This study explores a novel approach that combines soil recovery with biofuel production, presenting a strategy that addresses the increasing demand for biofuels while sidestepping the food\uffe2\uff80\uff93fuel debate. It also introduces an innovative method for recovering heavy metals from soils through their translocation into the solid product of the conversion process. Phytoremediation trials were conducted under real field conditions, and the thermochemical conversion of the harvested biomass was carried out at lab scale. Field trials took place in 2021\uffe2\uff80\uff932023 in Lithuania and Serbia. In Serbia, the contamination primarily involved heavy metals, whereas the Lithuanian site was predominantly contaminated with hydrocarbons from petroleum products. The harvested biomass underwent pretreatment and was then used as feedstock for conversion into high\uffe2\uff80\uff90energy carriers. The conversion products were evaluated for their potential to substitute fossil fuels. Finally, the value chain, encompassing key stakeholders and factors impacting the profitability of this approach, was established, and initial estimates were made regarding the size of individual cost components.A pilot scale biorefinery platform for the treatment of agro-waste and the production of hydrogen, methane and volatile fatty acids was studied in real environment. The system adopted was a two stage anaerobic process where hydrogen and volatile fatty acids were produced in the first phase (fermentation) and methane in the second one (digestion). The study demonstrated the possibility to produce a biogas composed by hydrogen and methane (10% and 55%, respectively) while recovering volatile fatty acids. The yield for acids production was equivalent to 0.13\uffc2\uffa0gVFA/gTVS (as COD) with acetate and butyrate as dominant observed species.
Graphic Abstra", "keywords": ["Horizon 2020", "Environmental Engineering", "Circular economy", "Renewable Energy", " Sustainability and the Environment", "Polyhydroxyalkanoates", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Biorefinery", "12. Responsible consumption", "Bio-economy", "Bioresource recovery", "Euratom", "13. Climate action", "Volatile fatty acids", "European Union (EU)", "Waste Management and Disposal", "Agricultural waste", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12649-020-01023-3.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01023-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Waste%20and%20Biomass%20Valorization", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s12649-020-01023-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s12649-020-01023-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s12649-020-01023-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-03-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s13593-011-0056-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-10-18", "title": "Legumes For Mitigation Of Climate Change And The Provision Of Feedstock For Biofuels And Biorefineries. A Review", "description": "Humans are currently confronted by many global challenges. These include achieving food security for a rapidly expanding population, lowering the risk of climate change by reducing the net release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere due to human activity, and meeting the increasing demand for energy in the face of dwindling reserves of fossil energy and uncertainties about future reliability of supply. Legumes deliver several important services to societies. They provide important sources of oil, fiber, and protein-rich food and feed while supplying nitrogen (N) to agro-ecosystems via their unique ability to fix atmospheric N2 in symbiosis with the soil bacteria rhizobia, increasing soil carbon content, and stimulating the productivity of the crops that follow. However, the role of legumes has rarely been considered in the context of their potential to contribute to the mitigation of climate change by reducing fossil fuel use or by providing feedstock for the emerging biobased economies where fossil sources of energy and industrial raw materials are replaced in part by sustainable and renewable biomass resources. The aim of this review was to collate the current knowledge regarding the capacity of legumes to (1) lower the emissions of the key greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) compared to N-fertilized systems, (2) reduce the fossil energy used in the production of food and forage, (3) contribute to the sequestration of carbon (C) in soils, and (4) provide a viable source of biomass for the generation of biofuels and other materials in future biorefinery concepts. We estimated that globally between 350 and 500\u00a0Tg\u00a0CO2 could be emitted as a result of the 33 to 46\u00a0Tg\u00a0N that is biologically fixed by agricultural legumes each year. This compares to around 300\u00a0Tg\u00a0CO2 released annually from the manufacture of 100\u00a0Tg fertilizer N. The main difference is that the CO2 respired from the nodulated roots of N2-fixing legumes originated from photosynthesis and will not represent a net contribution to atmospheric concentrations of CO2, whereas the CO2 generated during the synthesis of N fertilizer was derived from fossil fuels. Experimental measures of total N2O fluxes from legumes and N-fertilized systems were found to vary enormously (0.03\u20137.09 and 0.09\u201318.16\u00a0kg\u00a0N2O\u2013N\u00a0ha\u22121, respectively). This