{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:19:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-08-05", "title": "Effect Of A Legume Cover Crop (Mucuna Pruriens Var. Utilis) On Soil Carbon In An Ultisol Under Maize Cultivation In Southern Benin", "description": "<p>Abstract.  Long term fallow is no longer possible in densely populated tropical areas, but legume cover crops can help maintain soil fertility. Our work aimed to study changes in soil carbon in a sandy loam Ultisol in Benin, which involved a 12\uffe2\uff80\uff90year experiment on three maize cropping systems under manual tillage: traditional no\uffe2\uff80\uff90input cultivation (T), mineral fertilized cultivation (NPK), and association with Mucuna pruriens (M). The origin of soil carbon was also determined through the natural abundance of soil and biomass 13C. In T, NPK and M changes in soil carbon at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9340 cm were \uffe2\uff88\uff920.2, +0.2 and +1.3 t C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, with residue carbon amounting to 3.5, 6.4 and 10.0 t C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. After 12 years of experimentation, carbon originating from maize in litter\uffe2\uff80\uff90plus\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9340 cm) represented less than 4% of both total carbon and overall maize residue carbon. In contrast, carbon originating from mucuna in litter\uffe2\uff80\uff90plus\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil represented more than 50% of both total carbon and overall mucuna residue carbon in M, possibly due to accelerated mineralization of native soil carbon (priming effect) and slow mulch decomposition. Carbon originating from weeds in litter\uffe2\uff80\uff90plus\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil represented c. 10% of both total carbon and overall weed residue carbon in T and NPK. Thus mucuna mulch was very effective in promoting carbon sequestration in the soil studied.</p>", "keywords": ["Soil nutrients", "Carbon sequestration", "13C natural abundance", "[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "Soil management", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7170", "Npk", "SOL CULTIVE", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "Soil fertility", "Zea mays", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_875", "630", "plante de couverture", "Legume cover crops", "Benin", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1301", "legume cover crop", "Mucuna pruriens", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4971", "ANALYSE STATISTIQUE", "580", "LEGUMINEUSE TROPICALE", "Acrisol", "2. Zero hunger", "Tropical zones", "mucuna", "BIOMASSE", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1936", "P35 - Fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "Green manure crops", "RESIDU VEGETAL", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_101", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. 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This project used a machine learning data-driven model to predict the distribution of soil carbon under mangrove forests globally. Specifically this dataset contains: 1) a compilation of georeferenced and harmonized soil profile data under mangroves compiled from literature, reports and unpublished contributions 2) global mosaics of soil carbon stocks to 1m and 2m depths produced at 100 m resolution 3) tiled predictions of soil carbon stocks produced at 30 m resolution 4) shape file containing the tiling system 5) shape file containing country boundaries used for calculating national level statistics.\nFor detailed methodologies, please see the scientific paper (https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabe1c).", "formats": [{"name": "zip"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["carbon", "soil profiles", "Soil science", "Australia", "Bangladesh", "Belize", "Benin", "Brazil", "Cameroon", "China", "Colombia", "Costa Rica", "Dominican Republic", "Ecuador", "Egypt", "El Salvador", "French Guiana", "Guadeloupe", "Honduras", "Hong Kong", "India", "Indonesia", "Madagascar", "Malaysia", "Mexico", "Micronesia", "Mozambique", "New Zealand", "Nigeria", "Palau", "Panama", "Philippines", "Saudi Arabia", "Singapore", "South Africa", "Sri Lanka", "Taiwan", "Thailand", "United States", "Vietnam"], "contacts": [{"name": "Jonathan Sanderman", "organization": "Woods Hole Research Centre", "position": "Associate scientist", "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "jsanderman@whrc.