{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1007/s11367-012-0521-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:15:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-10-29", "title": "Exploring Variability In Methods And Data Sensitivity In Carbon Footprints Of Feed Ingredients", "description": "Production of feed is an important contributor to life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, or carbon footprints (CFPs), of livestock products. Consequences of methodological choices and data sensitivity on CFPs of feed ingredients were explored to improve comparison and interpretation of CFP studies. Methods and data for emissions from cultivation and processing, land use (LU), and land use change (LUC) were analyzed. For six ingredients (maize, wheat, palm kernel expeller, rapeseed meal, soybean meal, and beet pulp), CFPs resulting from a single change in methods and data were compared with a reference CFP, i.e., based on IPCC Tier 1 methods, and data from literature. Results show that using more detailed methods to compute N2O emissions from cultivation hardly affected reference CFPs, except for methods to determine leaching (contributing to indirect N2O emissions) in which the influence is about -7 to +12 %. Overall, CFPs appeared most sensitive to changes in crop yield and applied synthetic fertilizer N. The inclusion of LULUC emissions can change CFPs considerably, i.e., up to 877 %. The level of LUC emissions per feed ingredient highly depends on the method chosen, as well as on assumptions on area of LUC, C stock levels (mainly aboveground C and soil C), and amortization period. We concluded that variability in methods and data can significantly affect CFPs of feed ingredients and hence CFPs of livestock products. Transparency in methods and data is therefore required. For harmonization, focus should be on methods to calculate leaching and emissions from LULUC. It is important to consider LUC in CFP studies of food, feed, and bioenergy products.", "keywords": ["INDICATORS", "life-cycle assessment", "571", "egg-production systems", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "NETHERLANDS", "milk-production", "netherlands", "EGG-PRODUCTION SYSTEMS", "MITIGATION", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "land-use change", "mitigation", "Methods", "deforestation", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Feed ingredients", "2. Zero hunger", "GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS", "Livestock products", "0402 animal and dairy science", "LAND-USE CHANGE", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Feed production", "15. Life on land", "greenhouse-gas emissions", "Carbon footprint", "indicators", "pig production", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT", "PIG PRODUCTION", "13. Climate action", "Inventory data", "DEFORESTATION", "MILK-PRODUCTION"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-012-0521-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20International%20Journal%20of%20Life%20Cycle%20Assessment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11367-012-0521-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11367-012-0521-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11367-012-0521-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-10-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108978", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:16:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-11-19", "title": "Carbon emissions and economic assessment of farm operations under different tillage practices in organic rainfed almond orchards in semiarid Mediterranean conditions", "description": "Open AccessThis study was supported by the European Commission H2020 (Grant 728003, DIVERFARMING Project), Fundaci\u00f3n S\u00e9neca-Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de la Regi\u00f3n de Murcia (Grant 08757/PI/08/19350/PI/14; DECADE Project Grant 20917/PI/18) and by the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n (Grant CGL2014-55-405-R)", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts", "Green manure", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon footprint", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "Climate change mitigation", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Reduced tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Farm profitability", "http://metadata.un.org/sdg/13", "Rainfed agriculture"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108978"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientia%20Horticulturae", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108978", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108978", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108978"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.026", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:16:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-05-28", "title": "Greenhouse Gas Assessment Of Soybean Production: Implications Of Land Use Change And Different Cultivation Systems", "description": "Abstract   The increase in soybean production as a source of protein and oil is being stimulated by the growing demand for livestock feed, food and numerous other applications. Significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can result from land use change due to the expansion and cultivation of soybean. However, this is complex to assess and the results can vary widely. The main goal of this article is to investigate the life-cycle GHG balance for soybean produced in Latin America, assessing the implications of direct land use change emissions and different cultivation systems. A life-cycle model, including inventories for soybean produced in three different climate regions, was developed, addressing land use change, cultivation and transport to Europe. A comprehensive evaluation of alternative land use change scenarios (conversion of tropical forest, forest plantations, perennial crop plantations, savannah and grasslands), cultivation (tillage, reduced tillage and no-tillage) and