reflected the data being collated from a diverse range of studies using different rates of N inputs, as well as the large number of climatic, soil, and management variables known to influence denitrification and the portion of the total N lost as N2O. Averages across 71 site-years of data, soils under legumes emitted a total of 1.29\u00a0kg\u00a0N2O\u2013N\u00a0ha\u22121 during a growing season. This compared to a mean of 3.22\u00a0kg\u00a0N2O\u2013N\u00a0ha\u22121 from 67 site-years of N-fertilized crops and pastures, and 1.20\u00a0kg\u00a0N2O\u2013N\u00a0ha\u22121 from 33 site-years of data collected from unplanted soils or unfertilized non-legumes. It was concluded that there was little evidence that biological N2 fixation substantially contributed to total N2O emissions, and that losses of N2O from legume soil were generally lower than N-fertilized systems, especially when commercial rates of N fertilizer were applied. Elevated rates of N2O losses can occur following the termination of legume-based pastures, or where legumes had been green- or brown-manured and there was a rapid build-up of high concentrations of nitrate in soil. Legume crops and legume-based pastures use 35% to 60% less fossil energy than N-fertilized cereals or grasslands, and the inclusion of legumes in cropping sequences reduced the average annual energy usage over a rotation by 12% to 34%. The reduced energy use was primarily due to the removal of the need to apply N fertilizer and the subsequently lower N fertilizer requirements for crops grown following legumes. Life cycle energy balances of legume-based rotations were also assisted by a lower use of agrichemicals for crop protection as diversification of cropping sequences reduce the incidence of cereal pathogens and pests and assisted weed control, although it was noted that differences in fossil energy use between legumes and N-fertilized systems were greatly diminished if energy use was expressed per unit of biomass or grain produced. For a change in land use to result in a net increase C sequestration in soil, the inputs of C remaining in plant residues need to exceed the CO2 respired by soil microbes during the decomposition of plant residues or soil organic C, and the C lost through wind or water erosion. The net N-balance of the system was a key driver of changes in soil C stocks in many environments, and data collected from pasture, cropping, and agroforestry systems all indicated that legumes played a pivotal role in providing the additional organic N required to encourage the accumulation of soil C at rates greater than can be achieved by cereals or grasses even when they were supplied with N fertilizer. Legumes contain a range of compounds, which could be refined to produce raw industrial materials currently manufactured from petroleum-based sources, pharmaceuticals, surfactants, or food additives as valuable by-products if legume biomass was to be used to generate biodiesel, bioethanol, biojet A1 fuel, or biogas. The attraction of using leguminous material feedstock is that they do not need the inputs of N fertilizer that would otherwise be necessary to support the production of high grain yields or large amounts of plant biomass since it is the high fossil energy use in the synthesis, transport, and application of N fertilizers that often negates much of the net C benefits of many other bioenergy sources. The use of legume biomass for biorefineries needs careful thought as there will be significant trade-offs with the current role of legumes in contributing to the organic fertility of soils. Agricultural systems will require novel management and plant breeding solutions to provide the range of options that will be required to mitigate climate change. Given their array of ecosystem services and their ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, lower the use of fossil energy, accelerate rates of C sequestration in soil, and provide a valuable source of feedstock for biorefineries, legumes should be considered as important components in the development of future agroecosystems.", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "571", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Legumes", "Air and water emissions", "Greenhouses and coverings", "7. Clean energy", "Biorefinery", "12. Responsible consumption", "[SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment", "Greenhouse gases", "2305 Environmental Engineering", "13. Climate action", "Biological N2 fixation", "Biofuels", "11. Sustainability", "Farm nutrient management", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Recycling", " balancing and resource management", "1102 Agronomy and Crop Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0056-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20for%20Sustainable%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s13593-011-0056-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s13593-011-0056-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s13593-011-0056-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-10-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-02-14", "title": "Environmental Sustainability Analysis Of Uk Whole-Wheat Bioethanol And Chp Systems", "description": "The UK whole-wheat bioethanol and straw and DDGS-based combined heat and power (CHP) generation systems were assessed for environmental sustainability using a range of impact categories or characterisations (IC): cumulative primary