{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.20944/preprints202009.0176.v1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:22:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-09-11", "title": "Modelling and Prediction of Organic Carbon Dynamics in Arable Soils Based on a 62-Year Field Experiment in the Voronezh Region, European Russia", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Organic carbon (OC) accumulation in soil mitigates greenhouse gases emission and improves soil health. We aimed to quantify the dynamics of OC stock in soils and to justify technologies that allow annual increasing OC stock in the arable soil layer by 4&amp;permil;. We based the study on a field experiment established in 1936 in the 9-field crop rotation with a fallow on Chernozem in European Russia. The RothC version 26.3 was used for the reproducing and forecasting OC dynamics. In all fertilizer applications at FYM background, there was a decrease in the OC stock with preferable loss of active OC, except the period 1964-71 with 2-5&amp;permil; annual OC increase. The model estimated the annual C input in the arable soil layer as 1,900 kg&amp;middot;ha-1. For increasing OC stocks by 4&amp;permil; per year, one should raise input to 2400 kg&amp;middot;ha-1. Simulation was made for 2016-2090 using climate scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Crop rotation without fallowing provided an initial increase of 3&amp;permil; and 6&amp;permil; of stocks in the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios accordingly, followed by a loss in accumulated OC. Simulation demonstrates difficulties to increase OC concentration in Chernozems under intensive farming and potential capacity to rise OC stock through yield management.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil health", "S", "Chernozems", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. 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We aimed to quantify the dynamics of OC stock in soils and to justify technologies that allow annual increasing OC stock in the arable soil layer by 4&amp;permil;. We based the study on a field experiment established in 1936 in the 9-field crop rotation with a fallow on Chernozem in European Russia. The RothC version 26.3 was used for the reproducing and forecasting OC dynamics. In all fertilizer applications at FYM background, there was a decrease in the OC stock with preferable loss of active OC, except the period 1964-71 with 2-5&amp;permil; annual OC increase. The model estimated the annual C input in the arable soil layer as 1,900 kg&amp;middot;ha-1. For increasing OC stocks by 4&amp;permil; per year, one should raise input to 2400 kg&amp;middot;ha-1. Simulation was made for 2016-2090 using climate scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Crop rotation without fallowing provided an initial increase of 3&amp;permil; and 6&amp;permil; of stocks in the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios accordingly, followed by a loss in accumulated OC. Simulation demonstrates difficulties to increase OC concentration in Chernozems under intensive farming and potential capacity to rise OC stock through yield management.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil health", "S", "Chernozems", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "climatic change scenarios", "agricultural_sciences_agronomy", "13. Climate action", "soil organic matter", "greenhouse gases", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "long-term experiment"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/10/1607/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/10/1607/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101607"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/agronomy10101607", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/agronomy10101607", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/agronomy10101607"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-09-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/su7010705", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:23:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-01-08", "title": "History Of East European Chernozem Soil Degradation; Protection And Restoration By Tree Windbreaks In The Russian Steppe", "description": "<p>The physiographic region of the Central Russian Upland, situated in the Central part of Eastern Europe, is characterized by very fertile grassland soils\uffe2\uff80\uff94Chernozems (Mollisols in the USDA taxonomy). However, over the last several centuries this region has experienced intense land-use conversion. The most widespread and significant land-use change is the extensive cultivation of these soils. As a result, Chernozems of the region that were some of the most naturally fertile soils in the world with thick A horizons had become, by the second half of the 19th century, weakly productive, with decreased stocks of organic matter. When not protected by plant cover, water and wind erosion degraded the open fields. The investigation of methods for rehabilitation and restoration of Chernozems resulted  in the practice of afforestation of agricultural lands (mainly by windbreak planting). Preferences of agroforestry practices were initially connected with protection of cropland from wind and water erosion, improvement of microclimate for crop growth, and providing new refugia for wild animal and plant habitats. During the last several decades, tree windbreaks have begun to be viewed as ecosystems with great potential for atmospheric carbon sequestration, which plays a positive role in climate change mitigation. For the evaluation of windbreak influence on Chernozem soils, a study was developed with three field study areas across a climatic gradient from cool and wet in the north of the region to warm and dry in the south. Windbreak age ranged from 55\uffe2\uff80\uff9357 years. At each site, soil pits were prepared within the windbreak, the adjacent crop fields of 150 years of cultivation, and nearby undisturbed grassland. Profile descriptions were completed to a depth of 1.5 m.  A linear relationship was detected between the difference in organic-rich surface layer  (A + AB horizon) thickness of soils beneath windbreaks and undisturbed grasslands and  a climate index, the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC). These results indicate that windbreaks under relatively cooler and wetter climate conditions are more favorable for organic matter accumulation in the surface soil. For the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff93100 cm layer of the Chernozems beneath windbreaks, an increase in organic C stocks comparable with undisturbed grassland soils (15\uffe2\uff80\uff9363 Mg\uffc2\uffb7ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) was detected. Significant growth of soil organic matter stocks was identified not only for the upper 30 cm, but also for the deeper layer (30\uffe2\uff80\uff93100 cm) of afforested Chernozems. These findings illustrate that, in the central part of Eastern Europe, tree windbreaks improve soil quality by enhancing soil organic matter while providing a sink for atmospheric carbon in tree biomass and soil organic matter.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "degradation of soils", "Soil Science", "jel:Q0", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "jel:Q2", "15. 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Climate action", "Natural Resources and Conservation", "jel:Q", "afforestation", "Russian Chernozems; soil organic carbon; degradation of soils; restoration of soils; afforestation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "jel:Q56", "Agricultural Science", "Russian Chernozems", "restoration of soils", "agriculture"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/su7010705"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Sustainability", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/su7010705", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/su7010705", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/su7010705"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-01-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3123155565", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:30:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-09-11", "title": "Modelling and Prediction of Organic Carbon Dynamics in Arable Soils Based on a 62-Year Field Experiment in the Voronezh Region, European Russia", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Organic carbon (OC) accumulation in soil mitigates greenhouse gases emission and improves soil health. We aimed to quantify the dynamics of OC stock in soils and to justify technologies that allow annual increasing OC stock in the arable soil layer by 4&amp;permil;. We based the study on a field experiment established in 1936 in the 9-field crop rotation with a fallow on Chernozem in European Russia. The RothC version 26.3 was used for the reproducing and forecasting OC dynamics. In all fertilizer applications at FYM background, there was a decrease in the OC stock with preferable loss of active OC, except the period 1964-71 with 2-5&amp;permil; annual OC increase. The model estimated the annual C input in the arable soil layer as 1,900 kg&amp;middot;ha-1. For increasing OC stocks by 4&amp;permil; per year, one should raise input to 2400 kg&amp;middot;ha-1. Simulation was made for 2016-2090 using climate scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Crop rotation without fallowing provided an initial increase of 3&amp;permil; and 6&amp;permil; of stocks in the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios accordingly, followed by a loss in accumulated OC. Simulation demonstrates difficulties to increase OC concentration in Chernozems under intensive farming and potential capacity to rise OC stock through yield management.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil health", "S", "Chernozems", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "climatic change scenarios", "agricultural_sciences_agronomy", "13. 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