{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1007/s00442-002-1130-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:14:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-12-22", "title": "Responses Of Soil Nitrogen Dynamics In A Mojave Desert Ecosystem To Manipulations In Soil Carbon And Nitrogen Availability", "description": "We investigated the effects of changes in soil C and N availability on N mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, NH(3) volatilization, and soil respiration in the Mojave Desert. Results indicate a C limitation to microbial N cycling. Soils from underneath the canopies of Larrea tridentata (DC.) Cov., Pleuraphis rigida Thurber, and Lycium spp. exhibited higher rates of CO(2 ) flux, lower rates of NH(3) volatilization, and a decrease in inorganic N (NH(4)(+)-N and NO(3)(-)-N) with C addition. In addition to C limitation, soils from plant interspaces also exhibited a N limitation. Soils from all locations had net immobilization of N over the course of a 15-day laboratory incubation. However, soils from interspaces had lower rates of net nitrification and potential denitrification compared to soils from under plant canopies. The response to changes in C availability appears to be a short-term increase in microbial immobilization of inorganic N. Under controlled conditions, and over a longer time period, the effects of C and N availability appear to give way to larger differences due to spatial location. These findings have implications for ecosystems undergoing changes in soil C and N availability due to such processes as desertification, exotic species invasions, or elevated atmospheric CO(2) concentration.", "keywords": ["Nitrogen", "Biological Availability", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "California", "Carbon", "Soil", "Ammonia", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Desert Climate", "Volatilization", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-1130-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00442-002-1130-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00442-002-1130-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00442-002-1130-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-01-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00442-005-0109-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-28T16:14:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-07-07", "title": "Plant N Capture From Pulses: Effects Of Pulse Size, Growth Rate, And Other Soil Resources", "description": "In arid ecosystems, the ability to rapidly capture nitrogen (N) from brief pulses is expected to influence plant growth, survival, and competitive ability. Theory and data suggest that N capture from pulses should depend on plant growth rate and availability of other limiting resources. Theory also predicts trade-offs in plant stress tolerance and ability to capture N from different size pulses. We injected K15NO3, to simulate small and large N pulses at three different times during the growing season into soil around the co-dominant Great Basin species Sarcobatus vermiculatus, Chrysothamnus nauseosus ssp. consimilis, and Distichlis spicata. Soils were amended with water and P in a partial factorial design. As predicted, all study species showed a comparable decline in N capture from large pulses through the season as growth rates slowed. Surprisingly, however, water and P availability differentially influenced the ability of these species to capture N from pulses. Distichlis N capture increased up to tenfold with water addition while Chrysothamnus N capture increased up to threefold with P addition. Sarcobatus N capture was not affected by water or P availability. Opposite to our prediction, Sarcobatus, the most stress tolerant species, captured less N from small pulses but more N from large pulses relative to the other species. These observations suggest that variation in N pulse timing and size can interact with variable soil water and P supply to determine how N is partitioned among co-existing Great Basin species.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Nitrates", "Time Factors", "Nitrogen Isotopes", "Nitrogen", "Potassium Compounds", "Water", "Phosphorus", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "California", "Plant Leaves", "Magnoliopsida", "Soil", "Seasons", "Plant Shoots"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jeremy J. James, James H. Richards,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0109-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00442-005-0109-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00442-005-0109-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00442-005-0109-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-07-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00442-009-1516-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-28T16:14:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-12-04", "title": "Combined Effects Of Precipitation And Nitrogen Deposition On Native And Invasive Winter Annual Production In California Deserts", "description": "Primary production in deserts is limited by soil moisture and N availability, and thus is likely to be influenced by both anthropogenic N deposition and precipitation regimes altered as a consequence of climate change. Invasive annual grasses are particularly responsive to increases in N and water availabilities, which may result in competition with native forb communities. Additionally, conditions favoring increased invasive grass production in arid and semi-arid regions can increase fire risk, negatively impacting woody vegetation that is not adapted to fire. We conducted a seeded garden experiment and a 5-year field fertilization experiment to investigate how winter annual production is altered by increasing N supply under a range of water availabilities. The greatest production of invasive grasses and native forbs in the garden experiment occurred under the highest soil N (inorganic N after fertilization = 2.99 g m(-2)) and highest watering regime, indicating these species are limited by both water and N. A classification and regression tree (CART) analysis on the multi-year field fertilization study showed that winter annual biomass was primarily limited by November-December precipitation. Biomass exceeded the threshold capable of carrying fire when inorganic soil N availability was at least 3.2 g m(-2) in pi\u00f1on-juniper woodland. Due to water limitation in creosote bush scrub, biomass exceeded the fire threshold only under very wet conditions regardless of soil N status. The CART analyses also revealed that percent cover of invasive grasses and native forbs is primarily dependent on the timing and amount of precipitation and secondarily dependent on soil N and site-specific characteristics. In total, our results indicate that areas of high N deposition will be susceptible to grass invasion, particularly in wet years, potentially reducing native species cover and increasing the risk of fire.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Time Factors", "Schismus", "Non-native", "Bromus", "Nitrogen", "Climate Change", "Rain", "Plant Development", "Poaceae", "01 natural sciences", "California", "Fires", "Soil", "Climate change", "Biomass", "Ecology", " Evolution", " Behavior and Systematics", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Ecology", "Geography", "Ecosystem ecology - Original paper", "Plant Sciences", "Life Sciences", "Water", "Agriculture", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "Fuel load", "6. Clean water", "13. Climate action", "Fertilization", "Regression Analysis", "Seasons", "Desert Climate"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Rao, Leela E., Allen, Edith B.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt8qv4f2kn/qt8qv4f2kn.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1516-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00442-009-1516-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00442-009-1516-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00442-009-1516-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-12-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.foreco.2014.03.