Forest development following stand\uffe2\uff80\uff90replacing disturbance influences a variety of ecosystem processes including carbon exchange with the atmosphere. On a series of ponderosa pine (Pinius ponderosa var. Laws.) stands ranging from 9 to>\uffe2\uff80\uff83300\uffe2\uff80\uff83years in central Oregon, USA, we used biological measurements to estimate carbon storage in vegetation and soil pools, net primary productivity (NPP) and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) to examine variation with stand age. Measurements were made on plots representing four age classes with three replications: initiation (I, 9\uffe2\uff80\uff9323\uffe2\uff80\uff83years), young (Y, 56\uffe2\uff80\uff9389\uffe2\uff80\uff83years), mature (M, 95\uffe2\uff80\uff93106\uffe2\uff80\uff83years), and old (O, 190\uffe2\uff80\uff93316\uffe2\uff80\uff83years) stands typical of the forest type in the region. Net ecosystem productivity was lowest in the I stands (\uffe2\uff88\uff92124\uffe2\uff80\uff83g C\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921), moderate in Y stands (118\uffe2\uff80\uff83g C\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921), highest in M stands (170\uffe2\uff80\uff83g C\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921), and low in the O stands (35\uffe2\uff80\uff83g C\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Net primary productivity followed similar trends, but did not decline as much in the O stands. The ratio of fine root to foliage carbon was highest in the I stands, which is likely necessary for establishment in the semiarid environment, where forests are subject to drought during the growing season (300\uffe2\uff80\uff93800\uffe2\uff80\uff83mm precipitation per year). Carbon storage in live mass was the highest in the O stands (mean 17.6\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg C\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922). Total ecosystem carbon storage and the fraction of ecosystem carbon in aboveground wood mass increased rapidly until 150\uffe2\uff80\uff93200\uffe2\uff80\uff83years, and did not decline in older stands. Forest inventory data on 950 ponderosa pine plots in Oregon show that the greatest proportion of plots exist in stands \uffe2\uff88\uffbc\uffe2\uff80\uff83100\uffe2\uff80\uff83years old, indicating that a majority of stands are approaching maximum carbon storage and net carbon uptake. Our data suggests that NEP averages \uffe2\uff88\uffbc\uffe2\uff80\uff8370\uffe2\uff80\uff83g C\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for ponderosa pine forests in Oregon. About 85% of the total carbon storage in biomass on the survey plots exists in stands greater than 100\uffe2\uff80\uff83years, which has implications for managing forests for carbon sequestration. To investigate variation in carbon storage and fluxes with disturbance, simulation with process models requires a dynamic parameterization for biomass allocation that depends on stand age, and should include a representation of competition between multiple plant functional types for space, water, and nutrients.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00624.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00624.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00624.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00624.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00582.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-05-29", "title": "Production, Turnover And Mycorrhizal Colonization Of Root Systems Of Three Populus Species Grown Under Elevated Co2 (Popface)", "description": "AbstractA fast growing high density Populus plantation located in central Italy was exposed to elevated carbon dioxide for a period of three years. An elevated CO2 treatment (550\uffe2\uff80\uff83ppm), of 200\uffe2\uff80\uff83ppm over ambient (350\uffe2\uff80\uff83ppm) was provided using a FACE technique. Standing root biomass, fine root turnover and mycorrhizal colonization of the following Populus species was examined: Populus alba L., Populus nigra L., Populus x euramericana Dode (Guinier). Elevated CO2 increased belowground allocation of biomass in all three species examined, standing root biomass increased by 47\uffe2\uff80\uff9376% as a result of FACE treatment. Similarly, fine root biomass present in the soil increased by 35\uffe2\uff80\uff9384%. The FACE treatment resulted in 55% faster fine root turnover in P. alba and a 27% increase in turnover of roots of P. nigra and P. x euramericana. P. alba and P. nigra invested more root biomass into deeper soil horizon under elevated CO2. Response of the mycorrhizal community to elevated CO2 was more varied, the rate of infection increased only in P. alba for both ectomycorrhizal (EM) and arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM). The roots of P. nigra showed greater infection only by AM and the colonization of the root system of P. x euramericana was not affected by FACE treatment. The results suggest that elevated atmospheric CO2 conditions induce greater belowground biomass investment, which could lead to accumulation of assimilated C in the soil profile. This may have implications for C sequestration and must be taken into account when considering long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term C storage in the soil.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00582.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00582.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00582.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00582.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-05-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00608.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-05-06", "title": "Effects Of Elevated Carbon Dioxide On Green Leaf Tissue And Leaf Litter Quality In An Intact Mojave Desert Ecosystem", "description": "AbstractThe effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) on plant litter are critical determinants of ecosystem feedback to changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We measured concentrations of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) and calculated C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratios of green leaves of two desert perennial shrubs, and the same quality parameters plus lignin and cellulose content of leaf litter from four shrub species exposed to elevated CO2 (FACE technology; Hendrey & Kimball, 1994) for 3\uffe2\uff80\uff83years in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem. Shrubs tested were Larrea tridentata, Lycium pallidum, Lycium andersonii and Ambrosia dumosa. We calculated resorption efficiency from green tissue and leaf litter N data and measured lignin and cellulose content in litter in the last year study. Green leaves of L.\uffe2\uff80\uff83tridentata grown under elevated CO2 had significantly lower N concentrations and higher C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratios than shrubs grown in ambient conditions in 1999 (P\uffe2\uff80\uff83<\uffe2\uff80\uff830.05). Lycium pallidum green leaves grown under elevated CO2 had significantly lower N concentrations and higher C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratios than shrubs grown under ambient conditions in 2000 (P\uffe2\uff80\uff83<\uffe2\uff80\uff830.05). There was no CO2 effect on C content of either species. We found no effect of CO2 on N or C content, C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratios, or lignin or cellulose concentrations in leaf litter of L.\uffe2\uff80\uff83tridentata, L.\uffe2\uff80\uff83pallidum, L.\uffe2\uff80\uff83andersonii, or A.\uffe2\uff80\uff83dumosa. There was no significant effect of CO2 on estimates of shrub resorption efficiency. There was a seasonal effect on green tissue and litter tissue quality for L. tridentata, with lower tissue N content in summer than in spring or winter months. These data suggest that any productivity increases with elevated CO2 in desert ecosystems may not be limited by lower leaf litter quality and that resorption efficiency calculations are best performed on an individual leaf basis.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00608.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00608.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00608.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00608.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00622.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-05-06", "title": "Environmental Control Of Fine Root Dynamics In A Northern Hardwood Forest", "description": "AbstractUnderstanding how exogenous and endogenous factors control the distribution, production and mortality of fine roots is fundamental to assessing the implications of global change, yet our knowledge of control over fine root dynamics remains rudimentary. To improve understanding of these processes, the present study developed regression relationships between environmental variables and fine root dynamics within a northern hardwood forest in New Hampshire, USA, which was experimentally manipulated with a snow removal treatment. Fine roots (<\uffe2\uff80\uff831\uffe2\uff80\uff83mm diameter) were observed using minirhizotrons for 2\uffe2\uff80\uff83years in sugar maple and yellow birch stands and analyzed in relation to temperature, water and nutrient availability. Fine root dynamics at this site fluctuated seasonally, with growth and mortality peaking during warmer months. Monthly fine root production was strongly associated with mean monthly air temperature and neither soil moisture nor nutrient availability added additional predictive power to this relationship. This relationship exhibited a seasonal temperature hysteresis, which was altered by snow removal treatment. These results suggest that both exogenous and endogenous cues may be important in controlling fine root growth in this system. Proportional fine root mortality was directly associated with mean monthly soil temperature, and proportional fine root mortality during the over\uffe2\uff80\uff90winter interval was strongly related to whether the soil froze. The strong relationship between fine root production and air temperature reported herein contrasts with findings from some hardwood forest sites and indicates that controls on fine root dynamics vary geographically. Future research must more clearly distinguish between endogenous and exogenous control over fine root dynamics in various ecosystems.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00622.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00622.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00622.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00622.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00527.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Importance Of Clonal Plants And Plant Species Diversity In The Northeast China Transect", "description": "In plant communities, the internal (genet\uffe2\uff80\uff90level) control mechanisms on a spatio\uffe2\uff80\uff90temporal scale of clonal plants impose strong constraints on spatial pattern as well as on competitive relations and, thus, species coexistence. Therefore, the presence of clonal species within a plant community affects spatio\uffe2\uff80\uff90temporal dynamics and plant species diversity. We examined the distribution of plants with different clonal growth forms in the Northeast China Transect (NECT) and correlated plant species diversity with the importance of clonal plants, and the importance of phalanx and guerilla clonal plants. Phalanx clonal plants were more abundant in western communities where the altitude was higher and both the soil nitrogen contents and precipitation were relatively low. Whereas guerilla clonal plants were more abundant in the middle of the NECT where the precipitation, mean annual temperature and photosynthetically active radiation were relatively high. In the relatively productive temperate typical steppe, plant species diversity was negatively correlated with the importance of phalanx clonal plants and positively correlated with the importance of guerilla clonal plants. In relatively unproductive temperate desert steppe, plant species diversity was positively correlated with the importance of both phalanx and guerilla clonal plants.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ming Dong, Minghua Song, Gaoming Jiang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00527.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00527.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00527.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00527.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-10-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00646.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-12-24", "title": "Elevated Co2 And Temperature Alter Nitrogen Allocation In Douglas-Fir", "description": "AbstractThe effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on principal carbon constituents (PCC) and C and N allocation between needle, woody (stem and branches) and root tissue of Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco seedlings were determined. The seedlings were grown in sun\uffe2\uff80\uff90lit controlled\uffe2\uff80\uff90environment chambers that contained a native soil. Chambers were controlled to reproduce ambient or ambient +180\uffe2\uff80\uff83ppm CO2 and either ambient temperature or ambient +3.5\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C for 4\uffe2\uff80\uff83years. There were no significant CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc3\uff97 temperature interactions; consequently the data are presented for the CO2 and temperature effects. At the final harvest, elevated CO2 decreased the nonpolar fraction of the PCC and increased the polar fraction and amount of sugars in the needles. In contrast, elevated temperature increased the nonpolar fraction of the PCC and decreased sugars in needles. There were no CO2 or temperature effects on the PCC fractions in the woody tissue or root tissue. Elevated CO2 and temperature had no significant effects on the C content of any of the plant tissues or fractions. In contrast, the foliar N content declined under elevated CO2 and increased under elevated temperature; there were no significant effects in other tissues. The changes in the foliar N concentrations were in the cellulose and lignin fractions, the fractions, which contain protein, and are the consequences of changes in N allocation under the treatments. These results indicate reallocation of N among plant organs to optimize C assimilation, which is mediated via changes in the selectivity of Rubisco and carbohydrate modulation of gene expression.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00646.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00646.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00646.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00646.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-06-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00416.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Root Allocation And Multiple Nutrient Limitation In The New Jersey Pinelands", "description": "Abstract Current understanding of the effects of resource stress on plant communities emphasizes the adaptive integration of multiple limiting factors, but it has been difficult to directly demonstrate the fundamental assumption of the adaptive control of limitation. One model predicts a positive correlation between optimal allocation to the uptake of each resource and growth response to enrichment of that resource. Here we report a test of this prediction by a fertilization experiment in the New Jersey Pinelands Biosphere Reserve where limitation was measured by growth response to nutrient enrichments, and allocation was measured by root proliferation in microsites enriched by those same nutrients. Results suggest that a stand of regenerating Pinus echinata Mill. (shortleaf pine) was jointly limited by nitrogen and potassium, with a possible small effect of phosphorus. Root allocation was proportional to growth response, which supports the assumption of adaptive control of limitation.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ralph E. Good, Scott K. GleesonS.K. Gleeson, Scott K. GleesonS.K. Gleeson,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00416.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology%20Letters", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00416.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00416.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00416.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-02-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00766.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Direct And Indirect Ecosystem Consequences Of An Invasive Pest On Forests Dominated By Eastern Hemlock", "description": "AbstractAim\uffe2\uff80\uff82 This study compares the magnitude and trajectory of vegetation and ecosystem function dynamics associated with the direct impact of hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand; HWA) infestation vs. the indirect consequences of HWA\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced damage in the form of salvage and pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90emptive logging of hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere] forests.
