{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0187681", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:19:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-11-08", "title": "Effects Of Tillage Practice On Soil Structure, N2o Emissions And Economics In Cereal Production Under Current Socio-Economic Conditions In Central Bosnia And Herzegovina", "description": "Conservation tillage is expected to have a positive effect on soil physical properties, soil Carbon (C) storage, while reducing fuel, labour and machinery costs. However, reduced tillage could increase soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and offset the expected gains from increased C sequestration. To date, conservation tillage is barely practiced or studied in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH). Here, we report a field study on the short-term effects of reduced (RT) and no tillage (NT) on N2O emission dynamics, yield-scaled N2O emissions, soil structure and the economics of cereal production, as compared with conventional tillage (CT). The field experiment was conducted in the Sarajevo region on a clayey loam under typical climatic conditions for humid, continental BH. N2O emissions were monitored in a Maize-Barley rotation over two cropping seasons. Soil structure was studied at the end of the second season. In the much wetter 2014, N2O emission were in the order of CT > RT > NT, while in the drier 2015, the order was RT > CT > NT. The emission factors were within or slightly above the uncertainty range of the IPCC Tier 1 factor, if taking account for the N input from the cover crop (alfalfa) preceding the first experimental year. Saturated soils in spring, formation of soil crusts and occasional droughts adversely affected yields, particularly in the second year (barley). In 2014, yield-scaled N2O emissions ranged from 83.2 to 161.7 g N Mg-1 grain (corn) but were much greater in the second year due to crop failure (barley). RT had the smallest yield-scaled N2O emission in both years. NT resulted in economically inacceptable returns, due to the increased costs of weed control and low yields in both years. The reduced number of operations in RT reduced production costs and generated positive net returns. Therefore, RT could potentially provide agronomic and environmental benefits in crop production in BH.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "Science", "Nitrogentap", "Nitrous Oxide", "Zea mays", "7. Clean energy", "Sustainable farming", "Soil", "VDP::Jordfag: 913", "Humans", "Fertilizers", "B\u00e6rekraftig landbruk", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "2. Zero hunger", "VDP::Soil sciences: 913", "Nitrogen loss", "Q", "R", "Hordeum", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Crop Production", "13. 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The Urban Heat Island intensity exacerbates high temperatures in cities and thus may pose additional risks to human thermal comfort and health.\nThe UHI intensity is represented by spatial P90 (90th percentile) urban heat island intensity of a given city (\"P90\" field in the dataset). This indicator is calculated by subtracting the rural (non-water) spatial P10 (10th percentile) temperature value from the average, height-corrected (to exclude terrain effects), air temperature map. This indicator represents the specific exposure of single cities and due to the height correction will be comparable across Europe.\nThe dataset has been created by VITO within the Copernicus Health contract for C3S and is based on UrbClim model (De Ridder et al. 2015). The 100 European cities for the urban simulations were selected based on user requirements within the health community.", "formats": [{"name": "SHP"}, {"name": "EEA:FOLDERPATH"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}, {"name": "WWW:URL"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS"}, {"name": "ESRI:REST"}], "keywords": ["Atmospheric conditions", "Meteorological geographical features", "climate", "climate change impact", "urban environment", " urban stress", "climate change adaptation", "urban area", "Norway", "Finland", "Germany", "Lithuania", "Spain", "Austria", "Croatia", "Belgium", "Ireland", "Romania", "Albania", "Switzerland", "France", "Italy", "Montenegro", "Poland", "Denmark", "Serbia", "United Kingdom", "Portugal", "Luxembourg", "Netherlands", "Slovenia", "North Macedonia", "Sweden", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Slovakia", "Hungary", "Czechia", "Iceland", "Latvia", "Bulgaria", "Greece", "Estonia", "European", "Climate adaptation"], "contacts": [{"name": null, "organization": "European Environment Agency", "position": null, "roles": ["custodian"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "sdi@eea.europa.eu"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Kongens Nytorv 6"], "city": "Copenhagen", "administrativeArea": "K", "postalCode": "1050", "country": "Denmark"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "100000", "edition": "01.00"}, "links": [{"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/webdav/datastore/public/eea_v_4326_100_k_uhi-intensity_p_2008-2017_v01_r00/", "protocol": "EEA:FOLDERPATH", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/knowledge/tools/urban-adaptation", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/data/8b6a3182-0889-4109-ad22-a021e3126b60", "name": "Direct download", "protocol": "WWW:URL", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://climate.