{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.5281/zenodo.4287780", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:23:14Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Forest carbon prospecting for climate change mitigation: Version 1.0", "description": "This data package includes the two 1-km resolution global maps (.tif) of tropical forests between ~23.44\u00b0N and 23.44\u00b0S produced from the study: 1) investible forest carbon (in tCO2e ha-1y-1) and 2) forest carbon return-on-investment (Net Present Value in USD ha-1y-1) over a 30-year timeframe. It also includes the R script to reproduce these layers and their uncertainties. Investible Forest Carbon: The investible forest carbon map was produced based on the total volume of CO2e associated with the three main carbon pools in the tropics, namely aboveground carbon, belowground carbon and soil organic carbon. This is followed by the application of key Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) criteria including additionality, to determine the magnitude and areas of investible forest carbon across the tropics. Aboveground carbon. A stoichiometric factor of 0.475 was applied to recent spatial data on aboveground carbon biomass to obtain carbon stock based on established carbon accounting methodologies. An uncertainty analyses was also performed to account for potential variability in stoichiometric factor. Subsequently, a conversion factor of 3.67 was applied to the carbon stock layer to obtain the volume of CO2e associated with this carbon pool. Belowground carbon. Belowground carbon biomass was firstly derived by applying two allometric equations relating to root to shoot biomass to the most recent spatial dataset on aboveground carbon biomass following established carbon accounting methodologies. The two equations are: Belowground biomass = 0.489\u00d7aboveground biomass^0.89; and Belowground biomass = 0.26\u00d7aboveground biomass A stoichiometric factor of 0.475 was subsequently applied to the estimated belowground carbon biomass to obtain the carbon stock. An uncertainty analyses was then performed to determine the mean, minimum and maximum values for belowground carbon. Following that, a conversion factor of 3.67 was applied to the carbon stock layer to obtain the volume of CO2e associated with this carbon pool. Soil Organic Carbon. Organic carbon density of the topsoil layer (0-30 cm) was obtained from the European Soil Data Centre as it represented the best data available for soil organic carbon. A conversion factor of 3.67 was subsequently applied to derive the volume of CO2e associated with this carbon pool. Applying VCS criteria. The criterion of additionality is a pre-condition for carbon credits to be certified under the VCS. This implies that only the volume of forest carbon that are under imminent threat of decline or loss if left unprotected by a conservation intervention can be certified under the VCS. The volume of forest carbon under threat of loss was based on the best available data on predicted deforestation rates across the tropics (through to the year 2029), and annualized over predicted 15-year period. The estimated annual deforestation rates was then applied to the total volume of CO2e associated with tropical forests as estimated above, deriving the volume of CO2e that would be certifiable and thus investible under the VCS. In addition, a conservative 10-year decay estimate was assumed for the estimate of the belowground carbon pool, and lands that will likely not be certifiable for other reasons, including recently deforested areas (i.e. for the period of 2010-2017), a well as human settlements, were excluded. Lastly, the VCS requirement to set aside buffer credits of 20% was accounted for to consider the risk of non-permanence associated with Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) projects. Return-on-Investment. From the investible forest carbon map, the relative profitability of these areas was then modelled to produce a global forest carbon return-on-investment map based on their NPV. The NPV of returns were based on several simplifying assumptions following established values from previous studies. Cost of project establishment. The cost of project establishment was estimated to be at $25 ha-1. This was based on a range of costs that are key to the development of a project, including but not limited to project design, governance and planning, enforcement, zonation, land tenure and acquisition, surveying and research. Cost for annual maintenance. The cost for annual maintenance was estimated to be $10 ha-1, which included aspects such as in education and communication, monitoring, sustainable livelihoods, marketing, finance and administration. Carbon price. A constant carbon price of $5.8 t-1CO\u00ad2e for the first five years was applied. This price was based on an average price of carbon for avoided deforestation projects reported recently by Forest Trends\u2019 Ecosystem Marketplace (i.e. for the period 2006 \u2013 2018). Subsequently, a 5% price appreciation was applied annually over a project timeframe of 30 years. Discount rate. We calculated NPV of annual and accumulated profits over 30 years based on a 10% risk-adjusted discount rate. Further details for these datasets and their uncertainties are presented in Koh et. al. For questions or issues on the spatial data layers, please contact Yiwen Zeng (zengyiwen@nus.edu.sg).", "keywords": ["Carbon stocks", "Climate change mitigation", "13. Climate action", "Carbon finance", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Koh, Lian Pin, Zeng, Yiwen, Sarira, Tasya Vadya, Siman, Kelly,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4287780"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.4287780", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.4287780", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.4287780"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-11-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/ldr.2158", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:13:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-04-03", "title": "Changes in soil organic carbon under eucalyptus plantations in brazil: a comparative analysis", "description": "ABSTRACT

Proper assessment of environmental quality or degradation requires knowledge of how terrestrial C pools respond to land use change. Forest plantations offer a considerable potential to sequester C in aboveground biomass. However, their impact on initial levels of soil organic carbon (SOC) varies from strong losses to gains, possibly affecting C balances in afforestation or reforestation initiatives. We compiled paired\uffe2\uff80\uff90plot studies on how SOC stocks under native vegetation change after planting fast\uffe2\uff80\uff90growth Eucalyptus species in Brazil, where these plantations are becoming increasingly important. SOC changes for the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9320 and 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9340\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm depths varied between \uffe2\uff88\uff9225 and 42\uffe2\uff80\uff89Mg\uffe2\uff80\uff89ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, following a normal distribution centered near zero. After replacing native vegetation by Eucalyptus plantations, mean SOC changes were \uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffb75 and 0\uffc2\uffb73\uffe2\uff80\uff89Mg\uffe2\uff80\uff89ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9320 and 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9340\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm depths, respectively. These are very low figures in comparison to C stocks usually sequestered in aboveground biomass and were statistically nonsignificant as demonstrated by a t\uffe2\uff80\uff90test at p\uffe2\uff80\uff89<\uffe2\uff80\uff890\uffc2\uffb705. Similar low, nonsignificant SOC changes were estimated after data were stratified into first or second rotation cycles, soil texture and biome (savanna, rainforest or grassland). Although strong SOC losses or gains effectively occurred in some cases, their underpinning causes could not be generally identified in the present work and must be ascribed in a case basis, considering the full set of environmental and management conditions. We conclude that Eucalyptus spp. plantations in average have no net effect on SOC stocks in Brazil. Copyright \uffc2\uffa9 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