Location\uffe2\uff80\uff82 The study was conducted within an area extending from southern Connecticut up to and including the Connecticut River lowlands west to the Berkshire Plateau in central Massaschusetts, USA.
Methods\uffe2\uff80\uff82 Overstorey and understorey vegetation and ecosystem function parameters such as decomposition and nitrogen cycling were examined in logged and unlogged portions of ten hemlock stands varying in HWA damage intensity.
Results\uffe2\uff80\uff82 Intensive hemlock logging generated more rapid and pronounced microenvironment and vegetation changes than chronic HWA damage. Black birch (Betula lenta L.) seedling densities and percent cover of brambles (Rubus L. spp.), sedges (Carex L. spp.) and hay\uffe2\uff80\uff90scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula Michx.) were significantly higher in recent harvests vs. HWA\uffe2\uff80\uff90damaged and undamaged sites. High black birch sapling densities (>7000\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) were common in the older harvests but not in adjacent, HWA\uffe2\uff80\uff90damaged portions of these sites.
Undamaged sites had 20% more forest floor mass than HWA\uffe2\uff80\uff90damaged sites and double the mass of older cuts. Mass loss rates of cellulose paper suggest that conditions were more favourable for decomposition in the damaged and older logged sites. Recently cut sites had significantly larger inorganic N pools than undamaged forests, although total net nitrogen (N) mineralization rates were not significantly different among treatments. Nitrification rates of 0.2\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83day\uffe2\uff88\uff921 measured in the oldest cuts were three times greater than in HWA\uffe2\uff80\uff90damaged sites and over 200 times greater than in undamaged hemlock sites. However, resin bag capture in the older cuts was similar to amounts captured in undamaged and damaged forests, suggesting that excess nitrogen was being utilized in vegetative uptake. In contrast, relatively large amounts of ammonium and nitrate captured in recent harvests indicate higher N availability, less vegetative uptake, and a greater potential for N leaching.
Main conclusions\uffe2\uff80\uff82 Results suggest that both the decline associated with HWA infestation and the indirect effects of HWA in the form of logging are generating profound changes in structure, composition, and ecosystem function in these forests, although at different spatial and temporal scales. Hemlock harvesting imposed more abrupt microenvironmental changes, and rapidly reduced vegetative cover while chronic HWA infestation led to gradually thinning canopies. Both disturbances led to black birch dominated forests, although logging resulted in greater amounts of shade\uffe2\uff80\uff90intolerant regeneration, higher soil pH and nitrification rates, and reduced forest floor mass. Pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90emptive cutting of undamaged forests may lead to greater N losses than those associated with HWA infestation or logging of deteriorated hemlock forests, because of reduced vegetative uptake. Silvicultural methods that allow for vegetation establishment prior to harvesting will probably lessen the ecological impacts of hemlock removal.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00766.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Biogeography", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00766.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00766.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00766.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00251.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-05-21", "title": "The Carbon Balance Of Grazed And Non-Grazed Spartina Anglica Saltmarshes At Skallingen, Denmark", "description": "1\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffe2\uff80\uff8aCanopy\uffe2\uff80\uff90level CO2 exchange and biomass were measured monthly for 9 consecutive months during 1990 on grazed and non\uffe2\uff80\uff90grazed portions of a Danish salt marsh dominated by Spartina anglica. The empirical measurements were used to calibrate a model of canopy photosynthesis and soil respiration that was subsequently integrated to provide estimates of annual net ecosystem production (NEP).
2\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffe2\uff80\uff8aStanding total and green biomass on the non\uffe2\uff80\uff90grazed site reached maxima during September of 1.9\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff8a0.2 and 1.1\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff8a0.2 kg\uffe2\uff80\uff8am\uffe2\uff80\uff932 (\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff8a1\uffe2\uff80\uff8aSD, n\uffe2\uff80\uff8a=\uffe2\uff80\uff8a3), respectively. Corresponding maxima (0.8\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff8a0.1 and 0.5\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff8a0.05 kg\uffe2\uff80\uff8am\uffe2\uff80\uff932), were achieved during July at the grazed site.
3\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffe2\uff80\uff8aSediment organic matter as a percentage of dry weight was 31.6% and 5% at the non\uffe2\uff80\uff90grazed and grazed sites, respectively. Accounting for the higher sediment bulk density at the grazed site meant that concentrations of organic carbon were 0.027 and 0.021 g\uffe2\uff80\uff8acm\uffe2\uff80\uff933 at non\uffe2\uff80\uff90grazed and grazed sites, respectively. Thus, the fraction of NEP removed by grazing animals significantly reduced the accumulation of sediment organic matter.
4\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffe2\uff80\uff8aEstimate of NEP varied between 17 and 38 mol m\uffe2\uff80\uff932 year\uffe2\uff80\uff931 of carbon at the grazed site and between 5 and 38 mol m\uffe2\uff80\uff932 year\uffe2\uff80\uff931 at the non\uffe2\uff80\uff90grazed site, depending on assumptions about canopy geometry. Soil respiration, 36 mol m\uffe2\uff80\uff932 year\uffe2\uff80\uff931, did not differ between sites. Canopy respiration was less (21 mol m\uffe2\uff80\uff932 year\uffe2\uff80\uff931) at the grazed site than at the non\uffe2\uff80\uff90grazed site (28 mol m\uffe2\uff80\uff932 year\uffe2\uff80\uff931), and accounted for 22\uffe2\uff80\uff9329% and 28\uffe2\uff80\uff9341% of gross photosynthesis at grazed and non\uffe2\uff80\uff90grazed sites, respectively. The decrease in canopy respiration compensated the grazed canopy for losses to herbivores.
5\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffe2\uff80\uff8aA canopy photosynthesis model was used to calculate a theoretical envelope of canopy biomass, termed the production window, inside of which NEP is positive and outside of which NEP is negative. The production window is bisected by the optimum canopy biomass, which is the theoretical biomass at which NEP is maximized. The seasonality of NEP is determined by the trajectory of actual canopy biomass through the production window. It was shown that canopy biomass on the grazed site was close to the theoretical optimum biomass late in the season, while the non\uffe2\uff80\uff90grazed canopy biomass was supraoptimal.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00251.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00251.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00251.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00251.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1998-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00261.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-05-21", "title": "Responses Of A Subarctic Dwarf Shrub Heath Community To Simulated Environmental Change", "description": "1\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffe2\uff80\uff8aA dwarf shrub heath in subarctic Sweden was subjected to factorial manipulation of air temperature, water and nutrient supply for 5 years. The responses of the vegetation to the perturbations were then assessed by point intercept (quadrat) analysis followed by determination of above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground biomass.
2\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffe2\uff80\uff8aNineteen vascular and 23 non\uffe2\uff80\uff90vascular species (or species groups) were recorded and the most dramatic response was that of the grass Calamagrostis lapponica to nutrient addition, with abundance being stimulated by a factor of more than 18 compared with plots not subjected to nutrient addition. Calamagrostis lapponica did not show any significant responses to temperature or water alone but there was a synergistic interaction between all three variables.
3\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffe2\uff80\uff8aThe abundance of the dominant dwarf shrubs (Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium vitis\uffe2\uff80\uff90idaea, V.\uffe2\uff80\uff8amyrtillus and V. uliginosum) was unaffected by the perturbations but elevated temperature stimulated the biomass of V. uliginosum by 125% and total shrub biomass by 16%. The low ratio of current year's growth to standing biomass may have concealed other responses of the dwarf shrub group to the perturbations.
4\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffe2\uff80\uff8aThe response of the non\uffe2\uff80\uff90vascular flora to the perturbations was either neutral or negative, with lichens showing the most dramatic responses. Lichen biomass on temperature\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and nutrient\uffe2\uff80\uff90amended plots was 56% and 18%, respectively, of that on unperturbed plots. Nutrients also exerted a negative effect on the biomass of bryophytes, and the combined biomass of lichens and bryophytes on nutrient\uffe2\uff80\uff90treated plots was almost a third of that on plots which did not receive additional nutrients.
5\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffe2\uff80\uff8aTotal above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground biomass was not affected by the perturbations but the total number of interceptions determined by point quadrat analysis was greater on the elevated temperature and nutrient\uffe2\uff80\uff90treated plots. Point quadrat analysis also revealed an accumulation of litter and standing dead material in response to the nutrient and temperature perturbations, both singly and in combination, suggesting a faster turnover of plant material.
6\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffe2\uff80\uff8aBoth temperature and nutrients increased canopy height and also interacted synergistically such that together they resulted in a mean canopy height of 14.9\uffe2\uff80\uff8acm compared with 8.0\uffe2\uff80\uff8acm in plots subjected to neither perturbation.
7\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffe2\uff80\uff8aNutrient addition lowered species richness by 17.7%, mainly through its impact on the mosses and lichens.
8\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffe2\uff80\uff8aIn general, nutrient addition elicited the greatest response, followed by temperature, with water exerting little measurable influence. There were a number of important interactions that were often synergistic, and some involved water.
