Fluorescence is an easily available analytical technique used to assess the optical characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM).
Globally, inland waters emit over 2 Pg of carbon per year as carbon dioxide, of which the majority originates from streams and rivers. Despite the global significance of fluvial carbon dioxide emissions, little is known about their diel dynamics. Here we present a large-scale assessment of day- and night-time carbon dioxide fluxes at the water-air interface across 34 European streams. We directly measured fluxes four times between October 2016 and July 2017 using drifting chambers. Median fluxes are 1.4 and 2.1\uffe2\uff80\uff89mmol\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 at midday and midnight, respectively, with night fluxes exceeding those during the day by 39%. We attribute diel carbon dioxide flux variability mainly to changes in the water partial pressure of carbon dioxide. However, no consistent drivers could be identified across sites. Our findings highlight widespread day-night changes in fluvial carbon dioxide fluxes and suggest that the time of day greatly influences measured carbon dioxide fluxes across European streams.The 2013/2014 summer in Southeast Brazil was marked by historical unprecedented compound dry and hot (CDH) conditions with profound socio-economic impacts. The synoptic drivers for this event have already been analyzed, and its occurrence within the context of the increasing trend of CDH conditions in the area evaluated. However, so far, the causes for these record temperatures remain poorly understood. Here, a detailed characterization of the 2013/2014 austral summer season over Southeast Brazil is proposed, emphasizing the role played by land\uffe2\uff80\uff93atmosphere interactions in temperature escalation. We demonstrate that a strong soil moisture\uffe2\uff80\uff93temperature coupling regime promoted record-breaking temperatures levels exceeding almost 5\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb0C over the previous highest record, and played a key role in triggering an outstanding \uffe2\uff80\uff98mega-heatwave\uffe2\uff80\uff99 that lasted for a period of around 20\uffc2\uffa0days. This pronounced soil desiccation occurred within a current climate change trend defined by drier and hotter conditions in the region. The soil dry-out, coupled with strong radiative processes and low entrainment of cooler air masses through mesoscale sea-breeze circulation processes, led to a water-limited regime and to an enhancement of sensible heat fluxes that, ultimately, resulted in a sharp increase of surface temperatures.
", "keywords": ["HEAT WAVES", "Hot Temperature", "DROUGHTS", "IMPACT", "Science", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "Soil", "TEMPERATURE", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Atmosphere", "MORTALITY", "Q", "R", "PAULO", "15. Life on land", "EVAPORATION", "CLIMATE", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Medicine", "HEATWAVES", "Seasons", "Brazil"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-09515-z.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09515-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41598-022-09515-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41598-022-09515-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41598-022-09515-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-04-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1039/d1ay01702k", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:16:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-03-17", "title": "The influence of pH on dissolved organic matter fluorescence in inland waters", "description": "Fluorescence is an easily available analytical technique used to assess the optical characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM).
Abstract. Extreme sensitivity of soil organic carbon (SOC) to climate and land use change warrants further research in different terrestrial ecosystems. The aim of this study was to investigate the link between aggregate and SOC dynamics in a chronosequence of three different land uses of a south Chilean Andisol: a second growth Nothofagus obliqua forest (SGFOR), a grassland (GRASS) and a Pinus radiata plantation (PINUS). Total carbon content of the 0-10cm soil layer was higher for GRASS (6.7 kg C m-2) than for PINUS (4.3 kg C m-2, while TC content of SGFOR (5.8 kg C m-2) was not significantly different from either one. High extractable oxalate and pyrophosphate Al concentrations (varying from 20.3-24.4 g kg-1, and 3.9-11.1 g kg-1, respectively) were found in all sites. In this study, SOC and aggregate dynamics were studied using size and density fractionation experiments of the SOC, \uffce\uffb413C and total carbon analysis of the different SOC fractions, and C mineralization experiments. The results showed that electrostatic sorption between and among amorphous Al components and clay minerals is mainly responsible for the formation of metal-humus-clay complexes and the stabilization of soil aggregates. The process of ligand exchange between SOC and Al would be of minor importance resulting in the absence of aggregate hierarchy in this soil type. Whole soil C mineralization rate constants were highest for SGFOR and PINUS, followed by GRASS (respectively 0.495, 0.266 and 0.196 g CO2-Cm-2d-1 for the top soil layer). In contrast, incubation experiments of isolated macro organic matter fractions gave opposite results, showing that the recalcitrance of the SOC decreased in another order: PINUS>SGFOR>GRASS. We deduced that electrostatic sorption processes and physical protection of SOC in soil aggregates were the main processes determining SOC stabilization. As a result, high aggregate carbon concentrations, varying from 148 till 48 g kg-1, were encountered for all land use sites. Al availability and electrostatic charges are dependent on pH, resulting in an important influence of soil pH on aggregate stability. Recalcitrance of the SOC did not appear to largely affect SOC stabilization. Statistical correlations between extractable amorphous Al contents, aggregate stability and C mineralization rate constants were encountered, supporting this hypothesis. Land use changes affected SOC dynamics and aggregate stability by modifying soil pH (and thus electrostatic charges and available Al content), root SOC input and management practices (such as ploughing and accompanying drying of the soil).
", "keywords": ["DECOMPOSITION", "NEW-ZEALAND", "DENSITY FRACTIONS", "[SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]", "HUMIC-ACID", "Life", "QH501-531", "QH540-549.5", "2. Zero hunger", "QE1-996.5", "CULTIVATED SOILS", "Ecology", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "Geology", "LAND-USE CHANGE", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "ALUMINUM", "15. Life on land", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "MACROORGANIC MATTER", "C SEQUESTRATION", "[PHYS.ASTR.CO] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO]", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "FOREST SOILS", "[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Huygens, D., Boeckx, P., van Cleemput, O., Oyarz\u00fan, C., Godoy, R.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-159-2005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/bg-2-159-2005", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/bg-2-159-2005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/bg-2-159-2005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-06-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1073/pnas.1018189108", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-05-24", "title": "Soil Warming, Carbon-Nitrogen Interactions, And Forest Carbon Budgets", "description": "Soil warming has the potential to alter both soil and plant processes that affect carbon storage in forest ecosystems. We have quantified these effects in a large, long-term (7-y) soil-warming study in a deciduous forest in New England. Soil warming has resulted in carbon losses from the soil and stimulated carbon gains in the woody tissue of trees. The warming-enhanced decay of soil organic matter also released enough additional inorganic nitrogen into the soil solution to support the observed increases in plant carbon storage. Although soil warming has resulted in a cumulative net loss of carbon from a New England forest relative to a control area over the 7-y study, the annual net losses generally decreased over time as plant carbon storage increased. In the seventh year, warming-induced soil carbon losses were almost totally compensated for by plant carbon gains in response to warming. We attribute the plant gains primarily to warming-induced increases in nitrogen availability. This study underscores the importance of incorporating carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff93nitrogen interactions in atmosphere\uffe2\uff80\uff93ocean\uffe2\uff80\uff93land earth system models to accurately simulate land feedbacks to the climate system.
", "keywords": ["Atmosphere", "Nitrogen", "Temperature", "Plant Development", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "Models", " Biological", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Trees", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018189108"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1073/pnas.1018189108", "name": "item", "description": "10.1073/pnas.1018189108", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1073/pnas.1018189108"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-05-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1073/pnas.0403491101", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-06-22", "title": "Fine-Root Production Dominates Response Of A Deciduous Forest To Atmospheric Co2 Enrichment", "description": "Fine-root production and turnover are important regulators of the biogeochemical cycles of ecosystems and key components of their response to global change. We present a nearly continuous 6-year record of fine-root production and mortality from minirhizotron analysis of a closed-canopy, deciduous sweetgum forest in a free-air CO 2 enrichment experiment. Annual production of fine roots was more than doubled in plots with 550 ppm CO 2 compared with plots in ambient air. This response was the primary component of the sustained 22% increase in net primary productivity. Annual fine-root mortality matched annual production, and the mean residence time of roots was not altered by elevated CO 2 , but peak fine-root standing crop in midsummer was significantly higher in CO 2 -enriched plots, especially deeper in the soil profile. The preferential allocation of additional carbon to fine roots, which have a fast turnover rate in this species, rather than to stemwood reduces the possibility of long-term enhancement by elevated CO 2 of carbon sequestration in biomass. However, sequestration of some of the fine-root carbon in soil pools is not precluded, and there may be other benefits to the tree from a seasonally larger and deeper fine-root system. Root-system dynamics can explain differences among ecosystems in their response to elevated atmospheric CO 2 ; hence, accurate assessments of carbon flux and storage in forests in a globally changing atmosphere must account for this unseen and difficult-to-measure component.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Time Factors", "Atmosphere", "Nitrogen", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "Tennessee", "01 natural sciences", "Trees", "Soil", "Liquidambar", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Seasons", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403491101"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1073/pnas.0403491101", "name": "item", "description": "10.1073/pnas.0403491101", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1073/pnas.0403491101"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-06-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1073/pnas.0600989103", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-06-23", "title": "Nutrient Additions To A Tropical Rain Forest Drive Substantial Soil Carbon Dioxide Losses To The Atmosphere", "description": "Terrestrial biosphere\uffe2\uff80\uff93atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) exchange is dominated by tropical forests, where photosynthetic carbon (C) uptake is thought to be phosphorus (P)-limited. In P-poor tropical forests, P may also limit organic matter decomposition and soil C losses. We conducted a field-fertilization experiment to show that P fertilization stimulates soil respiration in a lowland tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. In the early wet season, when soluble organic matter inputs to soil are high, P fertilization drove large increases in soil respiration. Although the P-stimulated increase in soil respiration was largely confined to the dry-to-wet season transition, the seasonal increase was sufficient to drive an 18% annual increase in CO 2 efflux from the P-fertilized plots. Nitrogen (N) fertilization caused similar responses, and the net increases in soil respiration in response to the additions of N and P approached annual soil C fluxes in mid-latitude forests. Human activities are altering natural patterns of tropical soil N and P availability by land conversion and enhanced atmospheric deposition. Although our data suggest that the mechanisms driving the observed respiratory responses to increased N and P may be different, the large CO 2 losses stimulated by N and P fertilization suggest that knowledge of such patterns and their effects on soil CO 2 efflux is critical for understanding the role of tropical forests in a rapidly changing global C cycle.