", "keywords": ["Soil organic matter", "Carbon stocks", "Tropical soils", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Fast-growth tree plantations", "Land use change"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2158"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land%20Degradation%20%26amp%3B%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/ldr.2158", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/ldr.2158", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/ldr.2158"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-04-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.036", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:16:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-03-05", "title": "The Effect Of Clear Cutting On Podzolisation And Soil Carbon Dynamics In Boreal Forests (Middle Taiga Zone, Russia)", "description": "Abstract Boreal forests are one of the most important terrestrial carbon sink, and a large portion of C is allocated in soil for long-term storage. However forest harvesting may quickly affect soil carbon stocks and dynamics, especially where organic substances drive the soil-forming processes, such as in Podzols. To evaluate the effects of clear cutting on carbon dynamics and podzolisation process over a short time period, a pristine boreal forest (Komi Republic, Russian Federation) and a recently clear cut site (5\u00a0year-old) were selected. Soils are polygenic: podzolisation occurs within the clay-depleted eluvial horizon, formed by a previous lessivage process. Because podzolisation can start only after the eluvial horizon has reached a sort of threshold, bisequal soils allow to individuate comparable pedogenic conditions prior to anthropogenic disturbances. After harvesting, C storage tended to increase in the upper part of the soil profile (organic layer and podzolic sequum) from 2.2 to 5.0\u00a0kg\u00a0m\u2212\u00a02. The abundance of woody materials on the forest floor together with an increase in soil water saturation, discernible by the vegetation survey and iron fractionation, prevented litter degradation and allowed organic matter accumulation at the soil surface. Fulvic acids (FA) in the organic layer of the pristine site showed a low incorporation of polysaccharide and proteinaceous moieties, confirming a higher degradation of the humified fraction than at the clear cut site. The lack of disturbances allowed a selection of FA with the more oxidised and mobile fractions accumulating in the deeper horizons, as currently observed in Podzols. Almost no differences were instead found in the chemical composition of FA along the profile from the clear cut site. A larger portion of FA showed the tendency to migrate through the profile after clear cutting even below the Bhs horizon (C-fulvic acid/C-humic acid >\u00a01) with a marked increase in the FA-carbon stocks with respect to the pristine forest soil (0.66 and 0.30\u00a0kg\u00a0m\u2212\u00a02 down to 30\u00a0cm, respectively). Clear cutting also affected Al and Fe dynamics. The reducing conditions acted upon soil mineral surfaces and enhanced Fe mobilisation probably both in the ionic form and complexed with organic matter. The Al dynamics was instead more related to short term transformations of the layer silicate phases. Traces of a poorly crystalline chlorite were detectable in the Bhs in the pristine forest, but at the clear site only hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite was present. The high amounts of organic acids that migrated through the Bhs after clear cutting may have partially complexed the Al from pedogenic chlorite, giving rise to hydroxy-interlayered behaviour, as normally occurs in Podzol eluvial horizons from where the organic Al-complexes migrate. Our findings suggested that if this trend proceeds further the whole podzolic sequum may migrate downwards. This may have important implication on C budget, as organic carbon will be transferred deeper in the soil profile limiting its losses at least over a short time period.", "keywords": ["BISEQUAL SOILS; CARBON STOCKS; CLAY MINERALOGY; FULVIC ACIDS; NORWAY SPRUCE", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/100698/2/Falsone%20et%20al%202012%20Geoderma%20AperTO.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.036"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.036", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.036", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.036"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.f4m6k", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:21:28Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: Spatial variability in soil organic carbon in a tropical montane landscape: associations between soil organic carbon and land use, soil properties, vegetation, and topography vary across plot to landscape scales", "description": "unspecifiedPresently, the lack of data on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in relation to land-use types and biophysical characteristics prevents reliable estimates of ecosystem carbon stocks in montane landscapes of mainland SE Asia. Our study, conducted in a 10\u202f000\u202fha landscape in Xishuangbanna, SW China, aimed at assessing the spatial variability in SOC concentrations and stocks, as well as the relationships of SOC with land-use types, soil properties, vegetation characteristics and topographical attributes at three spatial scales: (1) land-use types within a landscape (10\u202f000\u202fha), (2) sampling plots (1\u202fha) nested within land-use types (plot distances ranging between 0.5 and 12\u202fkm), and (3) subplots (10\u202fm radius) nested within sampling plots. We sampled 27 one-hectare plots \u2013 10 plots in mature forests, 11 plots in regenerating or highly disturbed forests, and 6 plots in open land including tea plantations and grasslands. We used a sampling design with a hierarchical structure. The landscape was first classified according to land-use types. Within each land-use type, sampling plots were randomly selected, and within each plot we sampled within nine subplots. SOC concentrations and stocks did not differ significantly across the four land-use types. However, within the open-land category, SOC concentrations and stocks in grasslands were higher than in tea plantations (P\u2009<\u20090.01 for 0\u20130.15\u202fm, P\u2009=\u20090.05 for 0.15\u20130.30\u202fm, P\u2009=\u20090.06 for 0\u20130.9\u202fm depth). The SOC stocks to a depth of 0.9\u202fm were 177.6\u202f\u00b1\u202f19.6 (SE) Mg\u202fC\u202fha\u22121 in tea plantations, 199.5\u202f\u00b1\u202f14.8\u202fMg\u202fC\u202fha\u22121 in regenerating or highly disturbed forests, 228.6\u202f\u00b1\u202f19.7\u202fMg\u202fC\u202fha\u22121 in mature forests, and 236.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f13.7\u202fMg\u202fC\u202fha\u22121 in grasslands. In this montane landscape, variability within plots accounted for more than 50\u202f% of the overall variance in SOC stocks to a depth of 0.9\u202fm and the topsoil SOC concentrations. The relationships of SOC concentrations and stocks with land-use types, soil properties, vegetation characteristics, and topographical attributes varied across spatial scales. Variability in SOC within plots was determined by litter layer carbon stocks (P\u2009<\u20090.01 for 0\u20130.15\u202fm and P\u2009=\u20090.03 for 0.15\u20130.30 and 0\u20130.9\u202fm depth) and slope (P\u2009\u2264\u20090.01 for 0\u20130.15, 0.15\u20130.30, and 0\u20130.9\u202fm depth) in open land, and by litter layer carbon stocks (P\u2009<\u20090.001 for 0\u20130.15, 0.15\u20130.30 and 0\u20130.9\u202fm depth) and tree basal area (P\u2009<\u20090.001 for 0\u20130.15\u202fm and P\u2009=\u20090.01 for 0\u20130.9\u202fm depth) in forests. Variability in SOC among plots in open land was related to the differences in SOC concentrations and stocks between grasslands and tea plantations. In forests, the variability in SOC among plots was associated with elevation (P\u2009<\u20090.01 for 0\u20130.15\u202fm and P\u2009=\u20090.09 for 0\u20130.9\u202fm depth). The scale-dependent relationships between SOC and its controlling factors demonstrate that studies that aim to investigate the land-use effects on SOC need an appropriate sampling design reflecting the controlling factors of SOC so that land-use effects will not be masked by the variability between and within sampling plots.", "keywords": ["Soil organic carbon stocks", "Land-use type", "Soil characteristics", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "de Bl\u00e9court, Marleen, Corre, Marife D., Paudel, Ekananda, Harrison, Rhett D., Brumme, Rainer, Veldkamp, Edzo,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.f4m6k"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.f4m6k", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.f4m6k", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.f4m6k"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-06-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110749", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:15:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-07-19", "title": "Contribution of aboveground and belowground biomass of Robinia pseudoacacia trees to total plant carbon stocks in a young agroforestry system", "description": "Allocation to aboveground and belowground compartments of tree biomass in Mediterranean agroforestry systems (AFS) is poorly documented, especially for young trees. This work aimed at (i) characterizing the effects of land use (Agroforestry, AF vs. Tree Plantation, TP) on 5-year-old black locust tree growth, tree biomass allocation, and tree C stocks at plot scale, and (ii) assessing the effect of land use on total carbon stocks (AF vs. TP vs. Crop Monoculture). Allometric equations were built for upscaling tree biomass at the plot scale. Biomass of understory vegetation and crops were estimated at the plot scale in the three land uses. Tree diameter was 19 % higher in the AF than in TP, likely due to different light microclimate, while tree height did not vary significantly between land uses. Tree biomass allocation to aboveground and belowground compartments (70 % and 30 % of total tree biomass, respectively) did not vary between land uses. Higher efficiency in building tree carbon stock was shown in agroforestry than in tree plantation per area unit. Trees accounted for 39 % and 66 % of total carbon stocks in biomass in AF and TP, respectively. Understory vegetation accounted for 8 % and 34 % of total carbon stocks in biomass in AF and TP, respectively. Land equivalent ratio values, which involved tree, crop and understory vegetation carbon stocks, did not yet indicate a synergetic effect on accumulation of plant carbon compared to sole crop or tree plantations. This study provides new reference values of carbon stocks in biomass in a young AFS.", "keywords": ["http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_330982", "plant", "Triticum turgidum", "utilisation des terres", "syst\u00e8mes agroforestiers", "Biomass allocation", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16111", "enracinement", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3081", "biomasse", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1666", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1301", "Agroforestry", "agroforesterie", "Black locust", "changement climatique", "Allometry", "biomasse souterraine", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_363a2055", "Robinia", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_331583", "croissance", "Roots", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "s\u00e9questration du carbone", "Carbon stocks", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_926", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3394", "Biomass production", "Robinia pseudoacacia", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6624", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6625", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4182", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7958", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6649", "France", "carbone"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110749"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20and%20Forest%20Meteorology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110749", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110749", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110749"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.06.015", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:16:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-07-06", "title": "Impact Of Alley Cropping Agroforestry On Stocks, Forms And Spatial Distribution Of Soil Organic Carbon \u2014 A Case Study In A Mediterranean Context", "description": "Abstract Agroforestry systems, i.e., agroecosystems combining trees with farming practices, are of particular interest as they combine the potential to increase biomass and soil carbon (C) storage while maintaining an agricultural production. However, most present knowledge on the impact of agroforestry systems on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage comes from tropical systems. This study was conducted in southern France, in an 18-year-old agroforestry plot, where hybrid walnuts ( Juglans regia \u00d7 nigra L.) are intercropped with durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum ), and in an adjacent agricultural control plot, where durum wheat is the sole crop. We quantified SOC stocks to 2.0\u00a0m depth and their spatial variability in relation to the distance to the trees and to the tree rows. The distribution of additional SOC storage in different soil particle-size fractions was also characterized. SOC accumulation rates between the agroforestry and the agricultural plots were 248\u00a0\u00b1\u00a031\u00a0kg\u00a0C\u00a0ha \u2212\u00a01 \u00a0yr \u2212\u00a01 for an equivalent soil mass (ESM) of 4000\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u2212\u00a01 (to 26\u201329\u00a0cm depth) and 350\u00a0\u00b1\u00a041\u00a0kg\u00a0C\u00a0ha \u2212\u00a01 \u00a0yr \u2212\u00a01 for an ESM of 15,700\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u2212\u00a01 (to 93\u201398\u00a0cm depth). SOC stocks were higher in the tree rows where herbaceous vegetation grew and where the soil was not tilled, but no effect of the distance to the trees (0 to 10\u00a0m) on SOC stocks was observed. Most of the additional SOC storage was found in coarse organic fractions (50\u2013200 and 200\u20132000\u00a0\u03bcm), which may be rather labile fractions. All together our study demonstrated the potential of alley cropping agroforestry systems under Mediterranean conditions to store SOC, and questioned the stability of this storage.", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_28568", "Juglans regia", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "culture associ\u00e9e", "Triticum turgidum", "630", "spectroscopie infrarouge", "zone m\u00e9diterran\u00e9enne", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35657", "agroforesterie", "2. Zero hunger", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35927", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "soil organic carbon storage", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_29563", "soil organic carbon saturation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "deep soil organic carbon stocks", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207", "s\u00e9questration du carbone", "P31 - Lev\u00e9s et cartographie des sols", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4060", "mati\u00e8re organique du sol", "P33 - Chimie et physique du sol", "Visible and near infrared spectroscopy", "571", "structure du sol", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "Juglans nigra", "particle-size fractionation", "Particle-size fractionation", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil organic carbon saturation", "visible and near infrared spectroscopy", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_33452", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3081", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4059", "Deep soil organic carbon stocks", "15. Life on land", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_331583", "cartographie des fonctions de la for\u00eat", "K10 - Production foresti\u00e8re", "soil mapping", "Soil mapping", "culture en couloirs", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7958", "Soil organic carbon storage", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7196", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1374847637217", "U30 - M\u00e9thodes de recherche"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.06.015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.06.015", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.06.015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.06.015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.026", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:16:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-05-28", "title": "Greenhouse Gas Assessment Of Soybean Production: Implications Of Land Use Change And Different Cultivation Systems", "description": "Abstract The increase in soybean production as a source of protein and oil is being stimulated by the growing demand for livestock feed, food and numerous other applications. Significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can result from land use change due to the expansion and cultivation of soybean. However, this is complex to assess and the results can vary widely. The main goal of this article is to investigate the life-cycle GHG balance for soybean produced in Latin America, assessing the implications of direct land use change emissions and different cultivation systems. A life-cycle model, including inventories for soybean produced in three different climate regions, was developed, addressing land use change, cultivation and transport to Europe. A comprehensive evaluation of alternative land use change scenarios (conversion of tropical forest, forest plantations, perennial crop plantations, savannah and grasslands), cultivation (tillage, reduced tillage and no-tillage) and soybean transportation systems was undertaken. The main results show the importance of land use change in soybean GHG emissions, but significant differences were observed for the alternative scenarios, namely 0.1\u201317.8\u00a0kg\u00a0CO2eq\u00a0kg\u22121 soybean. The original land choice is a critical issue in ensuring the lowest soybean GHG balance and degraded grassland should preferably be used for soybean cultivation. The highest GHG emissions were calculated for tropical moist regions when rainforest is converted into soybean plantations (tillage system). When land use change is not considered, the GHG intensity varies from 0.3 to 0.6\u00a0kg CO2eq\u00a0kg\u22121 soybean. It was calculated that all tillage systems have higher GHG emissions than the corresponding no-tillage and reduced tillage systems. The results also show that N2O emissions play a major role in the GHG emissions from cultivation, although N2O emission calculations are very sensitive to the parameters and emission factors adopted.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil management", "05 social sciences", "15. Life on land", "Land conversion", "Carbon footprint", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "Tillage", "12. Responsible consumption", "Carbon stocks", "13. Climate action", "0502 economics and business", "11. Sustainability", "Life cycle assessment (LCA)", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.026"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Cleaner%20Production", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.026", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.026", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.026"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.049", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:16:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-06-11", "title": "Rehabilitating Mangrove Ecosystem Services: A Case Study On The Relative Benefits Of Abandoned Pond Reversion From Panay Island, Philippines", "description": "Mangroves provide vital climate change mitigation and adaptation (CCMA) ecosystem services (ES), yet have suffered extensive tropics-wide declines. To mitigate losses, rehabilitation is high on the conservation agenda. However, the relative functionality and ES delivery of rehabilitated mangroves in different intertidal locations is rarely assessed. In a case study from Panay Island, Philippines, using field- and satellite-derived methods, we assess carbon stocks and coastal protection potential of rehabilitated low-intertidal seafront and mid- to upper-intertidal abandoned (leased) fishpond areas, against reference natural mangroves. Due to large sizes and appropriate site conditions, targeted abandoned fishpond reversion to former mangrove was found to be favourable for enhancing CCMA in the coastal zone. In a municipality-specific case study, 96.7% of abandoned fishponds with high potential for effective greenbelt rehabilitation had favourable tenure status for reversion. These findings have implications for coastal zone management in Asia in the face of climate change.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Carbon Sequestration", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "coastal protection", "mangroves", "Philippines", "Aquatic Science", "15. Life on land", "Oceanography", "Pollution", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "rehabilitation", "carbon stocks", "13. Climate action", "Wetlands", "11. Sustainability", "14. Life underwater", "ecosystem services", "Ponds", "abandoned aquaculture ponds", "Ecosystem", "Environmental Restoration and Remediation", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.049"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Marine%20Pollution%20Bulletin", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.049", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.049", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.049"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.204", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:16:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-03-30", "title": "Changes In Soil Characteristics And C Dynamics After Mangrove Clearing (Vietnam)", "description": "Of the blue carbon sinks, mangroves have one of the highest organic matter (OM) storage capacities in their soil due to low mineralization processes resulting from waterlogging. However, mangroves are disappearing worldwide because of demographic increases. In addition to the loss of CO2 fixation, mangrove clearing can strongly affect soil characteristics and C storage. The objectives of the present study were to quantify the evolution of soil quality, carbon stocks and carbon fluxes after mangrove clearing. Sediment cores to assess physico-chemical properties were collected and in situ CO2 fluxes were measured at the soil-air interface in a mangrove of Northern Vietnam. We compared a Kandelia candel mangrove forest with a nearby zone that had been cleared two years before the study. Significant decrease of clay content and an increase in bulk density for the upper 35cm in the cleared zone were observed. Soil organic carbon (OC) content in the upper 35cm decreased by >65% two years after clearing. The quantity and the quality of the carbon changed, with lower carbon to nitrogen ratios, indicating a more decomposed OM, a higher content of dissolved organic carbon, and a higher content of inorganic carbon (three times higher). This highlights the efficiency of mineralization processes following clearing. Due to the rapid decrease in the soil carbon content, CO2 fluxes at sediment interface were >50% lower in the cleared zone. Taking into account carbonate precipitation after OC mineralization, the mangrove soil lost ~10MgOCha-1yr-1 mostly as CO2 to the atmosphere and possibly as dissolved forms towards adjacent ecosystems. The impacts on the carbon cycle of mangrove clearing as shown by the switch from a C sink to a C source highlight the importance of maintaining these ecosystems, particularly in a context of climate change.", "keywords": ["580", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "570", "550", "Sediment properties", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Carbon stocks", "[SHS.ENVIR] Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies", "13. Climate action", "[SHS.ENVIR]Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies", "Soil CO2 fluxes", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.204"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.204", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.204", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.204"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.07.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:16:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-07-14", "title": "Agricultural Management Affects The Response Of Soil Bacterial Community Structure And Respiration To Water-Stress", "description": "Soil microorganisms are responsible for organic matter decomposition processes that regulate soil carbon storage and mineralisation to CO2. Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency of drought events, with uncertain consequences for soil microbial communities. In this study we tested the hypothesis that agricultural management used to enhance soil carbon stocks would increase the stability of microbial community structure and activity in response to water-stress. Soil was sampled from a long-term field trial with three soil carbon management systems and was used in a laboratory study of the effect of a dry\u2013wet cycle on organic C mineralisation and microbial community structure. After a drying\u2013rewetting event, soil microcosms were maintained wet and microbial community structure and abundance as well as microbial respiration were measured for four weeks. The results showed that the NO-TILL management system, with the highest soil organic matter content and respiration rate, had a distinct bacterial community structure relative to the conventional and the TILL without fertiliser systems. In all management systems, the rewetting event clearly modified microbial community structure and activity. Both returned to their pre-drought state after 28 days. However, the magnitude of variation of C mineralisation was lower (i.e. the resistance to stress was higher) in the NO-TILL system. The genetic structure of the NO-TILL bacterial communities was most modified by water-stress and exhibited a slower recovery rate. This suggests that land use management can increase microbial functional resistance to drought stress via the establishment of bacterial communities with particular metabolic capacities. Nevertheless, the resilience rates of C mineralisation were similar among management regimes, suggesting that similar mechanisms occur, maybe due to a common soil microbial community legacy.", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "570", "Agricultural land use", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "630", "Drying-rewetting", "FUNCTIONAL STABILITY", "[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "[SDV.BV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "Drying\u2013rewetting", "NITROGEN MINERALIZATION", "Global change", "2. Zero hunger", "C mineralisation", "CLIMATE-CHANGE", "MICROBIAL COMMUNITY", "LAND-USE CHANGE", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "RESILIENCE", "15. Life on land", "DRYING-REWETTING FREQUENCY", "6. Clean water", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "ORGANIC-MATTER", "13. Climate action", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "Bacterial community structure", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "CATABOLIC DIVERSITY", "CARBON STOCKS", "Stability"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.07.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.07.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.07.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.07.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108466", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:16:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-03", "title": "Improved global-scale predictions of soil carbon stocks with Millennial Version 2", "description": "Abstract Soil carbon (C) models are used to predict C sequestration responses to climate and land use change. Yet, the soil models embedded in Earth system models typically do not represent processes that reflect our current understanding of soil C cycling, such as microbial decomposition, mineral association, and aggregation. Rather, they rely on conceptual pools with turnover times that are fit to bulk C stocks and/or fluxes. As measurements of soil fractions become increasingly available, it is necessary for soil C models to represent these measurable quantities so that model processes can be evaluated more accurately. Here we present Version 2 (V2) of the Millennial model, a soil model developed to simulate C pools that can be measured by extraction or fractionation, including particulate organic C, mineral-associated organic C, aggregate C, microbial biomass, and low molecular weight C. Model processes have been updated to reflect the current understanding of mineral-association, temperature sensitivity and reaction kinetics, and different model structures were tested within an open-source framework. We evaluated the ability of Millennial V2 to simulate total soil organic C (SOC), as well as the mineral-associated and particulate fractions, using three independent data sets of soil fractionation measurements spanning a range of climate and geochemistry in Australia (N\u00a0=\u00a0495), Europe (N\u00a0=\u00a0175), and across the globe (N\u00a0=\u00a0659). When using all the data together (N\u00a0=\u00a01329), the Millennial V2 model predicted SOC (RMSE\u00a0=\u00a03.3\u00a0kg\u00a0C m\u22122, AIC\u00a0=\u00a0675, R i n 2 \u00a0=\u00a00.31, R o u t 2 \u00a0=\u00a00.26) better than the widely-used first-order decomposition model Century (RMSE\u00a0=\u00a03.4\u00a0kg\u00a0C m\u22122, AIC\u00a0=\u00a0696, R i n 2 \u00a0=\u00a00.21, R o u t 2 \u00a0=\u00a00.18) across sites, despite the fact that Millennial V2 has an increase in process complexity and number of parameters compared to Century. Millennial V2 also reproduced the observed fraction of C in MAOM and larger particle size fractions for most latitudes and biomes, and allows for a more detailed understanding of the pools and processes that affect model performance. It is important to note that this study evaluates the spatial variation in C stock only, and that the temporal dynamics of Millennial V2 remain to be tested. The Millennial V2 model updates the conceptual Century model pools and processes and represents our current understanding of the roles that microbial activity, mineral association and aggregation play in soil C sequestration.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", "550", "Mineral association", "Atmosphere", "Soil organic carbon stocks", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "15. Life on land", "551", "Microbial decomposition", "01 natural sciences", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "13. Climate action", "Soil carbon modeling", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "environment", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108466"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108466", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108466", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108466"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2007.01.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:17:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-03-20", "title": "Effects Of Zone-Tillage In Rotation With No-Tillage On Soil Properties And Crop Yields In A Semi-Arid Soil From Central Spain", "description": "Open AccessPeer reviewed", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Carbon stocks", "Paraplow", "Nutrients stratification", "Soil densification", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Conservation tillage", "Semi-arid soils"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2007.01.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2007.01.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2007.01.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2007.01.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2010.10.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:17:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-12-05", "title": "Soil Carbon Storage And Stratification Under Different Tillage Systems In A Semi-Arid Region", "description": "Open AccessChanges in the agricultural management can potentially increase the accumulation rate of soil organic carbon (SOC), thereby sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere. In a long-term experiment (1992-2008) we examined the effects of various tillage intensities: no-tillage (NT), minimum tillage with chisel plow (MT), and conventional tillage with mouldboard plow (CT), on the topsoil profile distribution (0-30cm) of SOC, on a semi-arid loamy soil from Central Spain. The crop sequence established was cheap pea (Cicer arietinun L.) cv. Inmaculada/barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Volley. Soil organic carbon in the various tillage treatments was expressed on a content bases and the equivalent soil mass approach. Measurements made at the end of 17 years showed that in the 0-30cm depth, stocks of SOC had increased under NT compared with MT and CT. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0-5cm layer where plots under NT had 5.8 and 7.6Mgha-1 more SOC than under MT or CT respectively. No-tillage plots, however, exhibited strong vertical gradients of SOC with concentrations decreasing from 0-5 to 20-30cm. Stratification ratios of SOC in 1992 showed no significant differences between tillage systems. On the contrary, from 1993 onwards all stratification ratios were significantly higher in NT than in the other two tillage systems. In addition, since 2003 stratification ratios of SOC obtained under NT were systematically >2 and more than 2-fold those obtained under MT and CT. Stratification ratios >2 are uncommon under degraded conditions and could suggest that NT management system may have the most benefits to soil quality in semi arid regions with low native soil organic matter. \u00a9 2010 Elsevier B.V.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Carbon stocks", "Long-term experiments", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Stratification ratio", "Conservation tillage", "Semi-arid soils"], "contacts": [{"organization": "L\u00f3pez-Fando, Cristina, Pardo Fern\u00e1ndez, Mar\u00eda Teresa,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2010.10.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2010.10.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2010.10.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2010.10.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.5511764", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:23:18Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Application of organic fertilizers alter the physical and biogeochemical properties of agricultural topsoil and subsoil", "description": "Open AccessvEGU21: Gather Online | 19\u201330 April 2021", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Organic amendments", " Organic carbon stocks", " subsoil ", " Vis-NIR"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Neumeier, Anke, Guigue, Julien, Ostovari, Yaser, Muskolus, Andreas, Holmer, Anna, Martens, Henk, Me\u0161inovi\u0107, Emina, K\u00f6gel-Knabner, Ingrid, Creamer, Rachel, Van Groenigen, Jan Willem, Vidal, Alix,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5511764"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.5511764", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.5511764", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.5511764"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-04-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "21.11116/0000-000B-2A22-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:25:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-09-13", "title": "Vertical pattern of organic matter decomposability in cryoturbated permafrost-affected soils", "description": "Abstract