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": "Falmouth, Massachusetts", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "MA 02540", "country": "United States of America"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Tom Hengl", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Former staff", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "None"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "distancevalue": "30", "distanceuom": "m"}, "links": [{"href": "https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/OCYUIT", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabe1c", "name": "Scientific paper", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/other/WD-Mangroves.jpg", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "31769934-038c-4873-ab14-4b6b66531103", "name": "item", "description": "31769934-038c-4873-ab14-4b6b66531103", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/31769934-038c-4873-ab14-4b6b66531103"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1969-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2015-09-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "6fd2f113-9c67-49a4-99e1-8c6c7d4d5e72", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-17.0, -34.0], [-17.0, 17.5], [49.0, 17.5], [49.0, -34.0], [-17.0, -34.0]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Angola"}, {"id": "Benin"}, {"id": "Botswana"}, {"id": "Burkina Faso"}, {"id": "Burundi"}, {"id": "Cameroon"}, {"id": "Central African Republic"}, {"id": "Chad"}, {"id": "Demcratic Republic of the Congo"}, {"id": "Eswatini"}, {"id": "Ethiopia"}, {"id": "Gabon"}, {"id": "Ghana"}, {"id": "Guinea"}, {"id": "Guinea-Bissau"}, {"id": "Kenya"}, {"id": "Lesotho"}, {"id": "Madagascar"}, {"id": "Malawi"}, {"id": "Mali"}, {"id": "Mauritania"}, {"id": "Mozambique"}, {"id": "Namibia"}, {"id": "Niger"}, {"id": "Nigeria"}, {"id": "Republic of the Congo"}, {"id": "Rwanda"}, {"id": "Senegal"}, {"id": "Sierra Leone"}, {"id": "Somalia"}, {"id": "South Africa"}, {"id": "South Sudan"}, {"id": "Sudan"}, {"id": "Tanzania"}, {"id": "Togo"}, {"id": "Uganda"}, {"id": "Zambia"}, {"id": "Zimbabwe"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2021-07-14T11:51:39", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "Africa Soil Profiles Database, version 1.0", "description": "ISRIC World Soil Information is compiling legacy soil profile data of Sub Saharan Africa, as a project activity of the AfSIS project (Globally integrated Africa Soil Information Service). http://africasoils.net/services/data/soil-databases/\n\nAfrica Soil Profiles database, version. 1.0 (April 2012) identifies less than 15700 unique soil profiles inventoried from a wide variety of data sources. From the less than 14600 profiles that are geo-referenced, soil layer attribute data are available for less than 12500 and soil analytical data for less than 10000 profiles. The database includes, but is not limited, to the soil attributes specified by GlobalSoilMap.net. Soil attribute values are standardized according to e-SOTER conventions and validated according to routine rules. Odd values are flagged. The degree of validation, and associated reliability of the data, varies because reference soil profile data, that are previously and thoroughly validated, are compiled together with non-reference soil profile data of lesser inherent representativeness.\n \nUpdated milestone versions of the dataset have been posted online and made available to the project serving as input to the soil property maps generated by AfSIS. The continuously growing dataset will also be made available through the World Soil Information Service upon continuation of the project activity. The version is released here is version 1.0., the latest version is 1.1.", "formats": [{"name": "zip"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["soil profiles", "Soil science", "Angola", "Benin", "Botswana", "Burkina Faso", "Burundi", "Cameroon", "Central African Republic", "Chad", "Demcratic Republic of the Congo", "Eswatini", "Ethiopia", "Gabon", "Ghana", "Guinea", "Guinea-Bissau", "Kenya", "Lesotho", "Madagascar", "Malawi", "Mali", "Mauritania", "Mozambique", "Namibia", "Niger", "Nigeria", "Republic of the Congo", "Rwanda", "Senegal", "Sierra Leone", "Somalia", "South Africa", "South Sudan", "Sudan", "Tanzania", "Togo", "Uganda", "Zambia", "Zimbabwe"], "contacts": [{"name": "Ad van Oostrum", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Guest researcher", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "ad.vanoostrum@wur.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Johan Leenaars", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior soil scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "johan.leenaars@wur.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "2500000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/afsp/AF-AfSP1.0.zip", "name": "Download", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/projects/africa-soil-profiles-database-afsp", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/sites/default/files/isric_report_2012_03.pdf", "name": "Report", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/afsp/AfSP010Qry_ISRIC.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "6fd2f113-9c67-49a4-99e1-8c6c7d4d5e72", "name": "item", "description": "6fd2f113-9c67-49a4-99e1-8c6c7d4d5e72", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/6fd2f113-9c67-49a4-99e1-8c6c7d4d5e72"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1925-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "a44b2576-1927-49e2-9ace-3a5abf299819", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[5.81, 47.26], [5.81, 54.76], [15.77, 54.76], [15.77, 47.26], [5.81, 47.26]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "vegetation index"}, {"id": "crop monitoring"}, {"id": "spectral analysis"}, {"id": "appropriate technology"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}, {"id": "low cost"}, {"id": "spectral sensor"}, {"id": "open source device"}, {"id": "net ecosystem carbon balance"}, {"id": "water use