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Tropical Climate", "Atmosphere", "Temperature", "Humidity", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "Trees", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Nutritional Physiological Phenomena", "Biomass", "Seasons", "Fertilizers"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600989103"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1073/pnas.0600989103", "name": "item", "description": "10.1073/pnas.0600989103", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1073/pnas.0600989103"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-07-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1073/pnas.0932734100", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-06-24", "title": "Additive Effects Of Simulated Climate Changes, Elevated Co2, And Nitrogen Deposition On Grassland Diversity", "description": "Biodiversity responses to ongoing climate and atmospheric changes will affect both ecosystem processes and the delivery of ecosystem goods and services. Combined effects of co-occurring global changes on diversity, however, are poorly understood. We examined plant diversity responses in a California annual grassland to manipulations of four global environmental changes, singly and in combination: elevated CO 2 , warming, precipitation, and nitrogen deposition. After 3 years, elevated CO 2 and nitrogen deposition each reduced plant diversity, whereas elevated precipitation increased it and warming had no significant effect. Diversity responses to both single and combined global change treatments were driven overwhelmingly by gains and losses of forb species, which make up most of the native plant diversity in California grasslands. Diversity responses across treatments also showed no consistent relationship to net primary production responses, illustrating that the diversity effects of these environmental changes could not be explained simply by changes in productivity. In two- to four-way combinations, simulated global changes did not interact in any of their effects on diversity. Our results show that climate and atmospheric changes can rapidly alter biological diversity, with combined effects that, at least in some settings, are simple, additive combinations of single-factor effects.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Time Factors", "Ecology", "Atmosphere", "Nitrogen", "Climate", "Temperature", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "California", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ecosystem"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Nona R. Chiariello, M. Rebecca Shaw, Christopher B. Field, Harold A. Mooney, Erika S. Zavaleta,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0932734100"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1073/pnas.0932734100", "name": "item", "description": "10.1073/pnas.0932734100", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1073/pnas.0932734100"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-06-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1073/pnas.1904326116", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-05-21", "title": "Microbial biospherics: The experimental study of ecosystem function and evolution", "description": "Awareness that our planet is a self-supporting biosphere with sunlight as its major source of energy for life has resulted in a long-term historical fascination with the workings of self-supporting ecological systems. However, the studies of such systems have never entered the canon of ecological or evolutionary tools and instead, have led a fringe existence connected to life support system engineering and space travel. We here introduce a framework for a renaissance in biospherics based on the study of matter-closed, energy-open ecosystems at a microbial level (microbial biospherics). Recent progress in genomics, robotics, and sensor technology makes the study of closed systems now much more tractable than in the past, and we argue that the time has come to emancipate the study of closed systems from this fringe context and bring them into a mainstream approach for studying ecosystem processes. By permitting highly replicated long-term studies, especially on predetermined and simplified systems, microbial biospheres offer the opportunity to test and develop strong hypotheses about ecosystem function and the ecological and evolutionary determinants of long-term system failure or persistence. Unlike many sciences, ecosystem ecology has never fully embraced a reductionist approach and has remained focused on the natural world in all its complexity. We argue that a reductionist approach to ecosystem ecology, using microbial biospheres, based on a combination of theory and the replicated study of much simpler self-enclosed microsystems could pay huge dividends.
", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "Ecology", "Atmosphere", "Earth", " Planet", "Microbiota", "Space Flight", "15. Life on land", "Biological Evolution", "03 medical and health sciences", "Engineering", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "Sunlight", "Ecological Systems", " Closed", "Ecosystem", "Life Support Systems"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.1904326116"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904326116"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1073/pnas.1904326116", "name": "item", "description": "10.1073/pnas.1904326116", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1073/pnas.1904326116"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-05-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1073/pnas.2118014119", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-09-12", "title": "Strong isoprene emission response to temperature in tundra vegetation", "description": "Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are a crucial component of biosphere\uffe2\uff80\uff93atmosphere interactions. In northern latitudes, climate change is amplified by feedback processes in which BVOCs have a recognized, yet poorly quantified role, mainly due to a lack of measurements and concomitant modeling gaps. Hence, current Earth system models mostly rely on temperature responses measured on vegetation from lower latitudes, rendering their predictions highly uncertain. Here, we show how tundra isoprene emissions respond vigorously to temperature increases, compared to model results. Our unique dataset of direct eddy covariance ecosystem-level isoprene measurements in two contrasting ecosystems exhibited Q 10 (the factor by which the emission rate increases with a 10\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb0C rise in temperature) temperature coefficients of up to 20.8, that is, 3.5 times the Q 10 of 5.9 derived from the equivalent model calculations. Crude estimates using the observed temperature responses indicate that tundra vegetation could enhance their isoprene emissions by up to 41% (87%)\uffe2\uff80\uff94that is, 46% (55%) more than estimated by models\uffe2\uff80\uff94with a 2\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb0C (4\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb0C) warming. Our results demonstrate that tundra vegetation possesses the potential to substantially boost its isoprene emissions in response to future rising temperatures, at rates that exceed the current Earth system model predictions.
", "keywords": ["550", "Biogenic volatile organic compound fluxes", "Plant Development", "Eddy covariance", "Global Warming", "01 natural sciences", "biosphere\u2013atmosphere interactions", "Atmospheric Sciences", "Hemiterpenes", "VOC emission modeling", "eddy covariance", "Butadienes", "Temperature response", "biosphere-atmosphere interactions", "Tundra", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Volatile Organic Compounds", "Biosphere\u2013atmosphere interactions", "Temperature", "500", "15. Life on land", "biogenic volatile organic compound fluxes", "Climate Action", "13. Climate action", "Physical Sciences", "Earth Sciences", "temperature response"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2118014119"}, {"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt6xn5p3sr/qt6xn5p3sr.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118014119"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1073/pnas.2118014119", "name": "item", "description": "10.1073/pnas.2118014119", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1073/pnas.2118014119"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-03-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.70247", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-05-23", "title": "Carbon Emissions From Fires in Eastern Siberian Larch Forests", "description": "ABSTRACTSiberian boreal forests have experienced increases in fire extent and intensity in recent years, which may threaten their role as carbon (C) sinks. Larch forests (Larix spp.) cover approximately 2.6 million km2 across Siberia, yet little is known about the magnitude and drivers of carbon combustion in these ecosystems. To address the paucity of field\uffe2\uff80\uff90based estimates of fuel load and consumption in Siberian larch forests, we sampled 41 burned plots, one to two years after fire, in Cajander larch (Larix cajanderi) forests in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia. We estimated pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90fire carbon stocks and combustion with the objective of identifying the main drivers of carbon emissions. Pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90fire aboveground (trees and woody debris) and belowground carbon stocks at our study plots were 3.12\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff891.26\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 (mean\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff89standard deviation) and 3.50\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.93\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922. We found that combustion averaged 3.20\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.75\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922, of which 78% (2.49\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.56\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922) stemmed from organic soil layers. These results suggest that severe fires in Cajander larch forests can result in combustion rates comparable to those observed in North American boreal forests and exceeding those previously reported for other forest types and burning conditions in Siberia. Carbon combustion was driven by both fire weather conditions and landscape variables, with pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90fire organic soil depth being the strongest predictor across our plots. Our study highlights the need to better account for Siberian larch forest fires and their impact on the carbon balance, especially given the expected climate\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced increase in fire extent and severity in this region. The outstanding tropical land climate characteristic over the past decades is rapid warming, with no significant large-scale precipitation trends. This warming is expected to continue but the effects on tropical vegetation are unknown. El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o-related heat peaks may provide a test bed for a future hotter world. Here we analyse tropical land carbon cycle responses to the 2015/16 El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o heat and drought anomalies using an atmospheric transport inversion. Based on the global atmospheric CO 2 and fossil fuel emission records, we find no obvious signs of anomalously large carbon release compared with earlier El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o events, suggesting resilience of tropical vegetation. We find roughly equal net carbon release anomalies from Amazonia and tropical Africa, approximately 0.5 PgC each, and smaller carbon release anomalies from tropical East Asia and southern Africa. Atmospheric CO anomalies reveal substantial fire carbon release from tropical East Asia peaking in October 2015 while fires contribute only a minor amount to the Amazonian carbon flux anomaly. Anomalously large Amazonian carbon flux release is consistent with downregulation of primary productivity during peak negative near-surface water anomaly (October 2015 to March 2016) as diagnosed by solar-induced fluorescence. Finally, we find an unexpected anomalous positive flux to the atmosphere from tropical Africa early in 2016, coincident with substantial CO release.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue \uffe2\uff80\uff98The impact of the 2015/2016 El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications\uffe2\uff80\uff99.
", "keywords": ["Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics", "FLUX", "0301 basic medicine", "Hot Temperature", "550", "551", "global warming", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon Cycle", "Greenhouse Gases", "03 medical and health sciences", "[SDU.STU.CL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology", "CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL", "carbon cycle", "INVERSION", "Biology", "TEMPERATURE", "11 Medical and Health Sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "tropical forests", "El Nino-Southern Oscillation", "Evolutionary Biology", "Tropical Climate", "Science & Technology", "Atmosphere", "PHOTOSYNTHESIS", "EQUATORIAL PACIFIC", "Articles", "06 Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", "[SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology", "13. Climate action", "PRECIPITATION", "Remote Sensing Technology", "INDUCED CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE", "CO2", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "SENSITIVITY", "environment", "Life Sciences & Biomedicine", "fire"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/135234/8/Tropical%20land%20carbon%20cycle%20responses%20to%202015/16%20El%20Ni%C3%B1o%20as%20recorded%20by%20atmospheric%20greenhouse%20gas%20and%20remote%20sensing%20data.pdf"}, {"href": "https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstb.2017.0302"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0302"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Philosophical%20Transactions%20of%20the%20Royal%20Society%20B%3A%20Biological%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1098/rstb.2017.0302", "name": "item", "description": "10.1098/rstb.2017.0302", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1098/rstb.2017.0302"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-10-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1101/2021.10.19.464976", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-02-07", "title": "Trait\u2010based mechanistic approach highlights global patterns and losses of herbivore biomass functional diversity", "description": "Abstract
Mammalian herbivores play a pivotal role in Earth System processes by affecting biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem functioning, potentially leading to significant repercussions on atmosphere\uffe2\uff80\uff93biosphere feedbacks. Global dynamic models of mammalian populations can improve our understanding of their ecological role at large scales and the consequences of their extinctions. However, such models are still lacking and mammals are poorly integrated in Earth System Science.
