Numerous drivers such as farming practices, erosion, land-use change, and soil biogeochemical background, determine the global spatial distribution of phosphorus (P) in agricultural soils. Here, we revised an approach published earlier (called here GPASOIL-v0), in which several global datasets describing these drivers were combined with a process model for soil P dynamics to reconstruct the past and current distribution of P in cropland and grassland soils. The objective of the present update, called GPASOIL-v1, is to incorporate recent advances in process understanding about soil inorganic P dynamics, in datasets to describe the different drivers, and in regional soil P measurements for benchmarking. We trace the impact of the update on the reconstructed soil P. After the update we estimate a global averaged inorganic labile P of 187 kgP ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for cropland and 91 kgP ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for grassland in 2018 for the top 0\uffe2\uff80\uff930.3\uffe2\uff80\uff89m soil layer, but these values are sensitive to the mineralization rates chosen for the organic P pools. Uncertainty in the driver estimates lead to coefficients of variation of 0.22 and 0.54 for cropland and grassland, respectively. This work makes the methods for simulating the agricultural soil P maps more transparent and reproducible than previous estimates, and increases the confidence in the new estimates, while the evaluation against regional dataset still suggests rooms for further improvement.The tremendous reservoir of soil organic carbon (SOC) in wetlands is being threatened by water-table decline (WTD) globally. However, the SOC response to WTD remains highly uncertain. Here we examine the under-investigated role of iron (Fe) in mediating soil enzyme activity and lignin stabilization in a mesocosm WTD experiment in an alpine wetland. In contrast to the classic \uffe2\uff80\uff98enzyme latch\uffe2\uff80\uff99 theory, phenol oxidative activity is mainly controlled by ferrous iron [Fe(II)] and declines with WTD, leading to an accumulation of dissolvable aromatics and a reduced activity of hydrolytic enzyme. Furthermore, using dithionite to remove Fe oxides, we observe a significant increase of Fe-protected lignin phenols in the air-exposed soils. Fe oxidation hence acts as an \uffe2\uff80\uff98iron gate\uffe2\uff80\uff99 against the \uffe2\uff80\uff98enzyme latch\uffe2\uff80\uff99 in regulating wetland SOC dynamics under oxygen exposure. This newly recognized mechanism may be key to predicting wetland soil carbon storage with intensified WTD in a changing climate.
", "keywords": ["Composite material", "Science", "Soil Science", "Organic chemistry", "Carbon Dynamics in Peatland Ecosystems", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "Environmental science", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Importance of Mangrove Ecosystems in Coastal Protection", "Soil water", "Carbon fibers", "Soil Carbon Sequestration", "Biology", "Groundwater", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Soil science", "Ecology", "Q", "Life Sciences", "Composite number", "Geology", "Mesocosm", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil carbon", "Materials science", "6. Clean water", "Water table", "Chemistry", "Geotechnical engineering", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Wetland", "Environmental chemistry", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Ferrous"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15972"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Communications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/ncomms15972", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/ncomms15972", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/ncomms15972"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-06-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/ncomms3576", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:20:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-10-15", "title": "Earthworms Facilitate Carbon Sequestration Through Unequal Amplification Of Carbon Stabilization Compared With Mineralization", "description": "A recent review concluded that earthworm presence increases CO\u2082 emissions by 33% but does not affect soil organic carbon stocks. However, the findings are controversial and raise new questions. Here we hypothesize that neither an increase in CO\u2082 emission nor in stabilized carbon would entirely reflect the earthworms' contribution to net carbon sequestration. We show how two widespread earthworm invaders affect net carbon sequestration through impacts on the balance of carbon mineralization and carbon stabilization. Earthworms accelerate carbon activation and induce unequal amplification of carbon stabilization compared with carbon mineralization, which generates an earthworm-mediated 'carbon trap'. We introduce the new concept of sequestration quotient to quantify the unequal processes. The patterns of CO\u2082 emission and net carbon sequestration are predictable by comparing sequestration quotient values between treatments with and without earthworms. This study clarifies an ecological mechanism by which earthworms may regulate the terrestrial carbon sink.", "keywords": ["Carbon Sequestration", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Oligochaeta", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3576"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Communications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/ncomms3576", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/ncomms3576", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/ncomms3576"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-10-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/ngeo844", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:20:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-04-25", "title": "Reduction of forest soil respiration in response to nitrogen deposition", "description": "The use of fossil fuels and fertilizers has increased the amount of biologically reactive nitrogen in the atmosphere over the past century. As a consequence, forests in industrialized regions have experienced greater rates of nitrogen deposition in recent decades. This unintended fertilization has stimulated forest growth, but has also affected soil microbial activity, and thus the recycling of soil carbon and nutrients. A meta-analysis suggests that nitrogen deposition impedes organic matter decomposition, and thus stimulates carbon sequestration, in temperate forest soils where nitrogen is not limiting microbial growth. The concomitant reduction in soil carbon emissions is substantial, and equivalent in magnitude to the amount of carbon taken up by trees owing to nitrogen fertilization. As atmospheric nitrogen levels continue to rise, increased nitrogen deposition could spread to older, more weathered soils, as found in the tropics; however, soil carbon cycling in tropical forests cannot yet be assessed", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "570", "EUROPEAN FORESTS", "NORTHERN HARDWOOD FORESTS", "ORGANIC-MATTER DECOMPOSITION", "MICROBIAL BIOMASS", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "LITTER DECOMPOSITION", "BOREAL FOREST", "TEMPERATE FOREST", "Soils Nitrogen content", "CARBON SEQUESTRATION", "13. Climate action", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil aeration Environmental aspects", "HUMIC SUBSTANCES", "Forest ecology", "ATMOSPHERIC NITRATE DEPOSITION"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo844"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Geoscience", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/ngeo844", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/ngeo844", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/ngeo844"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-04-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41467-019-11993-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:20:13Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-09-04", "title": "Plant roots increase both decomposition and stable organic matter formation in boreal forest soil", "description": "AbstractBoreal forests are ecosystems with low nitrogen (N) availability that store globally significant amounts of carbon (C), mainly in plant biomass and soil organic matter (SOM). Although crucial for future climate change predictions, the mechanisms controlling boreal C and N pools are not well understood. Here, using a three-year field experiment, we compare SOM decomposition and stabilization in the presence of roots, with exclusion of roots but presence of fungal hyphae and with exclusion of both roots and fungal hyphae. Roots accelerate SOM decomposition compared to the root exclusion treatments, but also promote a different soil N economy with higher concentrations of organic soil N compared to inorganic soil N accompanied with the build-up of stable SOM-N. In contrast, root exclusion leads to an inorganic soil N economy (i.e., high level of inorganic N) with reduced stable SOM-N build-up. Based on our findings, we provide a framework on how plant roots affect SOM decomposition and stabilization.