efficiency"}], "scheme": "Individual"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Bodennutzung"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Germany"}, {"id": "Brandenburg"}, {"id": "M\u00e4rkisch Oderland"}, {"id": "Philippines"}, {"id": "Benin"}], "scheme": "individual"}], "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the ZALF Datenerfassung's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The ZALF Datenerfassung and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2024-03-01", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2024-02-15", "language": "eng", "title": "Low-cost ground-based NDVI sensor device for manual and automated crop monitoring - Field validation", "description": "NDVI measurements from field validation of low-cost sensor device\n\nGeneral description see mother table: (https://doi.org/10.4228/zalf-db3a-6q09); Related datasets are listed in the metadata element 'Related Identifier'.\nDataset version 1.0", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["vegetation index", "crop monitoring", "spectral analysis", "appropriate technology", "opendata", "low cost", "spectral sensor", "open source device", "net ecosystem carbon balance", "water use efficiency", "Bodennutzung", "Germany", "Brandenburg", "M\u00e4rkisch Oderland", "Philippines", "Benin"], "contacts": [{"name": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural 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["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "sogeof1992@gmail.com"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Yvonne Ayaribil", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "Yvonne.Ayaribil@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Rinan Bayot", "organization": "University of the Philippines Los Ba\u00f1os", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "rmbayot1@up.edu.ph"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Pearl Sanchez", "organization": "University of the Philippines Los Ba\u00f1os", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "pbsanchez1@up.edu.ph"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0001-6253-5690", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "J\u00fcrgen Augustin", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "jaug@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-8560-2814", "name_url": "", "description": 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It replaces version 1.1. \n\nThe Africa Soil Profiles Database is a compilation of georeferenced and standardised legacy soil profile data for Sub-Saharan Africa. Version 1.2 (November 2014) identifies 18,532 unique soil profiles inventoried from a wide variety of data sources and includes profile site and layer attribute data. Soil analytical data are available for 15,564 profiles of which 14,197 are georeferenced, including the attributes as specified by GlobalSoilMap.net. Soil attribute values are standardized according to SOTER conventions and are validated according to routine rules. Odd values are flagged. The degree of validation, and associated reliability of the data, varies because reference soil profile data, that are previously and thoroughly validated, are compiled together with non-reference soil profile data of lesser inherent representativeness.", "formats": [{"name": "zip"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["soil profiles", "Soil science", "Angola", "Benin", "Botswana", "Burkina Faso", "Burundi", "Cameroon", "Central African Republic", "Chad", "Demcratic Republic of the Congo", "Eswatini", "Ethiopia", "Gabon", "Ghana", "Guinea", "Guinea-Bissau", "Kenya", "Lesotho", "Madagascar", "Malawi", "Mali", "Mauritania", "Mozambique", "Namibia", "Niger", "Nigeria", "Republic of the Congo", "Rwanda", "Senegal", "Sierra Leone", "Somalia", "South Africa", "South Sudan", "Sudan", "Tanzania", "Togo", "Uganda", "Zambia", "Zimbabwe"], "contacts": [{"name": "Ad van Oostrum", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Guest researcher", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "ad.vanoostrum@wur.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Johan Leenaars", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior soil scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "johan.leenaars@wur.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Maria Ruiperez Gonzalez", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Remote Sensing", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "maria.ruiperezgonzalez@wur.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "2500000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/afsp/AF-AfSP1.2.zip", "name": "Download", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/projects/africa-soil-profiles-database-afsp", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/sites/default/files/isric_report_2014_01.pdf", "name": "Report", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/afsp/AfSP012Qry_ISRIC.