We developed a mechanistic global model of terrestrial herbivore populations simulated with 37 functional groups defined through the analysis of eco\uffe2\uff80\uff90physiological traits across all extant herbivores (2599 species). We coupled this model with a global vegetation model to predict herbivores' maximum potential biomass in pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90industrial and at present\uffe2\uff80\uff90day and to study the environmental drivers explaining the distribution of herbivore biomass. Present\uffe2\uff80\uff90day biomass was estimated by accounting for anthropogenic activity causing habitat and range losses.
We show that natural ecosystems could have sustained a potential wild herbivore wet biomass of 330 Mt (95% CI: 245\uffe2\uff80\uff93417), comprised of 193 Mt (95% CI: 177\uffe2\uff80\uff93208) by large species (body mass >1\uffe2\uff80\uff9310\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg, depending on functional group) and 138 Mt (95% CI: 68\uffe2\uff80\uff93209) by small species. We estimate that the remaining present\uffe2\uff80\uff90day large herbivores biomass is 82 Mt (95% CI: 32\uffe2\uff80\uff93133), reduced by 57% due to anthropogenic activity; consequently, small herbivores currently dominate global herbivore biomass with 98 Mt (95% CI: 91\uffe2\uff80\uff93106, \uffe2\uff88\uff9229%). Losses vary greatly across climatic zones and functional groups, suggesting that size is not the only discriminant feature of biomass decline.
Actual evapotranspiration is the most important driver of total, large and small herbivore biomass and explains 64%, 59% and 49% of its variation, respectively. Distribution of modelled and observed large herbivores' biomass suggested a high dependency on energy and water with more biomass in hot and wet areas. These results challenge the notion that large herbivore biomass peaks primarily in ecosystems with intermediate precipitation levels such as savannas.
Outside Africa and the Tropics, pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90industrial biomass hotspots occur in areas today dominated by humans; this could undermine the recovery of larger species biomass in certain areas. Our herbivore biomass estimates provide a quantitative benchmark for setting conservation and rewilding goals at large spatial scales. The herbivore model and functional classification create new opportunities to integrate mammals into Earth System Science and models.
Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and reactive nitrogen (N) concentrations have been increasing due to human activities and impact the global carbon (C) cycle by affecting plant photosynthesis and decomposition processes in soil. Large amounts of C are stored in plants and soils, but the mechanisms behind the stabilization of plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and microbial\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived organic matter (OM) in soils are still under debate and it is not clear how N deposition affects soil OM dynamics. Here, we studied the effects of 4\uffc2\uffa0years of elevated (13C\uffe2\uff80\uff90depleted) CO2 and N deposition in forest ecosystems established in open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top chambers on composition and turnover of fatty acids (FAs) in plants and soils. FAs served as biomarkers for plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and microbial\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived OM in soil density fractions. We analyzed above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground plant biomass of beech and spruce trees as well as soil density fractions for the total organic C and FA molecular and isotope (\uffce\uffb413C) composition. FAs did not accumulate relative to total organic C in fine mineral fractions, showing that FAs are not effectively stabilized by association with soil minerals. The \uffce\uffb413C values of FAs in plant biomass increased under high N deposition. However, the N effect was only apparent under elevated CO2 suggesting a N limitation of the system. In soil fractions, only isotope compositions of short\uffe2\uff80\uff90chain FAs (C16+18) were affected. Fractions of \uffe2\uff80\uff98new\uffe2\uff80\uff99 (experimental\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived) FAs were calculated using isotope depletion in elevated CO2 plots and decreased from free light to fine mineral fractions. \uffe2\uff80\uff98New\uffe2\uff80\uff99 FAs were higher in short\uffe2\uff80\uff90chain compared to long\uffe2\uff80\uff90chain FAs (C20\uffe2\uff88\uff9230), indicating a faster turnover of short\uffe2\uff80\uff90chain compared to long\uffe2\uff80\uff90chain FAs. Increased N deposition did not significantly affect the quantity of \uffe2\uff80\uff98new\uffe2\uff80\uff99 FAs in soil fractions, but showed a tendency of increased amounts of \uffe2\uff80\uff98old\uffe2\uff80\uff99 (pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90experimental) C suggesting that decomposition of \uffe2\uff80\uff98old\uffe2\uff80\uff99 C is retarded by high N inputs.
", "keywords": ["UFSP13-8 Global Change and Biodiversity", "2306 Global and Planetary Change", "Chemical Fractionation", "Forests", "2300 General Environmental Science", "Soil", "Fagus", "Environmental Chemistry", "Biomass", "Photosynthesis", "Picea", "General Environmental Science", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Analysis of Variance", "Carbon Isotopes", "Ecology", "Atmosphere", "Fatty Acids", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Reactive Nitrogen Species", "13. Climate action", "2304 Environmental Chemistry", "570 Life sciences; biology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "2303 Ecology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12666"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12666", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12666", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12666"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-07-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.15547", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-02-06", "title": "Feasibility of the 4 per 1000 aspirational target for soil carbon: A case study for France", "description": "AbstractIncreasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is a promising way to mitigate the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Based on a simple ratio between CO2 anthropogenic emissions and SOC stocks worldwide, it has been suggested that a 0.4% (4 per 1000) yearly increase in SOC stocks could compensate for current anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Here, we used a reverse RothC modelling approach to estimate the amount of C inputs to soils required to sustain current SOC stocks and to increase them by 4\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 per year over a period of 30\uffc2\uffa0years. We assessed the feasibility of this aspirational target first by comparing the required C input with net primary productivity (NPP) flowing to the soil, and second by considering the SOC saturation concept. Calculations were performed for mainland France, at a 1\uffc2\uffa0km grid cell resolution. Results showed that a 30%\uffe2\uff80\uff9340% increase in C inputs to soil would be needed to obtain a 4\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 increase per year over a 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90year period. 88.4% of cropland areas were considered unsaturated in terms of mineral\uffe2\uff80\uff90associated SOC, but characterized by a below target C balance, that is, less NPP available than required to reach the 4\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 aspirational target. Conversely, 90.4% of unimproved grasslands were characterized by an above target C balance, that is, enough NPP to reach the 4\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 objective, but 59.1% were also saturated. The situation of improved grasslands and forests was more evenly distributed among the four categories (saturated vs. unsaturated and above vs below target C balance). Future data from soil monitoring networks should enable to validate these results. Overall, our results suggest that, for mainland France, priorities should be (1) to increase NPP returns in cropland soils that are unsaturated and have a below target carbon balance and (2) to preserve SOC stocks in other land uses.
", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "Carbon Sequestration", "550", "[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "RothC", "01 natural sciences", "630", "climate change mitigation", "Soil", "4 per 1000", "net primary productivity", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "Atmosphere", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Primary Research Articles", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "Carbon", "soil organic carbon", "[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "13. Climate action", "SOC saturation", "Feasibility Studies", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "France", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "environment"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.15547"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15547"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.15547", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.15547", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.15547"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-04-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/ejss.13330", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-12-02", "title": "Multi\u2010modelling predictions show high uncertainty of required carbon input changes to reach a 4\u2030 target", "description": "AbstractSoils store vast amounts of carbon (C) on land, and increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in already managed soils such as croplands may be one way to remove C from the atmosphere, thereby limiting subsequent warming. The main objective of this study was to estimate the amount of additional C input needed to annually increase SOC stocks by 4\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 at 16 long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term agricultural experiments in Europe, including exogenous organic matter (EOM) additions. We used an ensemble of six SOC models and ran them under two configurations: (1) with default parametrization and (2) with parameters calibrated site\uffe2\uff80\uff90by\uffe2\uff80\uff90site to fit the evolution of SOC stocks in the control treatments (without EOM). We compared model simulations and analysed the factors generating variability across models. The calibrated ensemble was able to reproduce the SOC stock evolution in the unfertilised control treatments. We found that, on average, the experimental sites needed an additional 1.5 \uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff891.2\uffc2\uffa0Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 to increase SOC stocks by 4\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 per year over 30\uffe2\uff80\uff89years, compared to the C input in the control treatments (multi\uffe2\uff80\uff90model median \uffc2\uffb1 median standard deviation across sites). That is, a 119% increase compared to the control. While mean annual temperature, initial SOC stocks and initial C input had a significant effect on the variability of the predicted C input in the default configuration (i.e., the relative standard deviation of the predicted C input from the mean), only water\uffe2\uff80\uff90related variables (i.e., mean annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration) explained the divergence between models when calibrated. Our work highlights the challenge of increasing SOC stocks in agriculture and accentuates the need to increasingly lean on multi\uffe2\uff80\uff90model ensembles when predicting SOC stock trends and related processes. To increase the reliability of SOC models under future climate change, we suggest model developers to better constrain the effect of water\uffe2\uff80\uff90related variables on SOC decomposition.
Highlights
The feasibility of the 4\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 target was studied at 16 long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term agricultural experiments.
An ensemble of soil organic carbon models was used to estimate the uncertainty of the predictions.
On average across the sites, carbon input had to increase by 119% compared to initial conditions.
High uncertainty of the simulations was mainly driven by water\uffe2\uff80\uff90related variables.
