{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137949", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-25T16:16:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-03-17", "title": "Identification of new PFAS for severe interference with thyroid hormone transport: A combined in vitro/silico approach", "description": "A tiered in vitro/in silico approach was developed to screen 12,654 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) for their potential to disrupt the thyroid hormone transport. Initially, a set of 45 PFAS was tested using TTR-TR\u03b2-CALUX bioassay, which was subsequently employed to develop a classification model, distinguishing active and inactive PFAS. The model fulfills all good practices for QSAR model validation and can predict whether a given PFAS can disrupt plasma transport of the thyroid hormone (T4). Subsequently, active compounds were used to develop two regression approaches: (i) multiple linear regression MLR, and (ii) second approach aimed at identifying multiple valid QSAR models based on different data-splitting strategies. Finally, a comprehensive virtual screening of a large PFAS dataset was conducted to assess their potency in disrupting thyroid hormone transport. The predictions indicated that more than 7500 compounds were active with over 100 PFAS potentially causing even greater adverse effects than PFOA. These findings highlight the critical role of integrating New Approach Methodologies (NAM)-based in vitro toxicity testing with multifaceted molecular modeling in assessing the risks associated with PFAS contamination in environmental matrices.", "keywords": ["Fluorocarbons", "Thyroid Hormones", "PFAS CALUX", "PFAS", "H2020", "Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship", "Humans", "Computer Simulation", "Biological Transport", "Environmental Pollutants", "Endocrine Disruptors", "PROMISCES"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137949"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Hazardous%20Materials", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137949", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137949", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137949"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.tplants.2018.05.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:17:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-15", "title": "Out of Shape During Stress: A Key Role for Auxin", "description": "In most abiotic stress conditions, including salinity and water deficit, the developmental plasticity of the plant root is regulated by the phytohormone auxin. Changes in auxin concentration are often attributed to changes in shoot-derived long-distance auxin flow. However, recent evidence suggests important contributions by short-distance auxin transport from local storage and local auxin biosynthesis, conjugation, and oxidation during abiotic stress. We discuss here current knowledge on long-distance auxin transport in stress responses, and subsequently debate how short-distance auxin transport and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) metabolism play a role in influencing eventual auxin accumulation and signaling patterns. Our analysis stresses the importance of considering all these components together and highlights the use of mathematical modeling for predictions of plant physiological responses.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "abiotic stress", "Indoleacetic Acids", "auxin transport", "mathematical modeling", "Biological Transport", "IAA homeostasis", "Models", " Theoretical", "Plants", "Plant Roots", "Article", "03 medical and health sciences", "Plant Growth Regulators", "root phenotypic plasticity", "Stress", " Physiological", "auxin", "Plant Physiological Phenomena", "Signal Transduction"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2018.05.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Trends%20in%20Plant%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.tplants.2018.05.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.tplants.2018.05.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.tplants.2018.05.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41598-019-51204-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:17:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-10-16", "title": "Phosphorus-acquisition strategies of canola, wheat and barley in soil amended with sewage sludges", "description": "Abstract

Crops have different strategies to acquire poorly-available soil phosphorus (P) which are dependent on their architectural, morphological, and physiological root traits, but their capacity to enhance P acquisition varies with the type of fertilizer applied. The objective of this study was to examine how P-acquisition strategies of three main crops are affected by the application of sewage sludges, compared with a mineral P fertilizer. We carried out a 3-months greenhouse pot experiment and compared the response of P-acquisition traits among wheat, barley and canola in a soil amended with three sludges or a mineral P fertilizer. Results showed that the P-acquisition strategy differed among crops. Compared with canola, wheat and barley had a higher specific root length and a greater root carboxylate release and they acquired as much P from sludge as from mineral P. By contrast, canola shoot P content was greater with sludge than with mineral P. This was attributed to a higher root-released acid phosphatase activity which promoted the mineralization of sludge-derived P-organic. This study showed that contrasted P-acquisition strategies of crops allows increased use of renewable P resources by optimizing combinations of crop and the type of P fertilizer applied within the cropping system.

", "keywords": ["Calcium Phosphates", "Crops", " Agricultural", "0106 biological sciences", "phosphatase activity", "N\u00e4hrstoffaufnahme", "carboxylate", "Phytic Acid", "Acid Phosphatase", "[SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy", "Carboxylic Acids", "organic P fertilizer", " mineral P fertilizer", " carboxylate", " phosphatase activity", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Article", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil", "Boden", "Species Specificity", "ddc:630", "Humans", "Fertilizers", "Triticum", "Plant Proteins", "2. Zero hunger", "Plant Stems", "Sewage", "Brassica rapa", "Agriculture", "Biological Transport", "Hordeum", "Phosphorus", "Phosphor", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "G\u00e4rrest", "mineral P fertilizer", "organic P fertilizer"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-51204-x.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51204-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41598-019-51204-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41598-019-51204-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41598-019-51204-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-10-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1073/pnas.0706518104", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:18:00Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-08-21", "title": "Increases In Nitrogen Uptake Rather Than Nitrogen-Use Efficiency Support Higher Rates Of Temperate Forest Productivity Under Elevated Co2", "description": "

