{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1007/s00572-015-0655-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-07-25", "title": "The Ectomycorrhizal Community Of Conifer Stands On Peat Soils 12 Years After Fertilization With Wood Ash", "description": "We studied long-term effects of fertilization with wood ash on biomass, vitality and mycorrhizal colonization of fine roots in three conifer forest stands growing in Vacciniosa turf. mel. (V), Myrtillosa turf. mel. (M) and Myrtillosa turf. mel./Caricoso-phragmitosa (MC) forest types on peat soils. Fertilization trials amounting 5 kg/m(2) of wood ash were established 12 years prior to this study. A total of 63 soil samples with roots were collected and analysed. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi in roots were identified by morphotyping and sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. In all forest types, fine root biomass was higher in fertilized plots than in control plots. In M forest type, proportion of living fine roots was greater in fertilized plots than in control plots, while in V and MC, the result was opposite. Fifty ECM species were identified, of which eight were common to both fertilized and control plots. Species richness and Shannon diversity index were generally higher in fertilized plots than in control plots. The most common species in fertilized plots were Amphinema byssoides (17.8%) and Tuber cf. anniae (12.2%), while in control plots, it was Tylospora asterophora (18.5%) and Lactarius tabidus (20.3%). Our results showed that forest fertilization with wood ash has long-lasting effect on diversity and composition of ECM fungal communities.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "570", "forest fertilization", "m\u00e4nty", "Molecular Sequence Data", "organic soils", "fine roots", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "630", "mets\u00e4nlannoitus", "Mycorrhizae", "ectomycorrhizae", "DNA", " Ribosomal Spacer", "Muut aihealueet", "DNA", " Fungal", "2. Zero hunger", "Picea abies", "Pinus sylvestris", "Sequence Analysis", " DNA", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Biota", "hienojuuret", "kuusi", "Tracheophyta", "eloper\u00e4iset maat", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "ektomykorritsa"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-015-0655-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Mycorrhiza", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00572-015-0655-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00572-015-0655-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00572-015-0655-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-07-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00604-005-0340-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-04-01", "title": "Determination of La, Eu and Yb in Water Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry After Solid Phase Extraction of Their 1-Phenyl-3-Methyl-4-Benzoylpyrazol-5-one Complexes on Silica Gel Column", "description": "A simple preconcentration method has been developed for the determination of trace amounts of rare earth elements (La, Eu, and Yb) in natural water samples by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Preconcentration of La, Eu, and Yb was achieved by sorption of their 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoylpyrazol-5-one (PMBP) complexes on a silica gel column at pH 5 and then eluting with 1.0 mol L\u22121 HNO3. For the preconcentration of 100 mL of aqueous solution, an enrichment of 100 was obtained for all analytes, and the detection limits for La, Eu and Yb were 82, 34 and 45 ng L\u22121, respectively. The accuracy of this method was demonstrated by analyzing a standard reference material. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of La, Eu and Yb in lake water and synthetic seawater.", "keywords": ["01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0104 chemical sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pei Liang, Wenjun Fa,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-005-0340-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Microchimica%20Acta", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00604-005-0340-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00604-005-0340-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00604-005-0340-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-04-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00704-016-1796-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-04-22", "title": "Human activity and climate variability impacts on sediment discharge and runoff in the Yellow River of China", "description": "We analyze the variability of sediment discharge and runoff in the Hekou\u2013Longmen segment in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, China. Our analysis is based on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), sediment discharge, runoff, and monthly meteorological data (1961\u20132010). The climate conditions are controlled via monthly regional average precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (ET0) that are calculated with the Penman\u2013Monteith method. Data regarding water and soil conservation infrastructure and their effects were investigated as causal factors of runoff and sediment discharge changes. The results indicated the following conclusions: (1) The sediment concentration, sediment discharge, and annual runoff, varied considerably during the study period and all of these factors exhibited larger coefficients of variation than ET0 and precipitation. (2) Sediment discharge, annual runoff, and sediment concentration significantly declined over the study period in a linear fashion. This was accompanied by an increase in ET0 and decline in precipitation that were not significant. (3) Within paired years with similar precipitation and potential evapotranspiration conditions (SPEC), all pairs showed a decline in runoff, sediment discharge, and sediment concentration. (4) Human impacts in this region were markedly high as indicated by NDVI, and soil and water measurements, and especially the soil and water conservation infrastructure resulting in an approximately 312\u00a0Mt year\u22121 of sediment deposition during 1960\u20131999.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-016-1796-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Theoretical%20and%20Applied%20Climatology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00704-016-1796-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00704-016-1796-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00704-016-1796-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-04-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.04.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:15:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-06-08", "title": "Ecosystem Carbon Gains From Afforestation In The Boreal Transition Ecozone Of Saskatchewan (Canada) Are Coupled With The Devolution Of Black Chernozems", "description": "Abstract   A field study was conducted to assess the long-term effects of growing trees on ecosystem and soil carbon (C) pools in a pasture landscape situated in the Boreal Transition ecozone of Saskatchewan that is characterized by Black Chernozemic soils. Tree species consisted of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Lebed.) and had been growing for 50 years before soils were sampled and analyzed for C and N concentrations, particle size distribution, and bulk density. Above- and belowground (roots) biomass were also determined respectively by allometry and soil washing. Ecosystem C gains in the forested plots were evident when compared to pasture plots. Most of this gain was attributed to the standing biomass and to lesser extent to forest floor development. However, C pools in the Black Chernozemic A horizons were decreased under trees and were apparently redistributed to the B horizons. Multiple linear models developed to explain C levels in the mineral soil at different depths indicated a significant shift from soil C being driven by root litter quality in the Ah horizons to being driven by root litter quantity in the B horizons. The model of C redistribution was consistent with other studies and is closely tied to root production and quality. Whether a new steady-state C level in the Chernozemic A horizons was reached still needs to be elucidated, but previous research in the region suggest that tree invasion on well-drained Black Chernozems could lead to \u201cdechernozemization\u201d through acidification and C loss.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2007.04.002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.04.002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2007.04.002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2007.04.002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00572-016-0694-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-04-14", "title": "Organic Amendments Increase Phylogenetic Diversity Of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi In Acid Soil Contaminated By Trace Elements", "description": "In 1998, a toxic mine spill polluted a 55-km(2) area in a basin southward to Do\u00f1ana National Park (Spain). Subsequent attempts to restore those trace element-contaminated soils have involved physical, chemical, or biological methodologies. In this study, the restoration approach included application of different types and doses of organic amendments: biosolid compost (BC) and leonardite (LEO). Twelve years after the last addition, molecular analyses of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities associated with target plants (Lamarckia aurea and Chrysanthemum coronarium) as well as analyses of trace element concentrations both in soil and in plants were performed. The results showed an improved soil quality reflected by an increase in soil pH and a decrease in trace element availability as a result of the amendments and dosages. Additionally, the phylogenetic diversity of the AM fungal community increased, reaching the maximum diversity at the highest dose of BC. Trace element concentration was considered the predominant soil factor determining the AM fungal community composition. Thereby, the studied AM fungal community reflects a community adapted to different levels of contamination as a result of the amendments. The study highlights the long-term effect of the amendments in stabilizing the soil system.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "Minerals", "0303 health sciences", "Bioindicator", "Chrysanthemum", "Genetic Variation", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Soil biodiversity", "Trace element contaminated soils", "Ecosystem restoration", "Mining", "Soil fungal community", "Trace Elements", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "Biodegradation", " Environmental", "13. Climate action", "Mycorrhizae", "Mine spill", "Bioindicators", "Soil Pollutants", "Phylogeny"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-016-0694-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Mycorrhiza", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00572-016-0694-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00572-016-0694-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00572-016-0694-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-04-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00604-016-2045-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-12-09", "title": "A fluorescent glucose bioassay based on the hydrogen peroxide-induced decomposition of a quencher system composed of MnO2 nanosheets and copper nanoclusters", "description": "The authors describe a fluorometric glucose assay that is based on the use of MnO2 nanosheets and copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) acting as nanoprobes. The CuNCs were synthesized by using bovine serum albumin as a template by chemical reduction of copper(II) sulfate. On addition of MnO2 nanosheets to a colloidal solution of CuNCs, the fluorescence of CuNCs (measured at excitation/emission wavelengths of 335/410\u00a0nm) is quenched. However, in the presence of enzymatically generated H2O2, the MnO2 nanosheets are reduced to form Mn(II) ions. As a result, fluorescence intensity recovers. The glucose assay is based on the enzymatic conversion of glucose by glucose oxidase to generate H2O2 and glucuronic acid. The calibration plot is linear in the 1\u00a0\u03bcM to 200\u00a0\u03bcM glucose concentration range, and the detection limit is 100\u00a0nM. The method was successfully applied to the determination of glucose in spiked human serum samples.", "keywords": ["02 engineering and technology", "0210 nano-technology", "01 natural sciences", "0104 chemical sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Hai-Bo Wang, Ying Chen, Na Li, Yan-Ming Liu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-016-2045-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Microchimica%20Acta", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00604-016-2045-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00604-016-2045-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00604-016-2045-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-12-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00704-004-0068-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-09-24", "title": "Air Movement And Its Consequences Around A Multiple Shelterbelt System Under Advective Conditions In Semi-Arid Northern Nigeria", "description": "Horizontal wind speed patterns above a scarce millet row crop on inhomogeneous sandy soil revealed insufficient protection from hot winds by multiple shelterbelts in semi-arid Northern Nigeria. This appeared mainly due to too high distances between the belts. Marked yield drops occurred with distance between the belts, in what McNaughton defined (under mechanical damage and microclimate disturbance from strong winds) as the unprotected wake zone. These may, in the case of hot winds, mainly be attributed to combined negative effects on soil moisture and crop physiology of the combination of turbulence, worsened by the shelterbelts, and advected heat. Other parameters confirm the picture of the wake zone and the quiet zone, the latter also being present windward of the belts in a reduced form. The results have serious consequences for the design rules of multiple shelterbelts and alternatives under African semi-arid conditions.", "keywords": ["windbreaks", "13. Climate action", "millet", "scheme", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "crop", "sand", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Onyewotu, L.O.Z., Stigter, C.J., Oladipo, E.O., Owonubi, J.J.