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:16:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-03-31", "title": "Effectiveness Of Fuel Treatments For Mitigating Wildfire Risk And Sequestering Forest Carbon: A Case Study In The Lake Tahoe Basin", "description": "Fuel-reduction treatments are used extensively to reduce wildfire risk and restore forest diversity and function. In the near future, increasing regulation of carbon (C) emissions may force forest managers to balance the use of fuel treatments for reducing wildfire risk against an alternative goal of C sequestration. The objective of this study was to evaluate how long-term fuel treatments mitigate wildfires and affect forest C. For the Lake Tahoe Basin in the central Sierra Nevada, USA, fuel treatment efficiency was explored with a landscape-scale simulation model, LANDIS-II, using five fuel treatment scenarios and two (contemporary and potential future) fire regimes. Treatment scenarios included applying a combination of light (hand) and moderate (mechanical) forest thinning continuously through time and transitioning from these prescriptions to a more mid-seral thinning prescription, both on a 15 and 30 year rotation interval. In the last scenario, fuel treatments were isolated to around the lake shore (nearby urban settlement) to simulate a low investment alternative were future resources may be limited. Results indicated that the forest will remain a C sink regardless of treatment or fire regime simulated, due to the landscape legacy of historic logging. Achievement of a net C gain required decades with intensive treatment and depended on wildfire activity: Fuel treatments were more effective in a more active fire environment, where the interface between wildfires and treatment areas increased and caused net C gain earlier than as compared to our scenarios with less wildfire activity. Fuel treatments were most effective when continuously applied and strategically placed in high ignition areas. Treatment type and re-application interval were less influential at the landscape scale, but had notable effects on species dynamics within management units. Treatments created more diverse forest conditions by shifting dominance patterns to a more mixed conifer system, with a higher proportion of fire-tolerant species. We demonstrated that a small amount of wildfire on the landscape resulted in significant changes in the C pool, and that strategically placed fuel treatments substantially reduced wildfire risk, increased fire resiliency of the forest, and is beneficial for long-term C management. Implications for landscape management included consideration for prioritization of treatment areas and creating ideal re-entry schedules that meet logistic, safety, and conservation goals. In forests with a concentrated wildland urban interface, fuel treatments may be vital for ensuring human welfare and enhancing forest integrity in a fire-prone future. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment", "Firescaping", "Wildfire risk", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Natural Resources Management and Policy", "Carbon sequestration -- California -- Case studies", "Prescribed burning", "Forest management -- California -- Lake Tahoe basin", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.03.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.foreco.2014.03.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.foreco.2014.03.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.03.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2008jg000801", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:17:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-04-16", "title": "Alteration Of Belowground Carbon Dynamics By Nitrogen Addition In Southern California Mixed Conifer Forests", "description": "<p>Nitrogen deposition rates in southern California are the highest in North America and have had substantial effects on ecosystem functioning. We document changes in the belowground C cycle near ponderosa pine trees experiencing experimental nitrogen (N) addition (50 and 150 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921a\uffe2\uff88\uff921as slow release urea since 1997) at two end\uffe2\uff80\uff90member sites along a pollution gradient in the San Bernardino Mountains, California. Despite considerable differences in N deposition between the two sites, we observed parallel changes in microbial substrate use and soil enzyme activity with N addition. \uffce\uff9414C measurements indicate that the mean age of C respired by the Oa horizon declined 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9315 years with N addition at both sites. N addition caused an increase in cellulolytic enzyme activity at the polluted site and a decrease in ligninolytic enzyme activity at the unpolluted site. Given the likely differences in lignin and cellulose ages, this could explain the difference in the age of microbial respiration with N addition. Measurements of fractionated soil organic matter did not show the same magnitude of changes in response to N addition as were observed for respired C. This lesser response was likely because the soils are mostly composed of C having turnover times of decades to centuries, and 9 years of N amendment were not enough to affect this material. Consequently, \uffce\uff9414C of respired CO2provided a more sensitive indicator of the effects of N addition than other methods. Results suggest that enhanced N deposition alone may not result in increased soil C storage in xeric ecosystems.</p>", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "belowground biomass", "North America", "San Bernardino", "Coniferophyta", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "deposition", "nitrogen", "California", "United States", "enzyme activity"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Nowinski, Nicole S, Trumbore, Susan E, Jimenez, Gloria, Fenn, Mark E,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt5rp5x2qk/qt5rp5x2qk.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jg000801"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2008jg000801", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2008jg000801", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2008jg000801"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-04-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/ncomms2224", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:17:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-11-27", "title": "Warming And Nitrogen Deposition Lessen Microbial Residue Contribution To Soil Carbon Pool", "description": "Microorganisms have a role as gatekeepers for terrestrial carbon fluxes, either causing its release to the atmosphere through their decomposition activities or preventing its release by stabilizing the carbon in a form that cannot be easily decomposed. Although research has focused on microbial sources of greenhouse gas production, somewhat limited attention has been paid to the microbial role in carbon sequestration. However, increasing numbers of reports indicate the importance of incorporating microbial-derived carbon into soil stable carbon pools. Here we investigate microbial residues in a California annual grassland after a continuous 9-year manipulation of three environmental factors (elevated CO(2), warming and nitrogen deposition), singly and in combination. Our results indicate that warming and nitrogen deposition can both alter the fraction of carbon derived from microbes in soils, though for two very different reasons. A reduction in microbial carbon contribution to stable carbon pools may have implications for our predictions of global change impacts on soil stored carbon.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "Hot Temperature", "Nitrogen", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "California", "Carbon", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Amino Acids", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2224"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Communications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/ncomms2224", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/ncomms2224", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/ncomms2224"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-11-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1073/pnas.0932734100", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:18:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-06-24", "title": "Additive Effects Of Simulated Climate Changes, Elevated Co2, And Nitrogen Deposition On Grassland Diversity", "description": "<p>             Biodiversity responses to ongoing climate and atmospheric changes will  affect both ecosystem processes and the delivery of ecosystem goods and  services. Combined effects of co-occurring global changes on diversity,  however, are poorly understood. We examined plant diversity responses in a  California annual grassland to manipulations of four global environmental  changes, singly and in combination: elevated CO             2             , warming,  precipitation, and nitrogen deposition. After 3 years, elevated CO             2             and nitrogen deposition each reduced plant diversity, whereas elevated  precipitation increased it and warming had no significant effect. Diversity  responses to both single and combined global change treatments were driven  overwhelmingly by gains and losses of forb species, which make up most of the  native plant diversity in California grasslands. Diversity responses across  treatments also showed no consistent relationship to net primary production  responses, illustrating that the diversity effects of these environmental  changes could not be explained simply by changes in productivity. In two- to  four-way combinations, simulated global changes did not interact in any of  their effects on diversity. Our results show that climate and atmospheric  changes can rapidly alter biological diversity, with combined effects that, at  least in some settings, are simple, additive combinations of single-factor  effects.           </p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Time Factors", "Ecology", "Atmosphere", "Nitrogen", "Climate", "Temperature", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "California", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ecosystem"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Nona R. Chiariello, M. Rebecca Shaw, Christopher B. Field, Harold A. Mooney, Erika S. Zavaleta,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0932734100"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1073/pnas.0932734100", "name": "item", "description": "10.1073/pnas.0932734100", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1073/pnas.0932734100"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-06-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1093/treephys/25.1.57", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:18:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-01-20", "title": "Forest Thinning And Soil Respiration In A Ponderosa Pine Plantation In The Sierra Nevada", "description": "Soil respiration is controlled by soil temperature, soil water, fine roots, microbial activity, and soil physical and chemical properties. Forest thinning changes soil temperature, soil water content, and root density and activity, and thus changes soil respiration. We measured soil respiration monthly and soil temperature and volumetric soil water continuously in a young ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. Laws. & C. Laws.) plantation in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California from June 1998 to May 2000 (before a thinning that removed 30% of the biomass), and from May to December 2001 (after thinning). Thinning increased the spatial homogeneity of soil temperature and respiration. We conducted a multivariate analysis with two independent variables of soil temperature and water and a categorical variable representing the thinning event to simulate soil respiration and assess the effect of thinning. Thinning did not change the sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature or to water, but decreased total soil respiration by 13% at a given temperature and water content. This decrease in soil respiration was likely associated with the decrease in root density after thinning. With a model driven by continuous soil temperature and water time series, we estimated that total soil respiration was 948, 949 and 831 g C m(-2) year(-1) in the years 1999, 2000 and 2001, respectively. Although thinning reduced soil respiration at a given temperature and water content, because of natural climate variability and the thinning effect on soil temperature and water, actual cumulative soil respiration showed no clear trend following thinning. We conclude that the effect of forest thinning on soil respiration is the combined result of a decrease in root respiration, an increase in soil organic matter, and changes in soil temperature and water due to both thinning and interannual climate variability.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Cell Respiration", "Temperature", "Water", "Forestry", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "California", "Pinus ponderosa", "Trees", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Seasons"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/25.1.57"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Tree%20Physiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1093/treephys/25.1.57", "name": "item", "description": "10.1093/treephys/25.1.57", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1093/treephys/25.1.57"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1094/pdis-08-18-1333-re", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:18:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-02-25", "title": "AtoxigenicAspergillus flavusIsolates Endemic to Almond, Fig, and Pistachio Orchards in California with Potential to Reduce Aflatoxin Contamination in these Crops", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>In California, aflatoxin contamination of almond, fig, and pistachio has become a serious problem in recent years due to long periods of drought and probably other climatic changes. The atoxigenic biocontrol product Aspergillus flavus AF36 has been registered for use to limit aflatoxin contamination of pistachio since 2012 and for use in almond and fig since 2017. New biocontrol technologies employ multiple atoxigenic genotypes because those provide greater benefits than using a single genotype. Almond, fig, and pistachio industries would benefit from a multi-strain biocontrol technology for use in these three crops. Several A. flavus vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) associated with almond, fig, and pistachio composed exclusively of atoxigenic isolates, including the VCG to which AF36 belongs to, YV36, were previously characterized in California. Here, we report additional VCGs associated with either two or all three crops. Representative isolates of 12 atoxigenic VCGs significantly (P &lt; 0.001) reduced (&gt;80%) aflatoxin accumulation in almond and pistachio when challenged with highly toxigenic isolates of A. flavus and A. parasiticus under laboratory conditions. Isolates of the evaluated VCGs, including AF36, constitute valuable endemic, well-adapted, and efficient germplasm to design a multi-crop, multi-strain biocontrol strategy for use in tree crops in California. Availability of such a strategy would favor long-term atoxigenic A. flavus communities across the affected areas of California, and this would result in securing domestic and export markets for the nut crop and fig farmer industries and, most importantly, health benefits to consumers.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "aflatoxins", "0303 health sciences", "almonds", "Food Contamination", "15. Life on land", "Ficus", "Prunus dulcis", "6. Clean water", "California", "03 medical and health sciences", "aspergillus flavus", "Aflatoxins", "13. Climate action", "Pistacia", "pistachios", "Microbial Interactions", "figs", "california", "Aspergillus flavus"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-08-18-1333-RE"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-18-1333-re"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20Disease", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1094/pdis-08-18-1333-re", "name": "item", "description": "10.1094/pdis-08-18-1333-re", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1094/pdis-08-18-1333-re"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01130.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-28T16:18:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-11-02", "title": "Modeling Wildlife And Other Trade-Offs With Biofuel Crop Production", "description": "Abstract<p>Biofuels from agricultural sources are an important part ofCalifornia's strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on foreign oil. Land conversion for agricultural and urban uses has already imperiled many animal species in the state. This study investigated the potential impacts on wildlife of shifts in agricultural activity to increase biomass production for transportation fuels. We applied knowledge of the suitability ofCalifornia's agricultural landscapes for wildlife species to evaluate wildlife effects associated with plausible scenarios of expanded production of three potential biofuel crops (sugar beets, bermudagrass, and canola). We also generated alternative, spatially explicit scenarios that minimized loss of habitat for the same level of biofuel production. We explored trade\uffe2\uff80\uff90offs to compare the marginal changes per unit of energy for transportation costs, wildlife, land and water\uffe2\uff80\uff90use, and total energy produced, and found that all five factors were influenced by crop choice. Sugar beet scenarios require the least land area: 3.5 times less land per liter of gasoline equivalent than bermudagrass and five times less than canola. Canola scenarios had the largest impacts on wildlife but the greatest reduction in water use. Bermudagrass scenarios resulted in a slight overall improvement for wildlife over the current situation. Relatively minor redistribution of lands converted to biofuel crops could produce the same energy yield with much less impact on wildlife and very small increases in transportation costs. This framework provides a means to systematically evaluate potential wildlife impacts of alternative production scenarios and could be a useful complement to other frameworks that assess impacts on ecosystem services and greenhouse gas emissions.