Forest ecosystems are important sinks for rising concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 . In previous research, we showed that net primary production (NPP) increased by 23 \uffc2\uffb1 2% when four experimental forests were grown under atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 predicted for the latter half of this century. Because nitrogen (N) availability commonly limits forest productivity, some combination of increased N uptake from the soil and more efficient use of the N already assimilated by trees is necessary to sustain the high rates of forest NPP under free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE). In this study, experimental evidence demonstrates that the uptake of N increased under elevated CO 2 at the Rhinelander, Duke, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory FACE sites, yet fertilization studies at the Duke and Oak Ridge National Laboratory FACE sites showed that tree growth and forest NPP were strongly limited by N availability. By contrast, nitrogen-use efficiency increased under elevated CO 2 at the POP-EUROFACE site, where fertilization studies showed that N was not limiting to tree growth. Some combination of increasing fine root production, increased rates of soil organic matter decomposition, and increased allocation of carbon (C) to mycorrhizal fungi is likely to account for greater N uptake under elevated CO 2 . Regardless of the specific mechanism, this analysis shows that the larger quantities of C entering the below-ground system under elevated CO 2 result in greater N uptake, even in N-limited ecosystems. Biogeochemical models must be reformulated to allow C transfers below ground that result in additional N uptake under elevated CO 2 .

", "keywords": ["rotation poplar plantation", "0106 biological sciences", "Nitrogen", "Climate", "atmospheric carbon-dioxide", "enrichment face", "organic nitrogen", "Biological Transport", "deciduous forest", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Trees", "Kinetics", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "populus-tremuloides", "community composition", "soil-n availability", "fine-root production", "Ecosystem", "ecosystem responses"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706518104"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1073/pnas.0706518104", "name": "item", "description": "10.1073/pnas.0706518104", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1073/pnas.0706518104"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-08-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/nph.16554", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-25T16:19:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-03-21", "title": "Linking root structure to functionality: the impact of root system architecture on citrate\u2010enhanced phosphate uptake", "description": "Summary

Root citrate exudation is thought to be important for phosphate solubilization. Previous research has concluded that cluster\uffe2\uff80\uff90like roots benefit most from this exudation in terms of increased phosphate uptake, suggesting that root structure plays an important role in citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake (additional phosphate uptake due to citrate exudation).

Time\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolved computed tomography images of wheat root systems were used as the geometry for 3D citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90phosphate solubilization models. Citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake was correlated with morphological measures of the root systems to determine which had the most benefit.

A large variation of citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake over 11 root structures was observed. Root surface area dominated absolute phosphate uptake, but did not explain citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake. Number of exuding root tips correlated well with citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake. Root tips in close proximity could collectively exude high amounts of citrate, resulting in a delayed spike in citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake.

Root system architecture plays an important role in citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake. Singular morphological measurements of the root systems cannot entirely explain variations in citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake. Root systems with many tips would benefit greatly from citrate exudation. Quantifying citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake experimentally is difficult as variations in root surface area would overwhelm citrate benefits.