", "keywords": ["roots", "0106 biological sciences", "330", "Nitrogen", "Science", "ta1171", "Hyphae", "Models", " Biological", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "LITTER DECOMPOSITION", "Soil", "POLYPHENOLS", "CARBON SEQUESTRATION", "soil organic matter", "Taiga", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "SUGAR MAPLE", "Biomass", "Organic Chemicals", "forest ecology", "106026 Ecosystem research", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "TANNINS", "2. Zero hunger", "106022 Mikrobiologie", "ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI", "MYCORRHIZA", "Q", "ta1182", "Forestry", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Environmental sciences", "NITROGEN", "Boreal forests", "106026 \u00d6kosystemforschung", "13. Climate action", "SDG 13 \u2013 Ma\u00dfnahmen zum Klimaschutz", "106022 Microbiology", "ta1181", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "COMMUNITIES", "STORAGE"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11993-1.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11993-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Communications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41467-019-11993-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41467-019-11993-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41467-019-11993-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-09-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41467-022-31540-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:20:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-07-01", "title": "Global stocks and capacity of mineral-associated soil organic carbon", "description": "AbstractSoil is the largest terrestrial reservoir of organic carbon and is central for climate change mitigation and carbon-climate feedbacks. Chemical and physical associations of soil carbon with minerals play a critical role in carbon storage, but the amount and global capacity for storage in this form remain unquantified. Here, we produce spatially-resolved global estimates of mineral-associated organic carbon stocks and carbon-storage capacity by analyzing 1144 globally-distributed soil profiles. We show that current stocks total 899 Pg C to a depth of 1\uffe2\uff80\uff89m in non-permafrost mineral soils. Although this constitutes 66% and 70% of soil carbon in surface and deeper layers, respectively, it is only 42% and 21% of the mineralogical capacity. Regions under agricultural management and deeper soil layers show the largest undersaturation of mineral-associated carbon. Critically, the degree of undersaturation indicates sequestration efficiency over years to decades. We show that, across 103 carbon-accrual measurements spanning management interventions globally, soils furthest from their mineralogical capacity are more effective at accruing carbon; sequestration rates average 3-times higher in soils at one tenth of their capacity compared to soils at one half of their capacity. Our findings provide insights into the world\uffe2\uff80\uff99s soils, their capacity to store carbon, and priority regions and actions for soil carbon management.<p>Plant litter chemistry is altered during decomposition but it remains unknown if these alterations, and thus the composition of residual litter, will change in response to climate. Selective microbial mineralization of litter components and the accumulation of microbial necromass can drive litter compositional change, but the extent to which these mechanisms respond to climate remains poorly understood. We addressed this knowledge gap by studying needle litter decomposition along a boreal forest climate transect. Specifically, we investigated how the composition and/or metabolism of the decomposer community varies with climate, and if that variation is associated with distinct modifications of litter chemistry during decomposition. We analyzed the composition of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) in the litter layer and measured natural abundance &#948;<sup>13</sup>C<sub>PLFA</sub> values as an integrated measure of microbial metabolisms. Changes in litter chemistry and &#948;<sup>13</sup>C values were measured in litterbag experiments conducted at each transect site. A warmer climate was associated with higher litter nitrogen concentrations as well as altered microbial community structure (lower fungi:bacteria ratios) and microbial metabolism (higher &#948;<sup>13</sup>C<sub>PLFA</sub>). Litter in warmer transect regions accumulated less aliphatic&#8208;C (lipids, waxes) and retained more O&#8208;alkyl&#8208;C (carbohydrates), consistent with enhanced <sup>13</sup>C&#8208;enrichment in residual litter, than in colder regions. These results suggest that chemical changes during litter decomposition will change with climate, driven primarily by indirect climate effects (e.g., greater nitrogen availability and decreased fungi:bacteria ratios) rather than direct temperature effects. A positive correlation between microbial biomass &#948;<sup>13</sup>C values and <sup>13</sup>C&#8208;enrichment during decomposition suggests that change in litter chemistry is driven more by distinct microbial necromass inputs than differences in the selective removal of litter components. Our study highlights the role that microbial inputs during early litter decomposition can play in shaping surface litter contribution to soil organic matter as it responds to climate warming effects such as greater nitrogen availability.</p>
", "keywords": ["DECOMPOSITION", "C-13", "CP‐", "necromass", "litter decomposition", "COMMUNITY COMPOSITION", "Soil", "CARBON SEQUESTRATION", "Taiga", "boreal forest", "bacteria", "C-13 NMR", "TEMPERATURE", "Biochemistry", " cell and molecular biology", "Soil Microbiology", "FUNGAL", "2. Zero hunger", "MAS C-13‐", "Fungi", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "NMR", "6. Clean water", "climate transect", "Plant Leaves", "13. Climate action", "FOREST SOILS", "PLFA", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "fungi", "FATTY-ACIDS", "BULK CARBON", "LIGNIN"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.15420"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15420"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.15420", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.15420", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.15420"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-11-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41586-021-03629-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:20:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-07-14", "title": "Amazonia as a carbon source linked to deforestation and climate change", "description": "Amazonia hosts the Earth's largest tropical forests and has been shown to be an important carbon sink over recent decades1-3. This carbon sink seems to be in decline, however, as a result of factors such as deforestation and climate change1-3. Here we investigate Amazonia's carbon budget and the main drivers responsible for its change into a carbon source. We performed 590 aircraft vertical profiling measurements of lower-tropospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide at four sites in Amazonia from 2010 to 20184. We find that total carbon emissions are greater in eastern Amazonia than in the western part, mostly as a result of spatial differences in carbon-monoxide-derived fire emissions. Southeastern Amazonia, in particular, acts as a net carbon source (total carbon flux minus fire emissions) to the atmosphere. Over the past 40 years, eastern Amazonia has been subjected to more deforestation, warming and moisture stress than the western part, especially during the dry season, with the southeast experiencing the strongest trends5-9. We explore the effect of climate change and deforestation trends on carbon emissions at our study sites, and find that the intensification of the dry season and an increase in deforestation seem to promote ecosystem stress, increase in fire occurrence, and higher carbon emissions in the eastern Amazon. This is in line with recent studies that indicate an increase in tree mortality and a reduction in photosynthesis as a result of climatic changes across Amazonia1,10.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "Carbon Monoxide", "Carbon Sequestration", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "Atmosphere", "Climate Change", "Rain", "Temperature", "Carbon Dioxide", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon Cycle", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Life Science", "Human Activities", "Seasons", "Photosynthesis", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03629-6.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03629-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41586-021-03629-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41586-021-03629-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41586-021-03629-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-07-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41586-022-04737-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-25T16:20:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-05-18", "title": "Tropical tree mortality has increased with rising atmospheric water stress", "description": "Evidence exists that tree mortality is accelerating in some regions of the tropics1,2, with profound consequences for the future of the tropical carbon sink and the global anthropogenic carbon budget left to limit peak global warming below 2\u2009\u00b0C. However, the mechanisms that may be driving such mortality changes and whether particular species are especially vulnerable remain unclear3-8. Here we analyse a 49-year record of tree dynamics from 24 old-growth forest plots encompassing a broad climatic gradient across the Australian moist tropics and find that annual tree mortality risk has, on average, doubled across all plots and species over the last 35\u00a0years, indicating a potential halving in life expectancy and carbon residence time. Associated losses in biomass were not offset by gains from growth and recruitment. Plots in less moist local climates presented higher average mortality risk, but local mean climate did not predict the pace of temporal increase in mortality risk. Species varied in the trajectories of their mortality risk, with the highest average risk found nearer to the upper end of the atmospheric vapour pressure deficit niches of species. A long-term increase in vapour pressure deficit was evident across the region, suggesting that thresholds involving atmospheric water stress, driven by global warming, may be a primary cause of increasing tree mortality in moist tropical forests.", "keywords": ["Risk", "0301 basic medicine", "Carbon Sequestration", "Time Factors", "[SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics", "Population dynamics", "Acclimatization", "[SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics", " Phylogenetics and taxonomy", "Global Warming", "History", " 21st Century", "333", "[SDV.BV.BOT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics", "Trees", "03 medical and health sciences", "[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment/Ecosystems", "Stress", " Physiological", "[SDV.BID.SPT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics", " Phylogenetics and taxonomy", "[SDV.EE.ECO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment/Ecosystems", "Community ecology", "Biomass", "580", "Population Density", "Tropical Climate", "0303 health sciences", "Dehydration", "Atmosphere", "Climate-change ecology", "Australia", "Water", "Humidity", "Phylogenetics and taxonomy", "[SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics", "History", " 20th Century", "15. Life on land", "Tropical ecology", "Carbon", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "13. Climate action", "[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "Forest ecology", "environment/Ecosystems"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/187195/1/Bauman_et_al_ms_Nature_final_AAM.pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04737-7.