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "b88870b4-6af8-4e78-a3ac-38871d757525", "name": "item", "description": "b88870b4-6af8-4e78-a3ac-38871d757525", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/b88870b4-6af8-4e78-a3ac-38871d757525"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1925-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "2f520316-f6b8-44f4-a622-c13e7c80c722", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[5.81, 47.26], [5.81, 54.76], [15.77, 54.76], [15.77, 47.26], [5.81, 47.26]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "vegetation index"}, {"id": "crop monitoring"}, {"id": "spectral analysis"}, {"id": "appropriate technology"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}, {"id": "low cost"}, {"id": "spectral sensor"}, {"id": "open source device"}, {"id": "net ecosystem carbon balance"}, {"id": "water use efficiency"}], "scheme": "Individual"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Bodennutzung"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Germany"}, {"id": "Brandenburg"}, {"id": "M\u00e4rkisch Oderland"}, {"id": "Philippines"}, {"id": "Benin"}], "scheme": "individual"}], "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the ZALF Datenerfassung's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The ZALF Datenerfassung and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2024-03-01", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2024-02-15", "language": "eng", "title": "Low-cost ground-based NDVI sensor device for manual and automated crop monitoring", "description": "Ground-based NDVI sensors are vital for an accurate, localized crop condition and growth assessment, but their high cost and labor-intensive nature limit accessibility. Here, we present a low-cost NDVI sensor device, priced under 250 Euros, which can be utilized both manually as a handheld tool and automatically as a standalone device to address this issue. We calibrated and field validated the low-cost NDVI sensor against a commercial sensor for ground-based NDVI measurements. Our calibration revealed a slight underestimation at higher NDVI values measured from the low-cost sensor, which we adjusted using a correction function. Field validation proved the accuracy of low-cost sensor device, with a high correlation (r\u00b2 = 0.99; y = 1.04x + 0.003) and good agreement with the reference device, after applying then derived correction function. Further field trial application of the low-cost sensor as a handheld device (manual mode) in Benin and the Philippines for rice and pineapple cultivation, respectively, demonstrated the reliability of the device to monitor crop development and biomass accumulation. An additional field testing in an oat field site in Germany showed that the developed low-cost NDVI sensor, functioning as a standalone automatic device, is robust, reliable and capable to monitor crop development during senescence, through higher temporal resolution NDVI measurements. This study proved the accuracy and reliability of our low-cost NDVI sensor, increasing accessibility to cost-effective, ground-based NDVI crop monitoring solutions.Contains the index of all datasets.\n\nRelated datasets are listed in the metadata element 'Related Identifier'.\nDataset version 1.0", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["vegetation index", "crop monitoring", "spectral analysis", "appropriate technology", "opendata", "low cost", "spectral sensor", "open source device", "net ecosystem carbon balance", "water use efficiency", "Bodennutzung", "Germany", "Brandenburg", "M\u00e4rkisch Oderland", "Philippines", "Benin"], "contacts": [{"name": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "organization": "ZALF", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - Workgroup Research Data Management", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 300"}], "emails": [{"value": "dataservice@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "https://ror.org/01ygyzs83", "name_url": "", "description": "ROR", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Reena Macagga", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "reena.macagga@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0003-3407-5177", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Mathias Hoffmann", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "mathias.hoffmann@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-2776-1403", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Geoffroy Sossa", "organization": "University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "sogeof1992@gmail.com"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Yvonne Ayaribil", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "Yvonne.Ayaribil@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Rinan Bayot", "organization": "University of the Philippines Los Ba\u00f1os", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "rmbayot1@up.edu.ph"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Pearl Sanchez", "organization": "University of the Philippines Los Ba\u00f1os", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "pbsanchez1@up.edu.ph"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, 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{"name": "Shukrona Giyasidinova", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["dataCollector"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "reena.macagga@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Natalija Obradovi\u0107", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["dataCollector"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "reena.macagga@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Mario Bel\u00edo