9\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffe2\uff80\uff8aSpecies\uffe2\uff80\uff99 responses were highly individualistic and changes in the community were mediated through the response of a small number of key species already present in the community, with no invasion of new species. In the short term at least, floristic diversity may decline as understorey species become less abundant and immigration by new species is inhibited by the dominance of clonal angiosperms.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jacqueline Potter, Malcolm C. Press, M.J.W. Burke, Terry V. Callaghan, John A. Lee,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00261.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00261.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00261.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00261.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1998-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00114.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Do Species And Functional Groups Differ In Acquisition And Use Of C, N And Water Under Varying Atmospheric Co2 And N Availability Regimes? A Field Test With 16 Grassland Species", "description": "Summary
\uffe2\uff80\uff82To evaluate whether functional groups have a similar response to global change, the responses to CO2 concentration and N availability of grassland species from several functional groups are reported here.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82Sixteen perennial grassland species from four trait\uffe2\uff80\uff90based functional groups (C3 grasses, C4 grasses, non\uffe2\uff80\uff90leguminous forbs, legumes) were grown in field monocultures under ambient or elevated (560\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb5mol mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) CO2 using free\uffe2\uff80\uff90air CO2 enrichment (FACE), in low N (unamended field soil) or high N (field soil +4\uffc2\uffa0g\uffc2\uffa0N\uffc2\uffa0m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 years\uffe2\uff88\uff921) treatments.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82There were no CO2\uffc2\uffa0\uffc3\uff97\uffc2\uffa0N interactions. Functional groups responded differently to CO2 and N in terms of biomass, tissue N concentration and soil solution N. Under elevated CO2, forbs, legumes and C3 grasses increased total biomass by 31%, 18%, and 9%, respectively, whereas biomass was reduced in C4\uffe2\uff80\uff90grass monocultures. Two of the four legume species increased biomass and total plant N pools under elevated CO2, probably due to stimulated N\uffe2\uff80\uff90fixation. Only one species markedly shifted the proportional distribution of below\uffe2\uff80\uff90 vs aboveground biomass in response to CO2 or N.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82Although functional groups varied in responses to CO2 and N, there was also substantial variation in responses among species within groups. These results suggest that current trait\uffe2\uff80\uff90based functional classifications might be useful, but not sufficient, for understanding plant and ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 and N availability.
", "keywords": ["580", "N availability", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "570", "biomass", "legumes", "070601 - Horticultural Crop Growth and Development", "elevated carbon dioxide", "carbon dioxide", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "forbs", "grasses", "Natural Resources and Conservation", "Functional groups", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00114.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00114.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00114.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00114.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00349.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Nitrogen And Phosphorus Limitation In A Coastal Barrier Salt Marsh: The Implications For Vegetation Succession", "description": "1 A factorial fertilizer experiment was conducted in a 15-year-old coastal barrier salt marsh with a low soil nitrogen content, and in an older 100-year-old marsh with a higher nitrogen content. Plots were fertilized at high and low marsh elevations in both marshes. Nitrogen and phosphorus were applied at low and high concentrations both separately and in combination in each of 3 successive years.
2 Nitrogen limited above-ground plant growth in both young and old salt marshes in all years. Phosphorus limitation of plant growth was apparent in the first year in the young marsh and in the last year in both marshes. In young marshes with low soil organic matter, phosphorus limitation may occur. In addition, phosphorus limitation occurs at both successional stages when a marsh is saturated with nitrogen.
3 Plant species that are typical of nitrogen-rich habitats and late successional stages significantly increased in biomass after fertilization. Limonium vulgare, a low stature species of early and intermediate successional stages, decreased in biomass, whereas the taller Elymus pycnanthus and Artemisia maritima increased. After 3 years of fertilization, plant species composition in a young marsh was similar to the species composition in an unfertilized older marsh. Fertilization of a 100-year-old marsh, however, still resulted in a change in plant species composition, suggesting that succession was still occurring and that, overall, plants in marshes of different age are similar in their response to fertilization.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "PRODUCTIVITY", "herbivory", "plant succession", "15. Life on land", "fertilization experiment", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "SOILS", "NUTRIENT LIMITATION", "PLANT-SPECIES COMPOSITION", "PROLINE", "PATTERNS", "COMMUNITIES", "plant-species interactions", "ACCUMULATION"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jan P. Bakker, Harm van Wijnen,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00349.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00349.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00349.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00349.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00681.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "How Do Nutrients And Warming Impact On Plant Communities And Their Insect Herbivores? A 9-Year Study From A Sub-Arctic Heath", "description": "Summary 1 \u2002Responses of a Scandinavian sub-Arctic dwarf shrub heath community to 9\u00a0years of nutrient and temperature treatments were examined. Our objective was to assess the responses of plant and insect herbivore communities to these treatments, and to determine how vegetation responses scale-up to those of a second trophic group. 2 \u2002There were strong effects of nutrient addition on the above-ground biomass of both dominant (dwarf shrubs) and subordinate (grasses and mosses) plant functional groups, with responses by the latter being of greater magnitude. Responses to temperature were less frequent and of a smaller magnitude. 3 \u2002There were marked changes in the abundance of insect herbivores in response to the treatments. Changes in the above-ground biomass of subordinate plant species had a greater impact on the composition of the insect herbivore community than the smaller responses of dominant dwarf shrubs. For example, the abundance of a moss-feeding Heteropteran in fertilized plots was as little as 6% that of controls, while Homoptera specializing on grasses were over 400% more abundant. In addition, gramnivorous taxa (the Delphacidae) were present only in those plots that received nutrients. 4 \u2002Despite some species-specific effects of the perturbations on the quality of dwarf shrub annual shoots (defined as the concentrations of nitrogen and phenolic compounds), little change in leaf herbivory was observed. Insect herbivores removed less than 1% of annual biomass from dominant dwarf shrub species. 5 \u2002It is proposed that insect community change was driven by subordinate plant groups and not by the dominant dwarf shrub species, suggesting a wider importance of subordinate species for community structure.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Sarah J. Richardson, Andrew N. Parsons, Andrew N. Parsons, Malcolm C. Press, Susan E. Hartley, Susan E. Hartley,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00681.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00681.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00681.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00681.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-05-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00327.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Response Of Sugar Beet (Beta Vulgaris L.) Yield And Biochemical Composition To Elevated Co2 And Temperature At Two Nitrogen Applications", "description": "Effects on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) of current and elevated CO2 and temperature alone and in combination and their interactions with abundant and deficient nitrogen supply (HN and LN, respectively) have been studied in three experiments in 1993, 1994 and 1995. Averaged over all experiments, elevated CO2 (600 \uffce\uffbcmol mol\uffe2\uff80\uff931 in 1993 and 700 \uffce\uffbcmol mol\uffe2\uff80\uff931 in 1994 and 1995) increased total dry mass at final harvest by 21% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 21, 22) and 11% (CI = 6, 15) and root dry mass by 26% (CI = 19, 32) and 12% (CI = 6, 18) for HN and LN plants, respectively. Warmer temperature decreased total dry mass by 11% (CI = \uffe2\uff80\uff93 15, \uffe2\uff80\uff93 7) and 9% (CI = \uffe2\uff80\uff93 15, \uffe2\uff80\uff93 5) and root dry mass by 7% (CI = \uffe2\uff80\uff93 12, \uffe2\uff80\uff93 2) and 7% (CI = \uffe2\uff80\uff93 10, 0) for HN and LN plants, respectively. There was no significant interaction between temperature and CO2 on total or root dry mass. Neither elevated CO2 nor temperature significantly affected sucrose concentration per unit root dry mass. Concentrations of glycinebetaine and of amino acids, measured as \uffce\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff90amino\uffe2\uff80\uff90N, decreased in elevated CO2 in both N applications; glycinebetaine by 13% (CI = \uffe2\uff80\uff93 21, \uffe2\uff80\uff93 5) and 16% (CI = \uffe2\uff80\uff93 24, \uffe2\uff80\uff93 8) and \uffce\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff90amino\uffe2\uff80\uff90N by 24% (CI = \uffe2\uff80\uff93 36, \uffe2\uff80\uff93 11) and 16% (CI = \uffe2\uff80\uff93 26, \uffe2\uff80\uff93 5) for HN and LN, respectively. Warmer temperature increased \uffce\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff90amino\uffe2\uff80\uff90N, by 76% (CI = 50, 107) for HN and 21% (CI = 7, 36) for LN plants, but not glycinebetaine.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Plant Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00327.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%2C%20Cell%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00327.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00327.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00327.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1998-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00610.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Elevated Co2 Stimulates Associative N-2 Fixation In A C-3 Plant Of The Chesapeake Bay Wetland", "description": "ABSTRACTIn this study, the response of N2 fixation to elevated CO2 was measured in Scirpus olneyi, a C3 sedge, and Spartina patens, a C4 grass, using acetylene reduction assay and 15N2 gas feeding. Field plants grown in PVC tubes (25 cm long, 10 cm internal diameter) were used. Exposure to elevated CO2 significantly (P< 0\uffc2\uffb705) caused a 35% increase in nitrogenase activity and 73% increase in 15N incorporated by Scirpus olneyi. In Spartina patens, elevated CO2 (660 \uffc2\uffb1 1 \uffce\uffbcmol mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) increased nitrogenase activity and 15N incorporation by 13 and 23%, respectively. Estimates showed that the rate of N2 fixation in Scirpus olneyi under elevated CO2 was 611 \uffc2\uffb1 75 ng 15N fixed plant\uffe2\uff88\uff921 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 compared with 367 \uffc2\uffb1 46 ng 15N fixed plant\uffe2\uff88\uff921 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in ambient CO2 plants. In Spartina patens, however, the rate of N2 fixation was 12\uffc2\uffb75 \uffc2\uffb1 1\uffc2\uffb71 versus 9\uffc2\uffb78 \uffc2\uffb1 1\uffc2\uffb73 ng 15N fixed plant\uffe2\uff88\uff921 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for elevated and ambient CO2, respectively. Heterotrophic non\uffe2\uff80\uff90symbiotic N2 fixation in plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90free marsh sediment also increased significantly (P< 0\uffc2\uffb705) with elevated CO2. The proportional increase in 15N2 fixation correlated with the relative stimulation of photosynthesis, in that N2 fixation was high in the C3 plant in which photosynthesis was also high, and lower in the C4 plant in which photosynthesis was relatively less stimulated by growth in elevated CO2. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that carbon fixation in C3 species, stimulated by rising CO2, is likely to provide additional carbon to endophytic and below\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground microbial processes.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00610.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%2C%20Cell%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00610.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00610.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00610.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00831.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "N-2 Fixation By Acacia Species Increases Under Elevated Atmospheric Co2", "description": "AbstractIn the present study the effect of elevated CO2 on growth and nitrogen fixation of seven Australian Acacia species was investigated. Two species from semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90arid environments in central Australia (Acacia aneura and A. tetragonophylla) and five species from temperate south\uffe2\uff80\uff90eastern Australia (Acacia irrorata, A. mearnsii, A. dealbata, A. implexa and A. melanoxylon) were grown for up to 148\uffe2\uff80\uff83d in controlled greenhouse conditions at either ambient (350\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb5mol\uffe2\uff80\uff83mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) or elevated (700\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb5mol\uffe2\uff80\uff83mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) CO2 concentrations. After establishment of nodules, the plants were completely dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Six out of seven species had greater relative growth rates and lower whole plant nitrogen concentrations under elevated versus normal CO2. Enhanced growth resulted in an increase in the amount of nitrogen fixed symbiotically for five of the species. In general, this was the consequence of lower whole\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant nitrogen concentrations, which equate to a larger plant and greater nodule mass for a given amount of nitrogen. Since the average amount of nitrogen fixed per unit nodule mass was unaltered by atmospheric CO2, more nitrogen could be fixed for a given amount of plant nitrogen. For three of the species, elevated CO2 increased the rate of nitrogen fixation per unit nodule mass and time, but this was completely offset by a reduction in nodule mass per unit plant mass.