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04737-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41586-022-04737-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41586-022-04737-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41586-022-04737-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41586-023-06042-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:20:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-05-24", "title": "Microbial carbon use efficiency promotes global soil carbon storage", "description": "AbstractSoils store more carbon than other terrestrial ecosystems1,2. How soil organic carbon (SOC) forms and persists remains uncertain1,3, which makes it challenging to understand how it will respond to climatic change3,4. It has been suggested that soil microorganisms play an important role in SOC formation, preservation and loss5\uffe2\uff80\uff937. Although microorganisms affect the accumulation and loss of soil organic matter through many pathways4,6,8\uffe2\uff80\uff9311, microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) is an integrative metric that can capture the balance of these processes12,13. Although CUE has the potential to act as a predictor of variation in SOC storage, the role of CUE in SOC persistence remains unresolved7,14,15. Here we examine the relationship between CUE and the preservation of SOC, and interactions with climate, vegetation and edaphic properties, using a combination of global-scale datasets, a microbial-process explicit model, data assimilation, deep learning and meta-analysis. We find that CUE is at least four times as important as other evaluated factors, such as carbon input, decomposition or vertical transport, in determining SOC storage and its spatial variation across the globe. In addition, CUE shows a positive correlation with SOC content. Our findings point to microbial CUE as a major determinant of global SOC storage. Understanding the microbial processes underlying CUE and their environmental dependence may help the prediction of SOC feedback to a changing climate.Forests play a key role in the carbon cycle as they store huge quantities of organic carbon, most of which is stored in soils, with a smaller part being held in vegetation. While the carbon storage capacity of forests is influenced by forestry, the long-term impacts of forest managers\uffe2\uff80\uff99 decisions on soil organic carbon (SOC) remain unclear. Using a meta-analysis approach, we showed that conventional biomass harvests preserved the SOC of forests, unlike intensive harvests where logging residues were harvested to produce fuelwood. Conventional harvests caused a decrease in carbon storage in the forest floor, but when the whole soil profile was taken into account, we found that this loss in the forest floor was compensated by an accumulation of SOC in deeper soil layers. Conversely, we found that intensive harvests led to SOC losses in all layers of forest soils. We assessed the potential impact of intensive harvests on the carbon budget, focusing on managed European forests. Estimated carbon losses from forest soils suggested that intensive biomass harvests could constitute an important source of carbon transfer from forests to the atmosphere (142\uffe2\uff80\uff93497 Tg-C), partly neutralizing the role of a carbon sink played by forest soils.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Carbon Sequestration", "[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "Forestry", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "forest soil", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "Carbon", "Carbon Cycle", "Trees", "[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "carbone organique du sol", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Milieux et Changements globaux", "sol forestier", "Ecosystem", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://hal.science/hal-01594440/file/2015_Achat_Scientific%20Reports_1.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15991"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep15991", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep15991", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep15991"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-11-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1039/c1em10059a", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:20:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-06-06", "title": "Soil Carbon Storage As Influenced By Tree Cover In The Dehesa Cork Oak Silvopasture Of Central-Western Spain", "description": "The extent of carbon (C) stored in soils depends on a number of factors including soil characteristics, climatic and other environmental conditions, and management practices. Such information, however, is lacking for silvopastoral systems in Spain. This study quantified the amounts of soil C stored at various depths (0-25, 25-50, 50-75, and 75-100 cm) under a Dehesa cork oak (Quercus suber L.) silvopasture at varying distances (2, 5, and 15 m) to trees. Soil C in the whole soil and three soil fractions (<53, 53-250, and 250-2000 \u03bcm) was determined. Results showed soil depth to be a significant factor in soil C stocks in all soil particle sizes. Distance to tree was a significant factor determining soil C stocks in the whole soil and the 250-2000 \u03bcm soil fraction. To 1 m depth, mean total C storage at 2, 5, and 15 m from cork oak was 50.2, 37, and 26.5 Mg ha(-1), respectively. Taking into account proportions of land surface area containing these C stocks at varying distances to trees to 1 m depth, with a tree density of 35 stems ha(-1), estimated landscape soil C is 29.9 Mg ha(-1). Greater soil C stocks directly underneath the tree canopy suggest that maintaining or increasing tree cover, where lost from disease or management, may increase long term storage of soil C in Mediterranean silvopastoral systems. The results also demonstrate the use of soil aggregate characteristics as better indicators of soil C sequestration potential and thus a tool for environmental monitoring.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Carbon Sequestration", "Quercus", "Soil", "Spain", "Soil Pollutants", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1039/c1em10059a"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Monitoring", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1039/c1em10059a", "name": "item", "description": "10.1039/c1em10059a", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1039/c1em10059a"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1039/c2em30410d", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:20:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-07-07", "title": "Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration As Affected By Afforestation: The Darab Kola Forest (North Of Iran) Case Study", "description": "Following the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol, afforestation of formerly arable lands and/or degraded areas has been acknowledged as a land-use change contributing to the mitigation of increasing atmospheric CO(2) concentration in the atmosphere. In the present work, we study the soil organic carbon sequestration (SOCS) in 21 year old stands of maple (Acer velutinum Bioss.), oak (Quercus castaneifolia C.A. Mey.), and red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) in the Darab Kola region, north of Iran. Soil samples were collected at four different depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, and 30-40 cm), and characterized with respect to bulk density, water content, electrical conductivity, pH, texture, lime content, total organic C, total N, and earthworm density and biomass. Data showed that afforested stands significantly affected soil characteristics, also raising SOCS phenomena, with values of 163.3, 120.6, and 102.1 Mg C ha(-1) for red pine, oak and maple stands, respectively, vs. 83.0 Mg C ha(-1) for the control region. Even if the dynamics of organic matter (OM) in soil is very complex and affected by several pedo-climatic factors, a stepwise regression method indicates that SOCS values in the studied area could be predicted using the following parameters, i.e., sand, clay, lime, and total N contents, and C/N ratio. In particular, although the chemical and physical stabilization capacity of organic C by soil is believed to be mainly governed by clay content, regression analysis showed a positive correlation between SOCS and sand (R = 0.86(**)), whereas a negative correlation with clay (R = -0.77(**)) was observed, thus suggesting that most of this organic C occurs as particulate OM instead of mineral-associated OM. Although the proposed models do not take into account possible changes due to natural and anthropogenic processes, they represent a simple way that could be used to evaluate and/or monitor the potential of each forest plantation in immobilizing organic C in soil (thus reducing atmospheric C concentration), as well as to select more appropriate species during forestation plan management at least in the north of Iran.