soybean transportation systems was undertaken. The main results show the importance of land use change in soybean GHG emissions, but significant differences were observed for the alternative scenarios, namely 0.1\u201317.8\u00a0kg\u00a0CO2eq\u00a0kg\u22121 soybean. The original land choice is a critical issue in ensuring the lowest soybean GHG balance and degraded grassland should preferably be used for soybean cultivation. The highest GHG emissions were calculated for tropical moist regions when rainforest is converted into soybean plantations (tillage system). When land use change is not considered, the GHG intensity varies from 0.3 to 0.6\u00a0kg CO2eq\u00a0kg\u22121 soybean. It was calculated that all tillage systems have higher GHG emissions than the corresponding no-tillage and reduced tillage systems. The results also show that N2O emissions play a major role in the GHG emissions from cultivation, although N2O emission calculations are very sensitive to the parameters and emission factors adopted.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil management", "05 social sciences", "15. Life on land", "Land conversion", "Carbon footprint", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "Tillage", "12. Responsible consumption", "Carbon stocks", "13. Climate action", "0502 economics and business", "11. Sustainability", "Life cycle assessment (LCA)", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.026"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Cleaner%20Production", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.026", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.026", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.026"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.spc.2024.04.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:16:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-04-08", "title": "Unravelling life cycle impacts of coffee: Why do results differ so much among studies?", "description": "Coffee beans are a major agricultural product and coffee is one of the most widely traded commodities and consumed beverages globally. Supply chains and cropping systems are very diverse, with contrasted potentials and performance, as well as environmental impacts. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies are needed to inform on reduction in impacts, but there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of the variability of existing LCA results and impacts of the cropping systems and their trade-offs along the supply chains. In an attempt to address this knowledge gap, the paper presents a systematic literature review of coffee LCA, considering a total of 34 studies covering 234 coffee systems. Global warming potential (GWP) was the impact category most reported in the literature, but the results varied greatly at both the farm and drink levels. For the former, the GWP values ranged from 0.15 to 14.5 (median: 3.6) kg CO 2 eq./kg green coffee beans and for the latter the values ranged from 2 to 23 (median: 8.8) kg CO 2 eq./kg consumed coffee in drinks. Main contributors to the GWP of production of green coffee beans were land use change (LUC), fertilisers and wet processing. However, there were great inconsistencies across studies in terms of LUC accounting, field emissions and wet process modelling. Green coffee beans production was also the main contributor to the GWP of coffee consumed, followed by brewing and coffee cup washing. Some studies covered other impacts, in addition to GWP. At both the farm and drink levels, fertilisers and pesticides were the main contributors to eutrophication and acidification, and to ecotoxicity, respectively. Brewing was the second main contributor at the drink level, in some cases the top contributor for energy -related indicators. Assumptions on packaging, cup washing and waste disposal were highly variable across studies. Water impact indicators were hardly comparable due to the system variability and method inconsistencies. Given the large diversity of coffee cropping systems worldwide, but also the diversity of possible coffee drinks, we recommend that LCA studies be standardised with respect to the definition of the functional unit, including consistent quality aspects for both green coffee beans (moisture) and coffee drinks (organoleptic properties). They should also be more thorough in detailing processes at all stages. More attention should be paid to the farming system complexity and a mass balance should be ensured when assessing biomass flows concerning LUC, co -products and residue emissions. Finally, more primary data would be needed to decipher the cropping system diversity, as well as to characterise emissions from all inputs to the field and bean processing, notably for wet and semi -wet processing.", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "traitement des d\u00e9chets", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24420", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_37938", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "Coffea", "Coffee", "7. Clean energy", "630", "333", "irrigation", "12. Responsible consumption", "Life cycle assessment", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_9000105", "11. Sustainability", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35352", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1720", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1721", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2018", "syst\u00e8me de culture", "pratique culturale", "analyse du cycle de vie", "agroforesterie", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_28379", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34836", "E90 - Structure agraire", "r\u00e9chauffement global", "Agriculture", "Coffea arabica", "Environmental impacts", "15. Life on land", "Carbon footprint", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207", "6. Clean water", "f\u00e8ve de caf\u00e9", "\u00e9cotoxicit\u00e9", "13. Climate action", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3954", "impact sur l'environnement", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1971", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_36259", "\u00e9valuation de l'impact"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2024.04.