Biological Market Models are common evolutionary frameworks to understand the maintenance of mutualism in mycorrhizas. \uffe2\uff80\uff98Surplus C\uffe2\uff80\uff99 hypotheses provide an alternative framework where stoichiometry and source\uffe2\uff80\uff93sink dynamics govern mycorrhizal function. A critical difference between these frameworks is whether carbon transfer from plants is regulated by nutrient transfer from fungi or through source\uffe2\uff80\uff93sink dynamics. In this review, we: provide a historical perspective; summarize studies that asked whether plants transfer more carbon to fungi that transfer more nutrients; conduct a meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis to assess whether mycorrhizal plant growth suppressions are related to carbon transfer; and review literature on cellular mechanisms for carbon transfer. In sum, current knowledge does not indicate that carbon transfer from plants is directly regulated by nutrient delivery from fungi. Further, mycorrhizal plant growth responses were linked to nutrient uptake rather than carbon transfer. These findings are more consistent with \uffe2\uff80\uff98Surplus C\uffe2\uff80\uff99 hypotheses than Biological Market Models. However, we also identify research gaps, and future research may uncover a mechanism directly linking carbon and nutrient transfer. Until then, we urge caution when applying economic terminology to describe mycorrhizas. We present a synthesis of ideas, consider knowledge gaps, and suggest experiments to advance the field.The growth of rice in submerged soils depends on its ability to form continuous gas channels\uffe2\uff80\uff94aerenchyma\uffe2\uff80\uff94through which oxygen (O2) diffuses from the shoots to aerate the roots. Less well understood is the extent to which aerenchyma permits venting of respiratory carbon dioxide (CO2) in the opposite direction. Large, potentially toxic concentrations of dissolved CO2 develop in submerged rice soils. We show using X\uffe2\uff80\uff90ray computed tomography and image\uffe2\uff80\uff90based mathematical modelling that CO2 venting through rice roots is far greater than thought hitherto. We found rates of venting equivalent to a third of the daily CO2 fixation in photosynthesis. Without this venting through the roots, the concentrations of CO2 and associated bicarbonate (HCO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92) in root cells would have been well above levels known to be toxic to roots. Removal of CO2 and hence carbonic acid (H2CO3) from the soil was sufficient to increase the pH in the rhizosphere close to the roots by 0.7 units, which is sufficient to solubilize or immobilize various nutrients and toxicants. A sensitivity analysis of the model showed that such changes are expected for a wide range of plant and soil conditions.Different phytohormones can act as root\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot signalling molecules in response to soil drying. Recent findings suggest that root ABA levels are predominantly leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90sourced and not locally synthesized, thus, ABA exported from the roots in the xylem is mostly recycled from the shoot. To explain the differential root hormone accumulation observed under partial rootzone drying (PRD) that imposes distinct dry and wet parts of the root zone, we grafted \uffe2\uff80\uff9ctwo\uffe2\uff80\uff90root, one\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot\uffe2\uff80\uff9d soybean plants to independently assess xylem export of different phytohormones from either part of the root zone. Grafts were subjected to a combination of girdling (either part, all, or none of the rootzone) and irrigation (homogenously well\uffe2\uff80\uff90watered (WW) and PRD). PRD did not increase foliar ABA but decreased stomatal conductance, attributed to decreased leaf water potential and/or increased xylem sap ABA, JA, or ACC concentrations. In contrast, the foliar ABA increments that accompanied girdling\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced stomatal closure were proportional to the root fraction to which phloem transport was interrupted. Irrespective of girdling, root ABA accumulation (and xylem ABA export from) was highest in the dry PRD rootzone, xylem jasmonic acid (JA) in the wet PRD rootzone, and xylem ACC in both rootzones of PRD plants. Thus, soil drying of the dry root zone and transient overwatering of the wet root zone enhanced ACC export in PRD plants. We conclude that root water status during PRD enhances root ABA, JA and ACC synthesis and xylem export, independent of shoot\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90root transport.IRON\uffe2\uff80\uff90REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1) is the root high\uffe2\uff80\uff90affinity ferrous iron (Fe) uptake system and indispensable for the completion of the life cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana without vigorous Fe supplementation. Here we provide evidence supporting a second role of IRT1 in root\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot partitioning of Fe. We show that irt1 mutants overaccumulate Fe in roots, most prominently in the cortex of the differentiation zone in irt1\uffe2\uff80\uff902, compared to the wild type. Shoots of irt1\uffe2\uff80\uff902 are severely Fe\uffe2\uff80\uff90deficient according to Fe content and marker transcripts, as expected. We generated irt1\uffe2\uff80\uff902 lines producing IRT1 mutant variants carrying single amino\uffe2\uff80\uff90acid substitutions of key residues in transmembrane helices IV and V, Ser206 and His232, which are required for transport activity in yeast. Root short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term 55Fe uptake rates were uninformative concerning IRT1\uffe2\uff80\uff90mediated transport. Overall irt1\uffe2\uff80\uff90like concentrations of the secondary substrate Mn suggested that the transgenic Arabidopsis lines also remain incapable of IRT1\uffe2\uff80\uff90mediated root Fe uptake. Yet, IRT1S206A partially complements rosette dwarfing and leaf chlorosis of irt1\uffe2\uff80\uff902, as well as root\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot Fe partitioning and gene expression defects of irt1\uffe2\uff80\uff902, all of which are fully complemented by wild\uffe2\uff80\uff90type IRT1. Taken together, these results suggest a regulatory function for IRT1 in root\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot Fe partitioning that does not require Fe transport activity of IRT1. Among the genes of which transcript levels are partially dependent on IRT1, we identify MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN10, MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN72 and NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE4 as candidates for effecting IRT1\uffe2\uff80\uff90dependent Fe mobilization in roots. Understanding the biological functions of IRT1 will help to improve Fe nutrition and the nutritional quality of agricultural crops.

We herein report the synthesis of 13C2-labelled natural products from the mugineic acid and avenic acid family. These phytosiderophores (\u201cplant iron carriers\u201d) are built up from non-proteinogenic amino acids and play a key role in micronutrient uptake in gramineous plants. In this work two central building blocks are prepared from labelled starting materials (13C2-bromoacetic acid, 13C2-glycine) and further employed in our recently reported divergent, branched synthetic strategy delivering eight isotopically labelled phytosiderophores. The required labelled building blocks (13C2-L-allylglycine and a related hydroxylated derivative), were prepared via enantioselective phase-transfer catalysis and enantio- and diastereoselective aldol condensation with a chiral auxiliary respectively, both potentially valuable themselves for other synthetic routes towards labelled (natural) products.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "03 medical and health sciences", "0302 clinical medicine", "Iron", "Humans", "Siderophores", "Biological Transport", "01 natural sciences", "Azetidinecarboxylic Acid", "0104 chemical sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2023-q54fb"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Labelled%20Compounds%20and%20Radiopharmaceuticals", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.26434/chemrxiv-2023-q54fb", "name": "item", "description": "10.26434/chemrxiv-2023-q54fb", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.26434/chemrxiv-2023-q54fb"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-07-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "11343/310023", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:24:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-28", "title": "Root\u2010to\u2010shoot iron partitioning in Arabidopsis requires IRON\u2010REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1) protein but not its iron(II) transport function", "description": "SUMMARY