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Carbon Sequestration", "Nitrogen", "Carbon sequestration; soils; afforestation; Iran", "Forestry", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Iran", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "Trees", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1039/c2em30410d"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Monitoring", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1039/c2em30410d", "name": "item", "description": "10.1039/c2em30410d", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1039/c2em30410d"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1051/agro/2009024", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:20:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-11-24", "title": "Effect Of Tillage System And Straw Management On Organic Matter Dynamics", "description": "The choice of cultivation system in arable agriculture exerts a strong influence not only on soil health and crop productivity but also on the wider environment. Conservation tillage using non-inversion methods conserves soil carbon, reduces erosion risk and enhances soil quality. In addition, conservation tillage has been shown to sequester more carbon within the soil than inversion tillage, reducing carbon dioxide losses to the atmosphere. Stable, well structured topsoils that develop following long-term conservation tillage lead to more energy efficient systems due to the reduced power requirements for cultivation. Long-term experiments, e.g. more than 20 years, that confirm the impact of conservation tillage over an extended period are not common. Here we evaluate the impact of different tillage methods and winter wheat straw management, either incorporated or removed, on organic matter turnover and soil quality indicators. No-till, chisel and mouldboard ploughing was carried out for 23 years on a silty clay loam soil in South West England that was not considered suitable for non-inversion tillage due to weak soil structure. In order to assess the effect of contrasting cultivation and straw disposal method on soil carbon dynamics, a range of assays were conducted, including water extractable organic carbon, hot water extractable carbohydrate, microbial biomass carbon, activity of \u03b2-glucosidase and acid phosphatase enzymes, C sequestration and the natural abundance of 13 C. Our results show that the soil organic carbon concentration in the topsoil was greater under no-till than mouldboard ploughing, while a reverse trend was observed in the lower depths. A 14-17% increase in soil organic carbon was observed in the topsoil for chisel plough and no-till treatments compared to mouldboard ploughing. Water extractable organic carbon was found to constitute only 1-7% of the microbial biomass carbon. Hot water extractable carbohydrate was one of the most sensitive indicators of soil quality and had a significant a negative correlation with bulk density and positive correlation with soil organic carbon microbial biomass carbon \u03b2-glucosidase and acid phosphatase. The choice of cultivation method exerted a major control on microbial and carbon dynamics. No-till and chisel ploughing maintained carbon in the soil surface horizons, which will benefit the stability of this weakly structured soil, but mouldboard ploughing distributed carbon more uniformly throughout the soil profile, particularly when straw was incorporated, hence leading to the retention of more carbon in the soil profile.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "[SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment", "13. Climate action", "tillage", "straw management", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil quality", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbon sequestration", "6. Clean water", "winter wheat"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Hazarika, S., Parkinson, R., Bol, R., Dixon, E. R., Russell, P., Donovan, S., Allen, D.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2009024"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20for%20Sustainable%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1051/agro/2009024", "name": "item", "description": "10.1051/agro/2009024", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1051/agro/2009024"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1071/cp10115", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:20:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-04-19", "title": "Soil Organic Carbon And Total Nitrogen Under Leucaena Leucocephala Pastures In Queensland", "description": "Soil organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) accumulation in the top 0\uffe2\uff80\uff930.15\uffe2\uff80\uff89m of leucaena\uffe2\uff80\uff93grass pastures were compared with native pastures and with continuously cropped land. OC and TN levels were highest under long-term leucaena\uffe2\uff80\uff93grass pasture (P\uffe2\uff80\uff89<\uffe2\uff80\uff890.05). For leucaena\uffe2\uff80\uff93grass pastures that had been established for 20, 31, and 38 years, OC accumulated at rates that exceeded those of the adjacent native grass pasture by 267, 140, and 79\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg/ha.year, respectively, while TN accumulated at rates that exceeded those of the native grass pastures by 16.7, 10.8, and 14.0\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg/ha.year, respectively. At a site where 14-year-old leucaena\uffe2\uff80\uff93grass pasture was adjacent to continuously cropped land, there were benefits in OC accumulation of 762\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg/ha.year and in TN accumulation of 61.9\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg/ha.year associated with the establishment of leucaena\uffe2\uff80\uff93grass pastures. Similar C\uffe2\uff80\uff89:\uffe2\uff80\uff89N ratios (range 12.7\uffe2\uff80\uff9314.5) of soil OC in leucaena and grass-only pastures indicated that plant-available N limited soil OC accumulation in pure grass swards. Higher OC accumulation occurred near leucaena hedgerows than in the middle of the inter-row in most leucaena\uffe2\uff80\uff93grass pastures. Rates of C sequestration were compared with simple models of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the grazed pastures. The amount of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) accumulated in additional topsoil OC of leucaena\uffe2\uff80\uff93grass pastures \uffe2\uff89\uffa420 years old offset estimates of the amount of CO2-e emitted in methane and nitrous oxide from beef cattle grazing these pastures, thus giving positive GHG balances. Less productive, aging leucaena pastures >20 years old had negative GHG balances; lower additional topsoil OC accumulation rates compared with native grass pastures failed to offset animal emissions.
", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil total nitrogen", "Greenhouse gas balance", "Soil organic carbon", "13. Climate action", "1102 Cardiovascular Medicine and Haematology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "1110 Nursing", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon balance", "15. Life on land", "Permanent pastures"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Alejandro Radrizzani, Alejandro Radrizzani, Gunnar Kirchhof, H. Max Shelton, Scott A. Dalzell,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1071/cp10115"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Crop%20and%20Pasture%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1071/cp10115", "name": "item", "description": "10.1071/cp10115", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1071/cp10115"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1071/sr08108", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:20:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-02-18", "title": "Tillage System Affects Phosphorus Form And Depth Distribution In Three Contrasting Victorian Soils", "description": "Major changes in tillage practices have occurred over the past 2 decades across the diverse range of soil types and rainfall zones that characterise cropping systems in southern Australia. However, there has been little corresponding change in the management of nutrients, especially phosphorus (P). This study investigated the effects of tillage and crop rotations on the stratification and transformation of P in soil profiles from 3 tillage/rotation trials encompassing 3 agro-ecological zones of southern Australia. Soil samples were collected from field trials at Longerenong (Vertosol, average rainfall 420\uffe2\uff80\uff89mm), Walpeup (Calcarosol, rainfall 325\uffe2\uff80\uff89mm), and Rutherglen (Chromosol, rainfall 650\uffe2\uff80\uff89mm) in Victoria. Soil samples from various depths were sequentially analysed for organic and inorganic P fractions. Phosphorus accumulated in the surface soil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff930.1\uffe2\uff80\uff89m) across all sites and tillage practices/rotations studied but the proportion of P in different chemical fractions varied markedly among soil types and tillage practice/rotation. In the sandy Calcarosol, a greater proportion of fertiliser P was transformed into labile (resin-P) forms, whereas it tended to accumulate in non-labile pools in the finer textured Vertosol and Chromosol. The effects of tillage and crop rotation were generally confined to the topsoil with P strongly stratified in the topsoil in direct-drill and zero-tillage treatments compared with conventional tillage. The implications for management of P fertilisers in Victorian cropping systems are discussed.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil N", "0503 (four-digit-FOR)", "050304 Soil Chemistry (excl. Carbon Sequestration Science)", "Crop rotation", "Long-term trials", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agro-ecological zone", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Soil type", "15. Life on land", "P fractions", "Tillage systems"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Tang, Caixian., Vu, Dang Thanh., Armstrong, R. D.