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-004-0068-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Theoretical%20and%20Applied%20Climatology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00704-004-0068-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00704-004-0068-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00704-004-0068-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-09-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00894-025-06491-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-09-13", "title": "Modification of biochar by iron containing adsorption centers as a method to enhance the remediation of perfluorooctanoic (PFOA) and (PFOS) acids from water and soil: a density functional theory study", "description": "Context: Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), with over 15,000 types listed in the US EPA\u2019s CompTox database, are found in everyday items like textiles, packaging, firefighting foams, and medical devices. Their widespread use has led to concerning health effects\u2014including cancers, elevated cholesterol, and fertility issues\u2014with detectable levels present in 98% of Americans. While perfluorooctanoic (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulphonic (PFOS) are among the most studied, their environmental behavior and ecological interactions remain poorly understood. Advances in computer-based methods, including chemoinformatics and quantum modeling, now aid in predicting properties and simulating PFAS dynamics. Biochar (BC), produced via biomass pyrolysis under limited oxygen, is known for its porosity and adsorption capabilities. Magnetic biochar (MBC), enhanced with iron-based compounds, adds the benefit of magnetic separation, making it ideal for water decontamination. This paper explores the use of MBC to remove PFOA and PFOS from the environment, leveraging computational tools to investigate molecular interactions and adsorption properties. Methods: A doubled crystallographic unit of hematite (Fe\u2082\u2084O\u2083\u2086) was constructed and fully optimized using density functional theory (DFT) with the M06-2X functional. Geometry optimization used the 6-31G(d,p) basis set, while single-point energies were calculated with 6\u2013311 + + G(d,p). Antiferromagnetic conditions were ensured by setting the total spin to zero (Sz = 0), and triplet instability analysis was performed to evaluate ferromagnetic potential. To simulate bulk water effects on adsorption, the CPCM solvation model (\u03b5 = 78.3) was applied. Harmonic frequency analysis confirmed structural minima, and Gibbs free energies were calculated using Gaussian 16. PFOA and PFOS, with highly negative pKa values (~ \u20130.1 and &amp;lt;). Quadratic SCF convergence (scf = qc) addressed numerical challenges, and interaction energies were corrected for basis set superposition error using the counterpoise method. Calculated IR spectra and molecular visualizations were generated with Chemcraft, without applying scaling factors.", "keywords": ["Original Paper", "Magnetic biochar", "PFAS remediation", "Density functional theory (DFT)", "Perfluorooctanoic acid", "Perfluorooctanesulphonic acid", "Poly-fluoroalkyl substances"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gorb, Leonid, Sosnowska, Anita, Bulawska, Natalia, Leszczynska, Danuta, Puzyn, Tomasz, Leszczynski, Jerzy,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-025-06491-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Molecular%20Modeling", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00894-025-06491-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00894-025-06491-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00894-025-06491-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-09-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-001-0033-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-11-26", "title": "Effects Of Land-Use Change On Soil Nutrient Dynamics In Amaz\u00f4nia", "description": "Over the past several decades, the conversion of native forest to agricultural land uses has accelerated across the Amazon Basin. Despite a growing body of research on nutrient dynamics in Amazonian primary forest and forest-derived land uses, the effects of widespread land-use change on nutrient contents and cycles in soil and vegetation are not well understood. We reviewed over 100 studies conducted in Amazonia over the past 40 years on nutrient dynamics in natural forests and forest-derived land uses (pasture, shifting cultivation, and tree plantations). Our objectives were to compare soil data from land uses across Amazonia and identify any gaps in our present knowledge that might offer direction for future research. Specifically, by analyzing data we tested the following five widely cited hypotheses concerning the effects of land-use change on soil properties compiled from 39 studies in multifactorial ANOVA models; (a) soil pH, effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), and exchangeable calcium (Ca) concentrations rise and remain elevated following the slash-and-burn conversion of forest to pasture or crop fields; (b) soil contents of total carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and inorganic readily extractable (that is, Bray, Mehlich I, or resin) phosphorus (Pi) decline following forest-to-pasture conversion; (c) soil concentrations of total C, N, and Pi increase in secondary forests with time since abandonment of agricultural activities; (d) soil nutrient conditions under all tree-dominated land-use systems (natural or not) remain the same; and (e) higher efficiencies of nutrient utilization occur where soil nutrient pools are lower. Following the conversion of Amazonian forest to pasture or slash-and-burn agriculture, we found a significant and lasting effect on soil pH, bulk density, and exchangeable Ca concentrations. Unlike the other three land uses studied, concentrations of extractable soil Pi were equally low in both forest and pastures of all age classes, which demonstrates that postburning pulses in soil Pi concentration following a slash-and-burn decrease rapidly after forest-to-pasture conversion, perhaps due to accumulation in organic P fractions. Neither the concentrations nor the contents of total C and N appeared to change greatly on a regionwide basis as a result of forest-to-pasture conversion, but surface soil C:N ratios in 5-year-old pastures were significantly higher than those in older pastures, suggesting changes in the soil concentrations of at least one of these elements with time after pasture creation. Pasture soils did have higher total C and N concentrations than land uses such as annual cropping and secondary forest fallow, indicating that soil C and N maintenance and/or accumulation following forest conversion may be greater in pastures than in these other two land uses. The low concentrations of C and N in shifting cultivation soils appear to persist for many years in secondary forests regenerating from abandoned crop fields, suggesting that the recuperation of soil losses of C and N resulting during no-input annual cropping is slower than previously thought. Soil C, N and P concentrations were strongly related to clay content. Across all land uses, efficiencies of N, P, and Ca use (estimated as the inverse of litterfall N, P, and Ca contents) were not related to the sizes of their soil pools. More work is needed to test and standardize P extraction procedures that more accurately reflect plant availability. Few studies have been conducted to determine the role of organic P fractions and dissolved organic N (DON) in the elemental cycles of both natural and managed systems in this region. In general, we recommend further study of annual and perennial cropping systems, as well as more detailed examination of managed pastures and fallows, and secondary forests originating from various disturbances, since the intensity of previous land use likely determines the degree of soil degradation and the rate of subsequent secondary regrowth.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "C. Ken Smith, Henry L. Gholz, Francisco de Assis Oliveira, Deborah A. McGrath,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0033-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-001-0033-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-001-0033-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-001-0033-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.023", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-05-01", "title": "Dietary Linseed And Starch Supplementation Decreases Methane Production Of Fattening Bulls", "description": "Abstract   The objective was to determine CH4 production from bulls fed a feedlot diet rich in either fibre (F) or starch and lipid (SL) over the fattening period. Fifty six Charolais bulls (259\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09.4\u00a0d of age and 339\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.2\u00a0kg live weight (LW)) were allocated randomly to one of two diets and blocked with 4 replicate pens/diet based on LW and age, and fattened for up to 18 months. Both treatments included barley straw with the appropriate concentrate mixture rich in fibre or starch and fat. The concentrate mixture and barley straw were available ad libitum, and the intake ratio (870:130; dry matter (DM) basis) for the concentrate mixture and barley straw was similar for both diets. Methane production was determined for each bull for 5\u00a0d using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer gas method at the beginning (24\u00a0d on diet\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.4), middle (120\u00a0d\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.2), and end (228\u00a0d\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011.1) of the fattening period. Feed intake was measured daily and bulls were weighed every 15\u00a0d. Ruminal fluid samples were collected on the last day of each CH4 measurement period by rumenocentesis and measured for pH and concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA). Bulls fed SL had lower DM, organic matter and gross energy intake (P  This paper is part of the special issue entitled: Greenhouse Gases in Animal Agriculture \u2013 Finding a Balance between Food and Emissions, Guest Edited by T.A. McAllister, Section Guest Editors; K.A. Beauchemin, X. Hao, S. McGinn and Editor for Animal Feed Science and Technology, P.H. Robinson.", "keywords": ["effet de serre", "bovin", "b\u0153uf", "ruminant", "taureau charolais", "lin", "engraissement", "630", "starch and fat rich diet", "gaz", "feculent;taureau charolais", "[SDV.SA.SPA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Animal production studies", "graine", "2. Zero hunger", "sulfur hexafluoride tracer gas technique", "climat", "ol\u00e9agineux", "0402 animal and dairy science", "feculent", "fattening bull", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "residual feed intake", "[SDV.SA.SPA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Animal production studies", "taureau", "enteric methane mitigation", "linseed"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.023"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Animal%20Feed%20Science%20and%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.023", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.023", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.023"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-001-0034-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-11-26", "title": "Production And Resource Use Efficiencies In N- And P-Limited Tropical Forests: A Comparison Of Responses To Long-Term Fertilization", "description": "At two sites at the extreme ends of a soil development chronosequence in Hawaii, we investigated whether forest responses to fertilization on young soils were similar to those on highly weathered soils and whether the initial responses were maintained after 6\u201311 years of fertilization. Aboveground net primary production (ANPP) was increased by nitrogen (N) application at the 300-year-old site and phosphorus (P) application at the 4.1-million-year-old site, thus confirming earlier results and their designations as N- and P-limited forests. Along with ANPP, application of the limiting element consistently increased leaf area index (LAI), radiation conversion efficiency (RCE), and foliar and litter nutrient concentrations. Fertilization did not consistently alter N or P retranslocation from senescent leaves at either site, but a comparison with other sites on the chronosequence and with a common-garden study suggests that there is a genetic basis for low foliar and litter nutrients and higher retranslocation at infertile sites vs more fertile sites. N limitation appears to be expressed as limitation to carbon gain, with long leaf lifespans and high leaf mass per area. P limitation results in high P-use efficiency and disproportionally large increases in P uptake after fertilization; a comparison with other studies indicates large investments in acquiring and storing P. Although the general responses of ANPP, LAI, and RCE were similar for the two sites, other aspects of nutrient use differ in relation to the physiological and biogeochemical roles of the two elements.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Robin A. Harrington, Peter M. Vitousek, James H. Fownes,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0034-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-001-0034-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-001-0034-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-001-0034-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-002-0142-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-11-26", "title": "Stable Nitrogen And Carbon Pools In Grassland Soils Of Variable Texture And Carbon Content", "description": "Nitrogen (N) inputs to many terrestrial ecosystems are increasing, and most of these inputs are sequestered in soil organic matter within 1\u20133 years. Rapid (minutes to days) immobilization focused previous N retention research on actively cycling plant, microbial, and inorganic N pools. However, most ecosystem N resides in soil organic matter that is not rapidly cycled. This large, stable soil N pool may be an important sink for elevated N inputs. In this study, we measured the capacity of grassland soils to retain 15 N in a pool that was not mineralized by microorganisms during 1-year laboratory incubations (called \u201cthe stable pool\u201d). We added two levels (2.5 and 5 0gNm 2 )o f 15 NH4 tracer to 60 field plots on coarse- and fine-textured soils along a soil carbon (C) gradient from Texas to Montana, USA. We hypothesized that stable tracer 15 N retention and stable bulk soil (native tracer) N pools would be positively correlated with soil clay and C content and stable soil C pools (C not respired during the incubation). Two growing seasons after the 15 N addition, soils (0- to 20-cm depth) contained 71% and 26% of the tracer added to low- and high-N treatments, respectively. In both N treatments, 50% of the tracer retained in soil was stable. Total soil C (r 2 0.72), stable soil C (r 2 0.68), and soil clay content (r 2 0.27) were correlated with stable bulk soil N pools, but not with stable 15 N retention. We conclude that on annual time scales, substantial quantities of N are incorporated into stable organic pools that are not readily susceptible to microbial remineralization or subsequent plant uptake, leaching losses, or gaseous losses. Stable N formation may be an important pathway by which rapid soil N immobilization translates into long-term N retention.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-002-0142-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-002-0142-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-002-0142-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-002-0142-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-002-0195-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-11-26", "title": "Biomass, Carbon, And Nitrogen Pools In Mexican Tropical Dry Forest Landscapes", "description": "Tropical dry forest is the most widely distributed land-cover type in the tropics. As the rate of land-use/land-cover change from forest to pas- ture or agriculture accelerates worldwide, it is becoming increasingly important to quantify the ecosystem biomass and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools of both intact forests and converted sites. In the central coastal region of Mexico, we sampled total aboveground biomass (TAGB), and the N and C pools of two floodplain forests, three upland dry forests, and four pastures converted from dry forest. We also sampled belowground biomass and soil C and N pools in two sites of each land-cover type. The TAGB of floodplain forests was as high as 416 Mg ha -1 , whereas the TAGB of the dry forest ranged from 94 to 126 Mg ha -1 . The TAGB of pastures derived from dry forest ranged from 20 to 34 Mg ha -1 . Dead wood (standing and downed combined) comprised 27%-29% of the TABG of dry forest but only about 10% in floodplain forest. Root biomass av- eraged 32.0 Mg ha -1 in floodplain forest, 17.1 Mg ha -1 in dry forest, and 5.8 Mg ha -1 in pasture. Although total root biomass was similar between sites within land-cover types, root distribution varied by depth and by size class. The highest proportion of root biomass occurred in the top 20 cm of soil in all sites. Total aboveground and root C pools, respectively, were 12 and 2.2 Mg ha -1 in pasture and reached 180 and 12.9 Mg ha -1 in floodplain forest. Total aboveground and root pools, respectively, were 149 and 47 kg ha -1 in pasture and reached 2623 and 264 kg ha -1 in floodplain forest. Soil organic C pools were greater in pastures than in dry forest, but soil N pools were similar when calculated for the same soil depths. Total ecosystem C pools were 306. The Mg ha -1 in floodplain forest, 141 Mg ha -1 in dry forest, and 124 Mg ha -1 in pasture. Soil C comprised 37%-90% of the total ecosystem C, whereas soil N comprised 85%-98% of the total. The N pools lack of a consistent decrease in soil pools caused by land-use change suggests that C and N losses result from the burning of aboveground biomass. We estimate that in Mex- ico, dry forest landscapes store approximately 2.3 Pg C, which is about equal to the C stored by the evergreen forests of that country (approximately 2.4 Pg C). Potential C emissions to the atmo- sphere from the burning of biomass in the dry tropical landscapes of Mexico may amount to 708 Tg C, as compared with 569 Tg C from evergreen forests.