</p>", "keywords": ["geographic information systems", "2. Zero hunger", "habitat suitability", "agroecosystems", "Life on Land", "California Wildlife Habitat Relationships system", "Agricultural Biotechnology", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "renewable energy", "7. Clean energy", "biofuels", "12. Responsible consumption", "Climate Action", "biomass feedstock", "trade-offs", "water demand", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Marxan"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt40f8x430/qt40f8x430.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01130.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01130.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01130.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01130.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-11-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1126/science.1075312", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:19:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-12-05", "title": "Grassland Responses To Global Environmental Changes Suppressed By Elevated Co2", "description": "<p>Simulated global changes, including warming, increased precipitation, and nitrogen deposition, alone and in concert, increased net primary production (NPP) in the third year of ecosystem-scale manipulations in a California annual grassland. Elevated carbon dioxide also increased NPP, but only as a single-factor treatment. Across all multifactor manipulations, elevated carbon dioxide suppressed root allocation, decreasing the positive effects of increased temperature, precipitation, and nitrogen deposition on NPP. The NPP responses to interacting global changes differed greatly from simple combinations of single-factor responses. These findings indicate the importance of a multifactor experimental approach to understanding ecosystem responses to global change.</p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "Atmosphere", "Climate", "Temperature", "Carbon Dioxide", "Environment", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "01 natural sciences", "California", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "Biomass", "Weather", "Ecosystem", "Geraniaceae"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Christopher B. Field, Erika S. Zavaleta, Erika S. Zavaleta, Nona R. Chiariello, Harold A. Mooney, Elsa E. Cleland, Elsa E. Cleland, M. Rebecca Shaw,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1075312"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1126/science.1075312", "name": "item", "description": "10.1126/science.1075312", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1126/science.1075312"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-12-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0150256", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-28T16:19:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-02-26", "title": "Management Impacts On Carbon Dynamics In A Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer Forest", "description": "Forest ecosystems can act as sinks of carbon and thus mitigate anthropogenic carbon emissions. When forests are actively managed, treatments can alter forests carbon dynamics, reducing their sink strength and switching them from sinks to sources of carbon. These effects are generally characterized by fast temporal dynamics. Hence this study monitored for over a decade the impacts of management practices commonly used to reduce fire hazards on the carbon dynamics of mixed-conifer forests in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Soil CO2 efflux, carbon pools (i.e. soil carbon, litter, fine roots, tree biomass), and radial tree growth were compared among un-manipulated controls, prescribed fire, thinning, thinning followed by fire, and two clear-cut harvested sites. Soil CO2 efflux was reduced by both fire and harvesting (ca. 15%). Soil carbon content (upper 15 cm) was not significantly changed by harvest or fire treatments. Fine root biomass was reduced by clear-cut harvest (60-70%) but not by fire, and the litter layer was reduced 80% by clear-cut harvest and 40% by fire. Thinning effects on tree growth and biomass were concentrated in the first year after treatments, whereas fire effects persisted over the seven-year post-treatment period. Over this period, tree radial growth was increased (25%) by thinning and reduced (12%) by fire. After seven years, tree biomass returned to pre-treatment levels in both fire and thinning treatments; however, biomass and productivity decreased 30%-40% compared to controls when thinning was combined with fire. The clear-cut treatment had the strongest impact, reducing ecosystem carbon stocks and delaying the capacity for carbon uptake. We conclude that post-treatment carbon dynamics and ecosystem recovery time varied with intensity and type of treatments. Consequently, management practices can be selected to minimize ecosystem carbon losses while increasing future carbon uptake, resilience to high severity fire, and climate related stresses.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "570", "550", "Life on Land", "General Science & Technology", "Science", "Veterinary and Food Sciences", "Forests", "01 natural sciences", "California", "Fires", "Carbon Cycle", "Soil", "Biomass", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Agricultural", "Forestry Sciences", "Q", "R", "Forestry", "Biological Sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Climate Action", "Tracheophyta", "13. Climate action", "Ecological Applications", "Medicine", "Environmental Sciences", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt1xc0j927/qt1xc0j927.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150256"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0150256", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0150256", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0150256"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-02-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0199127", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-28T16:19:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-20", "title": "Fungal communities associated with almond throughout crop development: Implications for aflatoxin biocontrol management in California", "description": "Interactions between pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungal species in the tree canopy are complex and can determine if disease will manifest in the plant and in other organisms such as honey bees. Seasonal dynamics of fungi were studied in an almond orchard in California where experimental release of the atoxigenic biopesticide Aspergillus flavus AF36 to displace toxigenic Aspergillus strains has been conducted for five years. The presence of the vegetative compatibility group (VCG) YV36, to which AF36 belongs, in the blossoms, and the honey bees that attend these blossoms, was assessed. In blossoms, A. flavus frequencies ranged from 0 to 4.5%, depending on the year of study. Frequencies of honey bees carrying A. flavus ranged from 6.5 to 10%. Only one A. flavus isolate recovered from a blossom in 2016 belonged to YV36, while members of the VCG were not detected contaminating honey bees. Exposure of pollinator honey bees to AF36 was detected to be very low. The density of several Aspergillus species was found to increase during almond hull split and throughout the final stages of maturation; this also occurred in pistachio orchards during the maturation period. Additionally, we found that AF36 effectively limited almond aflatoxin contamination in laboratory assays. This study provides knowledge and understanding of the seasonal dynamics of Aspergillus fungi and will help design aflatoxin management strategies for almond. The evidence of the low levels of VCG YV36 encountered on almond blossoms and bees during pollination and AF36's effectiveness in limiting aflatoxin contamination in almond provided additional support for the registration of AF36 with USEPA to use in almond in California.", "keywords": ["honey bees", "Crop and Pasture Production", "Crops", " Agricultural", "0301 basic medicine", "aflatoxins", "570", "General Science & Technology", "Science", "Veterinary and Food Sciences", "Crops", "Food Contamination", "Flowers", "Microbiology", "630", "California", "Trees", "03 medical and health sciences", "aspergillus flavus", "Aflatoxins", "Species Specificity", "Animals", "Nuts", "california", "Pest Control", " Biological", "Pollination", "2. Zero hunger", "Agricultural", "Q", "R", "almonds", "Feeding Behavior", "Biological Sciences", "Bees", "Biological", "Prunus dulcis", "Emerging Infectious Diseases", "Infectious Diseases", "Pistacia", "Food Microbiology", "Medicine", "Pest Control", "Research Article", "Aspergillus flavus", "Mycobiome"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt84b3j5md/qt84b3j5md.