Peatlands at high latitudes have accumulated >400\uffe2\uff80\uff89Pg carbon (C) because saturated soil and cold temperatures suppress C decomposition. This substantial amount of C in Arctic and Boreal peatlands is potentially subject to increased decomposition if the water table (WT) decreases due to climate change, including permafrost thaw\uffe2\uff80\uff90related drying. Here, we optimize a version of the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems model (ORCHIDEE\uffe2\uff80\uff90PCH4) using site\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific observations to investigate changes in CO2 and CH4 fluxes as well as C stock responses to an experimentally manipulated decrease of WT at six northern peatlands. The unmanipulated control peatlands, with the WT <20\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm on average (seasonal max up to 45\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm) below the surface, currently act as C sinks in most years (58\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff8934\uffe2\uff80\uff89g C\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921; including 6\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff897\uffe2\uff80\uff89g C\uffe2\uff80\uff93CH4 m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 emission). We found, however, that lowering the WT by 10\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm reduced the CO2 sink by 13\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff8915\uffe2\uff80\uff89g\uffe2\uff80\uff89C\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and decreased CH4 emission by 4\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff894\uffe2\uff80\uff89g CH4 m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921, thus accumulating less C over 100\uffe2\uff80\uff89years (0.2\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.2\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff80\uff89C\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922). Yet, the reduced emission of CH4, which has a larger greenhouse warming potential, resulted in a net decrease in greenhouse gas balance by 310\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff89360\uffe2\uff80\uff89g\uffe2\uff80\uff89CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90eq\uffc2\uffa0m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Peatlands with the initial WT close to the soil surface were more vulnerable to C loss: Non\uffe2\uff80\uff90permafrost peatlands lost >2\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff80\uff89C\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 over 100\uffe2\uff80\uff89years when WT is lowered by 50\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm, while permafrost peatlands temporally switched from C sinks to sources. These results highlight that reductions in C storage capacity in response to drying of northern peatlands are offset in part by reduced CH4 emissions, thus slightly reducing the positive carbon climate feedbacks of peatlands under a warmer and drier future climate scenario.Understanding microbial adaptation is crucial for predicting how soil carbon dynamics and global biogeochemical cycles will respond to climate change. This study employs the DEMENT model of microbial decomposition, along with empirical mutation and dispersal rates, to explore the roles of mutation and dispersal in the adaptation of soil microbial populations to shifts in litter chemistry, changes that are anticipated with climate\uffe2\uff80\uff90driven vegetation dynamics. Following a change in litter chemistry, mutation generally allows for a higher rate of litter decomposition than dispersal, especially when dispersal predominantly introduces genotypes already present in the population. These findings challenge the common idea that mutation rates are too low to affect ecosystem processes on ecological timescales. These results demonstrate that evolutionary processes, such as mutation, can help maintain ecosystem functioning as the climate changes.Canopy leaf area, quantified by the leaf area index (L), is a crucial driver of forest productivity, water use and energy balance. Because L responds to environmental drivers, it can represent an important feedback to climate change, but its responses to rising atmospheric [CO2] and water availability of forests have been poorly quantified. We studied canopy leaf area dynamics for 28\uffc2\uffa0months in a native evergreen Eucalyptus woodland exposed to free\uffe2\uff80\uff90air CO2 enrichment (the EucFACE experiment), in a subtropical climate where water limitation is common. We hypothesized that, because of expected stimulation of productivity and water\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency, L should increase with elevated [CO2]. We estimated L from diffuse canopy transmittance, and measured monthly leaf litter production. Contrary to expectation, L did not respond to elevated [CO2]. We found that L varied between 1.10 and 2.20 across the study period. The dynamics of L showed a quick increase after heavy rainfall and a steady decrease during periods of low rainfall. Leaf litter production was correlated to changes in L, both during periods of decreasing L (when no leaf growth occurred) and during periods of increasing L (active shedding of old foliage when new leaf growth occurred). Leaf lifespan, estimated from mean L and total annual litter production, was up to 2\uffc2\uffa0months longer under elevated [CO2] (1.18 vs. 1.01\uffc2\uffa0years; P\uffc2\uffa0=\uffc2\uffa00.05). Our main finding that L was not responsive to elevated CO2 is consistent with other forest FACE studies, but contrasts with the positive response of L commonly predicted by many ecosystem models.", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "0106 biological sciences", "Eucalyptus", "leaf area index", "Atmosphere", "Water", "drought", "Carbon Dioxide", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "phenology", "01 natural sciences", "free-air CO2 enrichment", "6. Clean water", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Plant Leaves", "13. Climate action", "atmospheric carbon dioxide", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "leaves", "New South Wales", "litter production"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.13151"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13151"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.13151", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.13151", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.13151"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-02-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.13263", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-03-01", "title": "Elevated Atmospheric [Co2] Can Dramatically Increase Wheat Yields In Semi-Arid Environments And Buffer Against Heat Waves", "description": "AbstractWheat production will be impacted by increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2 [CO2], which is expected to rise from about 400\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcmol\uffc2\uffa0mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2015 to 550\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcmol\uffc2\uffa0mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921 by 2050. Changes to plant physiology and crop responses from elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]) are well documented for some environments, but field\uffe2\uff80\uff90level responses in dryland Mediterranean environments with terminal drought and heat waves are scarce. The Australian Grains Free Air CO2 Enrichment facility was established to compare wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth and yield under ambient (~370\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcmol\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2007) and e[CO2] (550\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcmol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) in semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90arid environments. Experiments were undertaken at two dryland sites (Horsham and Walpeup) across three years with two cultivars, two sowing times and two irrigation treatments. Mean yield stimulation due to e[CO2] was 24% at Horsham and 53% at Walpeup, with some treatment responses greater than 70%, depending on environment. Under supplemental irrigation, e[CO2] stimulated yields at Horsham by 37% compared to 13% under rainfed conditions, showing that water limited growth and yield response to e[CO2]. Heat wave effects were ameliorated under e[CO2] as shown by reductions of 31% and 54% in screenings and 10% and 12% larger kernels (Horsham and Walpeup). Greatest yield stimulations occurred in the e[CO2] late sowing and heat stressed treatments, when supplied with more water. There were no clear differences in cultivar response due to e[CO2]. Multiple regression showed that yield response to e[CO2] depended on temperatures and water availability before and after anthesis. Thus, timing of temperature and water and the crop's ability to translocate carbohydrates to the grain postanthesis were all important in determining the e[CO2] response. The large responses to e[CO2] under dryland conditions have not been previously reported and underscore the need for field level research to provide mechanistic understanding for adapting crops to a changing climate.
", "keywords": ["heat wave", "Yield", "Agricultural Irrigation", "Hot Temperature", "Victoria", "Rain", "070302 Agronomy", "dryland", "551", "Dryland", "Heat wave", "Biomass", "Triticum", "free air CO2 enrichment", "2. Zero hunger", "elevated CO2", "Atmosphere", "Australian grains free air CO2 enrichment", "Water", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "wheat; yield", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", ": Australian grains free air CO2 enrichment", "13. Climate action", "Free air CO2 enrichment", "Wheat", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Elevated CO2", "Edible Grain", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13263"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.13263", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.13263", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.13263"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-03-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.14504", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-10-29", "title": "Nitrous oxide emissions from inland waters: Are IPCC estimates too high?", "description": "AbstractNitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from inland waters remain a major source of uncertainty in global greenhouse gas budgets. N2O emissions are typically estimated using emission factors (EFs), defined as the proportion of the terrestrial nitrogen (N) load to a water body that is emitted as N2O to the atmosphere. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has proposed EFs of 0.25% and 0.75%, though studies have suggested that both these values are either too high or too low. In this work, we develop a mechanistic modeling approach to explicitly predict N2O production and emissions via nitrification and denitrification in rivers, reservoirs and estuaries. In particular, we introduce a water residence time dependence, which kinetically limits the extent of denitrification and nitrification in water bodies. We revise existing spatially explicit estimates of N loads to inland waters to predict both lumped watershed and half\uffe2\uff80\uff90degree grid cell emissions and EFs worldwide, as well as the proportions of these emissions that originate from denitrification and nitrification. We estimate global inland water N2O emissions of 10.6\uffe2\uff80\uff9319.8\uffc2\uffa0Gmol\uffc2\uffa0N\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (148\uffe2\uff80\uff93277\uffc2\uffa0Gg\uffc2\uffa0N\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921), with reservoirs producing most N2O per unit area. Our results indicate that IPCC EFs are likely overestimated by up to an order of magnitude, and that achieving the magnitude of the IPCC's EFs is kinetically improbable in most river systems. Denitrification represents the major pathway of N2O production in river systems, whereas nitrification dominates production in reservoirs and estuaries.Over 50\uffe2\uff80\uff89years ago, Eugene Odum postulated that mature or climax forests reside in carbon neutrality. As climate change rose to prominence in the international environmental agenda, the neutrality hypothesis transformed from an ecological principle to a justification for using forest management in combating climate change. Despite persistent efforts, Odum's neutrality hypothesis has resisted both confirmation and refutation. In this opinion we show the limitations of past efforts to (in)validate Odum's neutrality hypothesis and propose new research directions for the community to permit a more general confirmation or refutation with current and near\uffe2\uff80\uff90future observations. We then demonstrate such an approach by using metabolic theory to formulate testable predictions for the total sink strength considering soil, litter, and biomass of mature or climax forests based on observations of tree biomass and individual density. In doing so, we show that ecological theory can create additional relevant, testable hypotheses to provide timely support to decision\uffe2\uff80\uff90makers seeking to address one of the world's most pressing environmental challenges.Abstract. We studied nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes and soil nitrogen (N) cycling following forest conversion to pasture in the central Amazon near Santar\uffc3\uffa9m, Par\uffc3\uffa1, Brazil. Two undisturbed forest sites and 27 pasture sites of 0.5 to 60 years were sampled once each during wet and dry seasons. In addition to soil-atmosphere fluxes of N2O we measured 27 soil chemical, soil microbiological and soil physical variables. Soil N2O fluxes were higher in the wet season than in the dry season. Fluxes of N2O from forest soils always exceeded fluxes from pasture soils and showed no consistent trend with pasture age. At our forest sites, nitrate was the dominant form of inorganic N both during wet and dry season. At our pasture sites nitrate generally dominated the inorganic N pools during the wet season and ammonium dominated during the dry season. Net mineralization and nitrification rates displayed large variations. During the dry season net immobilization of N was observed in some pastures. Compared to forest sites, young pasture sites (\uffe2\uff89\uffa42 years) had low microbial biomass N and protease activities. Protease activity and microbial biomass N peaked in pastures of intermediate age (4 to 8 years) followed by consistently lower values in older pasture (10 to 60 years). The C/N ratio of litter was low at the forest sites (~25) and rapidly increased with pasture age reaching values of 60\uffe2\uff80\uff9370 at pastures of 15 years and older. Nitrous oxide emissions at our sites were controlled by C and N availability and soil aeration. Fluxes of N2O were negatively correlated to leaf litter C/N ratio, NH4+-N and the ratio of NO3--N to the sum of NO3--N + NH4+-N (indicators of N availability), and methane fluxes and bulk density (indicators of soil aeration status) during the wet season. During the dry season fluxes of N2O were positively correlated to microbial biomass N, \uffce\uffb2-glucosidase activity, total inorganic N stocks and NH4+-N. In our study region, pastures of all age emitted less N2O than old-growth forests, because of a progressive decline in N availability with pasture age combined with strongly anaerobic conditions in some pastures during the wet season.