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lyliana Renter\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez, D. L. Cummings, V\u00edctor J. Jaramillo, J. Boone Kauffman, Lisa J. Ellingson,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-002-0195-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-002-0195-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-002-0195-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-002-0195-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-002-0202-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-11-06", "title": "Phosphorus Limitation Of Microbial Processes In Moist Tropical Forests: Evidence From Short-Term Laboratory Incubations And Field Studies", "description": "Although there is a widespread belief that phosphorus (P) limits basic ecosystem processes in moist tropical forests, direct tests of this supposition are rare. At the same time, it is generally believed that P does not limit soil microorganism respiration or growth in terrestrial ecosystems. We used natural gradients in P fertility created by soils of varying age underlying tropical rain forests in southwestern Costa Rica, combined with direct manipulations of carbon (C) and P supply, to test the effects of P availability on the decomposition of multiple forms of C, including dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soil organic carbon (SOC). Results from a combination of laboratory and field experiments suggest that C decomposition in old, highly weathered oxisol soils is strongly constrained by P availability. In addition, P additions to these soils (no C added) also revealed that microbial utilization of at least labile fractions of SOC was also P limited. To our knowledge, this is the first direct evidence of P limitation of microbial processes in tropical rain forest soil. We suggest that P limitation of microbial decomposition may have profound implications for C cycling in moist tropical forests, including their potential response to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Furthermore, this site is still relatively rich in P when compared to many other tropical forests on old soils; thus, we believe that P limitation of soil microorganisms throughout the humid tropics is a possibility.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-002-0202-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-002-0202-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-002-0202-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-002-0202-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-001-0067-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-08-25", "title": "Greater Soil Carbon Sequestration Under Nitrogen-Fixing Trees Compared With Eucalyptus Species", "description": "Forests with nitrogen-fixing trees (N\u2010fixers) typically accumulate more carbon (C) in soils than similar forests without N\u2010fixing trees. This difference may develop from fundamentally different processes, with either greater accumulation of recently fixed C or reduced decomposition of older soil C. We compared the soil C pools under N\u2010fixers with Eucalyptus (non\u2010N\u2010fixers) at four tropical sites: two sites on Andisol soils in Hawaii and two sites on Vertisol and Entisol soils in Puerto Rico. Using stable carbon isotope techniques, we tracked the loss of the old soil organic C from the previous C4 land use (SOC4) and the gain of new soil organic C from the C3, N\u2010fixer, and non\u2010N\u2010fixer plantations (SOC3). Soils beneath N\u2010fixing trees sequestered 0.11 0.07 kg m 2 y 1 (mean one standard error) of total soil organic carbon (SOCT) compared with no change under Eucalyptus (0.00 0.07 kg m 2 y 1 ; P 0.02). About 55% of the greater SOC T sequestration under the N\u2010fixers resulted from greater retention of old SOC4, and 45% resulted from greater accretion of new SOC3. Soil N accretion under the N\u2010fixers explained 62% of the variability of the greater retention of old SOC4 under the N\u2010fixers. The greater retention of older soil C under N\u2010fixing trees is a novel finding and may be important for strategies that use reforestation or afforestation to offset C emissions.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0067-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-001-0067-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-001-0067-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-001-0067-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-002-0149-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-11-26", "title": "Pine Forest Floor Carbon Accumulation In Response To N And Pk Additions: Bomb 14 C Modelling And Respiration Studies", "description": "The addition of nitrogen via deposition alters the carbon balance of temperate forest ecosystems by affecting both production and decomposition rates. The effects of 20 years of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus and potassium (PK) additions were studied in a 40-year-old pine stand in northern Sweden. Carbon fluxes of the forest floor were reconstructed using a combination of data on soil 14C, tree growth, and litter decomposition. N-only additions caused an increase in needle litterfall, whereas both N and PK additions reduced long-term decomposition rates. Soil respiration measurements showed a 40% reduction in soil respiration for treated compared to control plots. The average age of forest floor carbon was 17 years. Predictions of future soil carbon storage indicate an increase of around 100% in the next 100 years for the N plots and 200% for the NPK plots. As much as 70% of the increase in soil carbon was attributed to the decreased decomposition rate, whereas only 20% was attributable to increased litter production. A reduction in decomposition was observed at a rate of N addition of 30 kg C ha\u22121 y\u22121, which is not an uncommon rate of N deposition in central Europe. A model based on the continuous-quality decomposition theory was applied to interpret decomposer and substrate parameters. The most likely explanations for the decreased decomposition rate were a fertilizer-induced increase in decomposer efficiency (production-to-assimilation ratio), a more rapid rate of decrease in litter quality, and a decrease in decomposer basic growth rate.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-002-0149-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-002-0149-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-002-0149-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-002-0149-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-002-0201-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-11-26", "title": "Effects Of Increased Nitrogen Deposition On The Distribution Of N-15-Labeled Nitrogen Between Sphagnum And Vascular Plants", "description": "To elucidate the sensitivity of bog ecosystems to high levels of nitrogen (N) deposition, we investigated the fate of 15N-labeled N deposition in bog vegetation in the Netherlands, both at ambient and increased N deposition. We doubled N deposition by adding 5 g N m\u22122 y\u22121 as dissolved NH4NO3 during three growing seasons to large peat monoliths (1.1 m diameter) with intact bog vegetation kept in large outdoor containers. A small amount of 15N tracer was applied at the start of the second growing season, and its distribution among Sphagnum, vascular plant species, and peat was determined at the end of the third growing season. The 15N tracer was also applied to additional plots at the untreated field site to check for initial distribution. One week after addition, 79% of the total amount of 15N retrieved was found in the living Sphagnum layer and less than 10% had been captured by vascular plants. Fifteen months later, 63% of the total amount of 15N retrieved was still present in the living Sphagnum layer at ambient N deposition. Increased N deposition significantly reduced the proportion of 15N in Sphagnum and increased the amount of 15N in vascular plants. Deep-rooting vascular plant species were significantly more 15N enriched, suggesting that at higher atmospheric inputs N penetrates deeper into the peat. Our results provide the first direct experimental evidence for that which has often been suggested: Increased atmospheric N deposition will lead to increased N availability for vascular plants in ombrotrophic mires.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Peat monoliths", "15N tracer", "Bog ecosystem", "Ombrotrophic mire", "Competition", "Nitrogen", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-002-0201-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-002-0201-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-002-0201-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-002-0201-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-002-0208-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-25", "title": "Minor Changes In Vegetation And Carbon Gas Balance In A Boreal Mire Under A Raised Co2 Or Nh4no3 Supply", "description": "Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere or continuous nitrogen (N) deposition might alter the carbon (C) cycle in boreal mires and thus have significant impacts on the development of climate change. The atmospheric impact of the C cycle in mires is twofold: C accumulation attenuates and CH4 release strengthens the natural greenhouse effect. We studied the effects of an increased supply of CO2 or NH4NO3 on the vegetation and annual CO2 exchange in lawns of a boreal oligotrophic mire in eastern Finland over a 2-year period. Ten study plots were enclosed with mini-FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) rings. Five plots were vented with CO2-enriched air (target 560 ppmv), while their controls were vented with ambient air; five plots were sprayed with NH4NO3, corresponding to a cumulative addition of 3gNm 2 a 1 , while their controls were sprayed with distilled water only. A raised NH4NO3 supply seemed to affect the composition of the moss layer. Raised CO2 did not affect the vegetation, but gross photosynthesis increased significantly. The change in net CO2 exchange depended on the annual weather conditions. Our results suggest that C accumulation may increase in wet years and compensate for the warming effect caused by the increase in CH4 release from this mire. In contrast, a relatively dry and warm growing period favors decomposition and can even make the CO2 balance negative. Along with the increased CH4 release under raised CO2, the decreased C accumulation then increases the radiative forcing of boreal mires.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-002-0208-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-002-0208-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-002-0208-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-002-0208-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-003-0119-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-05-04", "title": "The Effects Of Exotic Grasses On Litter Decomposition In A Hawaiian Woodland: The Importance Of Indirect Effects", "description": "Exotic grasses and grass-fueled fires have altered plant species composition in the seasonal submontane woodlands of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. These changes have altered both structural and functional aspects of the plant community, which could, in turn, have consequences for litter decomposition and nitrogen (N) dynamics. In grass-invaded unburned woodland, grass removal plots within the woodland, and woodland converted to grassland by fire, we compared whole-system fluxes and the contributions of individual species to annual aboveground fine litterfall and litterfall N, and litter mass and net N loss. We assessed the direct contribution of grass biomass to decomposition and N dynamics, and we determined how grasses affected decomposition processes indirectly via effects on native species and alteration of the litter layer microenvironment. Grasses contributed 35% of the total annual aboveground fine litterfall in the invaded woodland. However, total litterfall mass and N were not different between the invaded woodland and the grass removal treatment because of compensation by the native tree Metrosideros polymorpha, which increased litter production by 37% \u00b1 5% when grasses were removed. The 0.3 g N m\u22122/y\u22121 contained in this production increase was equal to the N contained in grass litter. Litter production and litterfall N was lowest in the grassland due to the loss of native litter inputs. Decomposition of litterfall on an area basis was highest in the grass-invaded woodland. We attributed this effect to increased inherent decomposability of native litter in the presence of grasses because (a) the microenvironment of the three vegetation treatments had little effect on decomposition of common litter types and (b) M. polymorpha litter produced in the invaded woodland decomposed faster than that produced in the grass removal plots due to higher lignin concentrations in the latter than in the former. Area-weighted decomposition was lowest in the grassland due to the absence of native litter inputs. Across all treatments, most litter types immobilized N throughout the incubation, and litter net N loss on an area basis was not different among treatments. Our results support the idea that the effects of a plant species or growth form on decomposition cannot be determined in isolation from the rest of the community or from the direct effects of litter quality and quantity alone. In this dry woodland, exotic grasses significantly altered decomposition processes through indirect effects on the quantity and quality of litter produced by native species.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Carla M. D'Antonio, Michelle C. Mack,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0119-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-003-0119-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-003-0119-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-003-0119-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-11-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.068", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-04-23", "title": "Repeatability Of Methane Emissions From Sheep", "description": "Breeding of ruminant livestock for low CH4 emission is an attractive means of mitigating enteric CH4 emissions. However success requires that the mechanism responsible for among animal variation in emissions is repeatable and heritable and has a negligible negative impact on production and functional traits. This study was designed to estimate repeatability and heritability of the CH4 emission trait in sheep, and to determine whether the ranking of sheep based on their CH4 emissions is maintained over a range of contrasting diets. A flock of 105 ewe lambs (10 months old) of a progeny testing program were screened for their CH4 yields (i.e., emissions/unit feed dry matter (DM) intake) when a molasses containing grass silage was fed at restricted intake (1.3\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0maintenance metabolisable energy requirements). Methane emissions were measured on a single day in respiration chambers over 4 measurement periods with 13\u201315\u00a0d between consecutive measurements (i.e., screening phase). Mean CH4 yield of lambs was 18.