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "Acacia mearnsii", "Elevated atmospheric CO2", "Aneura Acacia", "Acacia", "growth response", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Acacia dealbata", "Relative growth rate", "03 medical and health sciences", "nitrogen fixation", "Acacia aneura", "Nitrogenase", "Keywords: carbon dioxide enrichment", "Acacia melanoxylon"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00831.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%2C%20Cell%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00831.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00831.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00831.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-03-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00553.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Agronomic Performance Of Sorghum And Groundnut Cultivars In Sole And Intercrop Cultivation Under Semiarid Conditions", "description": "The performance of sorghum and groundnut cultivars was studied in sole cropping and intercropping systems at Babile in the semiarid area of eastern Ethiopia in 1996, 1997 and 1999. On average, late\uffe2\uff80\uff90maturing cultivars of groundnut and sorghum gave higher dry pod yield and grain yield, respectively, when intercropped with early\uffe2\uff80\uff90maturing cultivars of the associated crops. The significant variation among groundnut cultivars in yield and yield components under intercropping with sorghum cultivars revealed that sole cropping may not provide the appropriate environment for selecting varieties intended for use in intercropping. The productivity of intercropped groundnut and sorghum cultivars, as determined by total land equivalent ratios (LER), was higher than sole cropping, indicating the presence of temporal complementarity in the use of growth resources. A mean yield advantage of 32\uffe2\uff80\uff83% was obtained under intercropping.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Tadele Tefera, Tadele Tefera, T. Tana,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00553.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Agronomy%20and%20Crop%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00553.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00553.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00553.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-05-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00753.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Interactive Effects Of Increased Temperature And Co2 On The Growth Of Quercus Myrsinaefolia Saplings", "description": "AbstractThe interactive effects of increased temperature and CO2 enrichment on the growth of 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90old saplings of Quercus myrsinaefolia, an evergreen broad\uffe2\uff80\uff90leaved oak, were studied throughout an entire year in the vicinity of their northernmost distribution. Saplings were grown under different conditions in two chambers: (1) a temperature gradient chamber at ambient temperature, 3 and 5\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C warmer conditions with an ambient CO2 concentration, and (2) in a CO2 temperature gradient chamber at 3\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C warmer conditions with 1\uffc2\uffb75 times the normal CO2 concentration, and 5\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C warmer conditions with doubled CO2 concentration. The 3 and 5\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C warmer conditions enhanced the relative growth rate during almost the entire year, producing 53 and 47% increases in annual biomass production, 27 and 44% enhancement of root growth during shoot dormancy and 3 and 5\uffe2\uff80\uff83week prolongation of the shoot growing period, respectively. However, a daily mean air temperature exceeding 30\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C under the 5\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C warmer condition caused a marked reduction in net assimilation rate (NAR) from July to September. The CO2 enrichment further enhanced the positive effects of warming in spring and the resulting increases in NAR almost completely compensated for the negative effect of warming during summer. From autumn to winter, attenuation of the effects of CO2 was compensated by the increased sink strength produced by the warming. The annual biomass production was more than doubled by the combination of temperature elevation and CO2 enrichment.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "T. Usami, Jae-Seok Lee, T. Oikawa,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00753.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%2C%20Cell%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00753.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00753.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00753.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.1999.00338.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "The Effect Of Intercropping Lablab Purpureus L. With Sorghum On Yield And Chemical Composition Of Fodder", "description": "In two years the growth and composition of mixtures of sorghum with Lablab purpureus as strips, paired rows and alternate rows were compared with those of sorghum and lablab monocrops. In the first year, when sowing did not occur until 7 August, the sorghum yields were low in the monocrop and even less in the mixed crops. Lablab yield was also reduced in mixtures compared with the monocrop, but total forage yield was greater for the mixed crops compared with sorghum alone. Of the mixed cropping systems, a reduction in the yield of lablab plants and in the phosphorus and potassium content of shed lablab leaves in paired rows suggested that there was more competition for nutrients between lablab plants grown in this treatment. In the second year, earlier sowing increased sorghum growth at the expense of lablab yield in the mixed cropping systems, with the result that total forage yield was not increased when sorghum was intercropped with lablab. However, the crude protein content of sorghum stems and leaf yield were increased in mixed crops, particularly in paired and alternate rows rather than strips, demonstrating that close configuration of the legume and cereal are necessary for the cereal to obtain most benefit from nitrogen fixed by the legume. It is concluded that, when conditions are favourable for rapid sorghum and lablab growth, the sorghum will benefit more when it is grown in paired rows with lablab rather than in strips. However, the close spacing normally adopted for paired rows may encourage competition between lablab plants and increase the requirements for phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "C. J. C. Phillips, Y. Shehu, U. R. Pal, W. S. Alhassan,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-037x.1999.00338.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Agronomy%20and%20Crop%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.1999.00338.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.1999.00338.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1439-037x.1999.00338.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2000.00368.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Crop Rotation To Improve Agricultural Production In Sub-Saharan Africa", "description": "A three years' trial was conducted in a farmers' field in northern Ghana to evaluate the effect of sole crops (cotton, cowpea, groundnut, soybean, and sunflower) planted once or twice on yield of the staple foods of the region, maize and sorghum. Sole cropping for only one year already resulted in significant yield increases for maize and partly for sorghum compared to the conventional cropping of mixed stands of maize\u2013sorghum or maize\u2013groundnut and natural fallow. Lowest yield of maize and sorghum was obtained where these cereals followed maize\u2013sorghum (monoculture). Intercropping of maize with groundnut led to subsequent maize and sorghum yields which were similar to those obtained after maize\u2013sorghum. After growing legumes and sunflower for one year the grain and straw yield of maize and sorghum was significantly higher in the two consecutive years than after cereal (maize\u2013sorghum) monoculture. In this trial maize and sorghum were found to be not as tolerant to the disadvantages of monoculture or preceding cereals\u2013legumes mixture. The results suggest that continuous intercropping with cereals under the given conditions has negative effects on soil fertility and can lead to an increase in soil-borne pests and troublesome weeds like Striga comparable to monocropped cereals.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "J. Sauerborn, H. Sprich, H. Mercer-Quarshie,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2000.00368.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Agronomy%20and%20Crop%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2000.00368.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2000.00368.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2000.00368.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00557.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Effect Of Striga Hermonthica On The Growth Characteristics Of Sorghum Intercropped With Groundnut Varieties", "description": "AbstractField experiments were conducted in 1996 and 1997 on a Striga\uffe2\uff80\uff90infested field to determine the effect of Striga on the growth characteristics of sorghum intercropped with groundnut varieties (RMP\uffe2\uff80\uff9012, Yarkasa and Ex\uffe2\uff80\uff90Dakar). The performance of the intercropped sorghum was significantly better than that of the monoculture in terms of plant height, dry matter, leaf number and leaf area index. Intercropping of sorghum with RMP\uffe2\uff80\uff9012 resulted in a significant suppression of Striga compared to other groundnut varieties. The dry matter yield of sorghum intercropped with groundnut was significantly higher than that of the sorghum monocrop. The dry matter yield resulting from intercropping of sorghum with the RMP\uffe2\uff80\uff9012 groundnut variety was significantly higher than that of sorghum intercropped with all other varieties of groundnut.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "V. A. Tenebe, H. M. Kamara,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00557.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Agronomy%20and%20Crop%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00557.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00557.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00557.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00682.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Effects Of Elevated Atmospheric Co2 And Soil Water Availability On Root Biomass, Root Length, And N, P And K Uptake By Wheat", "description": "summaryWe investigated interactions between the effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO2]) and soil water availability on root biomass, root length and nutrient uptake by spring wheat (Triticum aestivumcv. Tonic). We grew plants at 350 and 700 \uffce\uffbcmol mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921CO2and with frequent and infrequent watering (\uffe2\uff80\uff98wet\uffe2\uff80\uff99 and \uffe2\uff80\uff98dry\uffe2\uff80\uff99 treatments, respectively). Water use per plant was 1.25 times greater at 350 than at 700 \uffce\uffbcmol CO2mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921, and 1.4 times greater in the \uffe2\uff80\uff98wet\uffe2\uff80\uff99 than in the \uffe2\uff80\uff98dry\uffe2\uff80\uff99 treatment. Root biomass increased with [CO2] and with watering frequency. Elevated [CO2] changed the vertical distribution of the roots, with a greater stimulation of root growth in the top layers of the soil. These data were confirmed by the video data of root lengths in the \uffe2\uff80\uff98dry\uffe2\uff80\uff99 treatment, which showed a delayed root development at depth under elevated [CO2]. The apparent amount of N mineralized appeared to be equal for all treatments. Nutrient uptake was affected by [CO2] and by watering frequency, and there were interactions between these treatments. These interactions were different for N, K and P, which appeared to be related to differences in nutrient availability and mobility in the soil. Moreover, these interactions changed with time as the root system became larger with [CO2] and with watering frequency, and as fluctuations in soil moisture contents increased. Elevated [CO2] affected nutrient uptake in contrasting ways. Potassium uptake appeared to be reduced by the smaller mass flow of water reaching the root surface. However, this might be countered with time by the greater root biomass at elevated [CO2], by the greater soil moisture contents at elevated [CO2], enabling faster diffusion, or both. Phosphorus uptake appeared to be increased by the greater root biomass at elevated [COJ. We conclude that plant nutrient uptake at elevated [CO2] is affected by interactions with water availability, though differences between nutrients preclude generalizations of the response.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Elevated CO2", "Soil moisture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Roots", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Triticum aestivum cv. Tonic (spring wheat)"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00682.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00682.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00682.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00682.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1997-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00109.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Elevated Co2 And Tree Root Growth: Contrasting Responses In Fraxinus Excelsior, Quercus Petraea And Pinus Sylvestris", "description": "Root growth and respiration in elevated CO2 (700 \uffce\uffbcmol mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) was studied in three tree species, Fraxinus excelsior L., Quercus petraea. L. and Pinus sylvestris L. grown in open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top chambers (OTCs) during a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term exposure (20 months), during which root systems were allowed to develop without restriction imposed by pots. Root growth, measured as root length using root in\uffe2\uff80\uff90growth bags was increased significantly in trees exposed to elevated CO2, although the magnitude of the response differed considerably between species and with time of sampling, the greatest effect observed after 6 months in ash (ratio of elevated: ambient, e\uffe2\uff88\uffb6a; 3\uffc2\uffb740) and the smallest effect observed in oak (e\uffe2\uff88\uffb6a; 1\uffc2\uffb795). This was accompanied by changes in specific root length, with a significant decrease in all species after 6 months, suggesting that root diameter or root density were increased in elevated CO2. Increases in root length might have resulted from an acceleration in root cell expansion, since epidermal cell size was significantly increased in the zone of elongation in ash root tips (P<0\uffc2\uffb705).