Permafrost thaw will release additional carbon dioxide into the atmosphere resulting in a positive feedback to climate change. However, the mineralization dynamics of organic matter (OM) stored in permafrost-affected soils remain unclear. We used physical soil fractionation, radiocarbon measurements, incubation experiments, and a dynamic decomposition model to identify distinct vertical pattern in OM decomposability. The observed differences reflect the type of OM input to the subsoil, either by cryoturbation or otherwise, e.g. by advective water-borne transport of dissolved OM. In non-cryoturbated subsoil horizons, most OM is stabilized at mineral surfaces or by occlusion in aggregates. In contrast, pockets of OM-rich cryoturbated soil contain sufficient free particulate OM for microbial decomposition. After thaw, OM turnover is as fast as in the upper active layer. Since cryoturbated soils store ca. 450 Pg carbon, identifying differences in decomposability according to such translocation processes has large implications for the future global carbon cycle and climate, and directs further process model development.---
stocks de carbone dans le sol", "[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture", " forestry", "\u00e9pic\u00e9a de Sitka", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2005078"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annals%20of%20Forest%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1051/forest:2005078", "name": "item", "description": "10.1051/forest:2005078", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1051/forest:2005078"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1088/1748-9326/ac9198", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:18:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-09-13", "title": "Vertical pattern of organic matter decomposability in cryoturbated permafrost-affected soils", "description": "Abstract