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.38\u00a0g/kg DM intake during the screening phase, and estimates of repeatability and heritability for CH4 yield were 0.16 and 0.30, respectively. Methane yield in the screening phase was 7.9% higher for the high versus low ranked sheep (19.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.18 versus 17.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.26\u00a0g/kg DM intake). The 10 lowest (low rank) and the 10 highest (high rank) CH4 yielding sheep were selected and retained for further study. Two repeated measurements of CH4 yield were conducted, the first measurement while sheep were fed fresh cut perennial ryegrass pasture (grass), the second with the same sheep fed a 400:600 concentrate:forage (wheat grain:lucerne hay; fresh basis) pelleted diet (pellet). Repeated measurements revealed that rankings were maintained among diets, but that there was a CH4 rank\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0diet interaction for CH4 yield. When fed the grass diet, the high ranked sheep had 13% higher CH4 yield than the low ranked sheep, but when fed the pelleted diet, the high ranked sheep had 36% higher CH4 yield than the low ranked sheep. Emissions of hydrogen were only measurable when sheep were fed the pelleted diet. This study is the first to report that ranking of sheep for CH4 emissions is consistent among diets, although the magnitude of difference among the rankings was affected by diet, suggesting that among animal variation in CH4 emission could be exploited to breed animals for low CH4 emission.    This paper is part of the special issue entitled: Greenhouse Gases in Animal Agriculture \u2013 Finding a Balance between Food and Emissions, Guest Edited by T.A. McAllister, Section Guest Editors; K.A. Beauchemin, X. Hao, S. McGinn and Editor for Animal Feed Science and Technology, P.H. Robinson.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0402 animal and dairy science", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.068"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Animal%20Feed%20Science%20and%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.068", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.068", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.068"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-003-0123-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-07-22", "title": "Changes In Soil Carbon And Nitrogen After Contrasting Land-Use Transitions In Northeastern Costa Rica", "description": "Northeastern Costa Rica is a mosaic of primary and secondary forests, tree plantations, pastures, and cash crops. Many studies have quantified the effects of one type of land-use transition (for example, deforestation or reforestation) on soil properties such as organic carbon (C) storage, but  few have compared different land-use transitions simultaneously. We can best understand the effects of land-use change on regional and global ecosystem processes by considering all of the land-use transitions that occur in a landscape. In this study, I examined the changes in total soil C and nitrogen (N) pools (to 0.3 m) that have accompanied different land-use transitions in a 140,000-ha region in northeastern Costa Rica. I paired sites that had similar topography and soils but differed in recent land-use history. The following land-use transitions were represented: 12 conversions of primary forests to banana plantations, 15 conversions of pastures to cash crops, and four conversions of pastures to Vochysia guatemalensis tree plantations. The conversion of forests to bananas decreased soil C concentrations and inventories (Mg C ha\u22121) in the surface soil by 37% and 16.5%, respectively. The conversion of pastures to cash crops reduced soil C concentrations and inventories to the same extent that forest-to-banana cropping did. Furthermore, young Vochysia plantations do not appear to increase soil C storage, at least over the 1st decade. When data from all land-use transitions were pooled, the difference in root biomass and leaf litter pools between land-use pairs explained 50% of the differences in soil C concentrations and 36% of the differences in soil C inventories. Thus, reduced productivity or C inputs to the soil is one mechanism that could explain the losses in soil C pools with land-use change. In this landscape, losses of soil C due to cultivation are rapid, whereas re- accumulation rates are slow. Total soil N pools (0\u201310 cm) were also reduced after the conversion of forests to banana plantations or the conversion of pastures to crops, despite fertilization of the cropped soils. This suggests that the added N fertilizer is not retained but instead is exported via produce, N gas emissions, and hydrologic processes.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jennifer S. Powers, Jennifer S. Powers,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0123-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-003-0123-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-003-0123-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-003-0123-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-003-0127-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-05-10", "title": "Influence Of Earthworm Invasion On Redistribution And Retention Of Soil Carbon And Nitrogen In Northern Temperate Forests", "description": "We analyzed soil organic matter distribution and soil solution chemistry in plots with and without earthworms at two sugar maple (Acer saccharum)\u2013 dominated forests in New York State, USA, with differing land-use histories to assess the influence of earthworm invasion on the retention or loss of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in northern temperate forests. Our objectives were to assess the influence of exotic earthworm invasion on (a) the amount and depth distribution of soil C and N, (b) soil 13 C and 15 N, and (c) soil solution chemistry and leaching of C and N in forests with different land-use histories. At a relatively undisturbed forest site (Arnot Forest), earthworms eliminated the thick forest floor, decreased soil C storage in the upper 12 cm by 28%, and reduced soil C:N ratios from 19.2 to 15.3. At a previously cultivated forest site with little forest floor (Tompkins Farm), earthworms did not influence the storage of soil C or N or soil C:N ratios. Earthworms altered the stable isotopic signature of soil at Arnot Forest but not at Tompkins Farm; the alteration of stable isotopes indicated that earthworms significantly increased the loss of forest floor C but not N from the soil profile at Arnot Forest. Nitrate (NO3 ) concentrations in tension and zerotension lysimeters were much greater at Tompkins Farm than Arnot Forest, and earthworms increased NO3 leaching at Tompkins Farm. The results suggest that the effect of earthworm invasion on the distribution, retention, and solution chemistry of soil C and N in northern temperate forests may depend on the initial quantity and quality of soil organic matter at invaded sites.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0127-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-003-0127-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-003-0127-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-003-0127-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-003-0130-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-05-10", "title": "Earthworm Invasion, Fine-Root Distributions, And Soil Respiration In North Temperate Forests", "description": "The efflux of carbon from soils is a critical link between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Current concerns about rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations highlight the need to better understand the dynamics of total soil respiration (TSR, sum of root and heterotroph respiration) in changing environments. We investigated the effects of exotic earthworm invasion on TSR, fine-root distributions, and aboveground litterfall flux in two sugar maple-dominated forests in two locations in New York State, USA. The Arnot Forest in central New York was harvested in the late 19th century and has no history of cultivation. Tompkins Farm in eastern New York regenerated following abandonment from cultivation approximately 75 years ago. Arnot had 20% higher total soil CO2 efflux (880 g C m\u22122year\u22121) than Tompkins (715 g C m\u22122year\u22121). The presence of earthworms had no influence on TSR at either location. However, fine-root (< 1 mm diameter) biomass in earthworm plots (350 g/m2) was significantly lower than in worm-free reference plots (440 g/m2) at Arnot. Fine-root nitrogen (N) concentrations were not influenced by earthworms, and total fine-root N content was significantly reduced in the presence of earthworms at Arnot. Our results indicate that the presence of exotic earthworms is not presently affecting net C emission from soil in these forests. They also suggest a change in root function in earthworm plots that is not associated with higher fine-root N concentration, but that increases efficiency of nutrient uptake and also may enhance the belowground supply of C for heterotroph metabolism.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0130-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-003-0130-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-003-0130-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-003-0130-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-003-0182-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-05-04", "title": "Alteration Of Soil Carbon Pools And Communities Of Mycorrhizal Fungi In Chaparral Exposed To Elevated Carbon Dioxide", "description": "We examined the effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment on belowground carbon (C) pools and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in a chaparral community in southern California. Chambers enclosing intact mesocosms dominated by Adenostoma fasciculatum were exposed for 3.5 years to CO2 levels ranging from 250 to 750 ppm. Pools of total C in bulk soil and in water-stable aggregates (WSA) increased 1.5- and threefold, respectively, between the 250- and 650-ppm treatments. In addition, the abundance of live AM hyphae and spores rose markedly over the same range of CO2, and the community composition shifted toward dominance by the AM genera Scutellospora and Acaulospora. Net ecosystem exchange of C with the atmosphere declined with CO2 treatment. It appears that under CO2 enrichment, extra C was added to the soil via AM fungi. Moreover, AM fungi were predominant in WSA and may shunt C into these aggregates versus bulk soil. Alternatively, C may be retained longer within WSA than within bulk soil. We note that differences between the soil fractions may act as a potential feedback on C cycling between the soil and atmosphere.", "keywords": ["0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0182-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-003-0182-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-003-0182-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-003-0182-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.04.020", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-05-14", "title": "Biofuel Greenhouse Gas Calculations Under The European Renewable Energy Directive \u2013 A Comparison Of The Biograce Tool Vs. The Tool Of The Roundtable On Sustainable Biofuels", "description": "The European Renewable Energy Directive (EU RED) requires biofuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) by 35% compared to fossil fuels in order to count towards mandatory biofuel quota or to be eligible for financial support schemes. This reduction target will rise to 50% in 2017. For biofuel producers this implies that they want or need to calculate their emissions. The purpose of this paper is to compare two calculation tools for economic operators that are on their way to the market: the 'BioGrace tool' and the 'Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels (RSB) GHG tool' for GHG calculations under the Renewable Energy Directive (both of which are freely available). Greenhouse gas emissions from four production pathways were calculated: ethanol from wheat, ethanol from sugarcane, biodiesel from rapeseed and biodiesel from palm oil. In addition, three land use change (LUC) scenarios were calculated: for expansion of the biofuel cultivation area to grassland and to forest (10-30% canopy cover) and for improvement of agricultural practices. Both tools follow the methodology of the European Renewable Energy Directive and exactly the same input data along the production chain was used. Despite this, the results were significantly different. GHG emissions of the pathway ethanol from wheat were 21% lower when calculated with the BioGrace tool than with the RSB GHG tool. Differences were most pronounced in the cultivation phase with 20% deviation between the tools for biodiesel from palm oil and 35% deviation for ethanol from wheat and sugarcane. In practice this means that an economic operator can enhance the GHG performance of his biofuel by 20-35% by using a different calculation tool without improving the production process. We identified the use of different standard values in the two tools, in particular for the production of N-fertilisers, for chemicals and electricity and one methodological choice regarding the calculation of field N2O emissions as source of these differences. This methodological point is not specified in the Renewable Energy Directive, giving economic operators and tool developers free choice. GHG emissions from land use changes varied by -14% to 49% due to differences in carbon stock data, methodological differences in allocation and a lack of precise land use type definitions. We conclude from the results that there is a need for a deep harmonisation in the calculation process that goes beyond the methodological framework set up in current legislation. These findings are relevant because they show a policy gap, a regulatory gap that needs to be addressed by policy makers in order to guarantee a level playing field on the market and to create an incentive to improve the GHG performance of biofuel production. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.04.020"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Applied%20Energy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.04.020", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.04.020", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.04.020"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-003-0126-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-05-10", "title": "Ecosystem Consequences Of Exotic Earthworm Invasion Of North Temperate Forests", "description": "The invasion of north temperate forests by exotic species of earthworms is an important issue that has been overlooked in the study and management of these forests. We initiated research to address the hypothesis that earthworm invasion will have large consequences for nutrient retention and uptake in these ecosystems. In this special feature of Ecosystems, we present five papers describing results from our experiment. In this paper, we (a) introduce our experimental approach and conceptual model of how earthworms influence forest ecosystem processes, (b) describe the characteristics of the study areas and earthworm communities at our two study locations, and (c) provide a brief overview and synthesis of the main findings. The most dramatic effect of earthworm invasion was the loss of the forest floor at an undisturbed forest site, which altered the location and nature of nutrient cycling activity in the soil profile. Invasion changed soil total carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) pools, carbon\u2013nitrogen (C:N) ratios, the loss and distribution of different soil P fractions, and the distribution and function of roots and microbes. Response to invasion varied with site characteristics and earthworm species. Our results suggest that exotic earthworm invasion is a significant factor that will influence the structure and function of northern temperate forest ecosystems over the next few decades. Regional evaluations of these forests will need to consider the presence or absence of earthworms along with other important ecosystem drivers, such as pollution, climate, and underlying soil characteristics.