Contrasting effects of elevated CO2 were observed for root carbohydrates, with significant increases in soluble sugars for all species (P<0\uffc2\uffb705), but both increases and decreases in starch content were observed, depending on species, and producing a significant interaction between species and CO2 (P<0\uffc2\uffb7001). Exposure to elevated CO2 increased the total root d. wt for whole trees of all three species after 8 months of exposure, although the magnitude of this effect, in contrast to the root in\uffe2\uff80\uff90growth study, was greatest in Scots pine and smallest in ash. No significant effect of elevated CO2 was observed on the root\uffe2\uff88\uffb6shoot ratio. Further detailed analysis of whole root systems after 20 months confirmed that species differences in root responses to elevated CO2 were apparent, with increased coarse and fine root production in elevated CO2 for Scots pine and ash respectively. Lateral root number was increased in elevated CO2 for all species, as was mean root diameter. Root respiration rates were significantly reduced in elevated CO2 for all three species. These results provide firm evidence that exposure of trees to future CO2 concentrations will have large effects on root system development, growth, carbohydrate status and respiration. The magnitude and direction of such effects will differ, depending on species. The consequences of such responses for the three species studied are discussed.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gail Taylor, M. S. J. Broadmeadow, Meg Crookshanks,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00109.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00109.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00109.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00109.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1998-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00099.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Allometric Determination Of Tree Growth In A Co2-Enriched Sweetgum Stand", "description": "Summary
\uffe2\uff80\uff82In a free\uffe2\uff80\uff90air CO2 enrichment (FACE) study, above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground growth of Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum) trees was measured in a closed\uffe2\uff80\uff90canopy stand to test hypotheses about long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effects of rising [CO2] in a deciduous forest.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82Allometric relationships were established between above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground dry mass and basal area, height, taper and wood density for all trees in the 314\uffe2\uff80\uff90m2 plots. Leaf area index was calculated from leaf litter mass.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82In the first year of exposure, elevated [CO2] stimulated stand\uffe2\uff80\uff90level aboveground dry matter increment by 33%, but in the second year the growth stimulation was reduced to 15% and was no longer statistically significant. Leaf area index was not affected by CO2 enrichment in either year.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82These results indicate that large trees that are no longer in an exponential growth phase retain the capacity to respond to elevated [CO2]. The combined 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr response of a 24% increase in growth per unit leaf area is consistent with predictions from earlier studies. A longer\uffe2\uff80\uff90term data set is needed to resolve the reason for different responses in the 2\uffc2\uffa0years.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00099.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00099.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00099.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00099.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00322.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Tropical Pasture Carbon Cycling: Relationships Between C Source/Sink Strength, Above-Ground Biomass And Grazing", "description": "AbstractWe measured net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) in Panam\uffc3\uffa1 over C4 pasture plots that varied in grazing intensity. After adjusting for variation in light, there were noticeable effects of grazing\uffe2\uff80\uff90related variables on CO2 exchange that were largely dependent on the developmental stage of the plant canopy. Above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground productivity was positively related to grazing intensity (r2=0.30). Two experimentally grazed fields had significantly lower standing crop biomass but no significant difference in CO2 uptake (24.2 \uffce\uffbcmol/m2/s) compared with two ungrazed fields (20.3\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcmol/m2/s). Grazed fields had significantly lower ecosystem respiration rates (10.3 \uffce\uffbcmol/m2/s) than did ungrazed fields (17.6 \uffce\uffbcmol/m2/s). These results suggest that, although these pastures were possible sources of CO2 during the time intervals sampled, the size of the sources tended to be dampened by cattle grazing through reductions in ecosystem respiration. Thus, it appears that disturbance caused by cattle grazing will not always result in an increase in CO2 release from tropical pastures to the atmosphere.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00322.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology%20Letters", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00322.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00322.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00322.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1466-822x.2001.t01-1-00256.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Representation Of Vegetation Dynamics In The Modelling Of Terrestrial Ecosystems: Comparing Two Contrasting Approaches Within European Climate Space", "description": "Abstract
\uffe2\uff80\uff82Advances in dynamic ecosystem modelling have made a number of different approaches to vegetation dynamics possible. Here we compare two models representing contrasting degrees of abstraction of the processes governing dynamics in real vegetation.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82Model (a) (GUESS) simulates explicitly growth and competition among individual plants. Differences in crown structure (height, depth, area and LAI) influence relative light uptake by neighbours. Assimilated carbon is allocated individually by each plant to its leaf, fine root and sapwood tissues. Carbon allocation and turnover of sapwood to heartwood in turn govern height and diameter growth.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82Model (b) (LPJ) incorporates a \uffe2\uff80\uff98dynamic global vegetation model\uffe2\uff80\uff99 (DGVM) architecture, simulating growth of populations of plant functional types (PFTs) over a grid cell, integrating individual\uffe2\uff80\uff90level processes over the proportional area (foliar projective cover, FPC) occupied by each PFT. Individual plants are not simulated, but are replaced by explicit parameterizations of their growth and interactions.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82The models are identical in their representation of core physiological and biogeochemical processes. Both also use the same set of PFTs, corresponding to the major woody plant groups in Europe, plus a grass type.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82When applied at a range of locations, broadly spanning climatic variation within Europe, both models successfully predicted PFT composition and succession within modern natural vegetation. However, the individual\uffe2\uff80\uff90based model performed better in areas where deciduous and evergreen types coincide, and in areas subject to pronounced seasonal water deficits, which would tend to favour grasses over drought\uffe2\uff80\uff90intolerant trees.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82Differences in model performance could be traced to their treatment of individual\uffe2\uff80\uff90level processes, in particular light competition and stress\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced mortality.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82Our results suggest that an explicit individual\uffe2\uff80\uff90based approach to vegetation dynamics may be an advantage in modelling of ecosystem structure and function at the resolution required for regional\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to continental\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale studies.
", "keywords": ["580", "0106 biological sciences", "570", "plants", "0207 environmental engineering", "500", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "mortality", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "13. Climate action", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "ecosystems", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2001.t01-1-00256.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Ecology%20and%20Biogeography", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1466-822x.2001.t01-1-00256.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1466-822x.2001.t01-1-00256.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2001.t01-1-00256.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00576.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Root Growth And Function Of Three Mojave Desert Grasses In Response To Elevated Atmospheric Co2 Concentration", "description": "Root growth and physiological responses to elevated CO2 were investigated for three important Mojave Desert grasses: the C3 perennial Achnatherum hymenoides, the C4 perennial Pleuraphis rigida and the C3 annual Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens. Seeds of each species were grown at ambient (360 \uffce\uffbcl l\uffe2\uff88\uff921) or elevated (1000 \uffce\uffbcl l\uffe2\uff88\uff921) CO2 in a glasshouse and harvested at three phenological stages: vegetative, anthesis and seed fill. Because P. rigida did not flower during the course of this study, harvests for this species represent three vegetative stages. Primary productivity was increased in both C3 grasses in response to elevated CO2 (40 and 19% for A. hymenoides and B. rubens, respectively), but root biomass increased only in the C3 perennial grass. Neither above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground nor below\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground biomass of the C4 perennial grass was significantly affected by the CO2 treatment. Elevated CO2 did not significantly affect root surface area for any species. Total plant nitrogen was also not statistically different between CO2 treatments for any species, indicating no enhanced uptake of N under elevated CO2. Physiological uptake capacities for NO3 and NH4 were not affected by the CO2 treatment during the second harvest; measurements were not made for the first harvest. However, at the third harvest uptake capacity was significantly decreased in response to elevated CO2 for at least one N form in each species. NO3 uptake rates were lower in A. hymenoides and P. rigida, and NH4 uptake rates were lower in B. rubens at elevated CO2. Nitrogen uptake on a whole root\uffe2\uff80\uff90system basis (NO3+NH4 uptake capacity \uffc3\uff97 root biomass) was influenced positively by elevated CO2 only for A. hymenoides after anthesis. These results suggest that elevated CO2 may result in a competitive advantage for A. hymenoides relative to species that do not increase root\uffe2\uff80\uff90system N uptake capacity. Root respiration measurements normalized to 20 \uffc2\uffb0C were not significantly affected by the CO2 treatment. However, specific root respiration was significantly correlated with either root C\uffe2\uff88\uffb6N ratio or root water content when all data per species were included within a simple regression model. The results of this study provide little evidence for up\uffe2\uff80\uff90regulation of root physiology in response to elevated CO2 and indicate that root biomass responses to CO2 are species\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "ABSORPTION D'AZOTE", "CO2", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "[SDV.BV.PEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Phytopathology and phytopharmacy", "[SDV.BV.PEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Phytopathology and phytopharmacy"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00576.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00576.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00576.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00576.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00665.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Growth Responses Of Quercus Petraea, Fraxinus Excelsior And Pinus Sylvestris To Elevated Carbon Dioxide, Ozone And Water Supply", "description": "Seedlings of Quercus petraea (oak), Fraxinus excelsior (ash) and Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) were grown at two CO2 concentrations with two O3 and two water supply treatments for 3 yr in a factorial experiment. Oak was the most responsive species to all three treatments; elevated CO2 and irrigation increased biomass by an average of 79% and 41%, respectively, whereas the ozone treatment resulted in a 30% reduction in growth. Significant treatment interactions in this species demonstrated that CO2 ameliorated and irrigation exacerbated the effects of ozone. For Scots pine and ash, irrigation and elevated CO2 increased growth by approx. 60% and 20%, respectively, whereas ozone had no detectable effect on ash and resulted in a 15% reduction in growth of Scots pine. Carbon partitioning to the shoot was enhanced by both the CO2 and H2O treatments in oak, while branching was also increased in this species in response to elevated O3, resulting in changes to the allometric relationships. CO2 enhanced leaf production in oak and Scots pine, and together with the promotion of shoot allocation, this indicates an increased susceptibility to windthrow. Biomass accumulation expressed as relative growth rate, suggested three different time\uffe2\uff80\uff90dependent growth responses to elevated CO2; the CO2 fertilization effect was maintained through the third year of growth in oak, had disappeared in Scots pine and a negative effect was evident in ash. Foliar nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations indicated a CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced nitrogen deficiency in oak and ash, but not in Scots pine. Chlorophyll degradation in response to ozone was observed in oak, an effect that was enhanced by irrigation and reduced by CO2, presumably through stomatal mediated changes in effective ozone dose. These results therefore suggest that elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations will enhance growth of some UK forest tree species, although this might only be apparent during the juvenile phase. However, nitrogen deficiencies might limit this enhancement on some sites while changes in allocation and leaf area might promote susceptibility to windthrow. Elevated CO2 also provides some protection against ozone pollution, especially in combination with limited soil moisture availability. These interactions between CO2, ozone and water supply should be taken into account when predicting the effects of environmental change on tree growth and forest productivity.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "S. B. Jackson, M. S. J. Broadmeadow,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00665.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00665.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00665.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00665.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00577.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Nitrogen Inhibition Of Nodulation And N-2 Fixation Of A Tropical N-2-Fixing Tree (Gliricidia Sepium) Grown In Elevated Atmospheric Co2", "description": "Interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and soil N availability on N2 fixation and biomass production were examined using Gliricidia sepium, a tropical leguminous tree species. Our objective was to determine if elevated CO2 alters the inhibitory effects of soil N on N2 fixation, and whether the response of Gliricidia to elevated CO2 was a function of N source originating from either substrate N fertilizer or N2 fixation. We hypothesized that CO2 enrichment would ameliorate the inhibitory effects of N fertilization on seedling nodulation and N2 fixation through increased C partitioning to nodules. Seedlings were grown from seed for 100 d in growth chambers at either 350 or 700 \uffce\uffbcmol mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921 CO2. Seedlings were inoculated with Rhizobium spp. and grown either with 0, 1 or 10 mM N fertilizer. The \uffce\uffb415N isotope\uffe2\uff80\uff90dilution technique was used to determine N source partitioning between N2 fixation and inorganic N fertilizer uptake. The addition of 10 mM N fertilizer significantly reduced nodule number and mass, specific nitrogenase activity, the specific rate of N2 fixation, and the proportion of plant N derived from N2 fixation. Elevated CO2, however, strongly ameliorated the inhibitory effects of N fertilization, indicating that increased C availability for nodule activity may partially offset the inhibition of N2 fixation caused by substrate N, as nodule sugar concentrations were stimulated with CO2 enrichment. This study clearly shows that elevated CO2 enhanced plant productivity and net N content of Gliricidia tree seedlings by stimulating N2 fixation. In addition, seedling biomass production was greatly enhanced by elevated CO2, regardless of whether plant N was derived from the substrate or from the atmosphere. We conclude from this study that CO2 enrichment mitigates the inhibitory effects of substrate N on nodule initiation and development and specific N2 fixation, either through increased C allocation to nodule production and activity, or through increased N demand by the plant for biomass production. This experiment with Gliricidia provides evidence for a positive feedback between increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, C allocation to symbiotic N2\uffe2\uff80\uff90fixing bacteria, and plant C and N accumulation that may occur when N2\uffe2\uff80\uff90fixing plants are grown under conditions where substrate N may typically inhibit N2 fixation.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Richard B. Thomas, Daniel Richter, M. A. Bashkin,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00577.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00577.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00577.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00577.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00109.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Nitrogen Fertilization And Developmental Stage Alter The Response Of Lolium Perenne To Elevated Co2", "description": "Summary