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/services/UAMV/Urban_Heat_Island_Intensity/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS", "protocol": "OGC:WMS", "rel": 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"North Macedonia"}, {"id": "Bosnia and Herzegovina"}, {"id": "Latvia"}, {"id": "Greece"}, {"id": "Estonia"}, {"id": "EU28 (2013-2020)"}, {"id": "Malta"}, {"id": "Cyprus"}, {"id": "EEA38 (from 2020)"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}, {"concepts": [{"id": "2021 6.4.3"}], "scheme": "EEA Management Plan"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Climate adaptation"}, {"id": "Environmental health impacts"}, {"id": "Land use"}, {"id": "Buildings and construction"}, {"id": "Urban sustainability"}, {"id": "Extreme weather"}, {"id": "Environmental inequalities"}, {"id": "Climate change adaptation"}, {"id": "Water"}, {"id": "Climate mitigation"}], "scheme": "EEA topics"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "climate"}, {"id": "climate change impact"}, {"id": "risk"}, {"id": "climate change adaptation"}, {"id": "flooding"}, {"id": "disaster"}, {"id": "city"}, {"id": "school"}, {"id": "educational institution"}, {"id": "education"}, {"id": "disasters, accidents, risk"}, {"id": "major risk"}, {"id": "flood hazard"}, {"id": "natural risk"}, {"id": "flood"}, {"id": "health care"}, {"id": "hospital"}, {"id": "human health"}, {"id": "heat wave"}, {"id": "meteorology"}, {"id": "forest fire"}, {"id": "fire"}, {"id": "urban population"}, {"id": "population distribution"}, {"id": "riparian zone"}, {"id": "climate change"}, {"id": "unemployment"}, {"id": "urban environment, urban stress"}, {"id": "urban area"}, {"id": "land use"}, {"id": "sea level rise"}, {"id": "coastal flooding"}, {"id": "land cover"}, {"id": "green space"}, {"id": "soil"}], "scheme": "GEMET"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Natural risk zones"}, {"id": "Statistical units"}, {"id": "Human health and safety"}, {"id": "Population distribution \u2014 demography"}, {"id": "Atmospheric conditions"}, {"id": "Meteorological geographical features"}, {"id": "Land cover"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/theme"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "European"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/SpatialScope"}], "updated": "2025-01-15T21:10:17.168611Z", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "Exposure to climate hazards", "description": "This series refers to datasets related to  the presence of people; livelihoods; species or ecosystems; environmental functions, services, and resources; infrastructure; or economic, social, or cultural assets in places and settings that could be adversely affected by climate hazards, including flooding, wildfires and urban heat island effects.\nThe datasets are part of the European Climate Adaptation Platform (Climate-ADAPT) accessible here: https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/", "keywords": ["Switzerland", "Norway", "EU27 (from 2020)", "Iceland", "United Kingdom", "France", "Slovakia", "Croatia", "Italy", "Lithuania", "Netherlands", "Austria", "Spain", "Luxembourg", "Sweden", "Portugal", "Belgium", "Czechia", "Bulgaria", "Hungary", "Romania", "Denmark", "Germany", "Finland", "Ireland", "Albania", "Montenegro", "Poland", "Serbia", "Slovenia", "North Macedonia", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Latvia", "Greece", "Estonia", "EU28 (2013-2020)", "Malta", "Cyprus", "EEA38 (from 2020)", "2021 6.4.3", "Climate adaptation", "Environmental health impacts", "Land use", "Buildings and construction", "Urban sustainability", "Extreme weather", "Environmental inequalities", "Climate change adaptation", "Water", "Climate mitigation", "climate", "climate change impact", "risk", "climate change adaptation", "flooding", "disaster", "city", "school", "educational institution", "education", "disasters", " accidents", " risk", "major risk", "flood hazard", "natural risk", "flood", "health care", "hospital", "human health", "heat wave", "meteorology", "forest fire", "fire", "urban population", "population distribution", "riparian zone", "climate change", "unemployment", "urban environment", " urban stress", "urban area", "land use", "sea level rise", "coastal flooding", "land cover", "green space", "soil", "Natural risk zones", "Statistical units", "Human health and safety", "Population distribution \u2014 demography", "Atmospheric conditions", "Meteorological geographical features", "Land cover", "European"], "contacts": [{"name": null, "organization": "European Environment Agency", "position": null, "roles": ["custodian"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "sdi@eea.europa.eu"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Kongens Nytorv 6"], "city": "Copenhagen", "administrativeArea": "K", "postalCode": "1050", "country": "Denmark"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "100000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/public/catalogue-graphic-overview/38a57932-c278-45fe-bf68-3b658e3c75b4.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3cba3946-2f1c-48eb-9ede-dfc476f0f17f", "name": "item", "description": "3cba3946-2f1c-48eb-9ede-dfc476f0f17f", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3cba3946-2f1c-48eb-9ede-dfc476f0f17f"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1961-01-01T00:00:00Z", "1990-12-31T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "45b703bb-d4f3-4eaa-8b73-13fde2041f01", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-25.05, 35.85], [-25.05, 67.35], [41.15, 67.35], [41.15, 35.85], [-25.05, 35.85]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "environment"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Meteorological geographical features"}, {"id": "Atmospheric conditions"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/theme"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "urban environment, urban stress"}, {"id": "urban area"}, {"id": "climate"}, {"id": "climate change impact"}, {"id": "climate change