IRON\uffe2\uff80\uff90REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1) is the root high\uffe2\uff80\uff90affinity ferrous iron (Fe) uptake system and indispensable for the completion of the life cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana without vigorous Fe supplementation. Here we provide evidence supporting a second role of IRT1 in root\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot partitioning of Fe. We show that irt1 mutants overaccumulate Fe in roots, most prominently in the cortex of the differentiation zone in irt1\uffe2\uff80\uff902, compared to the wild type. Shoots of irt1\uffe2\uff80\uff902 are severely Fe\uffe2\uff80\uff90deficient according to Fe content and marker transcripts, as expected. We generated irt1\uffe2\uff80\uff902 lines producing IRT1 mutant variants carrying single amino\uffe2\uff80\uff90acid substitutions of key residues in transmembrane helices IV and V, Ser206 and His232, which are required for transport activity in yeast. Root short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term 55Fe uptake rates were uninformative concerning IRT1\uffe2\uff80\uff90mediated transport. Overall irt1\uffe2\uff80\uff90like concentrations of the secondary substrate Mn suggested that the transgenic Arabidopsis lines also remain incapable of IRT1\uffe2\uff80\uff90mediated root Fe uptake. Yet, IRT1S206A partially complements rosette dwarfing and leaf chlorosis of irt1\uffe2\uff80\uff902, as well as root\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot Fe partitioning and gene expression defects of irt1\uffe2\uff80\uff902, all of which are fully complemented by wild\uffe2\uff80\uff90type IRT1. Taken together, these results suggest a regulatory function for IRT1 in root\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot Fe partitioning that does not require Fe transport activity of IRT1. Among the genes of which transcript levels are partially dependent on IRT1, we identify MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN10, MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN72 and NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE4 as candidates for effecting IRT1\uffe2\uff80\uff90dependent Fe mobilization in roots. Understanding the biological functions of IRT1 will help to improve Fe nutrition and the nutritional quality of agricultural crops.The growth of rice in submerged soils depends on its ability to form continuous gas channels\uffe2\uff80\uff94aerenchyma\uffe2\uff80\uff94through which oxygen (O2) diffuses from the shoots to aerate the roots. Less well understood is the extent to which aerenchyma permits venting of respiratory carbon dioxide (CO2) in the opposite direction. Large, potentially toxic concentrations of dissolved CO2 develop in submerged rice soils. We show using X\uffe2\uff80\uff90ray computed tomography and image\uffe2\uff80\uff90based mathematical modelling that CO2 venting through rice roots is far greater than thought hitherto. We found rates of venting equivalent to a third of the daily CO2 fixation in photosynthesis. Without this venting through the roots, the concentrations of CO2 and associated bicarbonate (HCO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92) in root cells would have been well above levels known to be toxic to roots. Removal of CO2 and hence carbonic acid (H2CO3) from the soil was sufficient to increase the pH in the rhizosphere close to the roots by 0.7 units, which is sufficient to solubilize or immobilize various nutrients and toxicants. A sensitivity analysis of the model showed that such changes are expected for a wide range of plant and soil conditions.Crops have different strategies to acquire poorly-available soil phosphorus (P) which are dependent on their architectural, morphological, and physiological root traits, but their capacity to enhance P acquisition varies with the type of fertilizer applied. The objective of this study was to examine how P-acquisition strategies of three main crops are affected by the application of sewage sludges, compared with a mineral P fertilizer. We carried out a 3-months greenhouse pot experiment and compared the response of P-acquisition traits among wheat, barley and canola in a soil amended with three sludges or a mineral P fertilizer. Results showed that the P-acquisition strategy differed among crops. Compared with canola, wheat and barley had a higher specific root length and a greater root carboxylate release and they acquired as much P from sludge as from mineral P. By contrast, canola shoot P content was greater with sludge than with mineral P. This was attributed to a higher root-released acid phosphatase activity which promoted the mineralization of sludge-derived P-organic. This study showed that contrasted P-acquisition strategies of crops allows increased use of renewable P resources by optimizing combinations of crop and the type of P fertilizer applied within the cropping system.

Root citrate exudation is thought to be important for phosphate solubilization. Previous research has concluded that cluster\uffe2\uff80\uff90like roots benefit most from this exudation in terms of increased phosphate uptake, suggesting that root structure plays an important role in citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake (additional phosphate uptake due to citrate exudation).

Time\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolved computed tomography images of wheat root systems were used as the geometry for 3D citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90phosphate solubilization models. Citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake was correlated with morphological measures of the root systems to determine which had the most benefit.

A large variation of citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake over 11 root structures was observed. Root surface area dominated absolute phosphate uptake, but did not explain citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake. Number of exuding root tips correlated well with citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake. Root tips in close proximity could collectively exude high amounts of citrate, resulting in a delayed spike in citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake.

Root system architecture plays an important role in citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake. Singular morphological measurements of the root systems cannot entirely explain variations in citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake. Root systems with many tips would benefit greatly from citrate exudation. Quantifying citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake experimentally is difficult as variations in root surface area would overwhelm citrate benefits.

Root citrate exudation is thought to be important for phosphate solubilization. Previous research has concluded that cluster\uffe2\uff80\uff90like roots benefit most from this exudation in terms of increased phosphate uptake, suggesting that root structure plays an important role in citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake (additional phosphate uptake due to citrate exudation).