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "QE1-996.5", "Ecology", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "577", "Geology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "[SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "Life", "[PHYS.ASTR.CO] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO]", "13. Climate action", "QH501-531", "[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "QH540-549.5"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-175-2005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/bg-2-175-2005", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/bg-2-175-2005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/bg-2-175-2005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-05-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.17268", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-04-02", "title": "Microbial evolution\u2014An under\u2010appreciated driver of soil carbon cycling", "description": "AbstractAlthough substantial advances in predicting the ecological impacts of global change have been made, predictions of the evolutionary impacts have lagged behind. In soil ecosystems, microbes act as the primary energetic drivers of carbon cycling; however, microbes are also capable of evolving on timescales comparable to rates of global change. Given the importance of soil ecosystems in global carbon cycling, we assess the potential impact of microbial evolution on carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff90climate feedbacks in this system. We begin by reviewing the current state of knowledge concerning microbial evolution in response to global change and its specific effect on soil carbon dynamics. Through this integration, we synthesize a roadmap detailing how to integrate microbial evolution into ecosystem biogeochemical models. Specifically, we highlight the importance of microscale mechanistic soil carbon models, including choosing an appropriate evolutionary model (e.g., adaptive dynamics, quantitative genetics), validating model predictions with \uffe2\uff80\uff98omics\uffe2\uff80\uff99 and experimental data, scaling microbial adaptations to ecosystem level processes, and validating with ecosystem\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale measurements. The proposed steps will require significant investment of scientific resources and might require 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9320\uffe2\uff80\uff89years to be fully implemented. However, through the application of multi\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale integrated approaches, we will advance the integration of microbial evolution into predictive understanding of ecosystems, providing clarity on its role and impact within the broader context of environmental change.Global soil nitrogen (N) cycling remains poorly understood due to its complex driving mechanisms. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of global soil \uffce\uffb415N, a stable isotopic signature indicative of the N input\uffe2\uff80\uff93output balance, using a machine\uffe2\uff80\uff90learning approach on 10,676 observations from 2670 sites. Our findings reveal prevalent joint effects of climatic conditions, plant N\uffe2\uff80\uff90use strategies, soil properties, and other natural and anthropogenic forcings on global soil \uffce\uffb415N. The joint effects of multiple drivers govern the latitudinal distribution of soil \uffce\uffb415N, with more rapid N cycling at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes. In contrast to previous climate\uffe2\uff80\uff90focused models, our data\uffe2\uff80\uff90driven model more accurately simulates spatial changes in global soil \uffce\uffb415N, highlighting the need to consider the joint effects of multiple drivers to estimate the Earth's N budget. These insights contribute to the reconciliation of discordances among empirical, theoretical, and modeling studies on soil N cycling, as well as sustainable N management.Warming alters soil microbial traits through ecological and evolutionary processes, directly influencing the decomposition of organic matter, which significantly affects global soil carbon emissions. Yet, soil carbon models largely ignore these processes and their implications for global responses to warming. Here, we incorporate eco\uffe2\uff80\uff90evolutionary theory into a mechanistic model describing microbial soil carbon decomposition to address the question of whether such processes could have consequential effects on climate carbon feedbacks globally. We assume that a key trait of microbes, their resource allocation to production of exoenzymes (which facilitate decomposition of organic matter)\uffe2\uff80\uff94is optimized to environmental temperatures by natural selection. We find that eco\uffe2\uff80\uff90evolutionary optimization results in microbes allocating more resources to enzyme production under warming. When applied at the global scale, eco\uffe2\uff80\uff90evolutionary optimization enhances the biological realism of soil carbon models and significantly amplifies global soil carbon loss by 2100. Our results highlight the significant potential of microbial eco\uffe2\uff80\uff90evolutionary responses to influence carbon cycle feedbacks to climate change, and motivate an urgent need for more comprehensive data to accurately quantify the adaptive potential of microbiomes in response to climate change.Initiation of autumnal leaf senescence is crucial for plant overwintering and ecosystem dynamics. Previous studies have focused on the advanced stages of autumnal leaf senescence and reported that climatic warming delayed senescence, despite the fundamental differences among the stages of senescence. However, the timing of onset of leaf coloration (DLCO), the earliest visual sign of senescence, has rarely been studied. Here, we assessed the response of DLCO to temperature.
Location30\uffe2\uff80\uff9375\uffc2\uffb0\uffc2\uffa0N in the Northern Hemisphere.
Time period2000\uffe2\uff80\uff932018.
Major taxa studiedDeciduous vegetation.
MethodsWe retrieved DLCO from high\uffe2\uff80\uff90temporal\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolution satellite data, which were then validated by PhenoCam observations. We investigated the temporal changes in DLCO and the relationship between DLCO and temperature by using satellite and ground observations.
ResultsDLCO was not significantly (p\uffe2\uff80\uff89>\uffe2\uff80\uff89.05) delayed between 2000 and 2018 in 94% of the area. DLCO was positively (p\uffe2\uff80\uff89<\uffe2\uff80\uff89.05) correlated with pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90DLCO mean daily minimum temperature (Tmin) in only 9% of the area, whereas the end of leaf coloration (DLCE) was positively correlated with pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90DLCE mean Tmin over a larger area (34%). Further analyses showed that warming slowed the progress of leaf coloration. Interestingly, DLCO was less responsive to pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90DLCO mean Tmin in areas where daylength was longer across the Northern Hemisphere, particularly for woody vegetation.
Main conclusionsThe rate of progress of coloration is more sensitive to temperature than its start date, resulting in an extension of the duration of leaf senescence under warming. The dependence of DLCO response to temperature on daylength indicates stronger photoperiodic control on initiation of leaf senescence in areas with longer daylength (i.e., shorter nights), possibly because plants respond to the length of uninterrupted darkness rather than daylength. This study indicates that the onset of leaf coloration was not responsive to climate warming and provides observational evidence of photoperiod control of autumnal leaf senescence at biome and continental scales.
", "keywords": ["[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", "570", "Atmosphere", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "Economics", "autumnal leaf senescence", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "global warming", "photoperiod", "01 natural sciences", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "Chemistry", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "leaf coloration onset", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "environment", "Biology", "Northern Hemisphere", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/geb.13581"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13581"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Ecology%20and%20Biogeography", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/geb.13581", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/geb.13581", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/geb.13581"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-02-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/nyas.14357", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-05-08", "title": "Atmospheric heat and moisture transport to energy\u2010 and water\u2010limited ecosystems", "description": "AbstractThe land biosphere is a crucial component of the Earth system that interacts with the atmosphere in a complex manner through manifold feedback processes. These relationships are bidirectional, as climate affects our terrestrial ecosystems, which, in turn, influence climate. Great progress has been made in understanding the local interactions between the terrestrial biosphere and climate, but influences from remote regions through energy and water influxes to downwind ecosystems remain less explored. Using a Lagrangian trajectory model driven by atmospheric reanalysis data, we show how heat and moisture advection affect gross carbon production at interannual scales and in different ecoregions across the globe. For water\uffe2\uff80\uff90limited regions, results show a detrimental effect on ecosystem productivity during periods of enhanced heat and reduced moisture advection. These periods are typically associated with winds that disproportionately come from continental source regions, as well as positive sensible heat flux and negative latent heat flux anomalies in those upwind locations. Our results underline the vulnerability of ecosystems to the occurrence of upwind climatic extremes and highlight the importance of the latter for the spatiotemporal propagation of ecosystem disturbances.
", "keywords": ["Agriculture and Food Sciences", "LAND", "DISPERSION MODEL FLEXPART", "atmospheric advection", "Climate Change", "drought", "01 natural sciences", "CARBON", "ENTRAINMENT", "SURFACE EVAPORATION", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "CLIMATE-CHANGE", "Atmosphere", "Water", "Original Articles", "Models", " Theoretical", "15. Life on land", "PART I", "13. Climate action", "PRECIPITATION", "EUROPE-WIDE REDUCTION", "land-atmosphere interactions", "Seasons", "ecosystems", "terrestrial carbon cycle", "PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14357"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annals%20of%20the%20New%20York%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/nyas.14357", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/nyas.14357", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/nyas.14357"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-05-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-7-2875-2014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:19:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-12-05", "description": "Abstract. Ecosystems are important and dynamic components of the global carbon cycle, and terrestrial biospheric models (TBMs) are crucial tools in further understanding of how terrestrial carbon is stored and exchanged with the atmosphere across a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Improving TBM skills, and quantifying and reducing their estimation uncertainties, pose significant challenges. The Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP) is a formal multi-scale and multi-model intercomparison effort set up to tackle these challenges. The MsTMIP protocol prescribes standardized environmental driver data that are shared among model teams to facilitate model\uffe2\uff80\uff93model and model\uffe2\uff80\uff93observation comparisons. This paper describes the global and North American environmental driver data sets prepared for the MsTMIP activity to both support their use in MsTMIP and make these data, along with the processes used in selecting/processing these data, accessible to a broader audience. Based on project needs and lessons learned from past model intercomparison activities, we compiled climate, atmospheric CO2 concentrations, nitrogen deposition, land use and land cover change (LULCC), C3 / C4 grasses fractions, major crops, phenology and soil data into a standard format for global (0.5\uffc2\uffb0 \uffc3\uff97 0.5\uffc2\uffb0 resolution) and regional (North American: 0.25\uffc2\uffb0 \uffc3\uff97 0.25\uffc2\uffb0 resolution) simulations. In order to meet the needs of MsTMIP, improvements were made to several of the original environmental data sets, by improving the quality, and/or changing their spatial and temporal coverage, and resolution. The resulting standardized model driver data sets are being used by over 20 different models participating in MsTMIP. The data are archived at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center (ORNL DAAC, http://daac.ornl.gov) to provide long-term data management and distribution.