adaptation"}], "scheme": "GEMET"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Hungary"}, {"id": "Norway"}, {"id": "Finland"}, {"id": "Germany"}, {"id": "Slovakia"}, {"id": "Iceland"}, {"id": "Austria"}, {"id": "Czechia"}, {"id": "United Kingdom"}, {"id": "Switzerland"}, {"id": "Latvia"}, {"id": "Greece"}, {"id": "Albania"}, {"id": "Romania"}, {"id": "Serbia"}, {"id": "Portugal"}, {"id": "Italy"}, {"id": "Bulgaria"}, {"id": "Belgium"}, {"id": "Slovenia"}, {"id": "Denmark"}, {"id": "Croatia"}, {"id": "Ireland"}, {"id": "Spain"}, {"id": "North Macedonia"}, {"id": "Estonia"}, {"id": "France"}, {"id": "Luxembourg"}, {"id": "Sweden"}, {"id": "Lithuania"}, {"id": "Netherlands"}, {"id": "Bosnia and Herzegovina"}, {"id": "Montenegro"}, {"id": "Poland"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}, {"concepts": [{"id": "European"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/SpatialScope"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Climate adaptation"}], "scheme": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes"}], "updated": "2025-10-09T10:47:48.763816Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2019-07-08T00:00:00", "language": "eng", "title": "Urban Heat Island (UHI) intensity modelling, Jan. 2020", "description": "The raster dataset of urban heat island modelling shows the fine-scale (100m pixel size) temperature differences (in degrees Celsius \u00b0C) across 100 European cities, depending on the land use, soil sealing, anthropogenic heat flux, vegetation index and climatic variables such as wind speed and incoming solar radiation.\n\nIn the framework of the Copernicus European Health contract for the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), VITO provided 100m resolution hourly temperature data (2008-2017) for 100 European cities, based on simulations with the urban climate model UrbClim (De Ridder et al., 2015). As the cities vary in size, so do the model domains. They have been defined with the intention to have a more or less constant ratio of urban vs. non-urban pixels (as defined in the CORINE land use map), with a maximum of 400 by 400 pixels (due to computational restraints). From this data set, the average urban heat island intensity is mapped for the summer season (JJA), which is the standard way of working in the scientific literature (e.g. Dosio, 2016). The UHI is calculated by subtracting the rural (non-water) spatial P10 temperature value from the average temperature map. \n\nThe 100 European cities for the urban simulations were selected based on user requirements within the health community.", "formats": [{"name": "GeoTIFF"}, {"name": "EEA:FOLDERPATH"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}, {"name": "WWW:URL"}, {"name": "ESRI:REST"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS"}], "keywords": ["Meteorological geographical features", "Atmospheric conditions", "urban environment", " urban stress", "urban area", "climate", "climate change impact", "climate change adaptation", "Hungary", "Norway", "Finland", "Germany", "Slovakia", "Iceland", "Austria", "Czechia", "United Kingdom", "Switzerland", "Latvia", "Greece", "Albania", "Romania", "Serbia", "Portugal", "Italy", "Bulgaria", "Belgium", "Slovenia", "Denmark", "Croatia", "Ireland", "Spain", "North Macedonia", "Estonia", "France", "Luxembourg", "Sweden", "Lithuania", "Netherlands", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Montenegro", "Poland", "European", "Climate adaptation"], "contacts": [{"name": null, "organization": "European Environment Agency", "position": null, "roles": ["custodian"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "sdi@eea.europa.eu"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Kongens Nytorv 6"], "city": "Copenhagen", "administrativeArea": "K", "postalCode": "1050", "country": "Denmark"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "distancevalue": "100", "distanceuom": "m", "edition": "01.00"}, "links": [{"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/webdav/datastore/public/eea_r_3035_100_m_uhi-modelling_p_2008-2017_v01_r00/", "protocol": "EEA:FOLDERPATH", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/knowledge/tools/urban-adaptation", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/data/45b703bb-d4f3-4eaa-8b73-13fde2041f01", "name": "Direct download", "protocol": "WWW:URL", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://climate.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/UAMV/Urban_Heat_Island_modelling/MapServer", "protocol": "ESRI:REST", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://climate.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/services/UAMV/Urban_Heat_Island_modelling/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS", "protocol": "OGC:WMS", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/public/catalogue-graphic-overview/45b703bb-d4f3-4eaa-8b73-13fde2041f01.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "45b703bb-d4f3-4eaa-8b73-13fde2041f01", "name": "item", "description": "45b703bb-d4f3-4eaa-8b73-13fde2041f01", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/45b703bb-d4f3-4eaa-8b73-13fde2041f01"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2008-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2017-12-31T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "85a5772c-d86c-4d39-bb0a-6140a8486a1b", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-35.0, 27.0], [-35.0, 83.0], [46.8, 83.0], [46.8, 27.0], [-35.0, 27.0]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "utilitiesCommunication"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "Sea regions"}, {"id": "Hydrography"}, {"id": "Transport networks"}, {"id": "Population distribution \u2014 demography"}, {"id": "Administrative units"}], "scheme": "GEMET - 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