Time\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolved computed tomography images of wheat root systems were used as the geometry for 3D citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90phosphate solubilization models. Citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake was correlated with morphological measures of the root systems to determine which had the most benefit.

A large variation of citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake over 11 root structures was observed. Root surface area dominated absolute phosphate uptake, but did not explain citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake. Number of exuding root tips correlated well with citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake. Root tips in close proximity could collectively exude high amounts of citrate, resulting in a delayed spike in citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake.

Root system architecture plays an important role in citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake. Singular morphological measurements of the root systems cannot entirely explain variations in citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake. Root systems with many tips would benefit greatly from citrate exudation. Quantifying citrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90enhanced uptake experimentally is difficult as variations in root surface area would overwhelm citrate benefits.

We herein report the synthesis of 13C2-labelled natural products from the mugineic acid and avenic acid family. These phytosiderophores (\u201cplant iron carriers\u201d) are built up from non-proteinogenic amino acids and play a key role in micronutrient uptake in gramineous plants. In this work two central building blocks are prepared from labelled starting materials (13C2-bromoacetic acid, 13C2-glycine) and further employed in our recently reported divergent, branched synthetic strategy delivering eight isotopically labelled phytosiderophores. The required labelled building blocks (13C2-L-allylglycine and a related hydroxylated derivative), were prepared via enantioselective phase-transfer catalysis and enantio- and diastereoselective aldol condensation with a chiral auxiliary respectively, both potentially valuable themselves for other synthetic routes towards labelled (natural) products.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "03 medical and health sciences", "0302 clinical medicine", "Iron", "Humans", "Siderophores", "Biological Transport", "01 natural sciences", "Azetidinecarboxylic Acid", "0104 chemical sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://chemrxiv.org/engage/api-gateway/chemrxiv/assets/orp/resource/item/64a7e0399ea64cc167969490/original/total-synthesis-of-13c2-labelled-phytosiderophores-of-the-mugineic-and-avenic-acid-families.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/37755147"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Labelled%20Compounds%20and%20Radiopharmaceuticals", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "37755147", "name": "item", "description": "37755147", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/37755147"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-07-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "39352455", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-05-25T16:26:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-10-01", "title": "What determines transfer of carbon from plants to mycorrhizal fungi?", "description": "Summary

