. Other substances, such as boscalid, epoxiconazole, diflufenican, tebuconazole, dinoterb, bixafen, and DEET, were found in \u2265\u202f10\u202f% of samples. Some Persistent Organic Pollutants, including dieldrin, endosulfan sulphate, and chlorpyrifos, were also detected. Ecological risks were higher in conventionally managed fields, with 46\u202f% exhibiting high-risk levels, compared to just 1\u202f% in organic fields. Epoxiconazole and boscalid were the substances with the highest risk levels.", "keywords": ["Emerging contaminants", "2417 Biolog\u00eda Vegetal (Bot\u00e1nica)", "Agricultural soils", "Plant protection products (PPPs)", "Pesticide mixture", "3101 Agroqu\u00edmica", "Ecological risk assessment"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/11093/9583"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Hazardous%20Materials", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "11093/9583", "name": "item", "description": "11093/9583", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/11093/9583"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1854/LU-01GM39MMFY2YP4FTDY102R50HB", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:26:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-17", "title": "Spatiotemporal Prediction and Mapping of Heavy Metals at Regional Scale Using Regression Methods and Landsat 7", "description": "

Soil contamination by heavy metals is of particular concern, due to the direct negative impact on crop yield, food quality and human health. Although the conventional approach to monitor heavy metals relies on field sampling and lab analysis, the proliferation in the use of portable spectrometers has reduced the cost and time of investigation. However, discrepancies in spectral data from different spectrometers increase the modeling time and undermine the model accuracy for spatial mapping. This study, therefore, took advantage of the readily accessible Landsat 7 data to predict and map the spatiotemporal distribution of ten heavy metals (i.e., Sb, Pb, Ni, Mn, Hg, Cu, Cr, Co, Cd and As) over a 640 km2 area in Belgium. The Land Use/Cover Area Frame Survey (LUCAS) database of a region in north-eastern Belgium was used to retrieve variation in heavy metals concentrations over time and space, using the Landsat 7 imagery for four single dates in 2009, 2013, 2016 and 2020. Three regression methods, namely, partial least squares regression (PLSR), random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) were used to model and predict the heavy metal concentrations for 2009. By comparing these models unbiasedly, the best model was selected for predicting and mapping the heavy metal distributions for 2013, 2016 and 2020. RF turned out to be the optimal model for 2009 with a coefficient of determination of prediction (R2P) and residual prediction deviation of prediction (RPDP) ranging from 0.62 to 0.92, and 1.23 to 2.79, respectively. The measured heavy metal distributions along the river floodplains, at the highlands and in the lowlands, were generally high, compared to their RF spatiotemporal predictions, which decreased over time. Increasing moisture contents in the floodplains adjacent to the river channels and the lowlands were the primary contributors to the reduction in the satellite reflectance spectra. However, topsoil erosion from rainfall, snowmelt as well as wind into the lowlands could have influenced the reduction in heavy metal spatiotemporal predicted values over time in the highlands. The spatiotemporal prediction maps produced for the heavy metals for the four different years revealed a good spatial similarity and consistency with the measured maps for 2009, which indicates their stability over the years.

", "keywords": ["Technology", "PROVINCE", "Landsat 7", "analysis", "Science", "Environmental Sciences & Ecology", "random forest (RF)", "MOISTURE", "01 natural sciences", "NIR SPECTROSCOPY", "0203 Classical Physics", "Remote Sensing", "0909 Geomatic Engineering", "spatiotemporal analysis", "AGRICULTURAL SOILS", "Geosciences", " Multidisciplinary", "Imaging Science & Photographic Technology", "spatiotemporal", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Science & Technology", "RANGE", "Q", "Geology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "3. Good health", "MULTIVARIATE", "TOPSOILS", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Physical Sciences", "soil heavy metal; Landsat 7; partial least squares regression (PLSR); random forest (RF); support vector machine (SVM); spatiotemporal analysis", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "support vector machine (SVM)", "4013 Geomatic engineering", "0406 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience", "soil heavy metal", "partial least squares regression (PLSR)", "Life Sciences & Biomedicine", "3701 Atmospheric sciences", "Environmental Sciences", "3709 Physical geography and environmental geoscience"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4615/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4615/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/1854/LU-01GM39MMFY2YP4FTDY102R50HB"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1854/LU-01GM39MMFY2YP4FTDY102R50HB", "name": "item", "description": "1854/LU-01GM39MMFY2YP4FTDY102R50HB", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1854/LU-01GM39MMFY2YP4FTDY102R50HB"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-11-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2164/13497", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:27:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-30", "title": "How to measure, report and verify soil carbon change to realize the potential of soil carbon sequestration for atmospheric greenhouse gas removal", "description": "Abstract

There is growing international interest in better managing soils to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) content to contribute to climate change mitigation, to enhance resilience to climate change and to underpin food security, through initiatives such as international \uffe2\uff80\uff984p1000\uffe2\uff80\uff99 initiative and the FAO's Global assessment of SOC sequestration potential (GSOCseq) programme. Since SOC content of soils cannot be easily measured, a key barrier to implementing programmes to increase SOC at large scale, is the need for credible and reliable measurement/monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) platforms, both for national reporting and for emissions trading. Without such platforms, investments could be considered risky. In this paper, we review methods and challenges of measuring SOC change directly in soils, before examining some recent novel developments that show promise for quantifying SOC. We describe how repeat soil surveys are used to estimate changes in SOC over time, and how long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experiments and space\uffe2\uff80\uff90for\uffe2\uff80\uff90time substitution sites can serve as sources of knowledge and can be used to test models, and as potential benchmark sites in global frameworks to estimate SOC change. We briefly consider models that can be used to simulate and project change in SOC and examine the MRV platforms for SOC change already in use in various countries/regions. In the final section, we bring together the various components described in this review, to describe a new vision for a global framework for MRV of SOC change, to support national and international initiatives seeking to effect change in the way we manage our soils.International initiatives are emphasizing the capture of atmospheric CO2 in soil organic C (SOC) to reduce the climatic footprint from agroecosystems. One approach to quantify the contribution of management practices towards that goal is through analysis of long-term experiments (LTEs). Our objectives were to analyze knowledge gained in literature reviews on SOC changes in LTEs, to evaluate the results regarding interactions with pedo-climatological factors, and to discuss disparities among reviews in data selection criteria. We summarized mean response ratios (RRs) and stock change rate (SCR) effect size indices from twenty reviews using paired comparisons (N). The highest RRs were found with manure applications (30%, N\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89418), followed by aboveground crop residue retention and the use of cover crops (9\uffe2\uff80\uff9310%, N\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89995 and 129), while the effect of nitrogen fertilization was lowest (6%, N\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89846). SCR for nitrogen fertilization exceeded that for aboveground crop residue retention (233 versus 117\uffc2\uffa0kg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921, N\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89183 and 279) and was highest for manure applications and cover crops (409 and 331\uffc2\uffa0kg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921, N\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89217 and 176). When data allows, we recommend calculating both RR and SCR because it improves the interpretation. Our synthesis shows that results are not always consistent among reviews and that interaction with texture and climate remain inconclusive. Selection criteria for study durations are highly variable, resulting in irregular conclusions for the effect of time on changes in SOC. We also discuss the relationships of SOC changes with yield and cropping systems, as well as conceptual problems when scaling-up results obtained from field studies to regional levels.