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Sustainable%20Production%20and%20Consumption", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.spc.2024.04.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.spc.2024.04.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.spc.2024.04.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1021/es102597f", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:16:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-04-22", "title": "Quantifying Variability In Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Inventories Of Alternative Middle Distillate Transportation Fuels", "description": "The presence of variability in life cycle analysis (LCA) is inherent due to both inexact LCA procedures and variation of numerical inputs. Variability in LCA needs to be clearly distinguished from uncertainty. This paper uses specific examples from the production of diesel and jet fuels from 14 different feedstocks to demonstrate general trends in the types and magnitudes of variability present in life cycle greenhouse gas (LC-GHG) inventories of middle distillate fuels. Sources of variability have been categorized as pathway specific, coproduct usage and allocation, and land use change. The results of this research demonstrate that subjective choices such as coproduct usage and allocation methodology can be more important sources of variability in the LC-GHG inventory of a fuel option than the process and energy use of fuel production. Through the application of a consistent analysis methodology across all fuel options, the influence of these subjective biases is minimized, and the LC-GHG inventories for each feedstock-to-fuel option can be effectively compared and discussed. By considering the types and magnitudes of variability across multiple fuel pathways, it is evident that LCA results should be presented as a range instead of a point value. The policy implications of this are discussed.", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "Air Pollutants", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Transportation", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "Petroleum", "13. Climate action", "Air Pollution", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Gasoline", "Carbon Footprint", "Vehicle Emissions"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Stratton, Russell William, Wong, Hsin Min, Hileman, James I.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/es102597f"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1021/es102597f", "name": "item", "description": "10.1021/es102597f", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1021/es102597f"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-04-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1021/es103240z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:16:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-01-31", "title": "Including Carbon Emissions From Deforestation In The Carbon Footprint Of Brazilian Beef", "description": "Effects of land use changes are starting to be included in estimates of life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, so-called carbon footprints (CFs), from food production. Their omission can lead to serious underestimates, particularly for meat. Here we estimate emissions from the conversion of forest to pasture in the Legal Amazon Region (LAR) of Brazil and present a model to distribute the emissions from deforestation over products and time subsequent to the land use change. Expansion of cattle ranching for beef production is a major cause of deforestation in the LAR. The carbon footprint of beef produced on newly deforested land is estimated at more than 700 kg CO(2)-equivalents per kg carcass weight if direct land use emissions are annualized over 20 years. This is orders of magnitude larger than the figure for beef production on established pasture on non-deforested land. While Brazilian beef exports have originated mainly from areas outside the LAR, i.e. from regions not subject to recent deforestation, we argue that increased production for export has been the key driver of the pasture expansion and deforestation in the LAR during the past decade and this should be reflected in the carbon footprint attributed to beef exports. We conclude that carbon footprint standards must include the more extended effects of land use changes to avoid giving misleading information to policy makers, retailers, and consumers.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "Forestry", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "12. Responsible consumption", "13. Climate action", "Air Pollution", "11. Sustainability", "Animals", "Food Industry", "Cattle", "Animal Husbandry", "Brazil", "Carbon Footprint", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/es103240z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1021/es103240z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1021/es103240z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1021/es103240z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1021/es103410q", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:16:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-02-14", "title": "Identification Of \u2018Carbon Hot-Spots\u2019 And Quantification Of Ghg Intensities In The Biodiesel Supply Chain Using Hybrid Lca And Structural Path Analysis", "description": "It is expected that biodiesel production in the EU will remain the dominant contributor as part of a 10% minimum binding target for biofuel in transportation fuel by 2020 within the 20% renewable energy target in the overall EU energy mix. Life cycle assessments (LCA) of biodiesel to evaluate its environmental impacts have, however, remained questionable, mainly because of the adoption of a traditional process analysis approach resulting in system boundary truncation and because of issues regarding the