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199127"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0199127", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0199127", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0199127"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-06-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2008.0387", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:19:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-10-30", "title": "Nitrogen Deposition Effects On Carbon Storage And Fungal:Bacterial Ratios In Coastal Sage Scrub Soils Of Southern California", "description": "<p>The effects of nitrogen (N) across a deposition gradient on bacterial and fungal degradation pathways were studied in southern California coastal sage scrub soils to determine whether elevated N levels alter microbial community structure and organic matter accumulation. Three sites across an N deposition gradient having low, intermediate, and high levels of atmospheric N deposition were studied for 20 mo. Fungi:bacteria (F:B) biomass ratios were determined by phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Plots at each location included control plots receiving ambient N deposition and treatment plots that were fertilized with an additional 50 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 of slow\uffe2\uff80\uff90release urea. Results showed that organic carbon (C) levels varied seasonally but that F:B ratios were relatively stable and similar across the three locations and over time. Total organic C decreased in response to N additions only at the low N deposition site. The results suggest that organic matter degradation pathways leading to C storage in soils that have been exposed to high levels of atmospheric N deposition are not responsive to additional increases in N and that N effects on organic C in semiarid soils may be significant only in areas with prior low exposure to N pollution.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "Nitrogen", "13. Climate action", "Soil Pollutants", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "California", "Carbon", "Soil Microbiology", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0387"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2008.0387", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2008.0387", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2008.0387"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.25549/uschist-dt-m129331", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:20:24Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Daily Trojan, Vol. 111, No. 14, January 31, 1990", "description": "Daily Trojan, Vol. 111, No. 14, January 31, 1990.", "keywords": ["University of Southern California"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.25549/uschist-dt-m129331"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.25549/uschist-dt-m129331", "name": "item", "description": "10.25549/uschist-dt-m129331", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.25549/uschist-dt-m129331"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.51c59zwgj", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-28T16:21:06Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2024-04-02", "title": "Data from: Evidence for reductions in physical and chemical plant defense traits in island flora", "description": "Open Access# Evidence for Reductions in Physical and Chemical Plant Defense Traits in  Island Flora  [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.51c59zwgj](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.51c59zwgj) This dataset consists of three primary data sources: (1) Morphological and chemical measurements of leaf traits, collected from five taxonomic pairs of chaparral shrubs (*Ceanothus megacarpus*, *Cercocarpus betuloides*, *Dendromecon rigida/harfordii*, *Heteromeles arbutifolia*, *Prunus ilicifolia*) at three sites on the California Channel Islands (Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Santa Catalina) and three sites on the California mainland. (2) Morphological and chemical measurements of the same leaf traits from the same species, but this time measured from plants growing at botanic gardens (3) Morphological, chemical, and biomass data from a common garden experiment with *Stachys bullata*, with genotypes from two islands (Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz) and four mainland locations In addition, our analysis also includes bioclimatic data and local precipitation data accessed from publicly available sources. ## Description of the data and file structure This dataset is organized into two folders: **data_files** and **scripts** --- ***DATA_FILES*** Within the **data_files** folder, there are folders for '**Shrubs**' (corresponding to 1 and 2 above) and '**Stachys**' (corresponding to 3 above). **SHRUBS** The **Shrubs** folder contains one file (**Bowen and Van Vuren Effect Sizes.xlsx**), which summarizes the results from Bowen and Van Vuren (1997 ([https://www.jstor.org/stable/2387407](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2387407), directly as reported in their Tables 2, 3, 4, and 5 in the main text. Variables in this datafile include: 1. Trait - the plant trait that was measured in their study 2. Genus - the taxonomic unit being measured 3. t - the value of the t-statistic from a paired t-test of island vs. mainland samples for a given genus 4. n island - sample size for island plants 5. n mainland - sample size for mainland plants 6. Cohen's D - derived value that expresses insularity effect size for a given measure The **Shrubs** folder also contains four subfolders: **Cyanide**, **Images**, **Mapping**, and **Morphology** The **Cyanide** folder contains two files: 1. **cyanide_calibration.csv** - file containing measurements used to define calibration curve for quantifying evolved HCN from leaf tissue. 1. conc = concentration of potassium cyanide (KCN) standard used in calibration (mg/L) 2. abs = absorbance value returned by VWR V-1200 spectrometer, measured at 510 nm 2. **cyanide_measurements.csv** - file containing measurements of evolved HCN from field and botanic garden leaf tissue. PlantID values are the same as those reported for all other morphological measurements. 'NA' values in this dataset correspond to samples whose absorbance values were outside the range of our calibration curve or that were otherwise not suitable to include in analysis. 1. Age = whether leaf tissue was newly expanded ('young') or mature ('old') 2. Tissue_Mass = amount of frozen tissue used in assay (mg) 3. Dilution 1 = amount of water (mL) into which evolved HCN (in NaOH) was added prior to titration with citric acid. This value is 30 mL for all samples. 4. Dilution 2 = dilution factor. Here, a value of 1 means that 5 mL of citrate buffer was mixed with 5 mL water (1:1 ratio) and used in the subsequent reaction. A value of 10 means that 1 mL of citrate buffer was mixed with 10 mL water (1:10 ratio). 5. Sample Concentration = concentration of HCN in sample (mg/L), calculated using the calibration curve above. Samples with absorbance values above 0.500 were omitted and re-measured at reduced concentration, as this was beyond the concentration limit recommended by the manufacturer instructions. 