Biological Market Models are common evolutionary frameworks to understand the maintenance of mutualism in mycorrhizas. \uffe2\uff80\uff98Surplus C\uffe2\uff80\uff99 hypotheses provide an alternative framework where stoichiometry and source\uffe2\uff80\uff93sink dynamics govern mycorrhizal function. A critical difference between these frameworks is whether carbon transfer from plants is regulated by nutrient transfer from fungi or through source\uffe2\uff80\uff93sink dynamics. In this review, we: provide a historical perspective; summarize studies that asked whether plants transfer more carbon to fungi that transfer more nutrients; conduct a meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis to assess whether mycorrhizal plant growth suppressions are related to carbon transfer; and review literature on cellular mechanisms for carbon transfer. In sum, current knowledge does not indicate that carbon transfer from plants is directly regulated by nutrient delivery from fungi. Further, mycorrhizal plant growth responses were linked to nutrient uptake rather than carbon transfer. These findings are more consistent with \uffe2\uff80\uff98Surplus C\uffe2\uff80\uff99 hypotheses than Biological Market Models. However, we also identify research gaps, and future research may uncover a mechanism directly linking carbon and nutrient transfer. Until then, we urge caution when applying economic terminology to describe mycorrhizas. We present a synthesis of ideas, consider knowledge gaps, and suggest experiments to advance the field.Different phytohormones can act as root\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot signalling molecules in response to soil drying. Recent findings suggest that root ABA levels are predominantly leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90sourced and not locally synthesized, thus, ABA exported from the roots in the xylem is mostly recycled from the shoot. To explain the differential root hormone accumulation observed under partial rootzone drying (PRD) that imposes distinct dry and wet parts of the root zone, we grafted \uffe2\uff80\uff9ctwo\uffe2\uff80\uff90root, one\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot\uffe2\uff80\uff9d soybean plants to independently assess xylem export of different phytohormones from either part of the root zone. Grafts were subjected to a combination of girdling (either part, all, or none of the rootzone) and irrigation (homogenously well\uffe2\uff80\uff90watered (WW) and PRD). PRD did not increase foliar ABA but decreased stomatal conductance, attributed to decreased leaf water potential and/or increased xylem sap ABA, JA, or ACC concentrations. In contrast, the foliar ABA increments that accompanied girdling\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced stomatal closure were proportional to the root fraction to which phloem transport was interrupted. Irrespective of girdling, root ABA accumulation (and xylem ABA export from) was highest in the dry PRD rootzone, xylem jasmonic acid (JA) in the wet PRD rootzone, and xylem ACC in both rootzones of PRD plants. Thus, soil drying of the dry root zone and transient overwatering of the wet root zone enhanced ACC export in PRD plants. We conclude that root water status during PRD enhances root ABA, JA and ACC synthesis and xylem export, independent of shoot\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90root transport.Different phytohormones can act as root\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot signalling molecules in response to soil drying. Recent findings suggest that root ABA levels are predominantly leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90sourced and not locally synthesized, thus, ABA exported from the roots in the xylem is mostly recycled from the shoot. To explain the differential root hormone accumulation observed under partial rootzone drying (PRD) that imposes distinct dry and wet parts of the root zone, we grafted \uffe2\uff80\uff9ctwo\uffe2\uff80\uff90root, one\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot\uffe2\uff80\uff9d soybean plants to independently assess xylem export of different phytohormones from either part of the root zone. Grafts were subjected to a combination of girdling (either part, all, or none of the rootzone) and irrigation (homogenously well\uffe2\uff80\uff90watered (WW) and PRD). PRD did not increase foliar ABA but decreased stomatal conductance, attributed to decreased leaf water potential and/or increased xylem sap ABA, JA, or ACC concentrations. In contrast, the foliar ABA increments that accompanied girdling\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced stomatal closure were proportional to the root fraction to which phloem transport was interrupted. Irrespective of girdling, root ABA accumulation (and xylem ABA export from) was highest in the dry PRD rootzone, xylem jasmonic acid (JA) in the wet PRD rootzone, and xylem ACC in both rootzones of PRD plants. Thus, soil drying of the dry root zone and transient overwatering of the wet root zone enhanced ACC export in PRD plants. We conclude that root water status during PRD enhances root ABA, JA and ACC synthesis and xylem export, independent of shoot\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90root transport.Crops have different strategies to acquire poorly-available soil phosphorus (P) which are dependent on their architectural, morphological, and physiological root traits, but their capacity to enhance P acquisition varies with the type of fertilizer applied. The objective of this study was to examine how P-acquisition strategies of three main crops are affected by the application of sewage sludges, compared with a mineral P fertilizer. We carried out a 3-months greenhouse pot experiment and compared the response of P-acquisition traits among wheat, barley and canola in a soil amended with three sludges or a mineral P fertilizer. Results showed that the P-acquisition strategy differed among crops. Compared with canola, wheat and barley had a higher specific root length and a greater root carboxylate release and they acquired as much P from sludge as from mineral P. By contrast, canola shoot P content was greater with sludge than with mineral P. This was attributed to a higher root-released acid phosphatase activity which promoted the mineralization of sludge-derived P-organic. This study showed that contrasted P-acquisition strategies of crops allows increased use of renewable P resources by optimizing combinations of crop and the type of P fertilizer applied within the cropping system.The growth of rice in submerged soils depends on its ability to form continuous gas channels\uffe2\uff80\uff94aerenchyma\uffe2\uff80\uff94through which oxygen (O2) diffuses from the shoots to aerate the roots. Less well understood is the extent to which aerenchyma permits venting of respiratory carbon dioxide (CO2) in the opposite direction. Large, potentially toxic concentrations of dissolved CO2 develop in submerged rice soils. We show using X\uffe2\uff80\uff90ray computed tomography and image\uffe2\uff80\uff90based mathematical modelling that CO2 venting through rice roots is far greater than thought hitherto. We found rates of venting equivalent to a third of the daily CO2 fixation in photosynthesis. Without this venting through the roots, the concentrations of CO2 and associated bicarbonate (HCO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92) in root cells would have been well above levels known to be toxic to roots. Removal of CO2 and hence carbonic acid (H2CO3) from the soil was sufficient to increase the pH in the rhizosphere close to the roots by 0.7 units, which is sufficient to solubilize or immobilize various nutrients and toxicants. A sensitivity analysis of the model showed that such changes are expected for a wide range of plant and soil conditions. Effects of sodium nitrate were compared with sodium chloride loading on transport of electrolytes by the nephron. Maximal levels of free water clearance/clomerular filtration rate (CH2O/GFR) averaged 8.4% with nitrate loading and 14.4% with saline loading. Since ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide exert their major natriuretic effect in the distal nephron, the increment in Na ad Cl reabsorbed beyond the proximal tubule. The administration of these agents resulted in an increase in fractional sodium excretion (CNa/GFR) of 21.1%, urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) of 1,126 mueq/min, and urinary chloride excretion (UClV) of 848 mueq/min during nitrate loading compared with an increase in CNa/GFR of 37.6%, UNaV of 2,362 mueq/min, and UClV of 2,397 mueq/min during saline loading. The smaller diuretic-induced increment in Na and Cl excretion in the nitrate studies suggests, as do the hydrated studies, that less Cl and Na are reabsorbed in the distal nephron during nitrate than saline loading. At every level of UNaV, fractional bicarbonate reabsorption was higher, urine pH was lower, and urinary potassium excretion (UKV) was higher in the nitrate studies. Thus, compared with saline loading, sodium nitrate decreases chloride and sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron. The higher hydrogen and potassium secretion in the nitrate studies may be consequent to the decreased ability of the distal nephron to reabsorb chloride.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "Nitrates", "Sodium", "Biological Transport", "Chlorothiazide", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Sodium Chloride", "Urine", "6. Clean water", "Diuresis", "3. Good health", "Bicarbonates", "Electrolytes", "03 medical and health sciences", "Dogs", "Ethacrynic Acid", "Kidney Tubules", "Chlorides", "Potassium", "Animals", "Glomerular Filtration Rate"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Marvin F. Levitt, T Kahn, J. P. Bosch, MH Goldstein,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/bloszies,2016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/American%20Journal%20of%20Physiology-Legacy%20Content", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "bloszies,2016", "name": "item", "description": "bloszies,2016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/bloszies,2016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1975-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "kaongaandbayliss-smith,2016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:32:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-12-22", "description": "