", "keywords": ["[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", "QE1-996.5", "550", "Atmosphere", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "0207 environmental engineering", "Geology", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "QK Botany", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "QC Physics", "13. Climate action", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "environment", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://openknowledge.nau.edu/id/eprint/701/7/Wei_Y_etal_2014_North_American_Carbon_Program%281%29.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2875-2014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-7-2875-2014", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-7-2875-2014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-7-2875-2014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-11-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01869.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-08-05", "title": "Fine-Root Respiration In A Loblolly Pine (Pinus Taedal.) Forest Exposed To Elevated Co2and N Fertilization", "description": "ABSTRACTForest ecosystems release large amounts of carbon to the atmosphere from fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90root respiration (Rr), but the control of this flux and its temperature sensitivity (Q10) are poorly understood. We attempted to: (1) identify the factors limiting this flux using additions of glucose and an electron transport uncoupler (carbonyl cyanide m\uffe2\uff80\uff90chlorophenylhydrazone); and (2) improve yearly estimates of Rr by directly measuring its Q10in situ using temperature\uffe2\uff80\uff90controlled cuvettes buried around intact, attached roots. The proximal limits of Rr of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees exposed to free\uffe2\uff80\uff90air CO2 enrichment (FACE) and N fertilization were seasonally variable; enzyme capacity limited Rr in the winter, and a combination of substrate supply and adenylate availability limited Rr in summer months. The limiting factors of Rr were not affected by elevated CO2 or N fertilization. Elevated CO2 increased annual stand\uffe2\uff80\uff90level Rr by 34% whereas the combination of elevated CO2 and N fertilization reduced Rr by 40%. Measurements of in situ Rr with high temporal resolution detected diel patterns that were correlated with canopy photosynthesis with a lag of 1\uffe2\uff80\uff83d or less as measured by eddy covariance, indicating a dynamic link between canopy photosynthesis and root respiration. These results suggest that Rr is coupled to daily canopy photosynthesis and increases with carbon allocation below ground.
", "keywords": ["580", "0106 biological sciences", "Analysis of Variance", "Nitrates", "Atmosphere", "Nitrogen", "Cell Respiration", "Temperature", "Pinus taeda", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Trees", "Glucose", "Oxygen Consumption", "050101 - Ecological Impacts of Climate Change", "13. Climate action", "North Carolina", "Seasons", "Least-Squares Analysis", "Photosynthesis", "Fertilizers", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01869.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%2C%20Cell%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01869.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01869.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01869.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-10-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02201.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-06-21", "title": "Soil [N] modulates soil C cycling in CO2-fumigated tree stands: a meta-analysis", "description": "ABSTRACTUnder elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, soil carbon (C) inputs are typically enhanced, suggesting larger soil C sequestration potential. However, soil C losses also increase and progressive nitrogen (N) limitation to plant growth may reduce the CO2 effect on soil C inputs with time. We compiled a data set from 131 manipulation experiments, and used meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis to test the hypotheses that: (1) elevated atmospheric CO2 stimulates soil C inputs more than C losses, resulting in increasing soil C stocks; and (2) that these responses are modulated by N. Our results confirm that elevated CO2 induces a C allocation shift towards below\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground biomass compartments. However, the increased soil C inputs were offset by increased heterotrophic respiration (Rh), such that soil C content was not affected by elevated CO2. Soil N concentration strongly interacted with CO2 fumigation: the effect of elevated CO2 on fine root biomass and \uffe2\uff80\uff93production and on microbial activity increased with increasing soil N concentration, while the effect on soil C content decreased with increasing soil N concentration. These results suggest that both plant growth and microbial activity responses to elevated CO2 are modulated by N availability, and that it is essential to account for soil N concentration in C cycling analyses.
", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "Physiology", "Plant Science", "Fine root production", "Carbon Cycle", "Trees", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "Microbial respiration", "microbial respiration", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "C sequestration", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "Biomass", "Fertilizers", "Biology", "[CO] enrichment", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", "0303 health sciences", "biomass", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "Atmosphere", "Root biomass", "Carbon Dioxide", "Nitrogen Cycle", "15. Life on land", "carbon sequestration", "N fertilization", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "nitrogen fertilizers", "roots (botany)", "13. Climate action", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "environment"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02201.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%2C%20Cell%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02201.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02201.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02201.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-11-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01444.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:52Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-07-05", "title": "Legume Species Identity And Soil Nitrogen Supply Determine Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixation Responses To Elevated Atmospheric [Co2]", "description": "In nitrogen (N)-limited systems, the response of symbiotic N fixation to elevated atmospheric [CO2] may be an important determinant of ecosystem responses to this global change. Experimental tests of the effects of elevated [CO2] have not been consistent. Although rarely tested, differences among legume species and N supply may be important. In a field free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment, we determined, for four legume species, whether the effects of elevated atmospheric [CO2] on symbiotic N fixation depended on soil N availability or species identity. Natural abundance and pool-dilution 15N methods were used to estimate N fixation. Although N addition did, in general, decrease N fixation, contrary to theoretical predictions, elevated [CO2] did not universally increase N fixation. Rather, the effect of elevated [CO2] on N fixation was positive, neutral or negative, depending on the species and N addition. Our results suggest that legume species identity and N supply are critical factors in determining symbiotic N-fixation responses to increased atmospheric [CO2].", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Atmosphere", "Nitrogen", "Minnesota", "Fabaceae", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Soil", "Species Specificity", "13. Climate action", "Nitrogen Fixation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Symbiosis"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01444.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01444.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01444.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01444.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-04-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02564.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:52Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-07-14", "title": "Soil Respiration, Root Biomass, And Root Turnover Following Long-Term Exposure Of Northern Forests To Elevated Atmospheric Co2and Tropospheric O3", "description": "The Rhinelander free-air CO(2) enrichment (FACE) experiment is designed to understand ecosystem response to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (+CO(2)) and elevated tropospheric ozone (+O(3)). The objectives of this study were: to understand how soil respiration responded to the experimental treatments; to determine whether fine-root biomass was correlated to rates of soil respiration; and to measure rates of fine-root turnover in aspen (Populus tremuloides) forests and determine whether root turnover might be driving patterns in soil respiration. Soil respiration was measured, root biomass was determined, and estimates of root production, mortality and biomass turnover were made. Soil respiration was greatest in the +CO(2) and +CO(2) +O(3) treatments across all three plant communities. Soil respiration was correlated with increases in fine-root biomass. In the aspen community, annual fine-root production and mortality (g m(-2)) were positively affected by +O(3). After 10 yr of exposure, +CO(2) +O(3)-induced increases in belowground carbon allocation suggest that the positive effects of elevated CO(2) on belowground net primary productivity (NPP) may not be offset by negative effects of O(3). For the aspen community, fine-root biomass is actually stimulated by +O(3), and especially +CO(2) +O(3).", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Atmosphere", "Climate Change", "Science", "Natural Resources and Environment", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "Trees", "Soil", "Ozone", "Populus", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Global Change", "Biomass", "Ozone (O 3 )", "Ecosystem", "Carbon Allocation", "Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 )", "Fine Roots"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02564.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02564.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02564.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02564.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-09-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/nph.16866", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-08-13", "title": "Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO 2", "description": "SummaryAtmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) is increasing, which increases leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale photosynthesis and intrinsic water\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency. These direct responses have the potential to increase plant growth, vegetation biomass, and soil organic matter; transferring carbon from the atmosphere into terrestrial ecosystems (a carbon sink). A substantial global terrestrial carbon sink would slow the rate of [CO2] increase and thus climate change. However, ecosystem CO2 responses are complex or confounded by concurrent changes in multiple agents of global change and evidence for a [CO2]\uffe2\uff80\uff90driven terrestrial carbon sink can appear contradictory. Here we synthesize theory and broad, multidisciplinary evidence for the effects of increasing [CO2] (iCO2) on the global terrestrial carbon sink. Evidence suggests a substantial increase in global photosynthesis since pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90industrial times. Established theory, supported by experiments, indicates that iCO2 is likely responsible for about half of the increase. Global carbon budgeting, atmospheric data, and forest inventories indicate a historical carbon sink, and these apparent iCO2 responses are high in comparison to experiments and predictions from theory. Plant mortality and soil carbon iCO2 responses are highly uncertain. In conclusion, a range of evidence supports a positive terrestrial carbon sink in response to iCO2, albeit with uncertain magnitude and strong suggestion of a role for additional agents of global change.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "Carbon Sequestration", "CO fertilization", "550", "global carbon cycle", "Land-atmosphere feedback", "Climate Change", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon Cycle", "Global carbon cycle", "Terrestrial ecosystems", "03 medical and health sciences", "land\u2013atmosphere feedback", "forests and forestry", "atmospheric carbon dioxide", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "free-air CO enrichment (FACE)", "CO-fertilization hypothesis", "CO2-fertilization hypothesis", "CO2 fertilization", "Ecosystem", "0303 health sciences", "photosynthesis", "Beta factor", "Atmosphere", "500", "terrestrial ecosystems", "carbon dioxide", "Free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "carbon sequestration", "terrestrial ecosystems.", "Carbon dioxide", "13. Climate action", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "beta factor", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "ecosystems", "free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/165394/1/Walker_et_al_200713_Draft7_submitted.pdf"}, {"href": "https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/nph.16866"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16866"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/nph.16866", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/nph.16866", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/nph.16866"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-10-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/nph.12409", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-07-22", "title": "Fire, Hurricane And Carbon Dioxide: Effects On Net Primary Production Of A Subtropical Woodland", "description": "Summary
Disturbance affects most terrestrial ecosystems and has the potential to shape their responses to chronic environmental change.