fossil energy (CPE), land use, life cycle global warming potential over 100 years (GWP100), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP) and abiotic resources use (ARU). The European Union (EU) Renewable Energy Directive's target of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission saving of 60% in comparison to an equivalent fossil-based system by 2020 seems to be very challenging for stand-alone wheat bioethanol system. However, the whole-wheat integrated system, wherein the CHP from the excess straw grown in the same season and from the same land is utilised in the wheat bioethanol plant, can be demonstrated for potential sustainability improvement, achieving 85% emission reduction and 97% CPE saving compared to reference fossil systems. The net bioenergy from this system and from 172,370 ha of grade 3 land is 12.1 PJ y\u22121 providing land to energy yield of 70 GJ ha\u22121 y\u22121. The use of DDGS as an animal feed replacing soy meal incurs environmental emission credit, whilst its use in heat or CHP generation saves CPE. The hot spots in whole system identified under each impact category are as follows: bioethanol plant and wheat cultivation for CPE (50% and 48%), as well as for ARU (46% and 52%). EP and GWP100 are distributed among wheat cultivation (49% and 37%), CHP plant (26% and 30%) and bioethanol plant (25%, and 33%), respectively.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "571", "LCA", "CHP", "Bioethanol", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "Biorefinery", "12. Responsible consumption", "Sustainability", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Polygeneration", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biomass%20and%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113742", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:16:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-06-17", "title": "Valorization of wheat bran agro-industrial byproduct as an upgrading filler for mycelium-based composite materials", "description": "Abstract When considered by a biorefinery approach, an agroindustrial byproduct such as wheat bran can find a new standing in the field of fabrication of mycelium-based materials. The present work reports on a systematic study on the effect of wheat bran as an upgrading feedstock for the growth and development of fully biobased and biodegradable composites. Two families of materials based on bran/cotton and bran/hemp mixtures were fabricated on an industrial scale. The natural materials thus obtained were fully characterized and their end-life was assessed in composting conditions. The research focusses on two main aspects: the nutritional contribution of bran for the fungal growth and its effect on the mechanical properties as a filler in the final composites. It must be noted that the valorization and exploitation of a byproduct such as bran can have a considerable impact on the industrial production of mycelium-based composite materials, by reducing the time of production while increasing their mechanical performances.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "03 medical and health sciences", "02 engineering and technology", "Biorefinery; Bran; Circular economy; Compostability; Mycelium; Structure/property relationship", "0210 nano-technology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.unitn.it/bitstream/11572/364820/1/EDIT%20Valorization%20of%20wheat%20bran%20agro%20%28open%29.pdf"}, {"href": "https://arpi.unipi.it/bitstream/11568/1155189/3/Valorization%20of%20wheat%20bran%20agro-industrial%20byproduct.pdf"}, {"href": "https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/827742/4/EDIT%20Valorization%20of%20wheat%20bran%20agro%20%28open%29.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113742"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Industrial%20Crops%20and%20Products", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113742", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113742", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113742"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.nbt.2019.10.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:16:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-11-12", "title": "Advances in combined enzymatic extraction of ferulic acid from wheat bran", "description": "Wheat bran could be utilised as feedstock for innovative and sustainable biorefinery processes. Here, an enzymatic hydrolysis process for ferulic acid (FA) extraction was optimised step by step for total wheat bran (Tritello) and then also applied to the outer bran layer (Bran 1). Proteins, reducing sugars, total phenols and FA were quantified. The highest FA yields (0.82-1.05\u202fg/kg bran) were obtained either by rehydrating the bran by autoclaving (Tritello) or by steam explosion (Bran 1) using a bran/water ratio of 1:20, followed by enzymatic pre-treatment with Alcalase and Termamyl, to remove protein and sugars, and a final enzymatic hydrolysis with Pentopan and feruloyl esterase to solubilise phenol. FA was recovered from the final digestate via solid phase extraction. A 40-fold scale-up was also performed and the release of compounds along all the process steps and at increasing incubation times was monitored. Results showed that FA was initially present at a minimum level while it was specifically released during the enzymatic treatment. In the final optimized process, the FA extraction yield was higher than