Miranda", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["dataCollector"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "reena.macagga@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Isabel Zentgraf", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["dataCollector"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "reena.macagga@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Michael Alcantara", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["dataCollector"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "reena.macagga@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB);Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research;University of the Philippines Los Ba\u00f1os", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "title_alternate": "Data collection: Part 0/7, table: Index of data collection"}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=2f520316-f6b8-44f4-a622-c13e7c80c722", "rel": "information"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2f520316-f6b8-44f4-a622-c13e7c80c722", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2f520316-f6b8-44f4-a622-c13e7c80c722", "name": "item", "description": "2f520316-f6b8-44f4-a622-c13e7c80c722", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2f520316-f6b8-44f4-a622-c13e7c80c722"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "8b23b90c-1266-470f-96ac-252b6a5c2207", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[2.27, 7.25], [2.27, 7.25], [2.27, 7.25], [2.27, 7.25], [2.27, 7.25]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "nitrogen"}, {"id": "evapotranspiration"}, {"id": "rice"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}, {"id": "periodic drying"}, {"id": "water use efficiency"}], "scheme": "Individual"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Africa"}, {"id": "Benin"}], "scheme": "individual"}], "license": "CC BY", "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the ZALF Datenerfassung's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The ZALF Datenerfassung and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2024-06-17", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2024-04-03", "language": "eng", "title": "Improving the water use efficiency of irrigated rice cultivation in Benin, West Africa", "description": "Sustaining, or even increasing yields while improving the Water use efficiency (WUE) of irrigated rice is vital to cope with both the increasing risks of water scarcity and the feeding of the growing population in sub-Saharan Africa This study aims to improve the WUE for irrigated rice cultivation in central Benin. A field experiment was established and measurements performed from November 2022 to March 2023 at Koussin l\u00e9l\u00e9, Cove district, using a split-plot experimental design. The main plot was assigned to water management technologies that included continuous flooding and two thresholds of periodic drying irrigation to 15 cm and 25 cm soil depth. The subplot was assigned to the nitrogen fertilizer regime which includes 90 kg ha-1 (farmer\u2019s practice) and 120 kg ha-1 (enhanced amount of fertilizer). Based on biweekly conducted manual closed chamber (A: 0.16m2; V:0.16m3) measurements of evapotranspiration (ET) and CO2 exchange (ecosystem respiration (Reco) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE)), the seasonal dynamics in WUE were assessed as canopy (cWUE) and ecosystem water use efficiency (eWUE), respectively. Canopy gas exchange measurements were performed using a novel, low-cost ET and CO2 flux logger system (Macagga et al. 2024; RelatedIdentifier TAB1). Measured CO2 and ET fluxes were calculated using a modular R script described in detail by Hoffmann et al. (2015; Reco/NEE; RelatedIdentifier TAB2) and Dahlmann et al. (2022; ET; RelatedIdentifier TAB3). In addition to cWUE and eWUE, the crop season WUE was calculated as grain (gWUE) and biomass water use efficiency (bWUE). Results showed that the maximum grain yield (6.19 Mg ha-1) was observed for the continuous flooding rice cultivation receiving 120 Kg N ha-1 even though it was only 6.9 % higher than the yield recorded for the periodic drying at -15cm. The cWUE and eWUE followed the same pattern but were generally higher for periodic drying at -15cm under N90 with 2.63 g C (Kg H2O)-1 d-1 and 1.25 g C (Kg H2O)-1 d-1 respectively. Furthermore, this particular treatment also recorded the highest values for all the cumulative WUE parameters. Our findings emphasize the adoption of the periodic drying irrigation regime with an application rate of N90 Kg. ha-1 for more sustainable irrigated rice production. This table contains the index of all tables forming this data collection.\n\nRelated datasets are listed in the metadata element 'Related Identifier'.