Scrub\uffe2\uff80\uff90oak vegetation regenerating from fire disturbance in subtropical Florida was exposed to experimentally elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration (+350\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcl\uffc2\uffa0l\uffe2\uff88\uff921) using open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top chambers for 11\uffc2\uffa0yr, punctuated by hurricane disturbance in year 8. Here, we report the effects of elevated CO2 on aboveground and belowground net primary productivity (NPP) and nitrogen (N) cycling during this experiment.
The stimulation of NPP and N uptake by elevated CO2 peaked within 2\uffc2\uffa0yr after disturbance by fire and hurricane, when soil nutrient availability was high. The stimulation subsequently declined and disappeared, coincident with low soil nutrient availability and with a CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced reduction in the N concentration of oak stems.
These findings show that strong growth responses to elevated CO2 can be transient, are consistent with a progressively limited response to elevated CO2 interrupted by disturbance, and illustrate the importance of biogeochemical responses to extreme events in modulating ecosystem responses to global environmental change.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "NITROGEN-USE EFFICIENCY", "Scrub oak ecosystem", "01 natural sciences", "Trees", "Quercus", "Soil", "nitrogen cycling", "oak woodland", "ECOSYSTEMS", "Global environmental change", "Biomass", "ROOT BIOMASS", "disturbance", "Florida scrub", "elevated CO2", "Elevated atmospheric CO2", "Plant Stems", "Cyclonic Storms", "Aboveground biomass", "FOREST PRODUCTIVITY", "Hurricane", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Nitrogen Cycle", "Fire", "Soil carbon", "LONG-TERM EXPOSURE", "Net primary productivity", "Long term exposure", "Florida", "Elevated CO2", "fire", "FLORIDA SCRUB", "ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS", "Nitrogen cycling", "TERRESTRIAL", "Oak woodland", "ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2", "Elevated CO 2", "Nitrogen", "hurricane", "Forest productivity", "Fires", "Terrestrial ecosystems", "SCRUB-OAK ECOSYSTEM", "Net primary productivity (NPP)", "Ecosystem", "Nitrogen use efficiency", "Atmosphere", "net primary productivity (NPP)", "Root biomass", "Plant Sciences", "global environmental change", "Disturbance", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "SOIL CARBON"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/context/biology_fac_pubs/article/1266/viewcontent/Day2013FireHurricaneandCarbonDioxideOCR.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12409"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/nph.12409", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/nph.12409", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/nph.12409"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-07-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1126/science.1075312", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-12-05", "title": "Grassland Responses To Global Environmental Changes Suppressed By Elevated Co2", "description": "Simulated global changes, including warming, increased precipitation, and nitrogen deposition, alone and in concert, increased net primary production (NPP) in the third year of ecosystem-scale manipulations in a California annual grassland. Elevated carbon dioxide also increased NPP, but only as a single-factor treatment. Across all multifactor manipulations, elevated carbon dioxide suppressed root allocation, decreasing the positive effects of increased temperature, precipitation, and nitrogen deposition on NPP. The NPP responses to interacting global changes differed greatly from simple combinations of single-factor responses. These findings indicate the importance of a multifactor experimental approach to understanding ecosystem responses to global change.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "Atmosphere", "Climate", "Temperature", "Carbon Dioxide", "Environment", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "01 natural sciences", "California", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "Biomass", "Weather", "Ecosystem", "Geraniaceae"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Christopher B. Field, Erika S. Zavaleta, Erika S. Zavaleta, Nona R. Chiariello, Harold A. Mooney, Elsa E. Cleland, Elsa E. Cleland, M. Rebecca Shaw,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1075312"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1126/science.1075312", "name": "item", "description": "10.1126/science.1075312", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1126/science.1075312"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-12-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1126/science.1095549", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-05-27", "title": "Co2 Elicits Long-Term Decline In Nitrogen Fixation", "description": "Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide ( C a), a product of fossil fuel burning, land-use change, and cement manufacture, is expected to cause a large carbon sink in land ecosystems, partly mitigating human-driven climate change ([ 1 ][1]). Increasing biological nitrogen fixation with rising C a has been", "keywords": ["Molybdenum", "Time Factors", "Light", "Atmosphere", "Fabaceae", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "Plant Leaves", "Quercus", "13. Climate action", "Nitrogen Fixation", "Florida", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1095549"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1126/science.1095549", "name": "item", "description": "10.1126/science.1095549", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1126/science.1095549"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-05-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1126/science.1113977", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-08-25", "title": "Carbon Flux And Growth In Mature Deciduous Forest Trees Exposed To Elevated Co2", "description": "Whether rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations will cause forests to grow faster and store more carbon is an open question. Using free air CO 2 release in combination with a canopy crane, we found an immediate and sustained enhancement of carbon flux through 35-meter-tall temperate forest trees when exposed to elevated CO 2 . However, there was no overall stimulation in stem growth and leaf litter production after 4 years. Photosynthetic capacity was not reduced, leaf chemistry changes were minor, and tree species differed in their responses. Although growing vigorously, these trees did not accrete more biomass carbon in stems in response to elevated CO 2 , thus challenging projections of growth responses derived from tests with smaller trees.
", "keywords": ["Carbon Isotopes", "Plant Stems", "Atmosphere", "Nitrogen", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Lignin", "Carbon", "Trees", "Plant Leaves", "Quercus", "Soil", "Betulaceae", "13. Climate action", "Fagus", "Biomass", "Photosynthesis", "Ecosystem", "Plant Shoots", "Switzerland"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1113977"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1126/science.1113977", "name": "item", "description": "10.1126/science.1113977", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1126/science.1113977"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-08-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1175/bams-d-17-0212.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-01-09", "title": "The Global N 2 O Model Intercomparison Project", "description": "AbstractNitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas and also an ozone-depleting substance that has both natural and anthropogenic sources. Large estimation uncertainty remains on the magnitude and spatiotemporal patterns of N2O fluxes and the key drivers of N2O production in the terrestrial biosphere. Some terrestrial biosphere models have been evolved to account for nitrogen processes and to show the capability to simulate N2O emissions from land ecosystems at the global scale, but large discrepancies exist among their estimates primarily because of inconsistent input datasets, simulation protocol, and model structure and parameterization schemes. Based on the consistent model input data and simulation protocol, the global N2O Model Intercomparison Project (NMIP) was initialized with 10 state-of-the-art terrestrial biosphere models that include nitrogen (N) cycling. Specific objectives of NMIP are to 1) unravel the major N cycling processes controlling N2O fluxes in each model and identify the uncertainty sources from model structure, input data, and parameters; 2) quantify the magnitude and spatial and temporal patterns of global and regional N2O fluxes from the preindustrial period (1860) to present and attribute the relative contributions of multiple environmental factors to N2O dynamics; and 3) provide a benchmarking estimate of N2O fluxes through synthesizing the multimodel simulation results and existing estimates from ground-based observations, inventories, and statistical and empirical extrapolations. This study provides detailed descriptions for the NMIP protocol, input data, model structure, and key parameters, along with preliminary simulation results. The global and regional N2O estimation derived from the NMIP is a key component of the global N2O budget synthesis activity jointly led by the Global Carbon Project and the International Nitrogen Initiative.
", "keywords": ["[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", "Atmosphere", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "15. Life on land", "environment", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/bams/99/6/bams-d-17-0212.1.xml"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0212.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bulletin%20of%20the%20American%20Meteorological%20Society", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1175/bams-d-17-0212.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1175/bams-d-17-0212.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1175/bams-d-17-0212.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/09-1582.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-21", "title": "Experimental Drought In A Tropical Rain Forest Increases Soil Carbon Dioxide Losses To The Atmosphere", "description": "Climate models predict precipitation changes for much of the humid tropics, yet few studies have investigated the potential consequences of drought on soil carbon (C) cycling in this important biome. In wet tropical forests, drought could stimulate soil respiration via overall reductions in soil anoxia, but previous research suggests that litter decomposition is positively correlated with high rainfall fluxes that move large quantities of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the litter layer to the soil surface. Thus, reduced rainfall could also limit C delivery to the soil surface, reducing respiration rates. We conducted a throughfall manipulation experiment to investigate how 25% and 50% reductions in rainfall altered both C movement into soils and the effects of those DOM fluxes on soil respiration rates. In response to the experimental drought, soil respiration rates increased in both the \uffe2\uff88\uff9225% and \uffe2\uff88\uff9250% treatments. Throughfall fluxes were reduced by 26% and 55% in the \uffe2\uff88\uff9225% and \uffe2\uff88\uff9250% treatments, respectively. However, total DOM fluxes leached from the litter did not vary between treatments, because the concentrations of leached DOM reaching the soil surface increased in response to the simulated drought. Annual DOM concentrations averaged 7.7 \uffc2\uffb1 0.8, 11.2 \uffc2\uffb1 0.9, and 15.8 \uffc2\uffb1 1.2 mg C/L in the control, \uffe2\uff88\uff9225%, and \uffe2\uff88\uff9250% plots, respectively, and DOM concentrations were positively correlated with soil respiration rates. A laboratory incubation experiment confirmed the potential importance of DOM concentration on soil respiration rates, suggesting that this mechanism could contribute to the increase in CO2 fluxes observed in the reduced rainfall plots. Across all plots, the data suggested that soil CO2 fluxes were partially regulated by the magnitude and concentration of soluble C delivered to the soil, but also by soil moisture and soil oxygen availability. Together, our data suggest that declines in precipitation in tropical rain forests could drive higher CO2 fluxes to the atmosphere both via increased soil O2 availability and through responses to elevated DOM concentrations.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Tropical Climate", "Time Factors", "Atmosphere", "Rain", "Water", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", "Trees", "Soil", "Oxygen Consumption", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1582.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/09-1582.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/09-1582.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/09-1582.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1175/jtech-d-21-0019.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-09-13", "title": "Distributed sensing of wind direction using fiber-optic cables", "description": "AbstractIn the atmospheric boundary layer, phenomena exist with challenging properties such as spatial heterogeneity, particularly during stable weak wind situations. Studying spatially heterogeneous features requires spatially distributed measurements on fine spatial and temporal scales. Fiber-Optic Distributed Sensing (FODS) can provide spatially distributed measurements, simultaneously offering a spatial resolution on the order of decimeters and a temporal resolution on the order of seconds. While FODS has already been deployed to study various variables, FODS wind direction sensing has only been demonstrated in idealized wind tunnel experiments. We present the first distributed observations of FODS wind directions from field data. The wind direction sensing is accomplished by using pairs of actively heated fiber optic cables with cone-shaped microstructures attached to them. Here we present three different methods of calculating wind directions from the FODS measurements, two based on using combined wind speed and direction information and one deriving wind direction independently from FODS wind speed. For each approach, the effective temporal and spatial resolution is quantified using spectral coherence. With each method of calculating wind directions, temporal resolutions on the order of tens of seconds can be achieved. The accuracy of FODS wind directions was evaluated against a sonic anemometer, showing deviations of less than 15\uffc2\uffb0 most of the time. The applicability of FODS for wind direction measurements in different environmental conditions is tested by analysing the dependence of FODS wind direction accuracy and observable scales on environmental factors. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of this technique by presenting a period that displays spatial and temporal structures in the wind direction.