6. Tissue Concentration = value relating dilution factor and sample mass to sample concentration. Expressed in milligrams of HCN per gram of leaf tissue. The **Images** folder contains all scanned leaf images (n = 626). File names correspond to plant species, plant ID, sampling site, and canopy position (see chaparral_leaf_morphology.csv below for a full description). So, for example, CMEG44_SMM_Upper refers to Ceanothus megacarpus, Plant ID = 44, sampled from the Santa Monica Mountains (SMM), upper canopy. Note also that each leaf within each image is individually numbered. The **Mapping** folder contains two files: 1. **shrubs_coordinates.csv** - contains coordinates and elevation for all field-sampled plants, recorded using a handheld Garmin GPS unit 2. **site_coordinates.csv** - contains broad site-level coordinates used for making map in Figure 1 The **Morphology** folder contains two files: 1. **chaparral_leaf_morphology.csv** - the primary datafile for this study, with each row (n = 5665) corresponding to a single leaf. For a visual depiction of the measurement protocol, see Supplemental Figures. Leaf measurements reported as NA generally correspond to leaves that were severely damaged, from which measurements could be reliably taken. 1. Index = sorting variable 2. IM = refers to whether a given plant was growing at an island or mainland site 3. Source = the original provenance of a given plant. For all field-sampled plants, the value here is the same as the value for 'Site' 4. Site = the location where plants were sampled. Includes all field sampling locations as well as the two botanic gardens 5. Exclosure = yes/no variable, only relevant to Catalina Island, describing whether sampled plant was inside of a deer exclosure 6. Species = taxon being measured 7. Plant = Plant ID, a unique value for each individual plant. Note that botanic garden samples have their own non-integer codes, and for Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, these codes can be cross-referenced against the garden's living collections 8. Position = refers to whether a sampled branch came from the upper (&gt;2m) or lower portion of the plant's canopy 9. Aspect = recorded from the Garmin GPS, refers to predominant downward slope direction. Not recorded for botanic garden plants (marked as NA) or for plants from completely flat ground. 10. Elevation = elevation in meters of sampled plants 11. Diameter1 = diameter (cm) of the primary plant trunk at 0.25m (NA means that stem could not be reliably measured) 12. Diameter2 = diameter (cm) of any secondary plant trunk at 0.25m (only applicable for multi-stemmed plants; NA means that stem could not be reliably measured) 13. Stem_Area = derived measure of stem area (cm^2), based on trunk diameter, used as a rough proxy for plant age (NA means that stem could not be reliably measured) 14. 1st_year = refers to whether an individual leaf was newly emerged growth (1) or fully expanded and mature (0) 15. Leaf_ID = corresponds to the numbers in each leaf scan; identifies each individual leaf from a given branch 16. Leaf_Length = leaf length (cm) along its primary axis, excluding the petiole 17. Leaf_Area_petiole = leaf area (cm^2), including the petiole 18. Leaf_Area_no.petiole = leaf area (cm^2), excluding the petiole 19. Internal_area_correction = cumulative area of any 'holes' missing within the leaf perimeter (cm^2) 20. True_area = Leaf_Area_no.petiole minus Internal_area_correction (cm^2) 21. Leaf_area_corrected = leaf area, after manually filling in gaps missing due to presumed herbivore damage (cm^2) 22. Leaf_area_corrected_final = Leaf_area_corrected minus Internal_area_correction (cm^2) 23. Area_no_spines = leaf area after connecting vertices created by leaf spines (cm^2), using to calculate spinescence (%) 2. **shrub_leaf_masses.csv** - cumulative mass (g) of fully expanded leaf tissue from each branch, summed across all individual leaves. Used for calculating specific leaf area (SLA). **STACHYS** The **Stachys** folder contains three subfolders: **Chemistry**, **Morphology**, and **Setup** The **Chemistry** folder contains two files and one sub-directory: 1. **stachys_chromatograms** contains raw GC-MS readout for six leaf chemistry samples. Within each of the corresponding subfolders, the tic_front.csv file was used to generate the chromatograms shown in Figure 6A. 2. **stachys_compound_list.csv** is the full list of compounds detected in our samples. RT refers to the retention time (in minutes) of each compound. Identifications are putative. 3. **stachys_leaf_vocs.csv** is the full data matrix of leaf volatile compounds, with each sample as its own row and data columns each corresponding to a single compound. Values in this data matrix correspond to integrated peak areas, which are a proxy for the abundance of each compound. The **Morphology** folder contains two files: 1. **Anet-stbu.xlsx** contains gas exchange measurements for 26 plants measured in the common garden. The gas exchange column is net carbon assimilation, expressed as CO2 uptake per unit time per unit leaf area (\u00b5mol of CO2 m-2 s-1). 2. **sla_sbbg.csv** contains specific leaf area measurements for *Stachys* plants in the common garden. Note that plant #54 had died by the time of data collection, hence its values of NA across all columns. 1. ID = individual plant ID 2. SLA = cumulative area/ cumulative mass (cm^2/g) 3. leaves = refers to the number of leaves used for generating SLA measurement 4. area/leaf = cumulative area/ leaf number (cm^2/leaf) The **Setup** folder contains three files: 1. **321dailys.xls** is a file containing annual precipitation records (inches) for the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, accessed from: [https://www.countyofsb.org/2328/Daily-Rainfall-Data-XLS](https://www.countyofsb.org/2328/Daily-Rainfall-Data-XLS) 2. **Field_Setup_SBBG.csv** is the primary file containing details on the primary garden experiment. Note that samples with masses recorded as NA were either dead at the time of sampling. Plants grown on Santa Cruz Island have values of NA for row and column, as this common garden was not arranged in a grid. 1. Index = individual plant ID 2. Population = provenance of plant 3. Garden = whether plants were grown at the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden (primary common garden site) or at the field station on Santa Cruz Island (secondary garden location with only Santa Cruz genotypes) 4. Genotype = identifier given to field-collected rhizomes, which were then propagated and split prior to planting out 5. Cumulative_Mass = mass (g) of paper bag and all of its contents, used for measuring end-of-season plant aboveground biomass 6. Bag_Mass = mass (g) of bag itself (without its contents) 7. Inside_Bag_Mass = mass (g) of smaller paper bags contained within larger bags, including all of their contents. Though not analyzed, these inside bags included all plant biomass collected from outside of the gopher cage that plants were growing in. 8. Inside_Bag_Only_Mass = as above, mass (g) of inner bag itself (without its contents) 9. Year = whether biomass was collected in 2016 or 2017 10. Row = grid location within common garden. Row 1 was at the bottom of the slope shown in Figure 2. 11. Column = grid location within common garden. 3. **stachys_coordinates.csv** contains coordinates for the six collecting sites, used to make the map in Figure 2. --- ***SCRIPTS*** All analyses for this project were conducted in the R programming language (version 4.1.3). Scripts used for analysis are arranged in two folders: **Shrubs** and **Stachys** The **Shrubs** folder contains the following scripts: 1. **coordinates_shrubs_stachys.R** - script used for generating all maps, including those in Figures 1 and 2 and the Google Earth maps in the supplementary figures 2. **cyanide_calibration.R** - script for plotting the calibration curve for relating evolved absorbance values to evolved HCN 3. **shrub_leaf_morphology_chemistry.R** - primary analysis script for manuscript, containing all major statistical analyses and plotting 4. **shrubs_BioClim.R** - script used for extracting bioclimatic data for field-sampled plants; containing code generating climate figures shown in supplementary materials The **Stachys** folder contains the following scripts: 1. **sbbg_precip_data.R** - very short script for summarizing water year totals for 2017 at the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden 2. **stachys_analysis.R** - primary script for generating all analyses and figures for *Stachys* common garden data 3. **stbu_gas_exchange.R** - script for analyzing gas exchange in common garden *Stachys* Note that for recreating some analyses and figures, users will need a Google Maps API key and will need to download data from the bioclim database. --- ## Sharing/Access information Data, code, and figures associated with this project are also available on GitHub at the following link: [https://github.com/micahfreedman/manuscripts/tree/master/Island_Mainland](https://github.com/micahfreedman/manuscripts/tree/master/Island_Mainland)", "keywords": ["Islands", "Morphology", "Dendromecon", "cyanogenic glycosides", "Ecology", "Terpenes", "Cercocarpus", "California Channel