impacts of land use change and N(2)O emissions from fertilizer application. In this study, a hybrid LCA methodology is used to evaluate the life cycle CO(2) equivalent emissions of rape methyl ester (RME) biodiesel. The methodology uses input-output analysis to estimate upstream indirect emissions in order to complement traditional process LCA in a hybrid framework. It was estimated that traditional LCA accounted for 2.7 kg CO(2)-eq per kg of RME or 36.6% of total life cycle emissions of the RME supply chin. Further to the inclusion of upstream indirect impacts in the LCA system (which accounted for 23% of the total life cycle emissions), emissions due to direct land use change (6%) and indirect land use change (16.5%) and N(2)O emissions from fertilizer applications (17.9%) were also calculated. Structural path analysis is used to decompose upstream indirect emissions paths of the biodiesel supply chain in order to identify, quantify, and rank high carbon emissions paths or 'hot-spots' in the biodiesel supply chain. It was shown, for instance, that inputs from the 'Other Chemical Products' sector (identified as phosphoric acid, H(3)PO(4)) into the biodiesel production process represented the highest carbon emission path (or hot-spot) with 5.35% of total upstream indirect emissions of the RME biodiesel supply chain.", "keywords": ["Air Pollutants", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "Nitrogen Dioxide", "02 engineering and technology", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "Models", " Structural", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "European Union", "Carbon Footprint", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/es103410q"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1021/es103410q", "name": "item", "description": "10.1021/es103410q", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1021/es103410q"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-02-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1021/es103579c", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:16:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-01-25", "title": "Grand Challenges For Life-Cycle Assessment Of Biofuels", "description": "Biofuels are widely touted as viable, albeit not straightforward, alternatives to petroleum-derived fuels. To best determine their utilization, many practitioners turn to life-cycle assessment (LCA) to ascertain the \u201cenvironmental footprint\u201d. Although parameters such as resource and land use, along with infrastructure, can be incorporated into LCA algorithms, many have noted that the methodological approach still needs careful attention. In this Feature, McKone et al. outline seven grand challenges that need to be engaged and surmounted to provide the best way forward for biofuel use.", "keywords": ["Conservation of Natural Resources", "13. Climate action", "Air Pollution", "Biofuels", "Humans", "Agriculture", "Particulate Matter", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon Footprint", "Vehicle Emissions", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/es103579c"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1021/es103579c", "name": "item", "description": "10.1021/es103579c", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1021/es103579c"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/nature11811", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:17:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-01-16", "title": "Sustainable Bioenergy Production From Marginal Lands In The Us Midwest", "description": "Legislation on biofuels production in the USA and Europe is directing food crops towards the production of grain-based ethanol, which can have detrimental consequences for soil carbon sequestration, nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate pollution, biodiversity and human health. An alternative is to grow lignocellulosic (cellulosic) crops on 'marginal' lands. Cellulosic feedstocks can have positive environmental outcomes and could make up a substantial proportion of future energy portfolios. However, the availability of marginal lands for cellulosic feedstock production, and the resulting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, remains uncertain. Here we evaluate the potential for marginal lands in ten Midwestern US states to produce sizeable amounts of biomass and concurrently mitigate GHG emissions. In a comparative assessment of six alternative cropping systems over 20 years, we found that successional herbaceous vegetation, once well established, has a direct GHG emissions mitigation capacity that rivals that of purpose-grown crops (-851\u2009\u00b1\u200946 grams of CO(2) equivalent emissions per square metre per year (gCO(2)e\u2009m(-2)\u2009yr(-1))). If fertilized, these communities have the capacity to produce about 63\u2009\u00b1\u20095 gigajoules of ethanol energy per hectare per year. By contrast, an adjacent, no-till corn-soybean-wheat rotation produces on average 41\u2009\u00b1\u20091 gigajoules of biofuel energy per hectare per year and has a net direct mitigation capacity of -397\u2009\u00b1\u200932\u2009gCO(2)e\u2009m(-2)\u2009yr(-1); a continuous corn rotation would probably produce about 62\u2009\u00b1\u20097 gigajoules of biofuel energy per hectare per year, with 13% less mitigation. We also perform quantitative modelling of successional vegetation on marginal lands in the region at a resolution of 0.4 hectares, constrained by the requirement that each modelled location be within 80 kilometres of a potential biorefinery. Our results suggest that such vegetation could produce about 21 gigalitres of ethanol per year from around 11 million hectares, or approximately 25 per cent of the 2022 target for cellulosic biofuel mandated by the US Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, with no initial carbon debt nor the indirect land-use costs associated with food-based biofuels. Other regional-scale aspects of biofuel sustainability, such as water quality and biodiversity, await future study.