\uffe2\uff80\uff82Plant response to elevated atmospheric CO2 may depend on the carbon sink strength, determined by the availability of resources other than CO2, and the developmental stage.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82In a 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr field experiment with model swards of Lolium perenne, the effect of CO2 enrichment (FACE) on yield and allocation of dry mass (DM) and N were examined under three N fertilization treatments during vegetative and reproductive growth.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82During vegetative growth, in the highest N treatment, the greatest increase in DM yield occurred at elevated CO2; there was no change in DM allocation. By contrast, at low N, residual biomass, but not yield, increased under CO2 enrichment, and the tillers were shorter. During reproductive growth, under CO2 enrichment DM yield increased similarly across all N treatments; there was no change in DM and N partitioning. The mean weight and height of the reproductive tillers increased.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82At high N availability, or during reproductive growth, L. perenne swards overcome carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff90sink limitation and show a strong yield response to elevated CO2. Biomass allocation and the height of the plants, in response to elevated CO2, clearly depend on N fertilization and developmental stage.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Josef N\u00f6sberger, Markus Daepp, Andreas L\u00fcscher,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00109.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00109.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00109.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00109.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00479.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Leaves At Low Versus High Rainfall: Coordination Of Structure, Lifespan And Physiology", "description": "\u2022\u2002 Across species, leaf lifespan (LL) tends to be correlated with leaf mass per area (LMA). Previously we found that Australian perennial species from low-rainfall sites had c .\u00a040% shorter LL at a given LMA than high-rainfall species. \u2022\u2002 Here we relate indices of leaf strength (work to shear, W shear , and tissue toughness) to LL and LMA across the same suite of species. W shear is the work required to cut a leaf with a blade; W shear divided by leaf thickness gives tissue toughness. \u2022\u2002 Low- and high-rainfall species did not differ in their LL at a given W shear , but dry-site species had lower W shear at a given LMA, leading to the observed LL - LMA shift with rainfall. These patterns were driven by 50% lower tissue toughness in dry-site species. \u2022\u2002 The lower toughness was linked with high leaf N concentration, which is known to enhance water conservation during photosynthesis in low-rainfall species. Our results suggest that a significant cost of this strategy is reduced LL for a given investment in leaf tissue (LMA).", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00479.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00479.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00479.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00479.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-08-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00110.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Elevated Co2 Increases Sorghum Biomass Under Drought Conditions", "description": "Summary
\uffe2\uff80\uff82Atmospheric CO2 concentration is expected to increase by 50% near the middle of this century. The effects the free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) is presented here on growth and development of field\uffe2\uff80\uff90grown grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) at ample (wet) and limiting (dry) levels of irrigation water at Maricopa, AZ, USA.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82Daytime CO2 mole fractions were 561 and 368\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb5mol mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for the FACE and control treatments, respectively. Irrigation plus precipitation averaged 1132\uffc2\uffa0mm for the wet plots and 396\uffc2\uffa0mm in the dry plots.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82During the growing season, FACE increased biomass accumulation in the dry plots but the effects in the wet plots were inconsistent. At final harvest, FACE increased total yield from 999 to 1151\uffc2\uffa0g\uffc2\uffa0m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 in the dry plots and had no effect in the wet plots.
\uffe2\uff80\uff82If atmospheric CO2 continues to increase, total sorghum yield is likely to be higher in the future in areas where water is limited.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00110.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00110.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00110.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00110.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00537.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Atmospheric Co2 Enrichment Of Alpine Treeline Conifers", "description": "\u2022 \u2002 Experimental CO2 enrichment of mature Larix decidua and Pinus uncinata trees and their understory vegetation was used to test the carbon limitation hypothesis of treeline formation at the alpine treeline in Switzerland. \u2022 \u2002 Forty plots (each 1.1 m2 ) were established; half of them were exposed to elevated (566 ppm) atmospheric CO2 using a free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) system releasing pure CO2 , and the other half were treated as controls at current ambient [CO2 ]. \u2022 \u2002 Reliable and adequate CO2 control was achieved, with 63% and 90% of 1-min averages having a [CO2 ] within \u00b110% and \u00b120% of the target value, respectively, which is comparable to previous FACE systems. Both tree species showed higher net photosynthesis, lower stomatal conductance, and increased accumulation of nonstructural carbohydrates in response to CO2 in the first year of treatment. Quite unexpectedly, shoot length increment increased significantly at elevated CO2 (up to 23%) compared with controls in both species. \u2022 \u2002 The pure CO2 release technology proved suitable for CO2 enrichment of native trees on this remote mountain slope. Our results suggest an improved C balance and growth of treeline trees in response to elevated CO2 . However, it is unclear whether this initial growth stimulation will persist in the longer term.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00537.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00537.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00537.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00537.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-11-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00667.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "N Deposition Affects N Availability In Interstitial Water, Growth Of Sphagnum And Invasion Of Vascular Plants In Bog Vegetation", "description": "\u2022 We studied the effects of N deposition on shrub-moss competition and the establishment and growth of invasive Betula pubescens and Molinia caerulea in intact bog vegetation removed from a site subject to 40 kg N ha -1 yr -1 . \u2022 Mesocosms with and without introduced Betula seedlings and Molinia sprouts were kept under a roof and received an equivalent of 0, 40 and 80 kg N ha -1 yr -1 for two growing seasons. \u2022 N concentration in both interstitial water and Sphagnum decreased when N input ceased and increased when N input was doubled. Molinia biomass was positively related to the inorganic N concentration in the interstitial water. Adding N increased production of Molinia and prolonged survival of Betula seedlings in the first year. Sphagnum height increment showed a hump-shaped relationship with light interception by vascular plants. \u2022 N deposition encouraged vascular plants to grow by enhancing N availability in the rhizosphere. Water table level and the availability of P were found to be important in explaining species-specific responses to N deposition. The underlying mechanisms and the reversibility of N effects are discussed.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "fate", "fertilization", "atmospheric nitrogen", "litter decomposition", "heathland", "15. Life on land", "accumulation", "ecosystems", "mire", "01 natural sciences", "peatlands", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00667.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00667.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00667.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00667.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-01-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00656.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Elevated Pco(2) Affects N-Metabolism Of Young Poplar Plants (Populus Tremula X P-Alba) Differently At Deficient And Sufficient N-Supply", "description": "\u2022\u2002 The effects of N-availability and elevated atmospheric CO 2 partial pressure ( pCO2 ) on growth, allometry and N-metabolism of poplar plants are reported here. \u2022\u2002 Poplar plants were grown hydroponically at deficient and sufficient N-supply under ambient and elevated pCO2 . The N-fluxes within the plants were estimated by comparing the fate of newly acquired 15 N-NO3 - in plants either severely N-limited or with sufficient N-supply. \u2022\u2002 At deficient N-supply, plants accumulated less biomass and exhibited an increased root\u00a0:\u00a0shoot ratio compared with sufficient N-supply; a larger fraction of newly acquired 15 N was allocated to the youngest leaves immediately after exchange of the nutrient solution. Increasing the external N-supply from deficient to sufficient shifted the site of nitrate reduction from roots to leaves. \u2022\u2002 Elevated pCO2 increased total biomass and the root\u00a0:\u00a0shoot ratio at deficient N-supply, but had no effect at sufficient N-supply. Elevated pCO2 decreased rates of N-uptake in both treatments. Increased root\u00a0:\u00a0shoot ratio at deficient N-supply coincided with enhanced nitrate reduction in the root and elevated pCO2 also enhanced the allocation of newly acquired 15 N to the youngest leaves. Root nitrate reduction as a possible factor controlling the root\u00a0:\u00a0shoot ratio and N-allocation is discussed.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00656.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00656.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00656.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00656.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-12-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00791.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-06-12", "title": "Increasing Co2 Accelerates Root Growth And Enhances Water Acquisition During Early Stages Of Development In Larrea Tridentata", "description": "\u2022\u2002 Stimulation of root growth under elevated CO2 has been hypothesized to enhance soil water uptake under water-limiting conditions. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects of rising CO2 on root development and soil water uptake in Larrea tridentata and to quantify root proliferation into small water patches. \u2022\u2002 Seedling communities of L. tridentata were grown in rhizotrons under controlled environmental conditions at three CO2 concentrations (280, 360, and 600\u00a0\u00b5l\u00a0l-1 ). Patches of water were applied to small areas of the root systems in the rhizotrons and to L. tridentata shrubs in the field. \u2022\u2002 Rising CO2 significantly stimulated root length production, but only in the lower half of the soil profile. Stimulation of root production led to faster depletion of soil water. Neither mature shrubs nor seedlings responded to water-enriched soil patches via root proliferation. \u2022\u2002 The results of our study indicate that rising CO2 may accelerate seedling root growth in L. tridentata, could lead to proportionally greater investment of roots in deeper soil layers and may enhance water acquisition.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "John A. Arnone, Daniel Obrist,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00791.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00791.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00791.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00791.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-06-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01167.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Indirect Effects Of Feral Horses On Estuarine Communities", "description": "Abstract: Livestock have grazed on salt marshes for centuries and have dramatic effects on marsh vegetation. Most studies examining the effects of livestock on salt marshes have focused on the effects on plants rather than on salt marsh fauna or ecological processes. However, grazers such as feral horses may have strong indirect effects on communities by altering the habitat, making it more or less suitable for species that potentially occur there. We evaluated the indirect effects of grazing by feral horses on estuarine animals that use salt marshes and adjacent subtidal communities. Surveys revealed that horse\uffe2\uff80\uff90grazed marshes had less vegetation, a higher diversity of foraging birds, higher densities of crabs, and a lower density and species richness of fishes than marshes not grazed by horses. In addition, fish density was reduced in subtidal habitats adjacent to grazed marshes. Experiments manipulating marsh vegetation indicated that the potential for predation on fishes in ungrazed marshes was higher than in grazed marshes. Results of additional experiments in which fishes were enclosed with or without artificial Spartina suggested that the removal of shelter provided by marsh vegetation results in behavioral shifts by fishes that make them more susceptible to predation. Although large herbivores are naturally absent from extant salt marsh ecosystems, such large herbivores were common members of Pleistocene communities. Using modern horses as surrogates for extinct ungulates, we hypothesize that large herbivores could have had strong indirect effects on Pleistocene estuarine habitats. We argue that both the modern introduction of ungulates to salt marshes and the prehistoric elimination of large herbivores affected estuarine biodiversity.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "14. Life underwater", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01167.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Conservation%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01167.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01167.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01167.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-09-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.07108.