that obtained with NaOH control hydrolysis while, in comparison with other FA enzymatic extraction methods, fewer process steps were required and no buffers, strong acid/alkali nor toxic compounds were used. Furthermore, the proposed process may be easily scaled-up, confirming the feasibility of wheat bran valorisation by biorefinery processes to obtain valuable compounds having several areas of potential industrial exploitation.", "keywords": ["Dietary Fiber", "0106 biological sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "Coumaric Acids", "Bioengineering", "Wheat bran", "01 natural sciences", "Bio-based Industries Innovation action - Demonstration", "Enzymatic extraction", "03 medical and health sciences", "Subtilisins", "European Commission", "Molecular Biology", "Knowmad Institut", "2. Zero hunger", "EC", "Hydrolysis", "H2020", "Polyphenols", "General Medicine", "Ferulic acid", "Biorefinery", "Biorefinery; Enzymatic extraction; Ferulic acid; Polyphenols; Steam explosion; Wheat bran", "Steam explosion", "alpha-Amylases", "Biotechnology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/706995/1/Ferri%20et%20al%202020%20New%20Biotech.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2019.10.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Biotechnology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.nbt.2019.10.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.nbt.2019.10.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.nbt.2019.10.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/su11143836", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:21:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-07-15", "title": "Maximizing Environmental Impact Savings Potential Through Innovative Biorefinery Alternatives: An Application of the TM-LCA Framework for Regional Scale Impact Assessment", "description": "In order to compare the maximum potential environmental impact savings that may result from the implementation of innovative biorefinery alternatives at a regional scale, the Territorial Metabolism-Life Cycle Assessment (TM-LCA) framework is implemented. With the goal of examining environmental impacts arising from technology-to-region (territory) compatibility, the framework is applied to two biorefinery alternatives, treating a mixture of cow manure and grape marc. The biorefineries produce either biogas alone or biogas and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), a naturally occurring polymer. The production of PHA substitutes either polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or biosourced polylactide (PLA) production. The assessment is performed for two regions, one in Southern France and the other in Oregon, USA. Changing energy systems are taken into account via multiple dynamic energy provision scenarios. Territorial scale impacts are quantified using both LCA midpoint impact categories and single score indicators derived through multi-criteria decision assessment (MCDA). It is determined that in all probable future scenarios, a biorefinery with PHA-biogas co-production is preferable to a biorefinery only producing biogas. The TM-LCA framework facilitates the capture of technology and regionally specific impacts, such as impacts caused by local energy provision and potential impacts due to limitations in the availability of the defined feedstock leading to additional transport.
", "keywords": ["Biogas", "02 engineering and technology", "/dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/responsible_consumption_and_production; name=SDG 12 - Responsible Consumption and Production", "7. Clean energy", "territorial metabolism", "12. Responsible consumption", "Life cycle assessment", "/dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/affordable_and_clean_energy; name=SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy", "life cycle assessment", "biogas", "agricultural residues", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Agricultural residues", "Multi-criteria decision assessment", "biorefinery", "2. Zero hunger", "Territorial metabolism", "Polyhydroxyalkanoates", "polyhydroxyalkanoates", "Biorefinery", "Bioplastic", "multi-criteria decision assessment", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "bioplastic"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/14/3836/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/14/3836/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143836"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Sustainability", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/su11143836", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/su11143836", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/su11143836"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-07-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5071/30theubce2022-3cv.6.26", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:21:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Extraction Methods of Value-Added Compounds from Biomasses", "description": "Open AccessSince there are vast applications possible for bioactive compounds in the pharma, food, and chemical industry; the most efficient, economical, and environmentally viable extraction method needs to be applied to valorize biomass. Many new methods as well as conventional methods have been developed with high recovery of bioactive components from biomasses. However, the chosen method should be evaluated in an economic way with