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Fossil Fuels", "Michigan", "Ethanol", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental Policy", "Midwestern United States", "12. Responsible consumption", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Renewable Energy", "Cellulose", "Carbon Footprint", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11811"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/nature11811", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/nature11811", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/nature11811"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/09064710.2012.751451", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:17:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-11-23", "title": "Regional Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Cultivation Of Winter Wheat And Winter Rapeseed For Biofuels In Denmark", "description": "Abstract Biofuels from bioenergy crops may substitute a significant part of fossil fuels in the transport sector where, e.g., the European Union has set a target of using 10% renewable energy by 2020. Savings of greenhouse gas emissions by biofuels vary according to cropping systems and are influenced by such regional factors as soil conditions, climate and input of agrochemicals. Here we analysed at a regional scale the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with cultivation of winter wheat for bioethanol and winter rapeseed for rapeseed methyl ester (RME) under Danish conditions. Emitted CO2 equivalents (CO2eq) were quantified from the footprints of CO2, CH4 and N2O associated with cultivation and the emissions were allocated between biofuel energy and co-products. Greenhouse gas emission at the national level (Denmark) was estimated to 22.1 g CO2eq MJ\u22121 ethanol for winter wheat and 26.0 g CO2eq MJ\u22121 RME for winter rapeseed. Results at the regional level (level 2 according to the Nomenclature of Terr...", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "carbon footprint", "greenhouse gas emissions", "Nitrous Oxide", "cropping systems", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "biofuels", "12. Responsible consumption", "land-use change", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2012.751451"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Acta%20Agriculturae%20Scandinavica%2C%20Section%20B%20-%20Soil%20%26amp%3B%20Plant%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/09064710.2012.751451", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/09064710.2012.751451", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/09064710.2012.751451"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcbb.12248", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:17:51Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-02-03", "title": "Carbon Footprint Of Rice Production Under Biochar Amendment - A Case Study In A Chinese Rice Cropping System", "description": "Abstract<p>As a controversial strategy to mitigate global warming, biochar application into soil highlights the need for life cycle assessment before large\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale practice. This study focused on the effect of biochar on carbon footprint of rice production. A field experiment was performed with three treatments: no residue amendment (Control), 6 t\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 corn straw (CS) amendment, and 2.4\uffc2\uffa0t\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 corn straw\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived biochar amendment (CBC). Carbon footprint was calculated by considering carbon source processes (pyrolysis energy cost, fertilizer and pesticide input, farmwork, and soil greenhouse gas emissions) and carbon sink processes (soil carbon increment and energy offset from pyrolytic gas). On average over three consecutive rice\uffe2\uff80\uff90growing cycles from year 2011 to 2013, the CS treatment had a much higher carbon intensity of rice (0.68\uffc2\uffa0kg CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90C equivalent (CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90Ce) kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0grain) than that of Control (0.24\uffc2\uffa0kg CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90Ce\uffc2\uffa0kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 grain), resulting from large soil CH4 emissions. Biochar amendment significantly increased soil carbon pool and showed no significant effect on soil total N2O and CH4 emissions relative to Control; however, due to a variation in net electric energy input of biochar production based on different pyrolysis settings, carbon intensity of rice under CBC treatment ranged from 0.04 to 0.44\uffc2\uffa0kg CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90Ce\uffc2\uffa0kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 grain. The results indicated that biochar strategy had the potential to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of crop production, but the energy\uffe2\uff80\uff90efficient pyrolysis technique does matter.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "CH4", "N2O", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "/dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/responsible_consumption_and_production; name=SDG 12 - Responsible Consumption and Production", "Carbon footprint", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Biochar", "Life cycle assessment", "/dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/affordable_and_clean_energy; name=SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Rice", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12248"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcbb.12248", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcbb.12248", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcbb.12248"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-03-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01116.