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Tracking Wetland Restoration: Do Mitigation Sites Follow Desired Trajectories?", "description": "AbstractHypothetical models in the scientific literature suggest that ecosystem restoration and creation sites follow a smooth path of development (called a trajectory), rapidly matching natural reference sites (the target). Multi\uffe2\uff80\uff90million\uffe2\uff80\uff90dollar mitigation agreements have been based on the expectation that damages to habitat will be compensated within 5\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 years, and monitoring periods have been set accordingly. Our San Diego Bay study site, the Sweetwater Marsh National Wildlife Refuge, has one of the longest and most detailed records of habitat development at a mitigation site: data on soil organic matter, soil nitrogen, plant growth, and plant canopies for up to 10 years from a 12\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90old site. High interannual variation and lack of directional changes indicate little chance that targets will be reached in the near future. Other papers perpetuate the trajectory model, despite data that corroborate our findings. After reviewing \uffe2\uff80\uff9ctrajectory models\uffe2\uff80\uff9d and presenting our comprehensive data for the first time, we suggest alternative management and mitigation policies.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.07108.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Restoration%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.07108.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.07108.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.07108.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.72009.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Effects Of Restoration Thinning On Presettlement Pinus Ponderosa In Northern Arizona", "description": "AbstractIn the 100 years following the arrival of Euro\uffe2\uff80\uff90American settlers in northern Arizona,Pinus ponderosa(ponderosa pine) forests changed from open, low\uffe2\uff80\uff90density stands to closed, high\uffe2\uff80\uff90density stands. The increase in tree density has been detrimental to the vigor of old\uffe2\uff80\uff90growth trees that established before settlement (presettlement trees). In this study, we examined whether the vigor of presettlement trees could be improved by restoring the original stand structure by thinning the ponderosa pines that established after settlement (postsettlement trees). The restoration treatment caused the following changes in the presettlement trees and their environment in the first year following thinning: an increase in volumetric soil water content between May and August, an increase in predawn xylem water potential in July and August, a decrease in midday xylem water potential in June and August, an increase in net photosynthetic rate in August, an increase in foliar nitrogen concentration in July and August, and an increase in bud and needle size. The results show that the thinning restoration treatment improved the condition of presettlement ponderosa pines by increasing canopy growth and the uptake of water, nitrogen, and carbon.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "W. Wallace Covington, Joseph E. Stone, Thomas Kolb,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.72009.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Restoration%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.72009.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.72009.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.72009.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00911.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-11-17", "title": "Fine-Root Respiration In A Loblolly Pine And Sweetgum Forest Growing In Elevated Co2", "description": "\u2022\u2002 The loss of carbon below-ground through respiration of fine roots may be modified by global change. Here we tested the hypothesis that a reduction in N concentration of tree fine-roots grown in an elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration would reduce maintenance respiration and that more energy would be used for root growth and N uptake. We partitioned total fine-root respiration (RT ) between maintenance (RM ), growth (RG ), and N uptake respiration (RN ) for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) forests exposed to elevated CO2 . \u2022\u2002 A substantial increase in fine-root production contributed to a 151% increase in RG for loblolly pine in elevated CO2 . Root specific RM for pine was 24% lower under elevated CO2 but when extrapolated to the entire forest, no treatment effect could be detected. \u2022\u2002 R G (<\u00a010%) and RN (<\u00a03%) were small components of RM in both forests. Maintenance respiration was the vast majority of RT , and contributed 92% and 86% of these totals at the pine and sweetgum forests, respectively. \u2022\u2002 The hypothesis was rejected because the majority of fine-root respiration was used for maintenance and was not reduced by changes in root N concentration in elevated CO2 . Because of its large contribution to RT and total soil CO2 efflux, changes in RM caused by warming may greatly alter carbon losses from forests to the atmosphere.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Temperate forest", "Sweetgum (Liquidambar styeaciflua)", "Growth respiration", "Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda)", "Maintenance respiration", "Nitrogen uptake respiration", "15. Life on land", "Free-air CO enrichment (FACE) 2", "01 natural sciences", "Annual fine-root respiration"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00911.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00911.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00911.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00911.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-11-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.1997.09706.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-12-28", "description": "AbstractThis paper summarizes the accumulation of nutrient capital during the natural afforestation of iron\uffe2\uff80\uff90smelting slag. The study site was the Beckley Furnace (North Caanan, Connecticut, U.S.A.) slag dump, which was abandoned around 1918. Currently, a Pinus strobus (white pine)\uffe2\uff80\uff90dominated forest occupies the site. Our primary objective was to determine the relationships among stand development and belowground nutrient pools to evaluate controls on the rates at which nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and potassium accumulate in the developing forest. Along a developmental gradient of increasing stand basal area, we measured (1) aboveground biomass, (2) root biomass, (3) above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground nutrient capital, (4) belowground nutrient capital, (5) soil weight, (6) soil organic carbon weight, (7) soil moisture, and (8) understory richness and density. Regression analysis suggests, as expected, that the addition of organic matter controls the accumulation of above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground nutrients, soil water, and understory plant composition and distribution. The rather rapid rate of nitrogen accumulation suggests that allochthonous as well as autochthonous organic matter is an important source of nutrients for the developing forest soil and vegetation. Compared to those of other northeastern forests, soils in the most developed areas at the Beckley site have accumulated more than enough labile nutrient capital in 75 years to support a forest typical of the region. In the most developed stands, understory composition indicates mesic soil conditions, and that within the next 75 years or so the Beckley slag dump will be floristically very similar to the surrounding forest.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Martin Dranoff, Anne W Wibiralske, Arthur H. Johnson, Frances C. Smith,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.1997.09706.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Restoration%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.1997.09706.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.1997.09706.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1526-100x.1997.09706.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1997-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.07109.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Nitrogen Addition Could Shift Plant Community Composition In A Restored California Salt Marsh", "description": "AbstractAt a salt marsh restoration site, fertilizer trials to improve height growth of Spartina foliosa (a C4 perennial grass that can reach 140 cm) appeared to favor Salicornia bigelovii (an annual C3 succulent under 40 cm tall) where the two species co\uffe2\uff80\uff90occurred on the marsh plain. This observation prompted a field experiment to examine the potential for nitrogen (N) addition to shift community composition. Without N addition, total stem length and stem density of S. foliosa did not respond to the presence or absence of S. bigelovii. But where N was added, S. foliosa growth increased only where S. bigelovii was removed from plots. S. bigelovii responded strongly to fertilizer, with mean heights matching those of S. foliosa and 600% increases in biomass, branching, and seed production (to more than 1 million seeds/m2). Soil N also increased seasonally where S. bigelovii was present, suggesting that this species may aid accumulation of N at restoration sites with poor soils. S. foliosa growth is greatest at lower elevations along tidal creeks where it occurs alone. Beyond creek edges, where S. bigelovii and other potential competitors occur, S. foliosa is unlikely to grow tall even with N addition. Thus, there is little point in trying to force mixed\uffe2\uff80\uff90species stands to provide tall S. foliosa for nesting by an endangered bird, Rallus longirostris levipes (the Light\uffe2\uff80\uff90footed Clapper Rail). A marsh construction design that maximizes tidal creek edges is thus recommended when restoration goals include providing habitat for clapper rails.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.07109.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Restoration%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.07109.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.07109.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.07109.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.2002.00013.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Effects Of Grazing On Restoration Of Southern Mixed Prairie Soils", "description": "AbstractA comparative analysis of soils and vegetation from cultivated areas reseeded to native grasses and native prairies that have not been cultivated was conducted to evaluate restoration of southern mixed prairie of the Great Plains over the past 30 to 50 years. Restored sites were within large tracts of native prairie and part of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term grazing intensity treatments (heavy, moderate, and ungrazed), allowing evaluation of the effects of grazing intensity on prairie restoration. Our objective was to evaluate restored and native sites subjected to heavy and moderate grazing regimes to determine if soil nutrients from reseeded cultivated land recovered after 30 years of management similar to the surrounding prairie and to identify the interactive influence of different levels of grazing and history of cultivation on plant functional group composition and soils in mixed prairies. For this mixed prairie, soil nitrogen and soil carbon on previously cultivated sites was 30 to 40% lower than in uncultivated native prairies, indicating that soils from restored sites have not recovered over the past 30 to 50 years. In addition, it appears that grazing alters the extent of recovery of these grassland soils as indicated by the significant interaction between grazing intensity and cultivation history for soil nitrogen and soil carbon. Management of livestock grazing is likely a critical factor in determining the potential restoration of mixed prairies. Heavy grazing on restored prairies reduces the rate of soil nutrient and organic matter accumulation. These effects are largely due to changes in composition (reduced tallgrasses), reduced litter accumulation, and high cover of bare ground in heavily grazed restored prairies. However, it is evident from this study that regardless of grazing intensity, restoration of native prairie soils requires many decades and possibly external inputs to adequately restore organic matter, soil carbon, and soil nitrogen.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2002.00013.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Restoration%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.2002.00013.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.2002.00013.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2002.00013.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1051/agro:2008012", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-04-15", "title": "Yield Potential And Land-Use Efficiency Of Wheat And Faba Bean Mixed Intercropping", "description": "In Ethiopia, food production for a rapidly growing population from a continually shrinking farm size is a prime developmental challenge. Rising input costs, decline in soil quality, and buildup of insect pests, diseases and weeds have threatened the ecological and economic sustainability of crop production. To address those issues, intercropping of cereals with pulse crops could increase total grain production, provide diversity of products, stabilize yield over seasons, reduce economic and environmental risks common in monoculture systems, and thereby enhance sustainability. Here, mixed intercropping of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with faba bean (Vicia faba L.) was compared with sole culture of each species in 2002 and 2003 at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, in the central highlands of Ethiopia. The treatments were sole wheat at a seed rate of 175 kg ha \u22121 , sole faba bean at a seed rate of 200 kg ha \u22121 , and an additive series of 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50 and 62.5% of the sole faba bean seed rate mixed with the full sole wheat seed rate. Our results showed that mixed intercropping increased the land equivalent ratio by +3% to +22% over sole cropping. Increasing the faba bean seed rate in the mixture from 12.5 to 62.5% reduced wheat grain yield from 3601 kg ha \u22121 to 3039 kg ha \u22121 but increased faba bean grain yield from 141 kg ha \u22121 to 667 kg ha \u22121 . Sole culture grain yield exceeded mixed culture grain yield by + 5t o+25% for wheat and by +172 to +1190% for faba bean. Nonetheless, we obtained the highest total grain yield of 4031 kg ha \u22121 , gross monetary value of US$ 823, system productivity index of 4629 and crowding coefficient of 4.70 when wheat at its full seed rate was intercropped with faba bean at a rate of 37.5%. On average, weed biomass was reduced from 40.4 g m \u22122 in sole wheat to 31.1 g m \u22122 in mixed culture and the chocolate spot disease score was reduced from 5.1 in sole faba bean to 3.4 in mixed culture. In conclusion, intercropping of wheat with faba bean may increase total yield and revenue, reduce weed and disease pressure, increase land-use efficiency, and thereby enhance sustainability of crop production in Ethiopian highlands. aggressivity / crowding coefficient / faba bean / land-use efficiency / intercropping / wheat", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "[SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2008012"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20for%20Sustainable%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1051/agro:2008012", "name": "item", "description": "10.1051/agro:2008012", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1051/agro:2008012"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.2002.01037.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Using Functional Trajectories To Track Constructed Salt Marsh Development In The Great Bay Estuary, Maine/New Hampshire, Usa", "description": "AbstractA growing number of studies have assessed the functional equivalency of restored and natural salt marshes. Several of these have explored the use of functional trajectories to track the increase in restored marsh function over time; however, these studies have disagreed as to the usefulness of such models in long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term predictions of restored marsh development. We compared indicators of four marsh functions (primary production, soil organic matter accumulation, sediment trapping, and maintenance of plant communities) in 6 restored and 11 reference (matched to restored marshes using principal components analysis) salt marshes in the Great Bay Estuary. The restored marshes were all constructed and planted on imported substrate and ranged in age from 1 to 14 years. We used marsh age in a space\uffe2\uff80\uff90for\uffe2\uff80\uff90time substitution to track constructed salt marsh development and explore the use of trajectories. A high degree of variability was observed among natural salt marsh sites, displaying the importance of carefully chosen reference sites. As expected, mean values for constructed site (n = 6) and reference site (n = 11) functions were significantly different. Using constructed marsh age as the independent variable and functional indicator values as dependent variables, nonlinear regression analyses produced several ecologically meaningful trajectories (r\uffe2\uff80\uff832> 0.9), demonstrating that the use of different\uffe2\uff80\uff90aged marshes can be a viable approach to developing functional trajectories. The trajectories illustrated that although indicators of some functions (primary production, sediment deposition, and plant species richness) may reach natural site values relatively quickly (<10 years), others (soil organic matter content) will take longer.