a comparison of other methods to be implementable on industrial scale as well. This review paper aims to determine the state of the art for extraction methods of value-added compounds from biomasses with the focus on critical parameters such as cost, yield, extraction time, and environmental friendliness of the process.", "keywords": ["biorefinery", "biomass", "value-added compounds", "Biomass", "biobased products", "solid-liquid extraction", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5071/30theubce2022-3cv.6.26"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/30th%20EUBCE%202022", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5071/30theubce2022-3cv.6.26", "name": "item", "description": "10.5071/30theubce2022-3cv.6.26", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5071/30theubce2022-3cv.6.26"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5071/30theubce2022-2av.3.5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:21:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Review on Environmental Sustainability Assessment Methodologies in a Perspective of Halophyte-Based Bio-Refinery", "description": "Open AccessCurrently, the most concerning situation of global warming, climate change and fossil resources depletion push us towards bio-based economy from fossil dependent economy. Acknowledging the fact of curbing the environmental burden, the environmental performance of the bio-based refinery should be assessed even though it is in the developmental phase. In that regard, the aim of this study is to provide outline of the methods to gauge environmental performance and their applicability. In addition, the research on valorisation of halophytes to value products and the development of commercial scale bio-refinery concepts are ongoing because of the potential of high value-added products that can be extracted from halophytes. In order to assess and compare the various processes or feedstocks options for particular products, a certain framework and tools are needed. This paper provides the highlights on those important aspects. The aim of this paper is to document the outcomes of literature review and methods that can be implemented for finding sustainable processes and also provides guidance in the selection of suitable indicators that complements the goal of assessment of bio-refinery concepts.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "life cycle assessment (LCA)", "11. Sustainability", "Biomass", "sustainability", "7. Clean energy", "Biorefinery", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5071/30theubce2022-2av.3.5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Biomass%20Conference%20and%20Exhibition%20Proceedings%20ISSN%C2%A02282-5819", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5071/30theubce2022-2av.3.5", "name": "item", "description": "10.5071/30theubce2022-2av.3.5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5071/30theubce2022-2av.3.5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5071/31steubce2023-5co.7.4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:21:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Development and Commissioning of an Innovative Biorefinery for the Conversion of Contaminated Biomass into High-quality Energy Carriers", "description": "Open AccessAs a part of the EU-project \u201cPhy2Climate\u201d an innovative biorefinery is developed and commissioned, which uses contaminated biomass harvested from the pilot sites to produce high quality products. The center of the biorefinery is comprised of an advanced intermediate based pyrolysis process called thermo-catalytic reforming to gain intermediate products like gas, bio-oil, an aqueous phase, and biochar. These intermediates are individually refined. In case of the TCR-gas a purification step is implemented before refinement to reduce the concentration of critical gas components like NH3 and H2S to below 50 ppm. The aqueous phase is purified using an electrochemical process while at the same time producing hydrogen. The purified TCR-gas and the hydrogen from the electrochemical purification is used in a Gas-to-Liquid plant with the aim to produce sustainable fuels through a Fischer-Tropsch-synthesis. The so produced liquid hydrocarbons are distilled to produce gasoline (EN 228) and diesel (EN 590). The bio-oil is also refined by distillation to be used as marine fuel (ISO 8217). The produced biochar is not further refined and directly assessed as a substitute for petroleum-based coke in the copper smelting industry.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "biorefinery", "", "11. Sustainability", "polluted soil", "innovative concepts", "Biomass", "thermochemical conversion", "7. Clean energy", "biofuels", "6. Clean water", "12. 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Biorefinery concept, based on circular economy model, is developed to recover bio-based fertilizer transforming such by-products into nutrients. Mollusc waste (non-edible products) and fish waste (viscera, heads, bones, etc) are valorized in liming agent (calcium carbonate) for correction soil pH, in protein hydrolysate with biostimulant properties and in biochar for the enhancement of soil fertility and productivity.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "biorefinery", "13. Climate action", "BBF", "biochar", "14. Life underwater", "biostimulant", "6. Clean water", "fish waste", "12. 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