\nDataset version 1.0", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["Soil", "nitrogen", "evapotranspiration", "rice", "opendata", "periodic drying", "water use efficiency", "Boden", "Africa", "Benin"], "contacts": [{"name": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "organization": "ZALF", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - Workgroup Research Data Management", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 300"}], "emails": [{"value": "dataservice@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "https://ror.org/01ygyzs83", "name_url": "", "description": "ROR", "description_url": 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Industrial Research-Savannah Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI);West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL);Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research;West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use-GRP Climate Change and Agriculture, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB)", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "title_alternate": "Data collection: Part 0/7, table: Index"}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=8b23b90c-1266-470f-96ac-252b6a5c2207", "rel": "information"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/8b23b90c-1266-470f-96ac-252b6a5c2207", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "8b23b90c-1266-470f-96ac-252b6a5c2207", "name": "item", 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100m)", "description": "The transpiration (T) data component (dekadal, in mm/day) is the actual transpiration of the vegetation canopy. The value of each pixel represents the average daily actual transpiration for that specific dekad. The data is provided in near real time from January 2009 to present.", "formats": [{"name": "TIF"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}], "keywords": ["Water", "WaPOR", "WaPOR_2", "WaPOR_2_National", "Autogenerated", "Dekadal", "Africa and Near East", "Benin", "Burundi", "Egypt", "Ethiopia", "Ghana", "Iraq", "Jordan", "Kenya", "Lebanon", "Mali", "Morocco", "Mozambique", "Niger", "Palestine", "Rwanda", "South Sudan", "Sudan", "Syrian Arab Republic", "Tunisia", "Uganda", "Yemen", "Awash Basin", "Jordan Basin", "Litani Basin", "Niger Basin", "Nile Basin", "Africa"], "contacts": [{"name": "WaPOR", "organization": "FAO-UN", "position": null, "roles": ["originator"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "wapor@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "FAO-UN", "roles": ["creator"]}], "edition": "Version 2.0"}, "links": [{"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/WAPOR_2/L2_T_D/v2?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities", "name": "WATER_MM:DEKAD:10-DAYS", "description": "Transpiration (Dekadal)", "protocol": "OGC:WMS-1.3.0-http-get-map", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://WaPOR.apps.fao.org/catalog/WaPOR_2/2/L2_T_D", "name": "Download data from WaPOR Website", "description": "Transpiration  (Africa and Near East - Dekadal)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://io.apps.fao.org/geoserver/wms/reflect?layers=WAPOR_2:l2_t_d", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10256e65-3086-4318-afa6-2264501ff4e4", "name": "item", "description": "10256e65-3086-4318-afa6-2264501ff4e4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10256e65-3086-4318-afa6-2264501ff4e4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "17b86ea9-c932-47d8-a2cd-a7590cd0072c", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-18.38, -36.52], [-18.38, 37.26], [62.59, 37.26], [62.59, -36.52], [-18.38, -36.52]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Africa"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}], "updated": "2022-01-27T16:19:26", "language": "eng", "title": "Gross Biomass Water Productivity (Africa and Near East - Seasonal - 100m)", "description": "The seasonal Gross Biomass Water Productivity expresses the quantity of output (total biomass production) in relation to the total volume of water consumed (actual EvapoTranspiration) during the growing cycle of the vegetation. By relating biomass production to total EvapoTranspiration (sum of soil evaporation, canopy transpiration and interception), this indicator provides insights on the impact of vegetation development on consumptive water use and thus on water balance in a given domain. When the focus is on monitoring performance of irrigated agriculture in relation to water consumption, it is more appropriate to use transpiration alone as a denominator, as a measure of water beneficially consumed by the plant. This latter indicator, for which we use the term \\\"net water productivity\\\", provides useful information on how effectively vegetation (and particularly crops) uses water to develop its biomass (and thus yield). 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The value of each pixel represents the ETIa in a given year. 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Combining classes and area shares in a single land degradation index is common practice in many other peer reviewed studies (e.g. Leiwen et al., 2005; McCoubrey, 1998; Pace at al., 2008; Safriel, 1999; Sonneveld and Dent, 2009), which gives us, sufficient confidence to apply the index for our analysis.\nThis dataset has been used to complement the survey data and included in the ''Climate change predictions in Sub-Saharan Africa: impacts and adaptations (ClimAfrica)'' project, Work Package 5 (WP5). More information on ClimAfrica project is provided in the Supplemental Information section of this metadata.\n\nThis study in WP5 aimed to identify, locate and characterize groups that are vulnerable for climate change conditions in two country clusters; one in West Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Togo) and one in East Africa (Sudan, South Sudan and Uganda). 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