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1071/sr08108"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1071/sr08108", "name": "item", "description": "10.1071/sr08108", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1071/sr08108"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1071/sr11203", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:20:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-11-11", "title": "Relationships Between Soil Organic Matter And The Soil Microbial Biomass (Size, Functional Diversity, And Community Structure) In Crop And Pasture Systems In A Semi-Arid Environment", "description": "The quantity and/or quality of soil organic matter (SOM) and its fractions regulate microbial community composition and associated function. In this study an established, replicated agricultural systems trial in a semi-arid environment was used to test: (i) whether agricultural systems which have increased plant residue inputs increase the amount of labile SOM relative to total SOM, or change the quality of SOM fractions; and (ii) whether the size or quality of OM fractions is most strongly linked to the size, activity, functional diversity, and community structure of the soil microbial biomass. Soil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9350\uffe2\uff80\uff89mm) was collected following 5 years of continuous wheat, crop rotation, crop\uffe2\uff80\uff93pasture rotation, annual pasture, or perennial pasture. Pastures were grazed by sheep. Direct drilling and non-inversion tillage techniques were compared in some cropping systems. Total carbon (C) increased with the proportion of pasture as a result of increased SOM inputs into these systems; land use also significantly affected SOM fractions and their chemical and physical nature. While the size, function, and structure of the soil microbial community were somewhat related to total soil C, they were better correlated with SOM fractions. The C\uffe2\uff80\uff89:\uffe2\uff80\uff89nitrogen (N) ratio of light fraction organic matter could be used to predict the amount of potentially mineralisable N in soil, while the C\uffe2\uff80\uff89:\uffe2\uff80\uff89N ratio of total SOM could not. Measurement of bacterial community structure (using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) significantly discriminated between land uses, while community-level physiological profiles revealed fewer differences. Overall, our findings support the premise that labile fractions of SOM are more strongly related to microbial community structure and function than is total SOM.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "zero-tillage", "labile carbon", "bacterial diversity", "soil nitrogen supply", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbon sequestration", "soil biology", "630"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1071/sr11203"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1071/sr11203", "name": "item", "description": "10.1071/sr11203", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1071/sr11203"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/02571862.2004.10635030", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:20:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-01-15", "title": "Soil Carbon And Nitrogen In Five Contrasting Biomes Of South Africa Exposed To Different Land Uses", "description": "Stocks of soil C to a depth of 50 cm in untransformed, indigenous veld ranged from 21 t ha-1 in karoo to 168 t ha-1 in thicket and stocks of N ranged from 3.41 ha-1 in karoo to 12.8 t ha-1 in grassland. Mean soil C in thicket (5.6%, 0\u201310 cm) was approximately five times greater than expected for a semi-arid region. Removal of vegetation due to cultivation, grazing or burning reduced soil C and N at all sites. Soil C under intact thicket was greater than at sites degraded by goats (71 vs 40 t ha-1, 0\u201310 cm). Restoration of thicket could potentially sequester -40 t C ha-1. The sale of this sequestered carbon to the international market may make restoration of thousands of hectares of degraded thicket financially feasible. Soil C under plant cover was greater than In exposed soil in renosterveld (28 vs 15 t ha-1) and in karoo (7 vs 5 t ha-1). Parent material was also related to soil C content. In grassland, soil C was greater in dolerite-derived than sandstone-derived soils (54 vs 271 ha-1); and in bushveld ...", "keywords": ["soil nitrogen", "land use", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Capra hircus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "soil carbon", "15. Life on land", "carbon sequestration", "630", "burning"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Mills A.J., Fey M.V.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2004.10635030"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/South%20African%20Journal%20of%20Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/02571862.2004.10635030", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/02571862.2004.10635030", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/02571862.2004.10635030"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.15547", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:21:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-02-06", "title": "Feasibility of the 4 per 1000 aspirational target for soil carbon: A case study for France", "description": "AbstractIncreasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is a promising way to mitigate the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Based on a simple ratio between CO2 anthropogenic emissions and SOC stocks worldwide, it has been suggested that a 0.4% (4 per 1000) yearly increase in SOC stocks could compensate for current anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Here, we used a reverse RothC modelling approach to estimate the amount of C inputs to soils required to sustain current SOC stocks and to increase them by 4\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 per year over a period of 30\uffc2\uffa0years. We assessed the feasibility of this aspirational target first by comparing the required C input with net primary productivity (NPP) flowing to the soil, and second by considering the SOC saturation concept. Calculations were performed for mainland France, at a 1\uffc2\uffa0km grid cell resolution. Results showed that a 30%\uffe2\uff80\uff9340% increase in C inputs to soil would be needed to obtain a 4\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 increase per year over a 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90year period. 88.4% of cropland areas were considered unsaturated in terms of mineral\uffe2\uff80\uff90associated SOC, but characterized by a below target C balance, that is, less NPP available than required to reach the 4\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 aspirational target. Conversely, 90.4% of unimproved grasslands were characterized by an above target C balance, that is, enough NPP to reach the 4\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 objective, but 59.1% were also saturated. The situation of improved grasslands and forests was more evenly distributed among the four categories (saturated vs. unsaturated and above vs below target C balance). Future data from soil monitoring networks should enable to validate these results. Overall, our results suggest that, for mainland France, priorities should be (1) to increase NPP returns in cropland soils that are unsaturated and have a below target carbon balance and (2) to preserve SOC stocks in other land uses.It is widely recommended that crop straw be returned to croplands to maintain or increase soil carbon (C) storage in arable soils. However, because C and nitrogen (N) biogeochemical cycles are closely coupled, straw return may also affect soil reactive N (Nr) losses, but these effects remain uncertain, especially in terms of the interactions between soil C sequestration and Nr losses under straw addition. Here, we conducted a global meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis using 363 publications to assess the overall effects of straw return on soil Nr losses, C sequestration and crop productivity in agroecosystems. Our results show that on average, compared to mineral N fertilization, straw return with same amount of mineral N fertilizer significantly increased soil organic C (SOC) content (14.9%), crop yield (5.1%), and crop N uptake (10.9%). Moreover, Nr losses in the form of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from rice paddies (17.3%), N leaching (8.7%), and runoff (25.6%) were significantly reduced, mainly due to enhanced microbial N immobilization. However, N2O emissions from upland fields (21.5%) and ammonia (NH3) emissions (17.0%) significantly increased following straw return, mainly due to the stimulation of nitrification/denitrification and soil urease activity. The increase in NH3 and N2O emissions was significantly and negatively correlated with straw C/N ratio and soil clay content. Regarding the interactions between C sequestration and Nr losses, the increase in SOC content following straw return was significantly and positively correlated with the decrease in N leaching and runoff. However, at a global scale, straw return increased net Nr losses from both rice and upland fields due to a greater stimulation of NH3 emissions than the reduction in N leaching and runoff. The trade\uffe2\uff80\uff90offs between increased net Nr losses and soil C sequestration highlight the importance of reasonably managing straw return to soils to limit NH3 emissions without decreasing associated C sequestration potential.