Permafrost thaw will release additional carbon dioxide into the atmosphere resulting in a positive feedback to climate change. However, the mineralization dynamics of organic matter (OM) stored in permafrost-affected soils remain unclear. We used physical soil fractionation, radiocarbon measurements, incubation experiments, and a dynamic decomposition model to identify distinct vertical pattern in OM decomposability. The observed differences reflect the type of OM input to the subsoil, either by cryoturbation or otherwise, e.g. by advective water-borne transport of dissolved OM. In non-cryoturbated subsoil horizons, most OM is stabilized at mineral surfaces or by occlusion in aggregates. In contrast, pockets of OM-rich cryoturbated soil contain sufficient free particulate OM for microbial decomposition. After thaw, OM turnover is as fast as in the upper active layer. Since cryoturbated soils store ca. 450 Pg carbon, identifying differences in decomposability according to such translocation processes has large implications for the future global carbon cycle and climate, and directs further process model development. Research both nationally and internationally has indicated that no-till (NT) management used in combination with stubble retention has the potential to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in cropping soils relative to conventional tillage (CT). However, rates of SOC increase can vary depending on cropping system, climate, and soil type, making the quantification of carbon change difficult on a regional level. Various long-term trials and commercial sites throughout Queensland were used to compare rates of SOC change under CT and NT management in cropping soils, and to determine how climate and soil type interact to influence rates of change. It was observed that NT management was not capable of increasing SOC stocks under the crop\uffe2\uff80\uff93fallow rotation systems practised throughout Queensland, and was unlikely even to hold SOC stocks steady under current management practices. However, SOC losses under NT systems did appear to be slower than under CT, indicating that NT may slow SOC loss following a period of organic carbon input, for example, from a pasture ley. On a regional scale, biomass production (estimated through remote sensing), climate (specifically the vapour pressure deficit), and soil sand content could be used to adequately predict SOC stocks on commercial sites, indicating the importance of considering these factors when assessing SOC stocks following management change across the region.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "550", "Climate", "1904 Earth-Surface Processes", "2301 Environmental Science (miscellaneous)", "No-till", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Organic carbon stocks", "Stubble retention", "Vapour pressure deficit", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "1111 Soil Science", "Sand content"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1071/sr12225"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1071/sr12225", "name": "item", "description": "10.1071/sr12225", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1071/sr12225"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1093/nsr/nwab120", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:18:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-06-29", "title": "Significant loss of soil inorganic carbon at the continental scale", "description": "Abstract

Widespread soil acidification due to atmospheric acid deposition and agricultural fertilization may greatly accelerate soil carbonate dissolution and CO2 release. However, to date, few studies have addressed these processes. Here, we use meta-analysis and nationwide-survey datasets to investigate changes in soil inorganic carbon (SIC) stocks in China. We observe an overall decrease in SIC stocks in topsoil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffc2\uffa0cm) (11.33\uffc2\uffa0g C m\uffe2\uff80\uff932 yr\uffe2\uff80\uff931) from the 1980s to the 2010s. Total SIC stocks have decreased by \uffe2\uff88\uffbc8.99\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.24% (1.37\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa00.37\uffc2\uffa0Pg C). The average SIC losses across China (0.046 Pg C yr\uffe2\uff80\uff931) and in cropland (0.016 Pg C yr\uffe2\uff80\uff931) account for \uffe2\uff88\uffbc17.6%\uffe2\uff80\uff9324.0% of the terrestrial C sink and 57.1% of the soil organic carbon sink in cropland, respectively. Nitrogen deposition and climate change have profound influences on SIC cycling. We estimate that \uffe2\uff88\uffbc19.12%\uffe2\uff80\uff9319.47% of SIC stocks will be further lost by 2100. The consumption of SIC may offset a large portion of global efforts aimed at ecosystem carbon sequestration, which emphasizes the importance of achieving a better understanding of the indirect coupling mechanisms of nitrogen and carbon cycling and of effective countermeasures to minimize SIC loss.

Organic farming (OF) enhances top soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in croplands compared with conventional farming (CF), which can contribute to sequester C. As farming system differences in the amount of C inputs to soil (e.g. fertilization and crop residues) are not enough to explain such increase, shifts in crop residue traits important for soil C losses such as litter decomposition may also play a role.