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:18:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-09-05", "title": "Land-Use Change To Bioenergy Production In Europe: Implications For The Greenhouse Gas Balance And Soil Carbon", "description": "Abstract<p>Bioenergy from crops is expected to make a considerable contribution to climate change mitigation. However, bioenergy is not necessarily carbon neutral because emissions of CO2, N2O and CH4 during crop production may reduce or completely counterbalance CO2 savings of the substituted fossil fuels. These greenhouse gases (GHGs) need to be included into the carbon footprint calculation of different bioenergy crops under a range of soil conditions and management practices. This review compiles existing knowledge on agronomic and environmental constraints and GHG balances of the major European bioenergy crops, although it focuses on dedicated perennial crops such as Miscanthus and short rotation coppice species. Such second\uffe2\uff80\uff90generation crops account for only 3% of the current European bioenergy production, but field data suggest they emit 40% to &gt;99% less N2O than conventional annual crops. This is a result of lower fertilizer requirements as well as a higher N\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency, due to effective N\uffe2\uff80\uff90recycling. Perennial energy crops have the potential to sequester additional carbon in soil biomass if established on former cropland (0.44\uffc2\uffa0Mg soil C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for poplar and willow and 0.66\uffc2\uffa0Mg soil C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for Miscanthus). However, there was no positive or even negative effects on the C balance if energy crops are established on former grassland. Increased bioenergy production may also result in direct and indirect land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use changes with potential high C losses when native vegetation is converted to annual crops. Although dedicated perennial energy crops have a high potential to improve the GHG balance of bioenergy production, several agronomic and economic constraints still have to be overcome.</p>", "keywords": ["carbon footprint", "short rotation coppice", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Miscanthus", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "Carbon debt", "CARBON CYCLE; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS; BIOENERGY", "Biofuel", "Land management", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "carbon debt", "2. Zero hunger", "Nitrous oxide", "nitrous oxide", "Soil organic carbon", "methane", "land management", "15. Life on land", "Carbon footprint", "soil organic carbon", "13. Climate action", "biofuel", "Short rotation coppice", "Methane"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/117133/1/117133%20j.1757-1707.2011.01116.x.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01116.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01116.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01116.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01116.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-09-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2166/wst.2012.618", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:19:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-01-11", "description": "<p>This paper projects a positive outcome for large-scale algal biofuel and energy production when wastewater treatment is the primary goal. Such a view arises partly from a recent change in emphasis in wastewater treatment technology, from simply oxidising the organic matter in the waste (i.e. removing the biological oxygen demand) to removing the nutrients \uffe2\uff80\uff93 specifically nitrogen and phosphorus \uffe2\uff80\uff93 which are the root cause of eutrophication of inland waterways and coastal zones. A growing need for nutrient removal greatly improves the prospects for using new algal ponds in wastewater treatment, since microalgae are particularly efficient in capturing and removing such nutrients. Using a spreadsheet model, four scenarios combining algae biomass production with the making of biodiesel, biogas and other products were assessed for two of Australia\uffe2\uff80\uff99s largest wastewater treatment plants. The results showed that super critical water reactors and anaerobic digesters could be attractive pathway options, the latter providing significant savings in greenhouse gas emissions. Combining anaerobic digestion with oil extraction and the internal economies derived from cheap land and recycling of water and nutrients on-site could allow algal oil to be produced for less than US$1 per litre.</p>", "keywords": ["Wastewater", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Waste Management", "Chlorophyta", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "11. Sustainability", "Anaerobiosis", "Biomass", "Oils", "Carbon Footprint", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Greg Threlfall, Tim Grant, Kurt Liffman, Tony Priestley, David F. Batten, George Freischmidt, D.A. Paterson, Tom Beer, Lucas Rye,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.618"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Water%20Science%20and%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2166/wst.2012.618", "name": "item", "description": "10.2166/wst.2012.618", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2166/wst.2012.618"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/foods9020230", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:19:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-02-25", "title": "Techno-Functional, Nutritional and Environmental Performance of Protein Isolates from Blue Lupin and White Lupin", "description": "<p>Similarly prepared protein isolates from blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and white lupin (L. albus) were assessed in relation to their composition, functional properties, nutritional attributes and environmental impacts. Blue lupin protein isolate (BLPI) and white lupin protein isolate (WLPI) were found to be quite similar in composition, although differences in the electrophoretic