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Carbon Sequestration", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "330", "550", "ddc:550", "Nitrogen", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "Oryza", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Nitrification", "630", "Earth sciences", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers", "Humic Substances"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14466"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.14466", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.14466", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.14466"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-10-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/10549811.2016.1175950", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:21:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-04-14", "title": "Dynamics Of Soil Carbon Stock, Total Nitrogen, And Associated Soil Properties Since The Conversion Ofacaciawoodland To Managed Pastureland, Parkland Agroforestry, And Treeless Cropland In The Jido Komolcha District, Southern Ethiopia", "description": "ABSTRACTIn the arid, low biomass producing areas of Ethiopia, Acacia woodlands suffered a severe degradation due to exploitation for various uses, and conversion to grazing and cultivated lands. However, little is known on the impact of agricultural land uses on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) stocks, and other soil quality indicators. This study was planned to evaluate SOC and TN stock changes under parkland agroforestry (PAF), managed pastureland (MPL), and treeless cropland (TLCL) regimes by considering the remnant protected woodland (PWL) as a reference. We found that SOC and TN stocks were significantly higher in PWL and MPL areas. Conversion of Acacia woodlands to MPL, PAF, and TLCL resulted in the loss of SOC stock by 23, 50, and 56%, respectively. Higher SOC and TN stocks were found under PWL (144.3 Mg\u00a0ha\u22121) and MPL (108.2 Mg\u00a0ha\u22121). Significant changes in available phosphorous (P), exchangeable cations, and cation exchangeable capacity were observed following the woodland conversion...", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "crop residues", "utilizaci\u00f3n de la tierra", "residuos de cosechas", "suelo", "land use", "trees", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbon sequestration", "secuestro de carbono", "soil", "agroforestry", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "agroforesteria", "\u00e1rboles"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2016.1175950"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Sustainable%20Forestry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/10549811.2016.1175950", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/10549811.2016.1175950", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/10549811.2016.1175950"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-05-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.14878", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-25T16:21:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-10-22", "title": "Which practices co\u2010deliver food security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and combat land degradation and desertification?", "description": "AbstractThere is a clear need for transformative change in the land management and food production sectors to address the global land challenges of climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, combatting land degradation and desertification, and delivering food security (referred to hereafter as \uffe2\uff80\uff9cland challenges\uffe2\uff80\uff9d). We assess the potential for 40 practices to address these land challenges and find that: Nine options deliver medium to large benefits for all four land challenges. A further two options have no global estimates for adaptation, but have medium to large benefits for all other land challenges. Five options have large mitigation potential (>3\uffc2\uffa0Gt CO2eq/year) without adverse impacts on the other land challenges. Five options have moderate mitigation potential, with no adverse impacts on the other land challenges. Sixteen practices have large adaptation potential (>25 million people benefit), without adverse side effects on other land challenges. Most practices can be applied without competing for available land. However, seven options could result in competition for land. A large number of practices do not require dedicated land, including several land management options, all value chain options, and all risk management options. Four options could greatly increase competition for land if applied at a large scale, though the impact is scale and context specific, highlighting the need for safeguards to ensure that expansion of land for mitigation does not impact natural systems and food security. A number of practices, such as increased food productivity, dietary change and reduced food loss and waste, can reduce demand for land conversion, thereby potentially freeing\uffe2\uff80\uff90up land and creating opportunities for enhanced implementation of other practices, making them important components of portfolios of practices to address the combined land challenges.This study evaluates the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) under perennial crops across the globe. It quantifies the effect of change from annual to perennial crops and the subsequent temporal changes in SOC stocks during the perennial crop cycle. It also presents an empirical model to estimate changes in the SOC content under crops as a function of time, land use, and site characteristics. We used a harmonized global dataset containing paired\uffe2\uff80\uff90comparison empirical values of SOC and different types of perennial crops (perennial grasses, palms, and woody plants) with different end uses: bioenergy, food, other bio\uffe2\uff80\uff90products, and short rotation coppice. Salient outcomes include: a 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90year period encompassing a change from annual to perennial crops led to an average 20% increase in SOC at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffc2\uffa0cm (6.0\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa04.6\uffc2\uffa0Mg/ha gain) and a total 10% increase over the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff93100\uffc2\uffa0cm soil profile (5.7\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa010.9\uffc2\uffa0Mg/ha). A change from natural pasture to perennial crop decreased SOC stocks by 1% over 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffc2\uffa0cm (\uffe2\uff88\uff922.5\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa04.2\uffc2\uffa0Mg/ha) and 10% over 0\uffe2\uff80\uff93100\uffc2\uffa0cm (\uffe2\uff88\uff9213.6\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa08.9\uffc2\uffa0Mg/ha). The effect of a land use change from forest to perennial crops did not show significant impacts, probably due to the limited number of plots; but the data indicated that while a 2% increase in SOC was observed at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffc2\uffa0cm (16.81\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa055.1\uffc2\uffa0Mg/ha), a decrease in 24% was observed at 30\uffe2\uff80\uff93100\uffc2\uffa0cm (\uffe2\uff88\uff9240.1\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa016.8\uffc2\uffa0Mg/ha). Perennial crops generally accumulate SOC through time, especially woody crops; and temperature was the main driver explaining differences in SOC dynamics, followed by crop age, soil bulk density, clay content, and depth. We present empirical evidence showing that the FAO perennialization strategy is reasonable, underscoring the role of perennial crops as a useful component of climate change mitigation strategies.Stress factors such as climate change and drought may switch the role of temperate peatlands from carbon dioxide (CO2) sinks to sources, leading to positive feedback to global climate change. Water level management has been regarded as an important climate change mitigation strategy as it can sustain the natural net CO2 sink function of a peatland. Little is known about how resilient peatlands are in the face of future climate change scenarios, as well as how effectively water level management can sustain the CO2 sink function to mitigate global warming. The authors assess the effect of climate change on CO2 exchange of south Swedish temperate peatlands, which were either unmanaged or subject to water level regulation. Climate chamber simulations were conducted using experimental peatland mesocosms exposed to current and future representative concentration pathway (RCP) climate scenarios (RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5). The results showed that all managed and unmanaged systems under future climate scenarios could serve as CO2 sinks throughout the experimental period. However, the 2018 extreme drought caused the unmanaged mesocosms under the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 switch from a net CO2 sink to a source during summer. Surprisingly, the unmanaged mesocosms under RCP 2.6 benefited from the warmer climate, and served as the best sink among the other unmanaged systems. Water level management had the greatest effect on the CO2 sink function under RCP 8.5 and RCP 4.5, which improved their CO2 sink capability up to six and two times, respectively. Under the current climate scenario, water level management had a negative effect on the CO2 sink function, and it had almost no effect under RCP 2.6. Therefore, the researchers conclude that water level management is necessary for RCP 8.5, beneficial for RCP 4.5 and unimportant for RCP 2.6 and the current climate.
", "keywords": ["Carbon Sequestration", "13. Climate action", "Climate Change", "Water", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Ecosystem", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.15753"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15753"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.15753", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.15753", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.15753"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-07-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.15817", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:21:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-08-05", "title": "Predicting ecosystem responses by data\u2010driven reciprocal modelling", "description": "AbstractTreatment effects are traditionally quantified in controlled experiments. However, experimental control is often achieved at the expense of representativeness. Here, we present a data\uffe2\uff80\uff90driven reciprocal modelling framework to quantify the individual effects of environmental treatments under field conditions. The framework requires a representative survey data set describing the treatment (A or B), its responding target variable and other environmental properties that cause variability of the target within the region or population studied. A machine learning model is trained to predict the target only based on observations in group A. This model is then applied to group B, with predictions restricted to the model's space of applicability. The resulting residuals represent case\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific effect size estimates and thus provide a quantification of treatment effects. This paper illustrates the new concept of such data\uffe2\uff80\uff90driven reciprocal modelling to estimate spatially explicit effects of land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use change on organic carbon stocks in European agricultural soils. For many environmental treatments, the proposed concept can provide accurate