Islands", "Chemical ecology", "marginal spines", "Specific leaf area", "Plant science", "Heteromeles", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Stachys", "Other", "Prunus", "Herbivory", "Plant defenses", "Plant-herbivore interactions", "Ceanothus", "Ecology", " Evolution", " Behavior and Systematics"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Freedman, Micah", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.51c59zwgj"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.51c59zwgj", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.51c59zwgj", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.51c59zwgj"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-12-753-2020", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:21:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-10-07", "title": "A pan-African high-resolution drought index dataset", "description": "<p>Abstract. Droughts in Africa cause severe problems such as crop failure, food shortages, famine, epidemics and even mass migration. To minimize the effects of drought on water and food security over Africa, a high-resolution drought dataset is essential to establish robust drought hazard probabilities and to assess drought vulnerability considering a multi- and cross-sectorial perspective that includes crops, hydrological systems, rangeland, and environmental systems. Such assessments are essential for policy makers, their advisors, and other stakeholders to respond to the pressing humanitarian issues caused by these environmental hazards. In this study, a high spatial resolution Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) drought dataset is presented to support these assessments. We compute historical SPEI data based on Climate Hazards group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) precipitation estimates and Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) potential evaporation estimates. The high resolution SPEI dataset (SPEI-HR) presented here spans from 1981 to 2016 (36 years) with 5\uffe2\uff80\uff89km spatial resolution over the whole Africa. To facilitate the diagnosis of droughts of different durations, accumulation periods from 1 to 48 months are provided. The quality of the resulting dataset was compared with coarse-resolution SPEI based on Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Time-Series (TS) datasets, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) calculated from the Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling System (GIMMS) project, as well as with root zone soil moisture modelled by GLEAM. Agreement found between coarse resolution SPEI from CRU TS (SPEI-CRU) and the developed SPEI-HR provides confidence in the estimation of temporal and spatial variability of droughts in Africa with SPEI-HR. In addition, agreement of SPEI-HR versus NDVI and root zone soil moisture \uffe2\uff80\uff93 with average correlation coefficient (R) of 0.54 and 0.77, respectively \uffe2\uff80\uff93 further implies that SPEI-HR can provide valuable information to study drought-related processes and societal impacts at sub-basin and district scales in Africa. The dataset is archived in Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) with link: https://doi.org/10.5285/bbdfd09a04304158b366777eba0d2aeb (Peng et al., 2019a)                         </p>", "keywords": ["CALIFORNIA DROUGHT", "IMPACTS", "2. Zero hunger", "QE1-996.5", "EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", "GLOBAL ASSESSMENT", "WATER-RESOURCES", "DATA PRODUCTS", "0207 environmental engineering", "1. No poverty", "Geology", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Environmental sciences", "PRECIPITATION CLIMATOLOGY CENTER", "DATA SETS", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "GREATER HORN", "11. Sustainability", "GE1-350", "SATELLITE", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/12/753/2020/essd-12-753-2020.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-753-2020"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%20System%20Science%20Data", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-12-753-2020", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-12-753-2020", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-12-753-2020"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-10-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.6078/D1DD85", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:23:29Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "DayCent simulations for California annual grasslands: Monthly data outputs", "description": "unspecifiedComposted manure and green waste amendments have been shown to increase  net carbon (C) sequestration in rangeland soils and have been proposed as  a means to help lower atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, the effect  of climate change on soil organic C (SOC) stocks and greenhouse gas  emissions in rangelands is not well understood, and the viability of  climate change mitigation strategies under future conditions is even less  certain. We used a process-based biogeochemical model (DayCent) at a daily  timestep to explore the long-term effects of potential future climate  changes on C and greenhouse gas dynamics in annual grassland ecosystems.  We then used the model to explore how the same ecosystems might respond to  climate change following compost amendments to soils and determined the  long-term viability of net SOC sequestration under changing climates. We  simulated net primary productivity (NPP), SOC, and greenhouse gas fluxes  across seven California annual grasslands with and without compost  amendments. We drove the DayCent simulations with field data and with  site-specific daily climate data from two Earth system models (CanESM2 and  HadGEM-ES) and two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and  RCP8.5) through 2100. Net primary productivity and SOC stocks in unamended  and amended ecosystems were surprisingly insensitive to projected climate  changes. A one-time amendment of compost to rangeland acted as a  slow-release organic fertilizer and increased NPP by up to 390\u2013814 kg C  ha-1 y-1 across sites. The amendment effect on NPP was not sensitive to  Earth system model or emissions scenario and endured through the end of  the century. Net SOC sequestration amounted to 1.96 \u00b1 0.02 Mg C ha-1  relative to unamended soils at the maximum amendment effect. Averaged  across sites and scenarios, SOC sequestration peaked 22 \u00b1 1 years after  amendment and declined but remained positive throughout the century. While  compost stimulated nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, the cumulative net  emissions (in CO2 equivalents) due to compost were far less than the  amount of SOC sequestered. Compost amendments resulted in a net climate  benefit of 69.6 \u00b1 0.5 Tg CO2e 20 \u00b1 1 years after amendment if applied to  similar ecosystems across the state, amounting to 39% of California\u2019s  rangeland. These results suggest that the biogeochemical benefits of a  single amendment of compost to rangelands in California is insensitive to  future climate change and could contribute to decadal-scale climate  mitigation goals alongside emissions reductions.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "compost", "HadGEM2-ES", "15. Life on land", "California", "12. Responsible consumption", "soil organic carbon", "DayCent", "CanESM2", "RCP8.5", "13. Climate action", "RCP4.5", "nitrous oxide (N2O)", "FOS: Natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Mayer, Allegra, Silver, Whendee,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.6078/D1DD85"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.6078/D1DD85", "name": "item", "description": "10.6078/D1DD85", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.6078/D1DD85"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.6085/aa/lndxxx_013mtbd012r00_20040330.50.3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-28T16:23:36Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "PISCO: Physical Oceanography: moored temperature data: East Anacapa Island, California, USA (LND)", "description": "This metadata record describes moored seawater temperature data collected at East Anacapa Island, California, USA, by PISCO. Measurements were collected using StowAway Tidbit Temperature Loggers (Onset Computer Corp. TBIC32+4+27) beginning 2004-03-30. The instrument depth was 012 meters, in an overall water depth of 013 meters (both relative to Mean Sea Level, MSL). The sampling interval was 2.0 minutes.", "keywords": ["EARTH SCIENCE: Oceans: Bathymetry/Seafloor Topography: Continental Margins", "continental shelf", "temperature", "Moored Temperature Data", "14. Life underwater", "PISCO", "United States of America", "California", "EARTH SCIENCE : Oceans : Ocean Temperature : Water Temperature", "Oceanographic Sensor Data", "seawater"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Partnership For Interdisciplinary Studies Of Coastal Oceans (PISCO), Washburn, Libe,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.6085/aa/lndxxx_013mtbd012r00_20040330.50.3"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.6085/aa/lndxxx_013mtbd012r00_20040330.50.3", "name": "item", "description": "10.6085/aa/lndxxx_013mtbd012r00_20040330.50.3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.6085/aa/lndxxx_013mtbd012r00_20040330.50.3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.6085/aa/shb001_021mxti005r00_20051214.50.