Multiple ecosystem services (ES) can respond similarly to social and ecological factors to form bundles. Identifying key social-ecological variables and understanding how they co-vary to produce these consistent sets of ES may ultimately allow the prediction and modelling of ES bundles, and thus, help us understand critical synergies and trade-offs across landscapes. Such an understanding is essential for informing better management of multi-functional landscapes and minimising costly trade-offs. However, the relative importance of different social and biophysical drivers of ES bundles in different types of social-ecological systems remains unclear. As such, a bottom-up understanding of the determinants of ES bundles is a critical research gap in ES and sustainability science. Here, we evaluate the current methods used in ES bundle science and synthesize these into four steps that capture the plurality of methods used to examine predictors of ES bundles. We then apply these four steps to a cross-study comparison (North and South French Alps) of relationships between social-ecological variables and ES bundles, as it is widely advocated that cross-study comparisons are necessary for achieving a general understanding of predictors of ES associations. We use the results of this case study to assess the strengths and limitations of current approaches for understanding distributions of ES bundles. We conclude that inconsistency of spatial scale remains the primary barrier for understanding and predicting ES bundles. We suggest a hypothesis-driven approach is required to predict relationships between ES, and we outline the research required for such an understanding to emerge.
", "keywords": ["natural capital", "Social-ecological systems", "577", "land use", "Trade-off", "Biodiversity", "15. Life on land", "cross-study comparison", "01 natural sciences", "333", "social-ecological systems", "Cross-study comparison", "Land use", "Natural capital", "[SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environment and Society", "Ecosystem services", "[SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environment and Society", "ecosystem services", "French Alps", "trade-off", "biodiversity", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/413028/1/Spake_et_alUnpacking_ecosystem_service_bundles_acceptedMS.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.08.004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Environmental%20Change", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.08.004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.08.004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.08.004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/f11070738", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:19:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-07-07", "title": "Evaluation of Soil Biodiversity in Alpine Habitats through eDNA Metabarcoding and Relationships with Environmental Features", "description": "Soil biodiversity is fundamental for ecosystems, ensuring many ecosystem functions, such as nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, soil formation, and organic carbon pool increase. Due to these roles, there is a need to study and completely understand how soil biodiversity is composed through different habitats. The aim of this study was to describe the edaphic soil community of the alpine environments belonging to the Gran Paradiso National Park, thus detecting if there are any correlation with environmental features. We studied soil fauna through environmental DNA metabarcoding. From eDNA metabarcoding, 18 families of arthropods were successfully detected, and their abundance expressed in terms of the relative frequency of sequences. Soil faunal communities of mixed coniferous forests were characterized by Isotomidae, Entomobriydae, Hypogastruridae, and Onychiuridae; while mixed deciduous forests were composed mostly by Isotomidae, Cicadidae, Culicidae, and Neelidae. Calcicolous and acidic grasslands also presented families that were not detected in forest habitats, in particular Scarabaeidae, Curculionidae, Brachyceridae, and had in general a more differentiated soil community. Results of the Canonical Component Analysis revealed that the main environmental features affecting soil community for forests were related to vegetation (mixed deciduous forests, tree basal area, tree biomass, Shannon index), soil (organic layers and organic carbon stock), and site (altitude); while for prairies, soil pH and slope were also significant in explaining soil community composition. This study provided a description of the soil fauna of alpine habitats and resulted in a description of community composition per habitat and the relation with the characteristic of vegetation, soil, and topographic features of the study area. Further studies are needed to clarify ecological roles and needs of these families and their role in ecosystem functioning.
", "keywords": ["forests", "0106 biological sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "570", "550", "Alps", "prairies", "Alps; Forests; Gran paradiso national park; Pedofauna; Prairies; Soil community;", "Alps; Forests; Gran paradiso national park; Pedofauna; Prairies; Soil community", "15. Life on land", "Gran Paradiso National Park", "01 natural sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "pedofauna", "soil community"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/7/738/pdf"}, {"href": "https://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/785573/2/rota%202020%20forests.pdf"}, {"href": "https://boa.unimib.it/bitstream/10281/298052/1/2020_Forests.pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/7/738/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/f11070738"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forests", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/f11070738", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/f11070738", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/f11070738"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-07-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10449/85395", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:22:09Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Climate change and one health: post-Vaia windthrow as new hotspot for forest zoonoses", "keywords": ["Windstorm", "Ixodes ricinus", "Small mammals", "Zoonotic pathogens", "Italian Alps", "One Health"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://openpub.fmach.it/bitstream/10449/85395/2/2024%20Biodiversity%20change%20Ferrari%2053.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10449/85395"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10449/85395", "name": "item", "description": "10449/85395", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10449/85395"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "oai:openpub.fmach.it:10449/85395", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:28:22Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Climate change and one health: post-Vaia windthrow as new hotspot for forest zoonoses", "keywords": ["Windstorm", "Ixodes ricinus", "Small mammals", "Zoonotic pathogens", "Italian Alps", "One Health"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://openpub.fmach.it/bitstream/10449/85395/2/2024%20Biodiversity%20change%20Ferrari%2053.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/oai:openpub.fmach.it:10449/85395"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "oai:openpub.fmach.it:10449/85395", "name": "item", "description": "oai:openpub.fmach.it:10449/85395", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/oai:openpub.fmach.it:10449/85395"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Alps&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Alps&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Alps&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Alps&offset=4", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 4, "numberReturned": 4, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-09-22T15:04:16.998363Z"}