effect size estimates that are more representative than could feasibly ever be achieved with controlled experiments.The effect of nutrient availability on plant growth and the terrestrial carbon sink under climate change and elevated CO2 remains one of the main uncertainties of the terrestrial carbon cycle. This is partially due to the difficulty of assessing nutrient limitation at large scales over long periods of time. Consistent declines in leaf nitrogen (N) content and leaf \uffce\uffb415N have been used to suggest that nitrogen limitation has increased in recent decades, most likely due to the concurrent increase in atmospheric CO2. However, such data sets are often not straightforward to interpret due to the complex factors that contribute to the spatial and temporal variation in leaf N and isotope concentration. We use the land surface model (LSM) QUINCY, which has the unique capacity to represent N isotopic processes, in conjunction with two large data sets of foliar N and N isotope content. We run the model with different scenarios to test whether foliar \uffce\uffb415N isotopic data can be used to infer large\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale N limitation and if the observed trends are caused by increasing atmospheric CO2, changes in climate or changes in sources and magnitude of anthropogenic N deposition. We show that while the model can capture the observed change in leaf N content and predict widespread increases in N limitation, it does not capture the pronounced, but very spatially heterogeneous, decrease in foliar \uffce\uffb415N observed in the data across the globe. The addition of an observation\uffe2\uff80\uff90based temporal trend in isotopic composition of N deposition leads to a more pronounced decrease in simulated leaf \uffce\uffb415N. Our results show that leaf \uffce\uffb415N observations cannot, on their own, be used to assess global\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale N limitation and that using such a data set in conjunction with an LSM can reveal the drivers behind the observed patterns.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Plant Leaves", "Carbon Sequestration", "Nitrogen", "13. Climate action", "Climate Change", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Ecosystem", "Carbon Cycle", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.15933"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15933"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.15933", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.15933", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.15933"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-07-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.16804", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:21:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-06-07", "title": "No detectable upper limit of mineral\u2010associated organic carbon in temperate agricultural soils", "description": "AbstractSoil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is a promising climate change mitigation option. In this context, the formation of the relatively long\uffe2\uff80\uff90lived mineral\uffe2\uff80\uff90associated organic carbon (MAOC) is key. To date, soils are considered to be limited in their ability to accumulate MAOC, mainly by the amount of clay and silt particles present. Using the comprehensive German Agricultural Soil Inventory, we selected 189 samples with a wide range of SOC (5\uffe2\uff80\uff93118\uffe2\uff80\uff89g\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and clay contents (30\uffe2\uff80\uff93770\uffe2\uff80\uff89g\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921) to test whether there is a detectable upper limit of MAOC content. We found that the proportion of MAOC was surprisingly stable for soils under cropland and grassland use across the whole range of bulk SOC contents. Soil texture influenced the slope of the relationship between bulk SOC and MAOC, but no upper limit was observed in any texture class. Also, C content in the fine fraction (g\uffe2\uff80\uff89C\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 fraction) was negatively correlated to fine fraction content (g\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 bulk soil). Both findings challenge the notion that MAOC accumulation is limited by soil fine fraction content per se.Over 50\uffe2\uff80\uff89years ago, Eugene Odum postulated that mature or climax forests reside in carbon neutrality. As climate change rose to prominence in the international environmental agenda, the neutrality hypothesis transformed from an ecological principle to a justification for using forest management in combating climate change. Despite persistent efforts, Odum's neutrality hypothesis has resisted both confirmation and refutation. In this opinion we show the limitations of past efforts to (in)validate Odum's neutrality hypothesis and propose new research directions for the community to permit a more general confirmation or refutation with current and near\uffe2\uff80\uff90future observations. We then demonstrate such an approach by using metabolic theory to formulate testable predictions for the total sink strength considering soil, litter, and biomass of mature or climax forests based on observations of tree biomass and individual density. In doing so, we show that ecological theory can create additional relevant, testable hypotheses to provide timely support to decision\uffe2\uff80\uff90makers seeking to address one of the world's most pressing environmental challenges.Corn (Zea mays L.) stover is a global resource used for livestock, fuel, and bioenergy feedstock, but excessive stover removal can decrease soil organic C (SOC) stocks and deteriorate soil health. Many site\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific stover removal experiments report accrual rates and SOC stock effects, but a quantitative, global synthesis is needed to provide a scientific base for long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term energy policy decisions. We used 409 data points from 74 stover harvest experiments conducted around the world for a meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis and meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90regression to quantify removal rate, tillage, soil texture, and soil sampling depth effects on SOC. Changes were quantified by: (a) comparing final SOC stock differences after at least 3\uffc2\uffa0years with and without stover removal and (b) calculating SOC accrual rates for both treatments. Stover removal generally reduced final SOC stocks by 8% in the upper 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9315 or 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffc2\uffa0cm, compared to stover retained, irrespective of soil properties and tillage practices. A more sensitive meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90regression analysis showed that retention increased SOC stocks within the 30\uffe2\uff80\uff93150\uffc2\uffa0cm depth by another 5%. Compared to baseline values, stover retention increased average SOC stocks temporally at a rate of 0.41\uffc2\uffa0Mg C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (statistically significant at p\uffc2\uffa0<\uffc2\uffa00.01 when averaged across all soil layers). Although SOC sequestration rates were lower with stover removal, with moderate (<50%) removal they can be positive, thus emphasizing the importance of site\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific management. Our results also showed that tillage effects on SOC stocks were inconsistent due to the high variability in practices used among the experimental sites. Finally, we conclude that research and technological efforts should continue to be given high priority because of the importance in providing science\uffe2\uff80\uff90based policy recommendations for long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term global carbon management.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "TJ807-830", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbon sequestration", "Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade", "Renewable energy sources", "soil organic carbon", "corn", "meta\u2010analysis", "13. Climate action", "tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "HD9502-9502.5", "stover removal"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12631"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcbb.12631", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcbb.12631", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcbb.12631"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-07-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.17089", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-25T16:21:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-12-11", "title": "Controls on timescales of soil organic carbon persistence across sub\u2010Saharan Africa", "description": "AbstractGiven the importance of soil for the global carbon cycle, it is essential to understand not only how much carbon soil stores but also how long this carbon persists. Previous studies have shown that the amount and age of soil carbon are strongly affected by the interaction of climate, vegetation, and mineralogy. However, these findings are primarily based on studies from temperate regions and from fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale studies, leaving large knowledge gaps for soils from understudied regions such as sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90Saharan Africa. In addition, there is a lack of data to validate modeled soil C dynamics at broad scales. Here, we present insights into organic carbon cycling, based on a new broad\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale radiocarbon and mineral dataset for sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90Saharan Africa. We found that in moderately weathered soils in seasonal climate zones with poorly crystalline and reactive clay minerals, organic carbon persists longer on average (topsoil: 201\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff89130\uffe2\uff80\uff89years; subsoil: 645\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff89385\uffe2\uff80\uff89years) than in highly weathered soils in humid regions (topsoil: 