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0126-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-003-0126-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-003-0126-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-003-0126-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-003-0157-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-07-22", "title": "The Effects Of Land-Use History On Soil Properties And Nutrient Dynamics In Northern Hardwood Forests Of The Adirondack Mountains", "description": "Soil nutrient pools and nitrogen dynamics in old-growth forests were compared with selectively logged stands and stands that were selectively logged and then burned approximately 100 years ago to test the hypothesis that land-use history exerts persistent controls on nutrient capital and nitrogen (N)  transformation rates. We provide estimates of net N mineralization and nitrification rates for old-growth forests from the northeastern United States, a region in which few old-growth forests remain and for which few published accounts of mineralization rates exist. At the plot level, no effects of the dominant tree species were observed on any measured soil properties or N-cycling rates. Effects of alternate disturbance histories were detected in soil carbon (C) and N pools. Old-growth forest soils had higher total C (67 Mg\u00b7ha\u22121) and N capital (3.3 Mg\u00b7ha\u22121) than that of historically logged then burned soils (C = 50 Mg\u00b7ha\u22121 and N = Mg\u00b7ha\u22121), with intermediate values (C = 54 Mg\u00b7ha\u22121 and N = 2.7 Mg\u00b7ha\u22121) in the stands that were historically logged. Despite these differences in C and N content, corresponding differences in C\u2013N ratio, net N mineralization rates, and net nitrification rates were not observed. The N concentration in the green foliage of American beech trees (Fagus grandifolia) was also highest from canopy trees growing in old-growth stands (3.0%), followed by logged stands (2.6%), and lowest in the logged/burned stands (2.2%). These data suggest that some legacies of light harvesting on ecosystem processes may be detected nearly 100 years following the disturbance event. These results are discussed in the context of how multiple forest disturbances act in concert to affect forest dynamics.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0157-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-003-0157-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-003-0157-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-003-0157-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-003-0201-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-07-22", "title": "Plant Nitrogen Dynamics In Shortgrass Steppe Under Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide", "description": "The direct and indirect effects of increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) on plant nitrogen (N) content were studied in a shortgrass steppe ecosystem in northeastern Colorado, USA. Beginning in 1997 nine experimental plots were established: three open-top chambers with ambient CO2 levels (approximately 365 \u03bcmol mol\u22121), three open-top chambers with twice-ambient CO2 levels (approximately 720 \u03bcmol mol\u22121), and three unchambered control plots. After 3 years of growing-season CO2 treatment, the aboveground N concentration of plants grown under elevated atmospheric CO2 decreased, and the carbon\u2013nitrogen (C:N) ratio increased. At the same time, increased aboveground biomass production under elevated atmospheric CO2 conditions increased the net transfer of N out of the soil of elevated-CO2 plots. Aboveground biomass production after simulated herbivory was also greater under elevated CO2 compared to ambient CO2. Surprisingly, no significant changes in belowground plant tissue N content were detected in response to elevated CO2. Measurements of individual species at peak standing phytomass showed significant effects of CO2 treatment on aboveground plant tissue N concentration and significant differences between species in N concentration, suggesting that changes in species composition under elevated CO2 will contribute to overall changes in nutrient cycling. Changes in plant N content, driven by changes in aboveground plant N concentration, could have important consequences for biogeochemical cycling rates and the long-term productivity of the shortgrass steppe as atmospheric CO2 concentrations increase.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Daniel G. Milchunas, Daniel R. LeCain, Arvin R. Mosier, Arvin R. Mosier, Jack A. Morgan, Jennifer Y. King, William J. Parton,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0201-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-003-0201-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-003-0201-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-003-0201-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-004-0001-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-02-15", "title": "Relative Importance Of Environmental Stress And Herbivory In Reducing Litter Fall In A Semiarid Woodland", "description": "We examined the impact of soil stress (low water and nutrient availabilities) and two keystone insect herbivores on pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) needle litterfall. We compared trees growing on two distinct soil types: volcanic cinders, which exhibit pronounced water and nutrient limitation, and sandy-loam soils, which have higher water-storage capacity and nutrient availability. Using two longterm herbivore removal experiments (15 and 18 years, respectively), we also examined the effects of the pinyon needle scale (Matsucoccus acalyptus, which attacks juvenile trees) and the stem-boring moth (Dioryctria albovittella, which attacks mature trees) on pinyon litterfall. These herbivores reach high densities on cinder soils but are absent or occur at much lower levels on sandy-loam soils. Four years of litterfall measurements showed four major patterns. First, independent of herbivory, needle litterfall was 20% lower under trees on high-stress cinder soils than on sandy-loam soils. Second, in agreement with the negative impact of scales on tree growth (that is, a 30% decline in stem growth), trees with scale infestations had 25% lower litterfall rates than trees resistant to scale; however, 15 years of scale-insect removal did not significantly increase needle litterfall. This implies possible intrinsic differences in litter production between scale-resistant and scale-susceptible trees. Third, in contrast with significant negative effects of moth herbivory on tree growth (that is, a 27% decline in stem growth), moth herbivory had no effect on needle litterfall. This, along with increased stem density in moth-susceptible trees, may be evidence of compensatory production. Fourth, there were strong year by soil type and year by scale herbivory interactions, such that in some years the effect on litterfall can be obscured or reversed by some other factor. In summary, soil stress has a strong and predictable effect on needle litterfall, whereas the relationship between insect herbivory and needle litterfall is weaker and depends on the individual herbivore. These effects, however, are mediated by other environmental factors that have considerable annual variation.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Neil S. Cobb, Thomas G. Whitham, Stephen C. Hart, Thomas D. Schuster,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0001-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-004-0001-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-004-0001-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-004-0001-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-01-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-003-0205-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-11-26", "title": "Soil?Nitrogen Cycling In A Pine Forest Exposed To 5 Years Of Elevated Carbon Dioxide", "description": "Empirical and modeling studies have shown that the magnitude and duration of the primary production response to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) can be constrained by limiting supplies of soil nitrogen (N). We have studied the response of a southern US pine forest to elevated CO2 for 5 years (1997\u20132001). Net primary production has increased significantly under elevated CO2. We hypothesized that the increase in carbon (C) fluxes to the microbial community under elevated CO2 would increase the rate of N immobilization over mineralization. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying the pool sizes and fluxes of inorganic and organic N in the forest floor and top 30 cm of mineral soil during the first 5 years of CO2 fumigation. We observed no statistically significant change in the gross or net rate of inorganic N mineralization and immobilization in any soil horizon under elevated CO2. Similarly, elevated CO2 had no statistically significant effect on the concentration or flux of organic N, including amino acids. Microbial biomass N was not significantly different between CO2 treatments. Thus, we reject our hypothesis that elevated CO2 increases the rate of N immobilization. The quantity and chemistry of the litter inputs to the forest floor and mineral soil horizons can explain the limited range of microbially mediated soil\u2013N cycling responses observed in this ecosystem. Nevertheless a comparative analysis of ecosystem development at this site and other loblolly pine forests suggests that rapid stand development and C sequestration under elevated CO2 may be possible only in the early stages of stand development, prior to the onset of acute N limitation.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0205-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-003-0205-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-003-0205-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-003-0205-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10333-016-0558-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-10-27", "title": "Intermittent Drainage In Paddy Soil: Ecosystem Carbon Budget And Global Warming Potential", "description": "Intermittent drainage of rice fields alters soil redox potential and contributes to the reduction of CH4 emission and thus may reduce net global warming potential (GWP) during rice cultivation. Incorporation of green biomass helps maintaining soil organic matter, but may increase CH4 emission. We investigated net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) and net GWP under two water management regimes\u2014continuous flooding and intermittent drainage\u2014having four biomass incorporation levels (0, 3, 6 and 12\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121). Water management and biomass incorporation level demonstrated significant (P\u00a0<\u00a00.05) interaction effect on the NECB and GWP. Intermittent drainage decreased the NECB by ca. 6\u201346\u00a0% than continuous flooding under same rates of cover crop biomass (CCB) incorporation. Moreover, intermittent drainage reduced seasonal CH4\u2013C fluxes by ca. 54\u201358\u00a0% and net GWP by 35\u201358\u00a0% compared to continuous flooding. There was also no significant reduction in rice yield because of intermittent drainage under similar CCB. This implies that incorporation of 3\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 CCB and intermittent drainage could be a good option for reducing net GWP and higher grain yield.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Environmental Engineering", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Agronomy and Crop Science", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Water Science and Technology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-016-0558-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Paddy%20and%20Water%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10333-016-0558-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10333-016-0558-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10333-016-0558-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-10-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-004-0006-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-06-25", "title": "Effects Of The Invasive Forb Centaurea Maculosa On Grassland Carbon And Nitrogen Pools In Montana, Usa", "description": "Invasions by exotic forbs are changing large areas of North American grasslands, but their biogeochemical impacts are not well characterized. Additionally, although many invasive plants may alter biogeochemistry, an invasive species\u2019 effects have rarely been evaluated across physically diverse sites. We sampled nine sites containing the perennial Eurasian forb Centaurea maculosa to determine if this invasive species alters soil C and N pools in native grasslands in Montana, USA. We sampled surface soil in adjacent microsites with C. maculosa and native grasses and analyzed soil C and N pools with slow to rapid turnover. None of the pools evaluated in the laboratory showed significant differences between C. maculosa and grass microsites when analyzed across all sites. Some differences were found at individual sites, but they were infrequent and inconsistent: Four sites had no differences, four had differences in one or two pools with intermediate (particulate organic matter C or N) or rapid turnover rates (potentially mineralizable N), and just one site had differences encompassing pools with rapid, intermediate, and slow (total C and N, silt-and-clay-associated N) turnover rates. Where they differed, pools were usually smaller under C. maculosa plants than under native grasses, but the opposite was found at one site. In situ N availability, estimated using ion exchange resins, was significantly lower under C. maculosa than under grasses at one of three sites sampled. Results indicate that C. maculosa may sometimes reduce soil C and N pools, including those related to N availability, but they argue against generalizing about the impacts of C. maculosa in grasslands.