To assess whether crop residue (leaf and root) traits determined SOC sequestration responses to OF, we coupled a global meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis with field measurements across a European\uffe2\uff80\uff90wide network of sites. In the meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis, we related crop species averages of leaf N, leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90dry matter content, fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90root C and N, with SOC stocks and sequestration responses in OF vs. CF. Across six European sites, we measured the management\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced changes in SOC stocks and leaf litter traits after long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term ecological intensive (e.g. OF) vs. CF comparisons.

Our global meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis showed that the positive OF\uffe2\uff80\uff90effects on soil respiration, SOC stocks, and SOC sequestration rates were significant even in organic farms with low manure application rates. Although fertilization intensity was the main driver of OF\uffe2\uff80\uff90effects on SOC, leaf and root N concentrations also played a significant role. Across the six European sites, changes towards higher leaf litter N in CF also promoted lower SOC stocks.

Our results highlight that crop species displaying traits indicative of resource\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisitive strategies (e.g. high leaf and root N) increase the difference in SOC between OF and CF. Indeed, changes towards higher crop residue decomposability was related with decreased SOC stocks under CF across European sites.

Synthesis and applications. Our study emphasizes that, with management, changes in crop residue traits contribute to the positive effects of organic farming (OF) on soil carbon sequestration. These results provide a clear message to land managers: the choice of crop species, and more importantly their functional traits (e.g. leave and root nitrogen), should be considered in addition to management practices and climate, when evaluating the potential of OF for climate change mitigation.

", "keywords": ["SOC sequestration", "0301 basic medicine", "Organic farming", "Resource economics traits", "Soil Science", "Ecological intensification", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "Markvetenskap", "630", "Soil quality", "climate change mitigation", "Climate change mitigation", "03 medical and health sciences", "ecological intensification", "organic farming", "[SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environment and Society", "Crop residue", "soil carbon stocks", "'Organics' in general", "[SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environment and Society", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "580", "2. Zero hunger", "leaf nitrogen", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "resource economics traits", "meta-analysis", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "Meta-analysis", "crop residue", "13. Climate action", "crop traits", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "Leaf nitrogen", "Soil carbon stocks"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13113"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Applied%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/1365-2664.13113", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/1365-2664.13113", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/1365-2664.13113"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-02-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:18:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-07-10", "title": "Variation In Soil Carbon Stocks And Their Determinants Across A Precipitation Gradient In West Africa", "description": "Abstract

We examine the influence of climate, soil properties and vegetation characteristics on soil organic carbon (SOC) along a transect of West African ecosystems sampled across a precipitation gradient on contrasting soil types stretching from Ghana (15\uffc2\uffb0N) to Mali (7\uffc2\uffb0N). Our findings derive from a total of 1108 soil cores sampled over 14 permanent plots. The observed pattern in SOC stocks reflects the very different climatic conditions and contrasting soil properties existing along the latitudinal transect. The combined effects of these factors strongly influence vegetation structure. SOC stocks in the first 2\uffc2\uffa0m of soil ranged from 20\uffc2\uffa0Mg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for a Sahelian savanna in Mali to over 120\uffc2\uffa0Mg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for a transitional forest in Ghana. The degree of interdependence between soil bulk density (SBD) and soil properties is highlighted by the strong negative relationships observed between SBD and SOC (r2\uffc2\uffa0>\uffc2\uffa00.84). A simple predictive function capable of encompassing the effect of climate, soil properties and vegetation type on SOC stocks showed that available water and sand content taken together could explain 0.84 and 0.86 of the total variability in SOC stocks observed to 0.3 and 1.0\uffc2\uffa0m depth respectively. Used in combination with a suitable climatic parameter, sand content is a good predictor of SOC stored in highly weathered dry tropical ecosystems with arguably less confounding effects than provided by clay content. There was an increased contribution of resistant SOC to the total SOC pool for lower rainfall soils, this likely being the result of more frequent fire events in the grassier savannas of the more arid regions. This work provides new insights into the mechanisms determining the distribution of carbon storage in tropical soils and should contribute significantly to the development of robust predictive models of biogeochemical cycling and vegetation dynamics in tropical regions.

", "keywords": ["550", "Tropical ecosystems", "biotic controls", "West africa", "01 natural sciences", "forest soils", "land-use change", "Precipitation gradient", "Soil bulk density", "senegal", "cycle feedback", "Life Science", "Resistant organic carbon", "organic-matter", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "savanna soils", "ddc:550", "Soil organic carbon", "sequestration", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "stabilization", "Earth sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "texture", "Soil carbon stocks"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-03-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0116391", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:19:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-02-09", "title": "Biogeographic Patterns Of Structural Traits And C:N:P Stoichiometry Of Tree Twigs In China\u2019S Forests", "description": "Open Access\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u061b \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 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\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "China", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Climate", "Evolutionary biology", "Forests", "Estimation of Forest Biomass and Carbon Stocks", "01 natural sciences", "Trees", "Soil", "Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management", "FOS: Mathematics", "Biology", "Nature and Landscape Conservation", "Global and Planetary Change", "Ecology", "Geography", "Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change", "Q", "R", "Phosphorus", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Archaeology", "Combinatorics", "13. Climate action", "Tree Allometry", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Tree (set theory)", "Medicine", "Embryophyta", "Tree Height-Diameter Models", "Biomass Estimation", "Mathematics", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116391"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0116391", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0116391", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0116391"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-02-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.18710/FJWV6X", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:19:51Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Replication Data for: Spatial variation in amount of carbon in boreal forest surface soil \u2013 the role of historical fires, hydro-topography, and contemporary vegetation", "description": "This dataset contains data on soil C and N stocks (from soil samples), charcoal weight, historical fire frequencies, year of last fire, bottom layer vegetation cover, topography, and woody cover from Trillemarka Nature reserve.", "keywords": ["Earth and Environmental Science", "History", "Humanities", "Hydro-topography", "Hydro topography", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Organic surface carbon stocks", "15. Life on land", "Forest fire history", "Environmental Research", "Natural Sciences", "Geosciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Haukenes, Vilde L., \u00c5sg\u00e5rd, Lisa, Asplund, Johan, Nybakken, Line, Rolstad, J\u00f8rund, Storaunet, Ken Olaf, Ohlson, Mikael,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.18710/FJWV6X"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.18710/FJWV6X", "name": "item", "description": "10.18710/FJWV6X", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.18710/FJWV6X"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.p5hqbzkqg", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:21:31Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: Living, dead, and absent trees - How do moth outbreaks shape small-scale patterns of soil organic matter stocks and dynamics at the Subarctic mountain birch treeline?", "description": "unspecifiedSee ReadMe file.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "Soil organic carbon stocks", "soil organic matter", "insect herbivory", "Soil respiration", "15. Life on land", "priming effects", "Soil carbon"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Meyer, Nele, Xu, Yi, Karjalainen, Katri, Adamczyk, Sylwia, Biasi, Christina, van Delden, Lona, Martin, Angela, Mganga, Kevin, Myller, Kristiina, Sieti\u00f6, Outi-Maaria, Suominen, Otso, Karhu, Kristiina,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.p5hqbzkqg"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.p5hqbzkqg", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.p5hqbzkqg", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.p5hqbzkqg"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-10-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.25338/B8061X", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:20:33Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Multiple Benefits from Agricultural and Natural Land Covers in the Central Valley, CA", "description": "unspecifiedMethods for Rapid Evidence Assessment and Benefit/Tradeoff analysis We performed a rapid review of the literature from the last 10 years focusing on benefits from agricultural and natural land covers in the Central Valley. We focused our search on 10 priority agricultural land covers, selected according to harvested acreage as reported by the California County Agricultural Commissioners\u2019 2018 Crop Report [30], and 3 priority natural (i.e., not for production purposes) land covers based on land area in the Central Valley [98]. See Appendix II for a detailed overview of the search strategy employed, the inclusion criteria, and the data collected from each study in the review. The resulting library of research included reports from peer-review studies as well as publicly available federal or state surveys/censuses and expert source surveys. In total, we reviewed 107 studies that included approximately 10 agricultural land covers and 3 natural land covers, recording over 77 different metrics for benefits and tradeoffs provisioned by those land covers.\u00a0From the 107 studies we obtained 512 unique observations across land covers and benefit metrics.\u00a0 To complement the metrics reported in the peer-reviewed literature, we included metrics with quality data available in public repositories such as federal and state censuses, technical reports, and databases. These metrics were chosen because they provided information to supplement a benefit category with few examples in recent published literature or because they described metrics that are more suitable for survey formats than for the experimental interventions in the studies reviewed above. These additional datasets included: Crop production value ($USD ha-1)\u00a0 Pesticide use by land cover type (kg applied ha-1)\u00a0 Consumptive water use (m3 ha-1)\u00a0 Employment (workers ha-1) and average weekly wages earned ($USD worker-1 ha-1) in the agricultural sector\u00a0 Avian conservation score The Avian Conservation Score was developed through a survey of domain experts. In an iterative process, the expert sources reached a consensus on scores for each landcover type according to their relative value for nesting, foraging, or roosting different avian taxa during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. Avian taxa considered were those for which the Central Valley Joint Venture has established conservation objectives, including grassland, oak savannah, and riparian landbirds, waterfowl, shorebirds, and other waterbirds (Central Valley Joint Venture 2020). Each land cover type was given a final score on a 0-1 scale representing its relative total value across taxa and seasons.\u00a0 Although our search strategy reflected a priori selection of focal benefit categories and metrics, benefit categories were subsequently adjusted to reflect the actual availability of information on each benefit category and associated metrics. Of the metrics described in the gap analysis above, we chose a subset of metrics with the best representation across land cover types and recategorized them into a suite of benefit categories: 1) Environmental health or quality, which included air pollution and pesticide use metrics; 2) Economy, which included agricultural (crop and forage) production value and livelihood value metrics; 3) Climate, which included greenhouse gas emission and carbon storage/sequestration metrics; 4) Water, which included water quality/pollution and water use metrics, and 5) Wildlife, which included the Avian Conservation Score. These categories were subsequently used to calculate a Multiple Benefits Index across land covers (within metrics) and within specific land covers (across metrics). The Multiple Benefits Index was calculated by normalizing all of the above metrics to a similar scale to enable comparison of multiple benefits and tradeoffs across land cover types. To compare benefit metrics within each landcover, reported values were converted to the same unit of measure and then transformed to a 0-1 scale by setting the highest reported value across all land covers to 1 and then calculating the remaining values according to the following formula: where MBI represents the Multiple Benefits Index, or normalized value of X, and Xi represents a single value in the vector of values for X. Metrics were then categorized post hoc as either \u201cbenefits\u201d or \u201ctradeoffs\u201d depending on their perceived value to the above sectors or interests. Benefits were those metrics that related to provisioning of a desirable service such as pollutant removal, while tradeoffs were metrics that related to provisioning of an undesirable service such as greenhouse gas emissions. Metrics considered tradeoffs were assigned a negative value by multiplying the Multiple Benefits Index by -1. The results of within-land cover benefit/tradeoff analyses were presented in the individual land cover profiles in Section III, while the results of cross-land cover benefit/tradeoff analysis are presented below. To compare land covers across all metrics, we calculated the mean Multiple Benefits Index score for all metrics within a land cover type and then ranked landcovers from highest to lowest mean score. See Appendix III for the rationale behind the selected metrics, along with unit conversions and assumptions made for each metric included in the benefit-tradeoff analysis. Finally, the benefit/tradeoff analysis was placed into the context of a changing environment through the development of a Climate Change Vulnerability Index, similarly to the climate change vulnerability index developed for birds in the Central Valley.\u00a0As with the avian conservation score, we developed a survey for a panel of expert sources. The expert panel scored landcovers according to their estimated vulnerability to climate change based on a combination of sensitivity (intrinsic, physiological factors that contribute to climate change vulnerability) and exposure (extrinsic, environmental factors that contribute to climate change vulnerability) factors. Sensitivity scores and exposure scores were summed separately within each land cover and then multiplied together to derive the overall vulnerability index (sum of sensitivity*sum of exposure).\u00a0 Because it does not represent a specific benefit or tradeoff, but rather a property of individual land covers, the CCVI was not included in the benefit/tradeoff analysis. Instead, it was used as a standalone metric to contextualize benefits and tradeoffs expected from land covers under climate change and the resulting uncertainty surrounding management scenarios. Methods for spatial hotspot/coldspot analysis of ecosystem benefits/tradeoffs Ecosystem Service Metrics and Source Data Land cover data were obtained from the USDA NASS Cropscape Data Layer (CDL2019), and recategorized according to the specifications of this project (Table 1). Riparian zones were determined as a 25 meter buffer around National Hydrological Dataset (NHD) flowlines for natural rivers and bodies of water, limited to non-developed and non-agricultural land cover categories. Air and Water Quality metric obtained from the California Healthy Places Index (HPI) geospatial dataset, Pollution and H2O Contamination indices respectively. Habitat quality metric obtained from Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) Areas of Conservation Emphasis (ACE) dataset. Soil organic carbon content and percent clay particles were aggregated from the NRCS SSURGO soil data viewer. Parameter values were aggregated from individual soil horizon by volume up to soil map unit component, and aggregated from map unit component by percent total extent to map units. Theoretical maximum carbon storage was calculated based on percent clay as per Hoyle et al (2011) by the following equation:
SOC%=0.5482\u00d7 ln(clay%)+1.3073 Soil potential carbon accumulation was calculated by subtracting existing soil carbon stock (SSURGO) from the theoretical maximum calculated as above, and applying a weighting factor based on land cover expected biomass productivity and soil disturbance frequency (Table 1). Rangeland and forest biomass productivity metrics were obtained from SSURGO soil data viewer by map unit component, and aggregated to map unit by percent total extent. Perennial crop biomass productivity data, previously used in orchard life cycle assessment modeling (Marvinney et al 2015, Kendall et al 2015) was obtained from a cooperating agri-services firm operating out of the San Joaquin Valley region, for 14 different tree crops. These data were joined to the CDL2019 perennial crops with average value assigned to any tree crop for which no biomass data was available. Groundwater recharge potential data was obtained from the UC Davis SAGBI dataset. Groundwater depth data was obtained from the Department of Water Resources (DWR) open test well data as the average of measurements from 2015-201 Crop productivity data (5-year mean yield in tons per acre) was obtained from the County Crop Commission (CCC) reports via USDA NASS, and joined to CDL2019 land cover units as well as recategorized land cover units as the mean yield value of any constituent crop types. The CDL 2019 original unit-based productivity analysis is thus the more accurate representation, as less aggregation of yield values was required.
\u00a0 Transformation and Aggregation of Ecosystem Service Metrics Linear transformation was used to convert the range of values in each metric dataset to a scale of 0-1, with 0 being \u2018worst\u2019 and 1 \u2018best\u2019 in terms of ecosystem services provided. Combined metrics were generated by averaging the transformed values in the relevant metrics, and applying a linear transformation to re-scale the values to 0-1. Metrics were aggregated to a 5km hex grid covering the Central Valley by area-weighted averaging. Ecosystem service \u2018hot\u2019 and \u2018cold\u2019 spots were generated by extracting hexes with values below 0.2 and above 0.8 for the combination of all examined metrics.