140\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff8946\uffe2\uff80\uff89years; subsoil: 454\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff89247\uffe2\uff80\uff89years) with less reactive minerals. Soils in arid climate zones (topsoil: 396\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff89339\uffe2\uff80\uff89years; subsoil: 963\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff89669\uffe2\uff80\uff89years) store organic carbon for periods more similar to those in seasonal climate zones, likely reflecting climatic constraints on weathering, carbon inputs and microbial decomposition. These insights into the timescales of organic carbon persistence in soils of sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90Saharan Africa suggest that a process\uffe2\uff80\uff90oriented grouping of soils based on pedo\uffe2\uff80\uff90climatic conditions may be useful to improve predictions of soil responses to climate change at broader scales.Soils store large quantities of carbon in the subsoil (below 0.2\uffe2\uff80\uff89m depth) that is generally old and believed to be stabilized over centuries to millennia, which suggests that subsoil carbon sequestration (CS) can be used as a strategy for climate change mitigation. In this article, we review the main biophysical processes that contribute to carbon storage in subsoil and the main mathematical models used to represent these processes. Our guiding objective is to review whether a process understanding of soil carbon movement in the vertical profile can help us to assess carbon storage and persistence at timescales relevant for climate change mitigation. Bioturbation, liquid phase transport, belowground carbon inputs, mineral association, and microbial activity are the main processes contributing to the formation of soil carbon profiles, and these processes are represented in models using the diffusion\uffe2\uff80\uff93advection\uffe2\uff80\uff93reaction paradigm. Based on simulation examples and measurements from carbon and radiocarbon profiles across biomes, we found that advective and diffusive transport may only play a secondary role in the formation of soil carbon profiles. The difference between vertical root inputs and decomposition seems to play a primary role in determining the shape of carbon change with depth. Using the transit time of carbon to assess the timescales of carbon storage of new inputs, we show that only small quantities of new carbon inputs travel through the profile and can be stabilized for time horizons longer than 50\uffe2\uff80\uff89years, implying that activities that promote CS in the subsoil must take into consideration the very small quantities that can be stabilized in the long term.Forests play a crucial role in global carbon cycling by absorbing and storing significant amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Although boreal forests contribute to approximately 45% of the total forest carbon sink, tree growth and soil carbon sequestration are constrained by nutrient availability. Here, we examine if long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term nutrient input enhances tree productivity and whether this leads to carbon storage or whether stimulated microbial decomposition of organic matter limits soil carbon accumulation. Over six decades, nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium were supplied to a Pinus sylvestris\uffe2\uff80\uff90dominated boreal forest. We found that nitrogen fertilization alone or together with calcium and/or phosphorus increased tree biomass production by 50% and soil carbon sequestration by 65% compared to unfertilized plots. However, the nonlinear relationship observed between tree productivity and soil carbon stock across treatments suggests microbial regulation. When phosphorus was co\uffe2\uff80\uff90applied with nitrogen, it acidified the soil, increased fungal biomass, altered microbial community composition, and enhanced biopolymer degradation capabilities. While no evidence of competition between ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi has been observed, key functional groups with the potential to reduce carbon stocks were identified. In contrast, when nitrogen was added without phosphorus, it increased soil carbon sequestration because microbial activity was likely limited by phosphorus availability. In conclusion, the addition of nitrogen to boreal forests may contribute to global warming mitigation, but this effect is context dependent.Meeting end\uffe2\uff80\uff90of\uffe2\uff80\uff90century global warming targets requires aggressive action on multiple fronts. Recent reports note the futility of addressing mitigation goals without fully engaging the agricultural sector, yet no available assessments combine both nature\uffe2\uff80\uff90based solutions (reforestation, grassland and wetland protection, and agricultural practice change) and cellulosic bioenergy for a single geographic region. Collectively, these solutions might offer a suite of climate, biodiversity, and other benefits greater than either alone. Nature\uffe2\uff80\uff90based solutions are largely constrained by the duration of carbon accrual in soils and forest biomass; each of these carbon pools will eventually saturate. Bioenergy solutions can last indefinitely but carry significant environmental risk if carelessly deployed. We detail a simplified scenario for the United States that illustrates the benefits of combining approaches. We assign a portion of non\uffe2\uff80\uff90forested former cropland to bioenergy sufficient to meet projected mid\uffe2\uff80\uff90century transportation needs, with the remainder assigned to nature\uffe2\uff80\uff90based solutions such as reforestation. Bottom\uffe2\uff80\uff90up mitigation potentials for the aggregate contributions of crop, grazing, forest, and bioenergy lands are assessed by including in a Monte Carlo model conservative ranges for cost\uffe2\uff80\uff90effective local mitigation capacities, together with ranges for (a) areal extents that avoid double counting and include realistic adoption rates and (b) the projected duration of different carbon sinks. The projected duration illustrates the net effect of eventually saturating soil carbon pools in the case of most strategies, and additionally saturating biomass carbon pools in the case of forest management. Results show a conservative end\uffe2\uff80\uff90of\uffe2\uff80\uff90century mitigation capacity of 110 (57\uffe2\uff80\uff93178) Gt CO2e for the U.S., ~50% higher than existing estimates that prioritize nature\uffe2\uff80\uff90based or bioenergy solutions separately. Further research is needed to shrink uncertainties, but there is sufficient confidence in the general magnitude and direction of a combined approach to plan for deployment now.Physical weathering can modify the stability of biochar after field exposure. The aim of our study was to determine the potential carbon sequestration of the two chars at different timescales. We investigated the modification in composition and stability resulting from physical weathering of two different chars produced (i) at low temperature (250\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb0C) by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC); and (ii) at high temperature (1200\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb0C) by gasification (GS) using contrasting feedstocks. Physical weathering of HTC and GS placed on a water permeable canvas was performed through successive wetting/drying and freezing/thawing cycles. Carbon loss was assessed by mass balance. Chemical stability of the remaining material was evaluated as resistance to acid dichromate oxidation, and biological stability was assessed during laboratory incubation. Moreover, we assessed modification in potential priming effects due to physical weathering. Physical weathering induced a carbon loss ranging between 10 and 40% of the total C mass depending on the feedstock. This C loss is most probably related to leaching of small particulate and dissolved compounds. GS produced from maize silage showed the highest C loss. The chemical stability of HTC and GS was unaffected by physical weathering. In contrast, physical weathering strongly increased the biological stability of HTC and GS char produced from maize silage. After physical weathering, the half\uffe2\uff80\uff90life (t1/2) of GS was doubled but only slight increase was noted for those of HTC. During the first weeks of incubation, HTC addition to soil stimulated native soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization (positive priming effect), while the GS addition led to protection of the native SOM against biologic degradation (negative priming effect). Physical weathering led to reduction in these priming effects. Model extrapolations based on our data showed that decadal C sequestration potential of GS and HTC is globally equivalent when all losses including those due to priming and physical weathering were taken into account. However, at century scale only GS may have the potential to increase soil C storage.
", "keywords": ["priming effect", "[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "aging", "gasification", "HTC", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbon sequestration", "01 natural sciences", "630", "hydrothermal carbonization", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "13. Climate action", "soil organic matter", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "weathering", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "chemical oxidation", "biochar", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12158"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcbb.12158", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcbb.12158", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcbb.12158"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-02-05T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Carbon+Sequestration&offset=100&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Carbon+Sequestration&offset=100&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Carbon+Sequestration&offset=50", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Carbon+Sequestration&offset=150", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 348, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-06-25T19:14:14.461368Z"}