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Bret E. Olson, Paul B. Hook, Jon M. Wraith,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0006-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-004-0006-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-004-0006-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-004-0006-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-06-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-004-0047-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-09-24", "title": "Soil Organic Carbon And Water Retention Following Conversion Of Grasslands To Pine Plantations In The Ecuadoran Andes", "description": "Tree plantations in the high elevations of the tropics constitute a growing land use, but their effect on ecosystem processes and services is not well known. We examined changes in soil organic carbon (C) and water retention in a chronosequence of Pinus radiata stands planted in paramo grasslands in Cotopaxi province, Ecuador. Water retention at 10, 33, and 1,500\u00a0kPa declined with stand age, with soils in the oldest pine stands retaining 39%, 55%, and 63% less water than grassland soils at the three pressures tested. Soil organic C in the 0\u201310-cm depth also declined with stand age, from 5.0\u00a0kg m\u22122 in grasslands to 3.5\u00a0kg m\u22122 in 20\u201325-year-old pine stands (P < 0.001); at greater depth in the A horizon, C contents decreased from 2.8 to 1.2\u00a0kg m\u22122 (P = 0.047). There were no significant differences among age classes in the AC and C horizons (P = 0.15 and P = 0.34, respectively), where little or no weathering of the primary material has occurred. Inputs of C may be affected by the significantly higher carbon\u2013nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the litter under older pine stands (P = 0.005), whereas outputs are influenced by substrate quality as well as soil environmental factors. Soil ratios at the 0\u201310\u00a0cm depth were significantly higher in grasslands and young pine stands (P < 0.001), whereas carbon\u2013phosphorous (C:P) ratios at 0\u201310-cm depth followed a similar but not significant trend. However, there was no significant difference in short-term decomposition rates (P = 0.60) when the soils were incubated under uniform temperature and moisture conditions. In paramo ecosystems, where high soil moisture plays an important role in retarding decomposition and driving high C storage, the loss of water retention after afforestation may be the dominant factor in C loss. These results suggest that soil C buildup and water retention respond rapidly to changes in biota and need to be assessed with regard to implications for C sequestration and watershed management.", "keywords": ["0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0047-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-004-0047-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-004-0047-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-004-0047-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-07-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-004-0117-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-02-15", "title": "Regional Patterns In Carbon Cycling Across The Great Plains Of North America", "description": "The large organic carbon (C) pools found in noncultivated grassland soils suggest that historically these ecosystems have had high rates of C sequestration. Changes in the soil C pool over time are a function of alterations in C input and output rates. Across the Great Plains and at individual sites through time, inputs of C (via aboveground production) are correlated with precipitation; however, regional trends in C outputs and the sensitivity of these C fluxes to annual variability in precipitation are less well known. To address the role of precipitation in controlling grassland C fluxes, and thereby soil C sequestration rates, we measured aboveground and belowground net primary production (ANPP-C and BNPP-C), soil respiration (SR-C), and litter decomposition rates for 2\u00a0years, a relatively dry year followed by a year of average precipitation, at five sites spanning a precipitation gradient in the Great Plains. ANPP-C, SR-C, and litter decomposition increased from shortgrass steppe (36, 454, and 24\u00a0g C m\u22122 y\u22121) to tallgrass prairie (180, 1221, and 208\u00a0g C m\u22122 y\u22121 for ANPP-C, SR-C, and litter decomposition, respectively). No significant regional trend in BNPP-C was found. Increasing precipitation between years increased rates of ANPP-C, BNPP-C, SR-C, and litter decomposition at most sites. However, regional patterns of the sensitivity of ANPP-C, BNPP-C, SR-C, and litter decomposition to between-year differences in precipitation varied. BNPP-C was more sensitive to between-year differences in precipitation than were the other C fluxes, and shortgrass steppe was more responsive than were mixed grass and tallgrass prairie.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0117-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-004-0117-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-004-0117-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-004-0117-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-01-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-004-0149-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-10-02", "title": "Response Of Oxidative Enzyme Activities To Nitrogen Deposition Affects Soil Concentrations Of Dissolved Organic Carbon", "description": "Recent evidence suggests that atmospheric nitrate (NO                   3                   \u2212                 ) deposition can alter soil carbon (C) storage by directly affecting the activity of lignin-degrading soil fungi. In a laboratory experiment, we studied the direct influence of increasing soil NO                   3                   \u2212                  concentration on microbial C cycling in three different ecosystems: black oak\u2013white oak (BOWO), sugar maple\u2013red oak (SMRO), and sugar maple\u2013basswood (SMBW). These ecosystems span a broad range of litter biochemistry and recalcitrance; the BOWO ecosystem contains the highest litter lignin content, SMRO had intermediate lignin content, and SMBW leaf litter has the lowest lignin content. We hypothesized that increasing soil solution NO                   3                   \u2212                  would reduce lignolytic activity in the BOWO ecosystem, due to a high abundance of white-rot fungi and lignin-rich leaf litter. Due to the low lignin content of litter in the SMBW, we further reasoned that the NO                   3                   \u2212                  repression of lignolytic activity would be less dramatic due to a lower relative abundance of white-rot basidiomycetes; the response in the SMRO ecosystem should be intermediate. We increased soil solution NO                   3                   \u2212                  concentrations in a 73-day laboratory incubation and measured microbial respiration and soil solution dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and phenolics concentrations. At the end of the incubation, we measured the activity of \u03b2-glucosidase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, phenol oxidase, and peroxidase, which are extracellular enzymes involved with cellulose and lignin degradation. We quantified the fungal biomass, and we also used fungal ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) to gain insight into fungal community composition. In the BOWO ecosystem, increasing NO                   3                   \u2212                  significantly decreased oxidative enzyme activities (\u221230% to \u221254%) and increased DOC (+32% upper limit) and phenolic (+77% upper limit) concentrations. In the SMRO ecosystem, we observed a significant decrease in phenol oxidase activity (\u221273% lower limit) and an increase in soluble phenolic concentrations (+57% upper limit) in response to increasing NO                   3                   \u2212                  in soil solution, but there was no significant change in DOC concentration. In contrast to these patterns, increasing soil solution NO                   3                   \u2212                  in the SMBW soil resulted in significantly greater phenol oxidase activity (+700% upper limit) and a trend toward lower DOC production (\u221252% lower limit). Nitrate concentration had no effect on microbial respiration or \u03b2-glucosidase or N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activities. Fungal abundance and basidiomycete diversity tended to be highest in the BOWO soil and lowest in the SMBW, but neither displayed a consistent response to NO                   3                   \u2212                  additions. Taken together, our results demonstrate that oxidative enzyme production by microbial communities responds directly to NO                   3                   \u2212                  deposition, controlling extracellular enzyme activity and DOC flux. The regulation of oxidative enzymes by different microbial communities in response to NO                   3                   \u2212                  deposition highlights the fact that the composition and function of soil microbial communities directly control ecosystem-level responses to environmental change.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0149-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-004-0149-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-004-0149-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-004-0149-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-004-0009-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-10-08", "title": "An Exotic Tree Alters Decomposition And Nutrient Cycling In A Hawaiian Montane Forest", "description": "We evaluated the effects of the exotic tree Fraxinus uhdei on decomposition dynamics and nutrient turnover in a montane Hawaiian rainforest. We used reciprocal transplants of litterbags between forests dominated by Fraxinus and by the native Metrosideros polymorpha to distinguish between endogenous (litter quality) and exogenous (for example, microclimate, nutrient availability, microbial and invertebrate communities) effects of Fraxinus on mass loss and nutrient dynamics of decomposing litter. Fraxinus produced greater quantities of litter that was thinner, had higher N and P concentrations, and lower concentrations of lignin and soluble polyphenols. Microbes decomposing Fraxinus litter produced fewer enzymes involved in N and P acquisition and more of those involved in cellulose degradation. Differences in litter quality and microbial activity resulted in a strong effect of litter type on rates of mass loss, whereby Fraxinus litter decomposed and released nutrients at nearly twice the rate of Metrosideros litter (k = 0.82 versus 0.48), regardless of site of decomposition. Although site of decomposition had no effect on rates of litter mass loss, Fraxinus litter decomposed under a Fraxinus canopy mineralized approximately 20% less P after one year than Fraxinus litter decomposed under a Metrosideros canopy. Furthermore, Fraxinus litter decomposed under a Fraxinus canopy immobilized greater amounts of N and P in the early stages of decay, suggesting that the large amounts of N and P in Fraxinus litterfall have raised nutrient availability to decomposers in the forest floor. Greater immobilization of N and P under a Fraxinus canopy may act as a governor on rates of nutrient cycling, limiting the degree to which Fraxinus invasion accelerates N and P cycling in this system.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0009-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-004-0009-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-004-0009-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-004-0009-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-09-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-004-0093-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-03-03", "title": "Soil-Atmosphere Methane Exchange In Undisturbed And Burned Mediterranean Shrubland Of Southern Italy", "description": "Soils represent the primary biotic sink for atmospheric methane (CH4). Uncertainty is associated, however, with global soil CH4 consumption because of the few data available from many areas and, in particular, from Mediterranean-type ecosystems. In this study, soil-atmosphere CH4 exchange was measured for one year in a coastal Italian shrubland (maquis), from both undisturbed areas and areas treated with experimental fire. Although fire represents one of the most frequent disturbance factors in seasonally dry environments, very few studies in these ecosystems have focused on its effect on soil CH4 fluxes. Significant differences in soil ammonium content, water content, and temperature were measured between burned and unburned plots, however, no statistical differences were observed for CH4 fluxes. CH4 fluxes varied between \u22120.39 and \u221216.1\u00a0mg CH4 m\u22122 day\u22121 and temporal variations were mainly driven by variations in soil water content and temperature. The highest CH4 oxidation rates were measured during the driest and warmest period. Low gravimetric soil water content in the top 10\u00a0cm, as well as high NH                   4                   +                  concentration, did not seem to reduce methanotrophic activity, suggesting that maximal CH4 oxidation activity might take place deeper in the soil profile, at least during part of the year.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "Ammonium; Fire; Mediterranean maquis; Methane; Soil temperature; Soil uptake; Soil water;", "methane", "fire; soil; methane; green house gases", "green house gases", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "fire", "soil", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0093-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-004-0093-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-004-0093-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-004-0093-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-02-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-004-0118-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-02-06", "title": "Differential Controls Of Water Input On Litter Decomposition And Nitrogen Dynamics In The Patagonian Steppe", "description": "Studies of the effects of precipitation on litter decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in arid and semiarid environments have demonstrated contradictory results. We conducted a manipulative experiment with rainout shelters in the semiarid Patagonian steppe, aimed at assessing the direct effects of water availability on litter decomposition and net nitrogen mineralization while isolating the indirect effects. We created four levels of precipitation input: control and three levels (30, 55 and 80%) of precipitation interception and we examined litter decomposition and nutrient release of a dominant grass species, Stipa speciosa, inorganic soil nitrogen, and in situ net nitrogen mineralization over two consecutive years. Litter decomposition rates (k, year\u22121) varied significantly (P < 0.001) among precipitation interception treatments and were positively correlated with incoming annual precipitation (APPT, mm/year) (k = 0.0007 \u00d7 APPT + 0.137). In contrast, net N mineralization was not correlated with incoming precipitation. Soil NO                   3                   \u2212                  significantly decreased with increasing precipitation input, whereas soil NH                   4                   +                  concentration did not differ among precipitation interception treatments. Controls of water input on litter decomposition appear to be different from controls on N mineralization in the semiarid Patagonian steppe. We suggest that although water availability affects both the mineralization of C and N, it differentially affects the movement and fate of the inorganic products. A consequence of the accumulation of inorganic N during dry episodes is that periods of maximum water and soil nutrient availability may occur at different times. This asynchrony in the availability of N and water in the soil may explain the observed lags in the response of primary production to increases in water availability.