Effects of sodium nitrate were compared with sodium chloride loading on transport of electrolytes by the nephron. Maximal levels of free water clearance/clomerular filtration rate (CH2O/GFR) averaged 8.4% with nitrate loading and 14.4% with saline loading. Since ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide exert their major natriuretic effect in the distal nephron, the increment in Na ad Cl reabsorbed beyond the proximal tubule. The administration of these agents resulted in an increase in fractional sodium excretion (CNa/GFR) of 21.1%, urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) of 1,126 mueq/min, and urinary chloride excretion (UClV) of 848 mueq/min during nitrate loading compared with an increase in CNa/GFR of 37.6%, UNaV of 2,362 mueq/min, and UClV of 2,397 mueq/min during saline loading. The smaller diuretic-induced increment in Na and Cl excretion in the nitrate studies suggests, as do the hydrated studies, that less Cl and Na are reabsorbed in the distal nephron during nitrate than saline loading. At every level of UNaV, fractional bicarbonate reabsorption was higher, urine pH was lower, and urinary potassium excretion (UKV) was higher in the nitrate studies. Thus, compared with saline loading, sodium nitrate decreases chloride and sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron. The higher hydrogen and potassium secretion in the nitrate studies may be consequent to the decreased ability of the distal nephron to reabsorb chloride.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "Nitrates", "Sodium", "Biological Transport", "Chlorothiazide", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Sodium Chloride", "Urine", "6. Clean water", "Diuresis", "3. Good health", "Bicarbonates", "Electrolytes", "03 medical and health sciences", "Dogs", "Ethacrynic Acid", "Kidney Tubules", "Chlorides", "Potassium", "Animals", "Glomerular Filtration Rate"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Marvin F. Levitt, T Kahn, J. P. Bosch, MH Goldstein,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/kaongaandbayliss-smith,2016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/American%20Journal%20of%20Physiology-Legacy%20Content", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "kaongaandbayliss-smith,2016", "name": "item", "description": "kaongaandbayliss-smith,2016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/kaongaandbayliss-smith,2016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1975-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "li,2016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:32:52Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-12-22", "description": "

Effects of sodium nitrate were compared with sodium chloride loading on transport of electrolytes by the nephron. Maximal levels of free water clearance/clomerular filtration rate (CH2O/GFR) averaged 8.4% with nitrate loading and 14.4% with saline loading. Since ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide exert their major natriuretic effect in the distal nephron, the increment in Na ad Cl reabsorbed beyond the proximal tubule. The administration of these agents resulted in an increase in fractional sodium excretion (CNa/GFR) of 21.1%, urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) of 1,126 mueq/min, and urinary chloride excretion (UClV) of 848 mueq/min during nitrate loading compared with an increase in CNa/GFR of 37.6%, UNaV of 2,362 mueq/min, and UClV of 2,397 mueq/min during saline loading. The smaller diuretic-induced increment in Na and Cl excretion in the nitrate studies suggests, as do the hydrated studies, that less Cl and Na are reabsorbed in the distal nephron during nitrate than saline loading. At every level of UNaV, fractional bicarbonate reabsorption was higher, urine pH was lower, and urinary potassium excretion (UKV) was higher in the nitrate studies. Thus, compared with saline loading, sodium nitrate decreases chloride and sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron. The higher hydrogen and potassium secretion in the nitrate studies may be consequent to the decreased ability of the distal nephron to reabsorb chloride.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "Nitrates", "Sodium", "Biological Transport", "Chlorothiazide", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Sodium Chloride", "Urine", "6. Clean water", "Diuresis", "3. Good health", "Bicarbonates", "Electrolytes", "03 medical and health sciences", "Dogs", "Ethacrynic Acid", "Kidney Tubules", "Chlorides", "Potassium", "Animals", "Glomerular Filtration Rate"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Marvin F. Levitt, T Kahn, J. P. Bosch, MH Goldstein,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/li,2016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/American%20Journal%20of%20Physiology-Legacy%20Content", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "li,2016", "name": "item", "description": "li,2016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/li,2016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1975-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "xiao,j.,2016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:33:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-12-22", "description": "