", "keywords": ["Spectral analysis/models/distribution", "550", "Atmosphere", "0207 environmental engineering", "Distributed Temperature Sensing", "02 engineering and technology", "Field experiments", "Wind effects", "530", "01 natural sciences", "Turbulence", "13. Climate action", "Atmosphere-land interaction", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Freundorfer, Anita, Lapo, Karl, Schneider, Johann, Thomas, Christoph K.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/atot/aop/JTECH-D-21-0019.1/JTECH-D-21-0019.1.xml"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-21-0019.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Atmospheric%20and%20Oceanic%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1175/jtech-d-21-0019.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1175/jtech-d-21-0019.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1175/jtech-d-21-0019.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-09-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0001299", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-12-11", "title": "Increased Litterfall In Tropical Forests Boosts The Transfer Of Soil Co2 To The Atmosphere", "description": "Open AccessLa production de liti\u00e8re a\u00e9rienne dans les for\u00eats est susceptible d'augmenter en raison des concentrations \u00e9lev\u00e9es de dioxyde de carbone atmosph\u00e9rique (CO(2)), de la hausse des temp\u00e9ratures et du changement des r\u00e9gimes de pr\u00e9cipitations. Comme les chutes de liti\u00e8re repr\u00e9sentent un flux majeur de carbone de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation vers le sol, les changements dans les apports de liti\u00e8re sont susceptibles d'avoir des cons\u00e9quences de grande port\u00e9e sur la dynamique du carbone du sol. De telles perturbations du bilan carbone peuvent \u00eatre particuli\u00e8rement importantes sous les tropiques, car les for\u00eats tropicales stockent pr\u00e8s de 30\u00a0% du carbone mondial du sol, ce qui en fait une composante essentielle du cycle mondial du carbone\u00a0; n\u00e9anmoins, les effets de l'augmentation de la production de liti\u00e8re a\u00e9rienne sur la dynamique du carbone souterrain sont mal compris. Nous avons utilis\u00e9 des traitements mensuels \u00e0 long terme et \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle d'enl\u00e8vement et d'ajout de liti\u00e8re dans une for\u00eat tropicale de plaine pour \u00e9valuer les cons\u00e9quences de l'augmentation des chutes de liti\u00e8re sur la production souterraine de CO(2). Au cours de la deuxi\u00e8me \u00e0 la cinqui\u00e8me ann\u00e9e de traitement, l'ajout de liti\u00e8re a augment\u00e9 la respiration du sol plus que l'enl\u00e8vement de la liti\u00e8re ne l'a diminu\u00e9\u00a0; la respiration du sol \u00e9tait en moyenne 20\u00a0% plus faible dans l'enl\u00e8vement de la liti\u00e8re et 43\u00a0% plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e dans le traitement d'ajout de liti\u00e8re par rapport aux t\u00e9moins, mais l'ajout de liti\u00e8re n'a pas modifi\u00e9 la biomasse microbienne. Nous avons pr\u00e9dit une augmentation de 9% de la respiration du sol dans les parcelles d'ajout de liti\u00e8re, bas\u00e9e sur la diminution de 20% des parcelles d'enl\u00e8vement de la liti\u00e8re et une r\u00e9duction de 11% due \u00e0 une biomasse racinaire fine plus faible dans les parcelles d'ajout de liti\u00e8re. L'augmentation mesur\u00e9e de 43\u00a0% de la respiration du sol \u00e9tait donc 34\u00a0% plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e que pr\u00e9vu et il est possible que ce CO \u00ab\u00a0suppl\u00e9mentaire\u00a0\u00bb (2) soit le r\u00e9sultat d'effets d'amor\u00e7age, c'est-\u00e0-dire la stimulation de la d\u00e9composition de la mati\u00e8re organique du sol plus ancienne par l'ajout de mati\u00e8re organique fra\u00eeche. Nos r\u00e9sultats montrent que l'augmentation de la production de liti\u00e8re a\u00e9rienne en raison du changement global a le potentiel de provoquer des pertes consid\u00e9rables de carbone du sol dans l'atmosph\u00e8re dans les for\u00eats tropicales.", "keywords": ["570", "Atmospheric sciences", "Science", "Atmosphere (unit)", "Soil Science", "Carbon Loss", "630", "Environmental science", "Plant litter", "Trees", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Impact of Climate Change on Forest Wildfires", "Soil", "Meteorology", "Litter", "Biomass", "Biology", "Ecosystem", "2. Zero hunger", "Tropical Climate", "Global and Planetary Change", "Ecology", "Geography", "Atmosphere", "Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change", "Q", "R", "Temperature", "Tropics", "Water", "Life Sciences", "Geology", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Seasons", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://oro.open.ac.uk/36464/1/Sayer%20et%20al%202007.pdf"}, {"href": "https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/69199/1/journal.pone.0001299.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001299"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0001299", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0001299", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0001299"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-12-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0091204", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-03-12", "title": "Effects Of Soil Warming And Nitrogen Addition On Soil Respiration In A New Zealand Tussock Grassland", "description": "Soil respiration (RS) represents a large terrestrial source of CO2 to the atmosphere. Global change drivers such as climate warming and nitrogen deposition are expected to alter the terrestrial carbon cycle with likely consequences for RS and its components, autotrophic (RA) and heterotrophic respiration (RH). Here we investigate the impacts of a 3\u00b0C soil warming treatment and a 50 kg ha(-1) y(-1) nitrogen addition treatment on RS, RH and their respective seasonal temperature responses in an experimental tussock grassland. Average respiration in untreated soils was 0.96\u00b10.09 \u03bcmol m(-2) s(-1) over the course of the experiment. Soil warming and nitrogen addition increased RS by 41% and 12% respectively. These treatment effects were additive under combined warming and nitrogen addition. Warming increased RH by 37% while nitrogen addition had no effect. Warming and nitrogen addition affected the seasonal temperature response of RS by increasing the basal rate of respiration (R10) by 14% and 20% respectively. There was no significant interaction between treatments for R10. The treatments had no impact on activation energy (E0). The seasonal temperature response of RH was not affected by either warming or nitrogen addition. These results suggest that the additional CO2 emissions from New Zealand tussock grassland soils as a result of warming-enhanced RS constitute a potential positive feedback to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration.", "keywords": ["Atmosphere", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Q", "R", "Temperature", "Water", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "Models", " Theoretical", "15. Life on land", "Grassland", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Seasons", "Soil Microbiology", "Research Article", "New Zealand"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0091204"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0091204", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0091204", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0091204"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-03-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0102315", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-07-16", "title": "Soil Biochemical Responses To Nitrogen Addition In A Bamboo Forest", "description": "Many vital ecosystem processes take place in the soils and are greatly affected by the increasing active nitrogen (N) deposition observed globally. Nitrogen deposition generally affects ecosystem processes through the changes in soil biochemical properties such as soil nutrient availability, microbial properties and enzyme activities. In order to evaluate the soil biochemical responses to elevated atmospheric N deposition in bamboo forest ecosystems, a two-year field N addition experiment in a hybrid bamboo (Bambusa pervariabilis \u00d7 Dendrocalamopsis daii) plantation was conducted. Four levels of N treatment were applied: (1) control (CK, without N added), (2) low-nitrogen (LN, 50 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)), (3) medium-nitrogen (MN, 150 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)), and (4) high-nitrogen (HN, 300 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)). Results indicated that N addition significantly increased the concentrations of NH4(+), NO3(-), microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass N, the rates of nitrification and denitrification; significantly decreased soil pH and the concentration of available phosphorus, and had no effect on the total organic carbon and total N concentration in the 0-20 cm soil depth. Nitrogen addition significantly stimulated activities of hydrolytic enzyme that acquiring N (urease) and phosphorus (acid phosphatase) and depressed the oxidative enzymes (phenol oxidase, peroxidase and catalase) activities. Results suggest that (1) this bamboo forest ecosystem is moving towards being limited by P or co-limited by P under elevated N deposition, (2) the expected progressive increases in N deposition may have a potential important effect on forest litter decomposition due to the interaction of inorganic N and oxidative enzyme activities, in such bamboo forests under high levels of ambient N deposition.", "keywords": ["Analysis of Variance", "China", "Atmosphere", "Monophenol Monooxygenase", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Q", "Acid Phosphatase", "R", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "Catalase", "Nitrification", "Soil", "Ammonia", "Denitrification", "Medicine", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Sasa", "Soil Microbiology", "Research Article", "Peroxidase"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102315"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0102315", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0102315", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0102315"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-07-16T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Atmosphere&offset=50&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Atmosphere&offset=50&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Atmosphere&offset=0", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Atmosphere&offset=100", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 183, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-08-26T12:45:34.545423Z"}