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0118-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-004-0118-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-004-0118-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-004-0118-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-01-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-004-0218-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-08-21", "title": "Climate Change Affects Carbon Allocation To The Soil In Shrublands", "description": "Climate change may affect ecosystem functioning through increased temperatures or changes in precipitation patterns. Temperature and water availability are important drivers for ecosystem processes such as photosynthesis, carbon translocation, and organic matter decomposition. These climate changes may affect the supply of carbon and energy to the soil microbial population and subsequently alter decomposition and mineralization, important ecosystem processes in carbon and nutrient cycling. In this study, carried out within the cross-European research project CLIMOOR, the effect of climate change, resulting from imposed manipulations, on carbon dynamics in shrubland ecosystems was examined. We performed a 14C-labeling experiment to probe changes in net carbon uptake and allocation to the roots and soil compartments as affected by a higher temperature during the year and a drought period in the growing season. Differences in climate, soil, and plant characteristics resulted in a gradient in the severity of the drought effects on net carbon uptake by plants with the impact being most severe in Spain, followed by Denmark, with the UK showing few negative effects at significance levels of p \u2264 0.10. Drought clearly reduced carbon flow from the roots to the soil compartments. The fraction of the 14C fixed by the plants and allocated into the soluble carbon fraction in the soil and to soil microbial biomass in Denmark and the UK decreased by more than 60%. The effects of warming were not significant, but, as with the drought treatment, a negative effect on carbon allocation to soil microbial biomass was found. The changes in carbon allocation to soil microbial biomass at the northern sites in this study indicate that soil microbial biomass is a sensitive, early indicator of drought- or temperature-initiated changes in these shrubland ecosystems. The reduced supply of substrate to the soil and the response of the soil microbial biomass may help to explain the observed acclimation of CO2 exchange in other ecosystems.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "decomposition", "photosynthesis", "temperature", "translocation", "plant", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "dioxide", "calluna-vulgaris", "13. Climate action", "lolium-perenne", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "rhizosphere", "respiration"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0218-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-004-0218-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-004-0218-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-004-0218-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-08-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-004-0259-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-07-11", "title": "The Influence Of Nutrient Availability On Soil Organic Matter Turnover Estimated By Incubations And Radiocarbon Modeling", "description": "We investigated the decomposability of soil organic matter (SOM) along a chronosequence of rainforest sites in Hawaii that form a natural fertility gradient and at two long-term fertilization experiments. To estimate turnover times and pool sizes of organic matter, we used two independent methods: (1) long-term incubations and (2) a three-box soil model constrained by radiocarbon measurements. Turnover times of slow-pool SOM (the intermediate pool between active and passive pools) calculated from incubations ranged from 6 to 20 y in the O horizon and were roughly half as fast in the A horizon. The radiocarbon-based model yielded a similar pattern but slower turnover times. The calculation of the 14C turnover times is sensitive to the lag time between photosynthesis and incorporation of organic C into SOM in a given horizon. By either method, turnover times at the different sites varied two- or threefold in soils with the same climate and vegetation community. Turnover times were fastest at the sites of highest soil fertility and were correlated with litter decay rates and primary productivity. However, experimental fertilization at the two least-fertile sites had only a small and inconsistent effect on turnover, with N slowing turnover and P slightly speeding it at one site. These results support studies of litter decomposition in suggesting that while plant productivity can respond rapidly to nutrient additions, decomposition may respond much more slowly to added nutrients.", "keywords": ["tropical forest", "decomposition", "Ecology", "microbial biomass", "carbon", "C-14", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "nitrogen", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "phosphorus", "Zoology", "Environmental Sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt9186j2fw/qt9186j2fw.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0259-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-004-0259-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-004-0259-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-004-0259-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-004-0220-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-06-19", "title": "The Response Of Soil Processes To Climate Change: Results From Manipulation Studies Of Shrublands Across An Environmental Gradient", "description": "Predicted changes in climate may affect key soil processes such as respiration and net nitrogen (N) mineralization and thus key ecosystem functions such as carbon (C) storage and nutrient availability. To identify the sensitivity of shrubland soils to predicted climate changes, we have carried out experimental manipulations involving ecosystem warming and prolonged summer drought in ericaceous shrublands across a European climate gradient. We used retractable covers to create artificial nighttime warming and prolonged summer drought to 20-m2 experimental plots. Combining the data from across the environmental gradient with the results from the manipulation experiments provides evidence for strong climate controls on soil respiration, net N mineralization and nitrification, and litter decomposition. Trends of 0%\u201319% increases of soil respiration in response to warming and decreases of 3%\u201329% in response to drought were observed. Across the environmental gradient and below soil temperatures of 20\u00b0C at a depth of 5\u201310 cm, a mean Q10 of 4.1 in respiration rates was observed although this varied from 2.4 to 7.0 between sites. Highest Q10 values were observed in Spain and the UK and were therefore not correlated with soil temperature. A trend of increased accumulated surface litter mass loss was observed with experimental warming (2%\u2013 22%) but there was no consistent response to experimental drought. In contrast to soil respiration and decomposition, variability in net N mineralization was best explained by soil moisture rather than temperature. When water was neither limiting or in excess, a Q10 of 1.5 was observed for net N mineralization rates. These data suggest that key soil processes will be differentially affected by predicted changes in rainfall pattern and temperature and the net effect  on ecosystem functioning will be difficult to predict without a greater understanding of the controls underlying the sensitivity of soils to climate variables.", "keywords": ["580", "550", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0220-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-004-0220-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-004-0220-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-004-0220-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-06-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-023-00838-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-04-24", "title": "Different Cerrado Ecotypes Show Contrasting Soil Microbial Properties, Functioning Rates, and Sensitivity to Changing Water Regimes", "description": "Abstract<p>Soil moisture is among the most important factors regulating soil biodiversity and functioning. Models forecast changes in the precipitation regime in many areas of the planet, but how these changes will influence soil functioning, and how biotic drivers modulate such effects, is far from being understood. We evaluated the responses of C and N fluxes, and soil microbial properties to different soil water regimes in soils from the main three ecotypes of the world's largest and most diverse tropical savanna. Further, we explored the direct and indirect effects of changes in the ecotype and soil water regimes on these key soil processes. Soils from the woodland savanna showed a better nutritional status than the other ecotypes, as well as higher potential N cycling rates, N2O emissions, and soil bacterial abundance but lower bacterial richness, whereas potential CO2 emissions and CH4 uptake peaked in the intermediate savanna. The ecotype also modulated the effects of changes in the soil water regime on nutrient cycling, greenhouse gas fluxes, and soil bacterial properties, with more intense responses in the intermediate savanna. Further, we highlight the existence of multiple contrasting direct and indirect (via soil microbes and abiotic properties) effects of an intensification of the precipitation regime on soil C- and N-related processes. Our results confirm that ecotype is a fundamental driver of soil properties and functioning in the Cerrado and that it can determine the responses of key soil processes to changes in the soil water regime.</p", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Ecotype", "0301 basic medicine", "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts", "Naturgeografi", "ecotype", "Cerrado", "greenhouse gases.", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "precipitation regime", "Precipitation regime", "cerrado", "03 medical and health sciences", "Greenhouse gases", "Physical Geography", "13. Climate action", "N cycle", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "C cycle", "http://metadata.un.org/sdg/13", "cerrado; ecotype; precipitation regime; C cycle; N cycle; greenhouse gases"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Duran, Jorge, Meira-Neto, Joao, Delgado Baquerizo, Manuel (R17761), Hamonts, Kelly E., Figueiredo, Viviane, Enrich-Prast, Alex, Rodriguez, Alexandra,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-023-00838-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-023-00838-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-023-00838-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-023-00838-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-04-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-005-0077-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-11-17", "title": "Interactive Effects Of Fire, Elevated Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen Deposition, And Precipitation On A California Annual Grassland", "description": "Although it is widely accepted that elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N) deposition, and climate change will alter ecosystem productivity and function in the coming decades, the combined effects of these environmental changes may be nonadditive, and their interactions may be altered by disturbances, such as fire. We examined the influence of a summer wildfire on the interactive effects of elevated CO2, N deposition, and increased precipitation in a full-factorial experiment conducted in a California annual grassland. In unburned plots, primary production was suppressed under elevated CO2. Burning alone did not significantly affect production, but it increased total production in combination with nitrate additions and removed the suppressive effect of elevated CO2. Increased production in response to nitrate in burned plots occurred as a result of the enhanced aboveground production of annual grasses and forbs, whereas the removal of the suppressive effect of elevated CO2 occurred as a result of increased aboveground forb production in burned, CO2-treated plots and decreased root production in burned plots under ambient CO2.The tissue nitrogen\u2013phosphorus ratio, which was assessed for annual grass shoots, decreased with burning and increased with nitrate addition. Burning removed surface litter from plots, resulting in an increase in maximum daily soil temperatures and a decrease in soil moisture both early and late in the growing season. Measures of vegetation greenness, based on canopy spectral reflectance, showed that plants in burned plots grew rapidly early in the season but senesced early. Overall, these results indicate that fire can alter the effects of elevated CO2 and N addition on productivity in the short term, possibly by promoting increased phosphorus availability.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0077-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-005-0077-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-005-0077-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-005-0077-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-005-0083-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-10-02", "title": "Impacts Of Falcataria Moluccana Invasion On Decomposition In Hawaiian Lowland Wet Forests: The Importance Of Stand-Level Controls", "description": "Invasive species have the capacity to substantially alter soil processes, including rates of litter decomposition. Currently, the few remaining native-dominated lowland wet forests in Hawai\u2019i are being invaded by Falcataria moluccana, a large, fast-growing, N2-fixing tree. In this study, we sought to determine the extent to which Falcataria invasion alters decomposition in these lowland wet forests, and whether changes resulted from differences in litter substrate type, lava flow age and type, forest stand type and associated soil biota, or some combination of these factors. We measured decomposition rates and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics of Metrosideros                         polymorpha and Falcataria leaf litter in native-dominated and Falcataria-invaded stands on 48- and 300-year-old a\u2019a lava flows and a 213-year-old p\u0101hoehoe flow in the Puna district of eastern Hawai\u2019i. Despite significant differences in the initial quality of Metrosideros and Falcataria litter, in nearly all cases mass remaining of the two litter types did not differ within a given forest stand, whether native-dominated or invaded. Instead, stand type accounted for large differences in the decomposition of both litter types, and litter decomposed two to 10 times faster in Falcataria-invaded stands than it did in their native-dominated counterparts on each lava flow. Dynamics of N (that is, immobilization or release) during decomposition were affected by stand, litter, and lava flow type; P dynamics were affected by stand and flow type, but not litter type. Although not definitive proof of causality, the decay rates of both species were positively correlated to previously measured inputs of N mass and P mass via litterfall as well as availability of soil N and P, characteristics that all increased substantially with Falcataria invasion. Given the degree of change to a host of ecosystem processes, including decomposition, after invasion by Falcataria, these transformed forest ecosystems may best be viewed as fundamentally new and different, in both structure and function, from the native ecosystems they have replaced.