Effects of sodium nitrate were compared with sodium chloride loading on transport of electrolytes by the nephron. Maximal levels of free water clearance/clomerular filtration rate (CH2O/GFR) averaged 8.4% with nitrate loading and 14.4% with saline loading. Since ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide exert their major natriuretic effect in the distal nephron, the increment in Na ad Cl reabsorbed beyond the proximal tubule. The administration of these agents resulted in an increase in fractional sodium excretion (CNa/GFR) of 21.1%, urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) of 1,126 mueq/min, and urinary chloride excretion (UClV) of 848 mueq/min during nitrate loading compared with an increase in CNa/GFR of 37.6%, UNaV of 2,362 mueq/min, and UClV of 2,397 mueq/min during saline loading. The smaller diuretic-induced increment in Na and Cl excretion in the nitrate studies suggests, as do the hydrated studies, that less Cl and Na are reabsorbed in the distal nephron during nitrate than saline loading. At every level of UNaV, fractional bicarbonate reabsorption was higher, urine pH was lower, and urinary potassium excretion (UKV) was higher in the nitrate studies. Thus, compared with saline loading, sodium nitrate decreases chloride and sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron. The higher hydrogen and potassium secretion in the nitrate studies may be consequent to the decreased ability of the distal nephron to reabsorb chloride.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "Nitrates", "Sodium", "Biological Transport", "Chlorothiazide", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Sodium Chloride", "Urine", "6. Clean water", "Diuresis", "3. Good health", "Bicarbonates", "Electrolytes", "03 medical and health sciences", "Dogs", "Ethacrynic Acid", "Kidney Tubules", "Chlorides", "Potassium", "Animals", "Glomerular Filtration Rate"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Marvin F. Levitt, T Kahn, J. P. Bosch, MH Goldstein,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/xiao,j.,2016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/American%20Journal%20of%20Physiology-Legacy%20Content", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "xiao,j.,2016", "name": "item", "description": "xiao,j.,2016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/xiao,j.,2016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1975-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "sun,2016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:33:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-12-22", "description": "

Effects of sodium nitrate were compared with sodium chloride loading on transport of electrolytes by the nephron. Maximal levels of free water clearance/clomerular filtration rate (CH2O/GFR) averaged 8.4% with nitrate loading and 14.4% with saline loading. Since ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide exert their major natriuretic effect in the distal nephron, the increment in Na ad Cl reabsorbed beyond the proximal tubule. The administration of these agents resulted in an increase in fractional sodium excretion (CNa/GFR) of 21.1%, urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) of 1,126 mueq/min, and urinary chloride excretion (UClV) of 848 mueq/min during nitrate loading compared with an increase in CNa/GFR of 37.6%, UNaV of 2,362 mueq/min, and UClV of 2,397 mueq/min during saline loading. The smaller diuretic-induced increment in Na and Cl excretion in the nitrate studies suggests, as do the hydrated studies, that less Cl and Na are reabsorbed in the distal nephron during nitrate than saline loading. At every level of UNaV, fractional bicarbonate reabsorption was higher, urine pH was lower, and urinary potassium excretion (UKV) was higher in the nitrate studies. Thus, compared with saline loading, sodium nitrate decreases chloride and sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron. The higher hydrogen and potassium secretion in the nitrate studies may be consequent to the decreased ability of the distal nephron to reabsorb chloride.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "Nitrates", "Sodium", "Biological Transport", "Chlorothiazide", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Sodium Chloride", "Urine", "6. Clean water", "Diuresis", "3. Good health", "Bicarbonates", "Electrolytes", "03 medical and health sciences", "Dogs", "Ethacrynic Acid", "Kidney Tubules", "Chlorides", "Potassium", "Animals", "Glomerular Filtration Rate"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Marvin F. Levitt, T Kahn, J. P. Bosch, MH Goldstein,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/sun,2016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/American%20Journal%20of%20Physiology-Legacy%20Content", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "sun,2016", "name": "item", "description": "sun,2016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/sun,2016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1975-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "zheng,2016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:33:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-12-22", "description": "

Effects of sodium nitrate were compared with sodium chloride loading on transport of electrolytes by the nephron. Maximal levels of free water clearance/clomerular filtration rate (CH2O/GFR) averaged 8.4% with nitrate loading and 14.4% with saline loading. Since ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide exert their major natriuretic effect in the distal nephron, the increment in Na ad Cl reabsorbed beyond the proximal tubule. The administration of these agents resulted in an increase in fractional sodium excretion (CNa/GFR) of 21.1%, urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) of 1,126 mueq/min, and urinary chloride excretion (UClV) of 848 mueq/min during nitrate loading compared with an increase in CNa/GFR of 37.6%, UNaV of 2,362 mueq/min, and UClV of 2,397 mueq/min during saline loading. The smaller diuretic-induced increment in Na and Cl excretion in the nitrate studies suggests, as do the hydrated studies, that less Cl and Na are reabsorbed in the distal nephron during nitrate than saline loading. At every level of UNaV, fractional bicarbonate reabsorption was higher, urine pH was lower, and urinary potassium excretion (UKV) was higher in the nitrate studies. Thus, compared with saline loading, sodium nitrate decreases chloride and sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron. The higher hydrogen and potassium secretion in the nitrate studies may be consequent to the decreased ability of the distal nephron to reabsorb chloride.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "Nitrates", "Sodium", "Biological Transport", "Chlorothiazide", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Sodium Chloride", "Urine", "6. Clean water", "Diuresis", "3. Good health", "Bicarbonates", "Electrolytes", "03 medical and health sciences", "Dogs", "Ethacrynic Acid", "Kidney Tubules", "Chlorides", "Potassium", "Animals", "Glomerular Filtration Rate"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Marvin F. Levitt, T Kahn, J. P. Bosch, MH Goldstein,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/zheng,2016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/American%20Journal%20of%20Physiology-Legacy%20Content", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "zheng,2016", "name": "item", "description": "zheng,2016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/zheng,2016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1975-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Biological+Transport&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Biological+Transport&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Biological+Transport&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Biological+Transport&offset=29", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 29, "numberReturned": 29, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-05-25T17:26:48.406971Z"}