\u00a0 Hoyle F.C., Baldock J.A., Murphy D.V. (2011) Soil Organic Carbon \u2013 Role in Rainfed Farming Systems. In: Tow P., Cooper I., Partridge I., Birch C. (eds) Rainfed Farming Systems. Springer, Dordrecht

Marvinney EM, Kendall AM, Brodt SB (2015) Life Cycle\u2013based Assessment of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Almond Production, Part II: Scenario and Sensitivity Analysis. J Ind Ecol 19(6)

Kendall AM, Marvinney EM, Zhu W, Brodt SB (2015) Life Cycle\u2013based Assessment of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Almond Production, Part I: Analytical Framework and Baseline Results. J Ind Ecol (19) 6
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic carbon stocks", "groundwater depletion", "environmental quality", "1. No poverty", "annual grasslands", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "soil organic carbon", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "14. Life underwater", "Orchards", "riparian areas"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Peterson, Caitlin, Marvinney, Elias, Dybala, Kristen,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.25338/B8061X"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.25338/B8061X", "name": "item", "description": "10.25338/B8061X", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.25338/B8061X"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-07-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/bg-10-3691-2013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:21:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-01-14", "title": "A meta-analysis on the impacts of partial cutting on forest structure and carbon storage", "description": "

Abstract. Partial cutting, which removes some individual trees from a forest, is one of the major and widespread forest management practices that can significantly alter both forest structure and carbon (C) storage. Using 746 observations from 82 publications, we synthesized the impacts of partial cutting on three variables associated with forest structure (i.e. mean annual growth of diameter at breast height (DBH), basal area (BA), and volume) and four variables related to various C stock components (i.e. aboveground biomass C (AGBC), understory C, forest floor C, and mineral soil C). Results shows that the growth of DBH elevated by 112% after partial cutting, compared to the uncut control, while stand BA and volume reduced immediately by 34% and 29%, respectively. On average, partial cutting reduced AGBC by 43%, increased understory C storage by 392%, but did not show significant effects on C storages on forest floor and in mineral soil. All the effects on DBH growth, stand BA, volume, and AGBC intensified linearly with cutting intensity (CI) and decreased linearly with the number of recovery years (RY). In addition to the strong impacts of CI and RY, other factors such as climate zone and forest type also affected forest responses to partial cutting. The data assembled in this synthesis were not sufficient to determine how long it would take for a complete recovery after cutting because long-term experiments were rare. Future efforts should be tailored to increase the duration of the experiments and balance geographic locations of field studies.