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-28T16:23:36Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "PISCO: Physical Oceanography: moored temperature data: Sand Hill Bluff, California, USA (SHB001)", "description": "This metadata record describes moored seawater temperature data collected at Sand Hill Bluff, California, USA, by PISCO. Measurements were collected using a StowAway XTI Temperature Logger (Onset Computer Corp. XTI32-05+37) beginning 2005-12-14. The instrument depth was 005 meters, in an overall water depth of 21 meters (both relative to Mean Sea Level, MSL). The sampling interval was -14.2 minutes.", "keywords": ["EARTH SCIENCE: Oceans: Bathymetry/Seafloor Topography: Continental Margins", "continental shelf", "temperature", "Moored Temperature Data", "14. Life underwater", "PISCO", "United States of America", "California", "EARTH SCIENCE : Oceans : Ocean Temperature : Water Temperature", "Oceanographic Sensor Data", "seawater"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Partnership For Interdisciplinary Studies Of Coastal Oceans (PISCO), McManus, Margaret,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.6085/aa/shb001_021mxti005r00_20051214.50.1"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.6085/aa/shb001_021mxti005r00_20051214.50.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.6085/aa/shb001_021mxti005r00_20051214.50.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.6085/aa/shb001_021mxti005r00_20051214.50.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10568/96134", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:23:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-20", "title": "Fungal communities associated with almond throughout crop development: Implications for aflatoxin biocontrol management in California", "description": "Interactions between pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungal species in the tree canopy are complex and can determine if disease will manifest in the plant and in other organisms such as honey bees. Seasonal dynamics of fungi were studied in an almond orchard in California where experimental release of the atoxigenic biopesticide Aspergillus flavus AF36 to displace toxigenic Aspergillus strains has been conducted for five years. The presence of the vegetative compatibility group (VCG) YV36, to which AF36 belongs, in the blossoms, and the honey bees that attend these blossoms, was assessed. In blossoms, A. flavus frequencies ranged from 0 to 4.5%, depending on the year of study. Frequencies of honey bees carrying A. flavus ranged from 6.5 to 10%. Only one A. flavus isolate recovered from a blossom in 2016 belonged to YV36, while members of the VCG were not detected contaminating honey bees. Exposure of pollinator honey bees to AF36 was detected to be very low. The density of several Aspergillus species was found to increase during almond hull split and throughout the final stages of maturation; this also occurred in pistachio orchards during the maturation period. Additionally, we found that AF36 effectively limited almond aflatoxin contamination in laboratory assays. This study provides knowledge and understanding of the seasonal dynamics of Aspergillus fungi and will help design aflatoxin management strategies for almond. The evidence of the low levels of VCG YV36 encountered on almond blossoms and bees during pollination and AF36's effectiveness in limiting aflatoxin contamination in almond provided additional support for the registration of AF36 with USEPA to use in almond in California.", "keywords": ["honey bees", "Crop and Pasture Production", "Crops", " Agricultural", "0301 basic medicine", "aflatoxins", "570", "General Science & Technology", "Science", "Veterinary and Food Sciences", "Crops", "Food Contamination", "Flowers", "Microbiology", "630", "California", "Trees", "03 medical and health sciences", "aspergillus flavus", "Aflatoxins", "Species Specificity", "Animals", "Nuts", "california", "Pest Control", " Biological", "Pollination", "2. Zero hunger", "Agricultural", "Q", "R", "almonds", "Feeding Behavior", "Biological Sciences", "Bees", "Biological", "Prunus dulcis", "Emerging Infectious Diseases", "Infectious Diseases", "Pistacia", "Food Microbiology", "Medicine", "Pest Control", "Research Article", "Aspergillus flavus", "Mycobiome"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt84b3j5md/qt84b3j5md.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10568/96134"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10568/96134", "name": "item", "description": "10568/96134", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10568/96134"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-06-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10568/100306", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:23:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-02-25", "title": "AtoxigenicAspergillus flavusIsolates Endemic to Almond, Fig, and Pistachio Orchards in California with Potential to Reduce Aflatoxin Contamination in these Crops", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>In California, aflatoxin contamination of almond, fig, and pistachio has become a serious problem in recent years due to long periods of drought and probably other climatic changes. The atoxigenic biocontrol product Aspergillus flavus AF36 has been registered for use to limit aflatoxin contamination of pistachio since 2012 and for use in almond and fig since 2017. New biocontrol technologies employ multiple atoxigenic genotypes because those provide greater benefits than using a single genotype. Almond, fig, and pistachio industries would benefit from a multi-strain biocontrol technology for use in these three crops. Several A. flavus vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) associated with almond, fig, and pistachio composed exclusively of atoxigenic isolates, including the VCG to which AF36 belongs to, YV36, were previously characterized in California. Here, we report additional VCGs associated with either two or all three crops. Representative isolates of 12 atoxigenic VCGs significantly (P &lt; 0.001) reduced (&gt;80%) aflatoxin accumulation in almond and pistachio when challenged with highly toxigenic isolates of A. flavus and A. parasiticus under laboratory conditions. Isolates of the evaluated VCGs, including AF36, constitute valuable endemic, well-adapted, and efficient germplasm to design a multi-crop, multi-strain biocontrol strategy for use in tree crops in California. Availability of such a strategy would favor long-term atoxigenic A. flavus communities across the affected areas of California, and this would result in securing domestic and export markets for the nut crop and fig farmer industries and, most importantly, health benefits to consumers.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "aflatoxins", "0303 health sciences", "almonds", "Food Contamination", "15. Life on land", "Ficus", "Prunus dulcis", "6. Clean water", "California", "03 medical and health sciences", "aspergillus flavus", "Aflatoxins", "13. Climate action", "Pistacia", "pistachios", "Microbial Interactions", "figs", "california", "Aspergillus flavus"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-08-18-1333-RE"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10568/100306"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20Disease", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10568/100306", "name": "item", "description": "10568/100306", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10568/100306"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=California&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=California&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=California&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=California&offset=22", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 22, "numberReturned": 22, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-07-28T22:07:29.104877Z"}