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "R. Flint Hughes, Amanda Uowolo,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0083-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-005-0083-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-005-0083-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-005-0083-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-005-0107-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-10-02", "title": "Plant-Soil Feedbacks Contribute To The Persistence Of Bromus Inermis In Tallgrass Prairie", "description": "As invasive plants become a greater threat to native ecosystems, we need to improve our understanding of the factors underlying their success and persistence. Over the past 30 years, the C3 nonnative plant Bromus inermis (smooth brome) has been spreading throughout the central grasslands in North America. Invasion by this grass has resulted in the local displacement of natives, including the tallgrass species Panicum virgatum (switchgrass). To determine if factors related to resource availability and plant\u2013soil interactions were conferring a competitive advantage on smooth brome, field plots were set up under varying nitrogen (N) levels. Plots composed of a 1:1 ratio of smooth brome and switchgrass were located in a restored tallgrass prairie and were randomly assigned one of the following three N levels: (a) NH4NO3 added to increase available N, (b) sucrose added to reduce available N, and (c) no additions to serve as control. In addition, soil N status, soil respiration rates, plant growth, and litter decomposition rates were monitored. Results indicate that by the 2nd year, the addition of sucrose significantly reduced available soil N and additions of NH4NO3 increased it. Further, smooth brome had greater tiller density, mass, and canopy interception of light on N-enriched soils, whereas none of these characteristics were stimulated by added N in the case of switchgrass. This suggests that smooth brome may have a competitive advantage on higher-N soils. Smooth-brome plant tissue also had a lower carbon\u2013nitrogen (C:N) ratio and a higher decomposition rate than switchgrass and thus may cycle N more rapidly in the plant\u2013soil system. These differences suggest a possible mechanism for the persistence of smooth brome in the tallgrass prairie: Efficient recycling of nutrient-rich litter under patches of smooth brome may confer a competitive advantage that enables it to persist in remnant or restored prairies. Increased N deposition associated with human activity and changing land use may play a critical role in the persistence of smooth brome and other N-philic exotic species.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Erin M. Goergen, Erin M. Goergen, Mary Ann Vinton,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0107-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-005-0107-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-005-0107-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-005-0107-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-006-9010-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-04-18", "title": "Land-Use Intensity Effects On Soil Organic Carbon Accumulation Rates And Mechanisms", "description": "Restoring soil C pools by reducing land use intensity is a potentially high impact, rapidly deployable strategy for partially offsetting atmospheric CO2 increases. However, rates of C accumulation and underlying mechanisms have rarely been determined for a range of managed and successional ecosystems on the same soil type. We determined soil organic matter (SOM) fractions with the highest potential for sequestering C in ten ecosystems on the same soil series using both density- and incubation-based fractionation methods. Ecosystems included four annual row-crop systems (conventional, low input,  organic and no-till), two perennial cropping systems (alfalfa and poplar), and four native ecosystems (early successional, midsuccessional historically tilled, midsuccessional never-tilled, and late successional forest). Enhanced C storage to 5\u00a0cm relative to conventional agriculture ranged from 8.9\u00a0g\u00a0C\u00a0m\u22122\u00a0y\u22121 in low input row crops to 31.6\u00a0g\u00a0C\u00a0m\u22122\u00a0y\u22121 in the early successional ecosystem. Carbon sequestration across all ecosystems occurred in aggregate-associated pools larger than 53\u00a0\u03bcm. The density-based fractionation scheme identified heavy-fraction C pools (SOM\u00a0>\u00a01.6\u00a0g\u00a0cm\u22123 plus SOM\u00a0 250\u00a0\u03bcm), as having the highest potential C accumulation rates, ranging from 8.79 g\u00a0C\u00a0m\u22122\u00a0y\u22121 in low input row crops to 29.22\u00a0g\u00a0C\u00a0m\u22122\u00a0y\u22121 in the alfalfa ecosystem. Intra-aggregate light fraction pools accumulated C at slower rates, but generally faster than in inter-aggregate LF pools. Incubation-based methods that fractionated soil into active, slow and passive pools showed that C accumulated primarily in slow and resistant pools. However, crushing aggregates in a manner that simulates tillage resulted in a substantial transfer of C from slow pools with field mean residence times of decades to active pools with mean residence times of only weeks. Our results demonstrate that soil C accumulates almost entirely in soil aggregates, mostly in macroaggregates, following reductions in land use intensity. The potentially rapid destruction of macroaggregates following tillage, however, raises concerns about the long-term persistence of these C pools.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "forest C", "13. Climate action", "organic", "aggregates", "tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Biogeochemistry", "15. Life on land", "C-sequestration", "agriculture", "succession"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-006-9010-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-006-9010-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-006-9010-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-006-9010-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.09.037", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-11-07", "title": "Land Demand For Ethanol Production", "description": "Abstract   Several key indicators of the sustainability of biofuels are related to the land used to produce the feedstock. Most of the agronomic costs and energy use (fertilizers, herbicides, soil preparation, and harvesting) are more related to the cropped area than to the feedstock quantity produced; this is also the case of soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (CO2 and N2O) and land use change (LUC) impacts, both direct (dLUC) and indirect (iLUC), socio-economic impacts (land tenure, land prices and traditional crop displacement), impacts on biodiversity and on the environment (soil, water and air). Today, biofuels use only a little more than 2% of the world arable land but if their use to displace fossil fuels increases, as indicated by some low carbon scenarios, the land demand for the production of feedstocks could become a constraint to the expansion. It is quite apparent that the biofuel yields, present and future, should be one of the main characteristics to be evaluated in the initial screening process. This work uses the cases of corn and sugarcane ethanol to draw some comparisons on the use of these biofuels to meet the targets of some of the International Energy Agency (IEA) biofuel use scenarios in terms of land demand and also will use some of the most important study results concerning the GHG emission reduction potential, including LUC and iLUC impacts, when meeting the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) of the European Union (EU) and the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) of the USA. Some technology improvements will be considered including the integration of first and second generation technologies in the same site processing corn or sugarcane for ethanol.  The results of the simulations indicated that the land demands for the 2030 projected ethanol production in the two alternatives seems not to give reasons for concern on a global scale, but are large enough to produce significant local impacts. The GHG abatement potential is strongly dependent on the biofuel alternative considered.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.09.037"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Applied%20Energy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.09.037", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.09.037", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.09.037"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-005-0078-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-03-20", "title": "Microbial Community Responses To Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Enrichment In A Warm-Temperate Forest", "description": "Forest productivity depends on nutrient supply, and sustained increases in forest productivity under elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) may ultimately depend on the response of microbial communities to changes in the quantity and chemistry of plant-derived substrates, We investigated microbial responses to elevated CO2 in a warm-temperate forest under free-air CO2 enrichment for 5 years (1997\u20132001). The experiment was conducted on three 30 m diameter plots under ambient CO2 and three plots under elevated CO2 (200 ppm above ambient). To understand how microbial processes changed under elevated CO2, we assayed the activity of nine extracellular enzymes responsible for the decomposition of labile and recalcitrant carbon (C) substrates and the release of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from soil organic matter. Enzyme activities were measured three times per year in a surface organic horizon and in the top 15 cm of mineral soil. Initially, we found significant increases in the decomposition of labile C substrates in the mineral soil horizon under elevated CO2; this overall pattern was present but much weaker in the O horizon. Beginning in the 4th year of this study, enzyme activities in the O horizon declined under elevated CO2, whereas they continued to be stimulated in the mineral soil horizon. By year 5, the degradation of recalcitrant C substrates in mineral soils was significantly higher under elevated CO2. Although there was little direct effect of elevated CO2 on the activity of N- and P-releasing enzymes, the activity of nutrient-releasing enzymes relative to those responsible for C metabolism suggest that nutrient limitation is increasingly regulating microbial activity in the O horizon. Our results show that the metabolism of microbial communities is significantly altered by the response of primary producers to elevated CO2. We hypothesize that ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 are shifting from primary production to decomposition as a result of increasing nutrient limitation.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0078-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-005-0078-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-005-0078-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-005-0078-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-007-9033-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-05-04", "title": "Deeper Snow Enhances Winter Respiration From Both Plant-Associated And Bulk Soil Carbon Pools In Birch Hummock Tundra", "description": "It has only recently become apparent that biological activity during winter in seasonally snow-covered ecosystems may exert a significant influence on biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem function. One-seventh of the global soil carbon pool is stored in the bulk soil component of arctic ecosystems. Consistent climate change predictions of substantial increases in winter air temperatures and snow depths for the Arctic indicate that this region may become a significant net annual source of CO2 to the atmosphere if its bulk soil carbon is decomposed. We used snow fences to investigate the influence of a moderate increase in snow depth from approximately 0.3 m (ambient) to approximately 1 m on winter carbon dioxide fluxes from mesic birch hummock tundra in northern Canada. We differentiated fluxes derived from the bulk soil and plant-associated carbon pools using an experimental \u2018weeding\u2019 manipulation. Increased snow depth enhanced the wintertime carbon flux from both pools, strongly suggesting that respiration from each was sensitive to warmer soil temperatures. Furthermore, deepened snow resulted in cooler and relatively stable soil temperatures during the spring-thaw period, as well as delayed and fewer freeze\u2013thaw cycles. The snow fence treatment increased mean total winter efflux from 27 to 43 g CO2-C m\u22122. Because total 2004 growing season net ecosystem exchange for this site is estimated at 29\u201337 g CO2-C m\u22122, our results strongly suggest that a moderate increase in snow depth can enhance winter respiration sufficiently to switch the ecosystem annual net carbon exchange from a sink to source, resulting in net CO2 release to the atmosphere.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Sonia Nobrega, Paul Grogan,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-007-9033-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-007-9033-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-007-9033-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-007-9033-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-05-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-007-9096-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:14:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-09-28", "title": "Does Atmospheric No 3 \u2212 Deposition Alter The Abundance And Activity Of Ligninolytic Fungi In Forest Soils?", "description": "Although field studies have demonstrated an ecosystem-specific effect of experimental atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on litter decomposition, a mechanistic understanding of how ligninolytic microbial communities respond to atmospheric deposition is lacking. Because high levels of inorganic N suppress lignin decomposition by some basidiomycetes, it is plausible that the abundance and activity of these key microorganisms underlies differential ecosystem responses of decomposition to atmospheric N deposition. We hypothesize that: (a) atmospheric N deposition will cause an ecosystem-specific reduction in basidiomycete activity and abundance with greatest decreases in ecosystems with lignin-rich forest litter and (b) the abundance of lignin degrading basidiomycetes will be positively correlated with ligninolytic enzyme activity. To test these hypotheses, we measured the effects of experimental N deposition on the potential activity of phenol oxidase enzymes, and the abundance of basidiomycete genes encoding laccase, a primary phenol oxidase enzyme, in three hardwood forests spanning a range of leaf litter lignin content. The black oak-white oak (BOWO) contains high lignin litter, the sugar maple-basswood (SMBW) has low lignin litter, and the sugar maple-red oak (SMRO) is intermediate. An ecosystem by N deposition interaction significantly influenced phenol oxidase activity in the surface soil (P = 0.05), where phenol oxidase activity decreased with increasing experimental N deposition in the BOWO ecosystem. No consistent response to N deposition was evident for surface soil phenol oxidase activity within either the SMRO or SMBW ecosystem. This interaction did not influence laccase gene abundance. Instead, basidiomycete laccase gene abundance was reduced by experimental N deposition (main effect) in surface soil. There was only a weak correlation between basidiomycete laccase gene abundance and potential phenol oxidase enzyme activity, suggesting that the abundance of organisms possessing laccase genes may not control phenol oxidase activity in soil. Our results suggest that the regulation of laccase gene expression may mediate the decomposition response to atmospheric N deposition.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-007-9096-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-007-9096-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-007-9096-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-007-9096-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-09-29T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=C&offset=1650&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=C&offset=1650&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=C&offset=1600", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=C&offset=1700", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 28343, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-04T07:55:50.647562Z"}