", "keywords": ["Biomass (ecology)", "0106 biological sciences", "Sustainable forest management", "Volume (thermodynamics)", "Diameter at breast height", "Forest Carbon Sequestration", "Estimation of Forest Biomass and Carbon Stocks", "Quantum mechanics", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental science", "Basal area", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Life", "Forest structure", "QH501-531", "Development and Impacts of Bioenergy Crops", "FOS: Mathematics", "Climate change", "Carbon stock", "Agroforestry", "Biology", "QH540-549.5", "Nature and Landscape Conservation", "QE1-996.5", "Global and Planetary Change", "Understory", "Forest management", "Ecology", "Geography", "Physics", "Confidence interval", "Statistics", "Canopy", "Life Sciences", "Geology", "Forestry", "15. Life on land", "Clearcutting", "Climate Change Impacts on Forest Carbon Sequestration", "Forest Site Productivity", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Tree Height-Diameter Models", "Agronomy and Crop Science", "Biomass Estimation", "Animal science", "Mathematics"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3691-2013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/bg-10-3691-2013", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/bg-10-3691-2013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/bg-10-3691-2013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.2f70818", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:21:22Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: Differences in carbon stocks along an elevational gradient in tropical mountain forests of Colombia", "description": "unspecifiedTropical mountain forests provide an exceptional opportunity to evaluate the patterns of variation of carbon stocks along elevational gradients that correspond to well-defined temperature gradients. We predicted that carbon stored in live aboveground biomass, aboveground necromass, and soil components of forests on the eastern flank of the Colombian Andes would change with elevation along this gradient extending from 750 to 2800 m above sea level. The rationale was that the corresponding change in temperature (14\u00b0C to 26\u00b0C) would influence tree growth and decomposition of organic matter. To address this hypothesis, we examined the carbon stored in these three components using data from 20 0.25-ha plots located along this elevational gradient. The mean total carbon stock found in the study region was 241.3\u00b137.5 Mg C/ha. Aboveground carbon stocks decreased with elevation (p =0.001), as did necromass carbon stocks (p =0.016). Although soil organic carbon stocks did not differ significantly along the gradient (p =0.153), they contributed proportionately more at higher than at lower elevations, counterbalancing the opposite trends in aboveground carbon and necromass carbon stocks. As such, total carbon stocks did not vary significantly along the elevational gradient (p =0.576).", "keywords": ["carbon stocks", "soil organic carbon", "live aboveground biomass", "aboveground necromass", "15. Life on land", "Colombian Andes", "uncertainty analysis"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Phillips, Juan, Ramirez, Sebastian, Wayson, Craig, Duque, Alvaro,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2f70818"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.2f70818", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.2f70818", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.2f70818"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-06-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.4qrfj6qg2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:21:23Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2023-07-07", "title": "Depth-dependent effects of Ericoid Mycorrhizal shrubs on soil carbon and nitrogen pools are accentuated under Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Trees", "description": "unspecifiedWe worked in a 3,213-ha second-growth, mixed-hardwood forest in Connecticut, USA (41\u00b057\u2019 N, 72\u00b007\u2019 W). We established 18 10-m radius plots, each containing a pair of 1-m radius subplots (n =36), evenly arrayed across three forest stands that contained areas of both high AM and high EcM tree relative basal area as well as a patchy distribution of the ErM shrub Kalmia latifolia.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Within each of the 18 plots, we established paired 1-m radius subplots with and without K. latifolia in the understory ( \u201c+/- ErM subplot\u201d) within 2 m of the center of the 10-m radius plot. In each 1-m radius subplot, we measured trees \u22651 cm diameter at breast height (DBH; 1.37 m). We also measured DBH of all trees \u226520 cm DBH within 10 m and trees \u22655 cm DBH within 5 m of plot center. We calculated the percentage of EcM tree basal area out of total basal area, scaled to m2 ha-1. \u00a0 In June 2021, we collected and pooled two soil samples for each of three depths within the 36 paired subplots (i.e. 18 +ErM and 18 -ErM subplots). The three depths included: (1) the Oa horizon (depth varied depending on the thickness of the horizon); (2) the top 10 cm of the A horizon, beginning at the base of the Oa horizon; and (3) a second, contiguous A horizon sample that reached a cumulative sampling depth of 30 cm, inclusive of the depth of the Oa horizon. For the organic layer, we removed the litter layer (i.e. the Oi and Oe horizons) and collected and pooled two 25 by 25-cm areas of the Oa horizon using a square template. For the mineral layers, we collected two contiguous depth increments from the A horizon within the footprint of the 25 by 25-cm areas using a 5.08-cm diameter hammer corer. In each instance, we recorded the exact sampling depth. Two subplots did not have an Oa horizon, so we collected a total of 106 samples (3 sites \u00d7 6 plots \u00d7 2 subplots \u00d7 3 depths \u2212 2 Oa samples). Soils were stored at 4\u00b0C prior to their analysis. \u00a0 To prepare the soil samples for analysis, we weighed and homogenized each sample, air dried a representative subsample of non-sieved soil, and passed the remaining field-moist sample through a 4-mm sieve. Using the non-sieved subsample, we estimated the mass and volume of roots and stones and calculated soil bulk density values. For total soil organic matter (SOM) content, we heated samples at 550\u00b0C for 12-h in a muffle furnace and calculated loss on ignition. \u00a0 We used a modified substrate-induced respiration method as an indicator of active saprotrophic microbial biomass. Using autolyzed yeast extract solution as a labile C substrate, we measured rates of CO2 efflux over a 4-h incubation period with an Infra-Red Gas Analyzer and calculated the rate of C-CO2 production per unit of equivalent soil dry mass. For microbially-available C, we estimated potential CO2 production rates over a 14-d incubation period. We measured CO2 efflux over 24-h periods at days 1, 5, 8, and 14 and integrated the four measurements to calculate cumulative C-CO2 production. We estimated water holding capacity by saturating each field-moist sample with water and allowing it to drain freely for 2 h. To calculate the equivalent dry mass of field-moist samples, we measured gravimetric water content by oven-drying the samples to constant mass at 105\u00b0C. \u00a0 We separated the >53 and <53\u2009\u00b5m particle size fractions to quantify particulate (POM) and mineral-associated soil organic matter fractions. We passed air-dried samples through a 2-mm sieve and then dispersed soil aggregates by shaking ~30 g of the sieved, air-dried sample with 30\u2009mL of sodium hexametaphosphate (NaHMP) solution for 18 h. We rinsed each sample over a 53-\u00b5m sieve with deionized water until the water passing through the sieve ran clear. We oven-dried the >53-\u00b5m fraction retained on the top of the sieve and a representative subsample of the <53-\u00b5m fraction suspended in solution at 70\u00b0C. To estimate the mass of the <53-\u00b5m fraction, we calculated the difference between the initial soil mass (105\u00b0C equivalent) and the recovered mass of the >53-\u00b5m fraction (105\u00b0C equivalent). To convert air-dried soil mass to oven-dried mass we dried a subsample of each air-dried sample at 105\u00b0C. Fractions were ground to a fine powder and analyzed for total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations using a Costech ESC 4010 Elemental Analyzer. \u00a0 We used an equivalent soil mass approach to calculate soil C, N, SOM, microbial biomass, and microbially-available C stocks in three equivalent soil mass layers as well as the sum of the three layers to estimate cumulative stocks at the subplot level. Following this approach, we report stocks to a standard soil mass and therefore allow the depth of the equivalent soil mass layers to vary depending on soil bulk density. To calculate equivalent soil mass stocks, we added or subtracted elemental stocks of the deeper soil layer to the upper soil layer in 1-mm increments until the soil mass from the upper layer is closest to that of the target soil mass. We chose reference soil masses using the median or target field sampling depth and the mean bulk density value for each of the three depth increments to make them roughly equivalent to the sampled depths. Based on this method, the organic layer had an equivalent mass of ~2.5 kg soil m-2 (median Oa depth = 2.5 cm; mean Oa bulk density = 0.10 g cm-3), the surface mineral layer had an equivalent mass of ~37 kg soil m-2 (target sampling depth = 10 cm; mean bulk density = 0.37 g cm-3), and the subsurface mineral layer had an equivalent mass of ~126 kg soil m-2 (the target sampling depth was 17.5 cm for a sample with a 2.5 cm Oa depth; mean bulk density = 0.72 g cm-3). The cumulative equivalent soil mass for the subplot-level stocks was the sum of the three layers, or ~166 kg soil m-2.", "keywords": ["equivalent soil mass", "ericoid mycorrhizal fungi", "13. Climate action", "ectomycorrhizal fungi", "Particulate organic matter", "FOS: Biological sciences", "soil nitrogen", "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi", "Mineral-associated organic matter", "soil carbon stocks", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ward, Elisabeth", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.4qrfj6qg2"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.4qrfj6qg2", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.4qrfj6qg2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.4qrfj6qg2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-07-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.6h5v2pv", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:21:24Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: Long-term recovery of the functional community assembly and carbon pools in an African tropical forest succession", "description": "unspecifiedSupplementary InformationRaw data underlying the analyses in the publication.", "keywords": ["carbon stocks", "Congo Basin", "Central Africa", "carbon stocks.", "functional assembly", "15. Life on land", "secondary succession", "long-term recovery"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Bauters, Marijn, Vercleyen, Oscar, Vanlauwe, Bernard, Six, Johan, Bonyoma, Bernard, Badjoko, Henri, Hubau, Wannes, Hoyt, Alison, Boudin, Mathieu, Verbeeck, Hans, Boeckx., Pascal,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.6h5v2pv"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.6h5v2pv", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.6h5v2pv", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.6h5v2pv"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-04-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.bb49h", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-05-25T16:21:27Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: Consequences of grazer-induced vegetation transitions on ecosystem carbon storage in the tundra", "description": "unspecified1. Large herbivores can control plant community composition and, under certain conditions, even induce vegetation shifts to alternative ecosystem states. As different plant assemblages maintain contrasting carbon (C) cycling patterns, herbivores have the potential to alter C sequestration at regional scales. Their influence is of particular interest in the Arctic tundra, where a large share of the world\u2019s soil C reservoir is stored. 2. We analysed how grazing mammals influence tundra vegetation and how grazer-induced vegetation shifts affect tundra C stocks, by resampling two sites located along pasture rotation fences in northern Norway. These fences have separated lightly grazed areas from heavily grazed areas (in close proximity to the fences) and moderately grazed areas (further away from the fences) for the past 50 years. 14 years earlier, the lightly and moderately grazed areas were dominated by dwarf shrubs, whereas heavy grazing had promoted the establishment of graminoid-dominated vegetation. Since then, both reindeer densities and temperatures have increased, and more time has passed for transient dynamics to be expressed. We expected that the vegetation and C stocks would have changed under all grazing intensities, but not necessarily in the same way. 3. At the site where relative reindeer numbers and trampling intensity had increased the most, graminoid-dominated vegetation was now also found in the moderately grazed area. At the other site, the dominant vegetation types under all grazing intensities were the same as 14 years earlier. 4. We show that the heavily grazed, graminoid-dominated, areas stored less C aboveground than the lightly grazed, shrub-dominated, areas. Yet, the belowground consequences of grazing-induced grassification varied between the sites: Grazing did not alter organic soil C stocks at the site where both evergreen and deciduous shrubs were abundant in the lightly grazed area, whereas heavy grazing increased organic soil C stocks at the site where the deciduous shrub Betula nana was dominant. 5. Our results indicate that despite the negative impacts of grazers on aboveground C storage, their impact on belowground C may even be positive. We suggest that the site-specific responses of organic soil C stocks to grazing could be explained by the differences in vegetation under light grazing. This would imply that the replacement of deciduous shrubs by graminoids, as a consequence of grazing, could be beneficial for C sequestration in tundra soils.", "keywords": ["carbon stocks", "Plant functional types", "13. Climate action", "Plant\u2013soil interactions", "15. Life on land", "Soil carbon", "Rangifer tarandus"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Yl\u00e4nne, Henni, Olofsson, Johan, Oksanen, Lauri, Stark, Sari,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.bb49h"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.bb49h", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.bb49h", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.bb49h"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-11-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.4384692", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:23:15Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Soil organic carbon stocks and trends (1984-2019) predicted at 30m spatial resolution for topsoil in natural areas of South Africa", "description": "Link to scientific publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145384 Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks (kg C m-2) are predicted over natural areas (excluding water, urban, and cultivated) of South Africa using a machine learning workflow driven by optical satellite data and other ancillary climatic, morphometric and biological covariates. The temporal scope covers 1984-2019. The spatial scope covers 0-30cm topsoil in South Africa natural land area (84% of the country). See methodology in linked publication for details. Data are provided here at 30m spatial resolution in GeoTIFF files. There is a dataset for the long-term average SOC and trend in SOC. Each dataset is split into four files (suffix *_1, *_2 etc.) covering separate regions of South Africa for ease of download. The raster files are: 'SOC_mean_30m...' - average of annual SOC predictions between 1984 and 2019. Values are expressed in kg C m-2 'SOC_trend_30m...' - long-term trend in SOC derived from the Sens slope (M) across annual SOC values between 1984 and 2019. Pixel values (Y) are expressed as a percentage change over the 35 years relative to the long-term mean (X). Y = M / X * 100 * 35 years NB: All files are scaled by *100 and converted to floating data point to save space. To back-convert to original values, simply divide the raster values by 100.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "carbon stocks", "remote sensing", "13. Climate action", "land degradation", "spatial prediction", "15. Life on land", "soil carbon", "carbon sequestration", "natural climate solutions", "soil mapping"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Venter, Zander S, Hawkins, Heidi-Jayne, Cramer, Michael D, Mills, Anthony J,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4384692"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.4384692", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.4384692", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.4384692"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-12-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.10067563", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:21:52Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Cover crops improve soil structure and change OC distribution in aggregate fractions", "description": "Data set and R script on the statistic evaluation of soil data. The data derived from a long-term field trial at the Asendorf field station 70\u00a0km north of Hanover, Germany (49\u00a0m above sea level, 52\u00b045\u203248.4\u2032\u2032N 9\u00b001\u203224.3\u2032\u2032E). Data include soil data (OC, TN, bulk density, texture) as well as data from soil aggregate fractionation and evaluation of their aggregate stability.\u00a0 All methods and data will be described in an upcoming journal article (DOI will be provided soon).", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil organic carbon stocks", "soil aggregate stability", "catch crops", "cover crops", "15. Life on land", "soil aggregate fractions"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gentsch, Norman", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10067563"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.10067563", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.10067563", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.10067563"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-10-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.5511746", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:23:18Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Effects of mineral versus organic fertilizers on soil fertility and organic carbon stocks in agricultural topsoil and subsoil", "description": "Open AccessThe main goals of sustainable agricultural practices are to rebuild soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and to sustain soil fertility. The use of organic amendments such as manure, slurry and biogas digestate, as sources of carbon and nutrients, is one of the levers to achieve these goals, as an alternative to the use of mineral fertilizers. However, the effects of organic amendments compared with traditional mineral fertilizers on topsoil and subsoil SOC stocks and soil fertility are still uncertain. Hence, we aimed at investigating the effects of mineral and organic fertilizers (i.e., manure, pig slurry and biogas digestate) on topsoil and subsoil biogeochemistry, and soil structure, after seven years of application. To this end, we sampled soil cores down to 1 m depth in a randomized field experiment in North Germany, running since 2011. We quantified the SOC and nitrogen stocks, as well as some nutrient contents (e.g., nitrate, available phosphorus). Selected samples were further analysed for aggregate size distribution, as well as organic carbon and nitrogen contents within these aggregates. A hyperspectral camera in the range of Vis-NIR was used to scan undisturbed core-samples in order to reveal hotspots of carbon storage along the soil profile. Soil carbon distribution was predicted as a function of spectral response coupled with a machine learning ensemble. Overall, the mean SOC stocks were low (53 t ha-1), reflecting the sandy loam texture of the Northeast German soils under permanent cropping. The application of organic fertilizers (whatever their nature) resulted in higher SOC contents in the first 10 cm (+26 %) and from 20-40 cm (+30%), as compared to the mineral fertilizer treatments. The application of mineral fertilizer or digestate, as compared to the control, resulted in higher relative amount of microaggregates (versus macroaggregates) (+ 19-40 %) in the soil down to 80 cm. These results will provide essential information to develop management strategies that could increase nutrient recycling as well as SOC stocks.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "Organic amendments", " Organic carbon stocks", " subsoil", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption"], "contacts": [{"organization": "YASER OSTOVARI, Guigue, Julien, Neumeier, Anke, Overtuf, Emily, Muskolus, Andreas, Martens, Henk, Me\u0161inovi\u0107, Emina, Knabner, Ingrid K\u00f6gel, Creamer, Rachel, Van Groenigen, Jan Willem, Vidal, Alix,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5511746"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.5511746", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.5511746", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.5511746"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-08-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5683/SP3/PAXLVH", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:23:44Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Plant and soil variables in plots outside and beneath Salix richardsonii patches along active and abandoned channels in a High Arctic tundra", "description": "We explored how erect shrub abundance leads to SOC variation within 20 cm soil cores in a High Arctic tundra (Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada), where the only erect shrub, Salix richardsonii, has settled along currently active and abandoned channel zones of alluvial fans.", "keywords": ["High Arctic tundra", "Salix arctica", "soil 15N", "15. Life on land", "Salix richardsonii", "soil organic carbon stocks", "soil 14C", "soil 13C", "Salix reticulata", "Particulate organic matter", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Shrubification", "Plant-enhanced mineralization;", "Plant functional traits", "Alluvian fan"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Maire, Vincent, Lamarque, Laurent, L\u00e9vesque, Esther,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5683/SP3/PAXLVH"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5683/SP3/PAXLVH", "name": "item", "description": "10.5683/SP3/PAXLVH", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5683/SP3/PAXLVH"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3178537690", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:26:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-06-29", "title": "Significant loss of soil inorganic carbon at the continental scale", "description": "Abstract