protein profiles were apparent. Both lupin protein isolates (LPIs) had good protein solubility (76.9% for BLPI and 69.8% for WLPI at pH 7) and foaming properties. However, a remarkable difference in heat gelation performance was observed between BLPI and WLPI. WLPI had a minimum gelling concentration of 7% protein, whereas BLPI required 23% protein in order to form a gel. WLPI also resulted in stronger gels over a range of concentrations compared to BLPI. Nutritional properties of both LPIs were similar, with no significant differences in in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), and both had very low trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) and fermentable oligo-, di- and monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) content. The amino acid profiles of both LPIs were also similar, with sulfur-containing amino acids (SAAs) being the limiting amino acid in each case. Environmental impacts revealed by the life cycle assessment (LCA) were almost identical for BLPI and WLPI, and in most categories the LPIs demonstrated considerably better performance per kg protein when compared to cow\uffe2\uff80\uff99s whole milk powder.</p>", "keywords": ["carbon footprint", "fodmaps", "TP1-1185", "Article", "Life cycle assessment", "0404 agricultural biotechnology", "life cycle assessment", "lupin", "11. Sustainability", "Functionality", "functionality", "FODMAPs", "Nutrition", "Protein", "Chemical technology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "sustainability", "Carbon footprint", "3. Good health", "nutrition", "Sustainability", "digestibility", "13. Climate action", "Digestibility", "Lupin", "protein"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/2/230/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/2/230/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020230"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Foods", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/foods9020230", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/foods9020230", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/foods9020230"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-02-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/foods9030322", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:19:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-03-12", "title": "Comparison of Faba Bean Protein Ingredients Produced Using Dry Fractionation and Isoelectric Precipitation: Techno-Functional, Nutritional and Environmental Performance", "description": "<p>Dry fractionated faba bean protein-rich flour (FPR) produced by milling/air classification, and faba bean protein isolate (FPI) produced by acid extraction/isoelectric precipitation were compared in terms of composition, techno-functional properties, nutritional properties and environmental impacts. FPR had a lower protein content (64.1%, dry matter (DM)) compared to FPI (90.1%, DM), due to the inherent limitations of air classification. Of the two ingredients, FPR demonstrated superior functionality, including higher protein solubility (85%), compared to FPI (32%) at pH 7. Foaming capacity was higher for FPR, although foam stability was similar for both ingredients. FPR had greater gelling ability compared to FPI. The higher carbohydrate content of FPR may have contributed to this difference. An amino acid (AA) analysis revealed that both ingredients were low in sulfur-containing AAs, with FPR having a slightly higher level than FPI. The potential nutritional benefits of the aqueous process compared to the dry process used in this study were apparent in the higher in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) and lower trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) in FPI compared to FPR. Additionally, vicine/convicine were detected in FPR, but not in FPI. Furthermore, much lower levels of fermentable oligo-, di- and monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) were found in FPI compared to FPR. The life cycle assessment (LCA) revealed a lower environmental impact for FPR, partly due to the extra water and energy required for aqueous processing. However, in a comparison with cow\uffe2\uff80\uff99s milk protein, both FPR and FPI were shown to have considerably lower environmental impacts.</p>", "keywords": ["Isoelectric precipitation", "carbon footprint", "fodmaps", "TP1-1185", "faba bean", "Article", "Life cycle assessment", "0404 agricultural biotechnology", "life cycle assessment", "Faba bean", "isoelectric precipitation", "FODMAPs", "Nutrition", "Functional properties", "2. Zero hunger", "functional properties", "Protein", "Chemical technology", "dry fractionation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon footprint", "nutrition", "13. Climate action", "Dry fractionation", "antinutrients; carbon footprint; dry fractionation; Faba bean; FODMAPs; functional properties; isoelectric precipitation; life cycle assessment; nutrition; protein", "protein", "antinutrients", "0405 other agricultural sciences", "Antinutrients"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/3/322/pdf"}, {"href": "https://iris.uniroma1.it/bitstream/11573/1661889/1/VogelsangO%e2%80%99Dwyer_Comparison-of-Faba_2022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/3/322/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030322"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Foods", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/foods9030322", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/foods9030322", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/foods9030322"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-03-11T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Carbon+footprint&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Carbon+footprint&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Carbon+footprint&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Carbon+footprint&offset=15", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 15, "numberReturned": 15, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-09-23T08:54:34.530199Z"}