", "keywords": ["salt marsh", "0106 biological sciences", "restoration", "trajectory", "functional equivalency", "creation", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "wetland"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Morgan, Pamela A., Short, Frederick T.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2002.01037.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Restoration%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.2002.01037.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.2002.01037.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2002.01037.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-08-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.2003.00179.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-05-21", "title": "Forest Soil Chemistry And Mesofauna 20 Years After An Amelioration Fertilization", "description": "AbstractSoil chemical properties and soil mesofauna composition were assessed at a forest site in northern Austria, where 20 years earlier an amelioration treatment had been performed. The site had been treated with limestone, a high P slag, and ammonium nitrate to replace the poorly growing pine (Pinus sylvestris) forest with a Norway spruce (Picea abies) stand. This treatment was at that time a common means for the amelioration of nutrient\uffe2\uff80\uff90poor forest soils with recalcitrant forest floor layers. After treatment, a dense cover of a nitrophilic stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) developed. Most likely, the site had been over\uffe2\uff80\uff90fertilized, and inadvertently, an experiment with extreme N enrichment had been conducted. The abundance of collembolans increased, and dominance structure shifted fromIsotomiella minor,Lipothrix lubbocki, andIsotoma notabilisat fertilizer treatment toFriesea mirabilis,Isotomiella minor, andSphaeridia pumilisin the control, but the abundance of soil mesofauna generally decreased in the fertilizer treatment. Fertilization reduced the mass of the litter layer from 7.6 to 2.4 kg/m2. The total carbon pool in the soil was reduced due to reduction of the litter layer. However, the content of soil organic matter in the upper mineral soil was significantly increased. A part of the applied and mineralized nitrogen had been lost from the soil, but N retention in the upper mineral soil was still considerable. Soil pH and the base saturation were sustainably increased. Carbon losses upon mineralization of the litter layer were not offset by the increase in C content of the mineral soil. Presently, the C pool in the soil of the fertilized treatment is lower than in the control. However, the overall nutrient enrichment of the soil may facilitate C sequestration in the fertilized site in the future.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Herbert Hager, Robert Jandl, Hubert Kopeszki, Alexander Bruckner,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2003.00179.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Restoration%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.2003.00179.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.2003.00179.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2003.00179.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-05-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.2002.10116.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Restoring Structure In Late-Successional Sagebrush Communities By Thinning With Tebuthiuron", "description": "AbstractLate successional, dense Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) stands restrict associated plant species production, resulting in a monotypic, shrub\uffe2\uff80\uff90dominated community that threatens biodiversity preservation and ecosystem function. Traditional practices to control A. tridentata can severely reduce or temporarily eliminate A. tridentata and other plant species. Thinning A. tridentata with low rates of the herbicide tebuthiuron enhances herbaceous plant production, community structure, ecosystem functioning, and biodiversity. Tebuthiuron was applied at rates of 0.11\uffe2\uff80\uff931.0 kg ai/ha to A. tridentata\uffe2\uff80\uff90dominated plots at Ten Sleep (1979), Lander (1993), and Waltman (1993), Wyoming. Changes in A. tridentata canopy cover, associated plant species biomass, and community composition were evaluated 13 and 14 years post\uffe2\uff80\uff90treatment at Ten Sleep, and 2 and 4 years post\uffe2\uff80\uff90treatment at Lander and Waltman. At all sites A. tridentata canopy cover decreased proportionally with increased tebuthiuron rate. Biomass of grasses increased as shrub biomass and cover decreased with increasing tebuthiuron rate. Forb biomass varied between treatments across sample year and site. Shifts from shrub\uffe2\uff80\uff90dominated control to grass\uffe2\uff80\uff90dominated treatment plots were attributable to biomass differences of A. tridentata and 2\uffe2\uff80\uff933 grass species among treatments. The number of plant species was not significantly different between treatments at any site. Similarity indexes revealed progressively greater dissimilar plant composition between the control and sequential treatment plots of increased tebuthiuron rate. Incremental rates of tebuthiuron produce gradual changes in plant species composition without reducing species richness, which may have utility in certain restoration projects.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Richard A. Olson, Thomas D. Whitson,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2002.10116.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Restoration%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.2002.10116.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.2002.10116.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2002.10116.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.2003.00192.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-08-05", "title": "Evaluation Of Restoration Techniques For The Succulent Karoo, South Africa", "description": "Abstract Possible constraints on the passive recovery of bare areas in the Karoo, a semiarid region in South Africa, include inadequate supply of seed, availability of suitable microsites for plant establishment, altered soil properties, and the truncation of key soil biotic processes. Here we investigate the possibility of initiating the restoration of bare areas by soil surface treatments with gypsum (CaSO4) and/or organic mulch. We also apply an exogenous seed source to test the hypothesis that seed availability limits autogenic recovery. Both gypsum and mulch improved rain water infiltration, gypsum more so than mulch, and both treatments resulted in significantly higher numbers of reseeded seedlings compared with controls. Gypsum also improved the survival of the cohorts of seedlings of the larger seeded Tripteris sinuata. Tripteris showed the highest number of seedlings (maximum count of 150 seedlings/1,000 viable seeds sown) and surviving plants of the three reseeded species, which included two small\uffe2\uff80\uff90seeded species, Ruschia spinosa and Chaetobromus dregeanus. Throughout the study period significantly higher plant volumes of naturally seeded annuals and perennials were recorded in the gypsum and/or mulch treatments compared with the controls. Germination and emergence of reseeded and naturally seeded plants appears to be determined by the availability of cool season (autumn to spring ) soil moisture, whereas follow\uffe2\uff80\uff90up rainfall during this time is important for plant survival. Mulching of bare areas in the Succulent Karoo has the potential to re\uffe2\uff80\uff90create vegetated areas that will further capture and conserve water, soil, and nutrients. Gypsum also showed positive results but might not be a cost\uffe2\uff80\uff90effective option because of transport costs to these remote arid areas.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2003.00192.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Restoration%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.2003.00192.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1526-100x.2003.00192.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2003.00192.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-08-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1051/agro:2003428", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-02-09", "title": "Drainage Runoff And Migration Of Mineral Elements In Organic And Conventional Cropping Systems", "description": "Open AccessIn the present investigation, organic and intensive cropping systems were compared on small autonomous drainage plots in limed Luvisoils and Cambisoils as well as non-acid Cambisoils during the period 1995-1998. In the intensive cropping system with balanced nutrient application, the yield of all crops was 38-77% higher than in the organic cropping system. Cropping intensity had no influence on mineral concentration in drainage water, which depended on geochemical soil media. The concentrations of Cl$^-$ and NO$_3^-$ in drainage water were, respectively, 8-22 and 24-80% higher than in the organic system. But at low N application, improvement of fertilisation efficiency increased crop yield and decreased nitrate leaching at the same time. The leached amount of solutes depended mainly upon drainage runoff, which was 6-57% lower in the intensive cropping system than in the organic one, and much less upon its concentration. From this study, organic agriculture has no essential advantage compared with intensive agriculture, considering the amount of leached elements and compounds, and secondarily, crop productivity.", "keywords": ["lessivage", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "yieldMerawu Watershed is the upstream part of Serayu Watershed whose outlet is in Mrica Reservoir, Banjarnegara Regency. The capacity of Mrica reservoir continues to experience an increase in sedimentation from year to year, one of the main causes is the high erosion in Merawu Watershed. This study aims to determine the effect of changes in land cover on discharge and sedimentation in Merawu Watershed. Land cover changes were analyzed historically from maps from 2006 and 2022. The Merawu watershed hydrological model was built using the SWAT model and calibrated using the SUFI-2 algorithm. The effect of land cover changes was calculated by comparing the simulation results with land cover data from 2006 and 2022. The analysis of land cover changes shows that the Merawu Watershed experienced a decrease in secondary forest and cultivated land. The built SWAT model produced an R2 value of 0.6 and an NSE of 0.55 for calibration and showed an R2 value of 0.71 and an NSE of 0.69 during validation. From the simulation results the changes in land cover that occurred had an impact on an increase in the average daily discharge and sedimentation of 294.82% and 662.47%.