Widespread soil acidification due to atmospheric acid deposition and agricultural fertilization may greatly accelerate soil carbonate dissolution and CO2 release. However, to date, few studies have addressed these processes. Here, we use meta-analysis and nationwide-survey datasets to investigate changes in soil inorganic carbon (SIC) stocks in China. We observe an overall decrease in SIC stocks in topsoil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffc2\uffa0cm) (11.33\uffc2\uffa0g C m\uffe2\uff80\uff932 yr\uffe2\uff80\uff931) from the 1980s to the 2010s. Total SIC stocks have decreased by \uffe2\uff88\uffbc8.99\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.24% (1.37\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa00.37\uffc2\uffa0Pg C). The average SIC losses across China (0.046 Pg C yr\uffe2\uff80\uff931) and in cropland (0.016 Pg C yr\uffe2\uff80\uff931) account for \uffe2\uff88\uffbc17.6%\uffe2\uff80\uff9324.0% of the terrestrial C sink and 57.1% of the soil organic carbon sink in cropland, respectively. Nitrogen deposition and climate change have profound influences on SIC cycling. We estimate that \uffe2\uff88\uffbc19.12%\uffe2\uff80\uff9319.47% of SIC stocks will be further lost by 2100. The consumption of SIC may offset a large portion of global efforts aimed at ecosystem carbon sequestration, which emphasizes the importance of achieving a better understanding of the indirect coupling mechanisms of nitrogen and carbon cycling and of effective countermeasures to minimize SIC loss.Widespread soil acidification due to atmospheric acid deposition and agricultural fertilization may greatly accelerate soil carbonate dissolution and CO2 release. However, to date, few studies have addressed these processes. Here, we use meta-analysis and nationwide-survey datasets to investigate changes in soil inorganic carbon (SIC) stocks in China. We observe an overall decrease in SIC stocks in topsoil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffc2\uffa0cm) (11.33\uffc2\uffa0g C m\uffe2\uff80\uff932 yr\uffe2\uff80\uff931) from the 1980s to the 2010s. Total SIC stocks have decreased by \uffe2\uff88\uffbc8.99\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.24% (1.37\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa00.37\uffc2\uffa0Pg C). The average SIC losses across China (0.046 Pg C yr\uffe2\uff80\uff931) and in cropland (0.016 Pg C yr\uffe2\uff80\uff931) account for \uffe2\uff88\uffbc17.6%\uffe2\uff80\uff9324.0% of the terrestrial C sink and 57.1% of the soil organic carbon sink in cropland, respectively. Nitrogen deposition and climate change have profound influences on SIC cycling. We estimate that \uffe2\uff88\uffbc19.12%\uffe2\uff80\uff9319.47% of SIC stocks will be further lost by 2100. The consumption of SIC may offset a large portion of global efforts aimed at ecosystem carbon sequestration, which emphasizes the importance of achieving a better understanding of the indirect coupling mechanisms of nitrogen and carbon cycling and of effective countermeasures to minimize SIC loss.