{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125466", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-12-16", "title": "Spatial differentiation characteristics and driving factors of agricultural eco-efficiency in Chinese provinces from the perspective of ecosystem services", "description": "Farmland ecosystem service is an important output of agricultural production, but it has been incompletely reflected in current studies on eco-efficiency. In this study, the value of improved farmland ecosystem services is used as one of the expected outputs. The data envelopment method is used to evaluate the agricultural eco-efficiency (AEE) of 31 provincial administrative regions in China from 2006 to 2018. The spatial autocorrelation method is used to explore the characteristics of AEE in China. Geographical detector model (Geodetector) is adopted to detect the driving factors of AEE spatial differentiation in China. China\u2019s AEE trend from 2006 to 2018 was downward with the efficiency value decreasing from 1.023 to 0.995. China\u2019s AEE level has improved with an average of 1.004. The spatial distribution pattern represented in space is in the following order: eastern region > western region > northeast region > central region. The AEE gap among provinces in the western region is the largest, and that in the northeast region is the smallest. China\u2019s AEE spatial correlation distribution presents random distribution characteristics. During the research period, the lowehigh (LH) efficiency response area has centered on Yunnan Province. The lowelow (LL) level concentration area has centered on Inner Mongolia autonomous region and Liaoning Province. The highelow (HL) level diffusion effect agglomeration area has centered on Heilongjiang Province. Energy input, water resource input, and carbon emission are the core drivers of AEE spatial differentiation in China. Water resource input, pesticide input and labor input are the significant control factors of AEE spatial differentiation in the eastern, central, and western regions of China.", "keywords": ["Economics and Econometrics", "China", "Environmental Engineering", "Economics", "Discrete Choice Models in Economics and Health Care", "Social Sciences", "Mathematical analysis", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental science", "Data envelopment analysis", "Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact Analysis", "11. Sustainability", "FOS: Mathematics", "Ecosystem services", "Spatial distribution", "Biology", "Ecosystem Services", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Agricultural economics", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Global Analysis of Ecosystem Services and Land Use", "Geography", "Ecology", "Distribution (mathematics)", "Statistics", "FOS: Environmental engineering", "Spatial analysis", "Agriculture", "Remote sensing", "15. Life on land", "Economics", " Econometrics and Finance", "Driving factors", "Archaeology", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Spatial heterogeneity", "Common spatial pattern", "Mathematics"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125466"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Cleaner%20Production", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125466", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125466", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125466"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.12.004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-01-25", "title": "Effects Of Grassland Conversion To Croplands On Soil Organic Carbon In The Temperate Inner Mongolia", "description": "This study investigated the effects of grassland conversion to croplands on soil organic carbon (SOC) in a typical grassland-dominated basin of the Inner Mongolia using direct field samplings. The results indicated that SOC contents decreased usually with increasing soil depth, with significant differences between the upper horizons (0-30cm) and the underlying horizons (30-100cm). Also, SOC densities decreased with an increase in the depth of soils. Average SOC densities in the upper horizons were 2.6-3.7 and 6.0-8.3kgCm(-2) for desert grassland-cropland sites (sites 1 and 2) and meadow-cropland sites (sites 3 and 4), respectively, with significant differences between grasslands and croplands (P<0.05). However, the SOC densities in the underlying horizons did not significantly differ between the land uses. The SOC densities up to 100cm depth were much higher in the meadow-cropland sites than in the desert grassland-cropland sites, reaching approximately 16 and 6kgCm(-2), respectively. The SOC: total nitrogen (TN) ratios were approximately 10, with no significant difference among the soil horizons of grasslands and croplands. The conversion of grasslands to croplands induced a slight loss of SOC, with a range of from -4% to 22% for the 0-100cm soil depth over about a 35-year period, in the temperate Inner Mongolia.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "Soil", "Climate", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Carbon", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.12.004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.12.004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.12.004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.12.004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.12.014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-15", "title": "Effects Of Sandy Desertified Land Rehabilitation On Soil Carbon Sequestration And Aggregation In An Arid Region In China", "description": "The rehabilitation of sandy desertified land in semi-arid and arid regions has a great potential to increase carbon sequestration and improve soil quality. Our objective was to investigate the changes in the soil carbon pool and soil properties of surface soil (0-15 cm) under different types of rehabilitation management. Our study was done in the short-term (7 years) and long-term (32 years) desertification control sites in a marginal oasis of northwest China. The different management treatments were: (1) untreated shifting sand land as control; (2) sand-fixing shrubs with straw checkerboards; (3) poplar (Populus gansuensis) shelter forest; and (4) irrigated cropland after leveling sand dune. The results showed that the rehabilitation of severe sandy desertified land resulted in significant increases in soil organic C (SOC), inorganic C, and total N concentrations, as well as enhanced soil aggregation. Over a 7-year period of revegetation and cultivation, SOC concentration in the recovered shrub land, forest land and irrigated cropland increased by 4.1, 14.6 and 11.9 times compared to the control site (shifting sand land), and increased by 11.2, 17.0 and 23.0 times over the 32-year recovery period. Total N, labile C (KMnO(4)-oxidation C), C management index (CMI) and inorganic C (CaCO(3)-C) showed a similar increasing trend as SOC. The increased soil C and N was positively related to the accumulation of fine particle fractions. The accumulation of silt and clay, soil C and CaCO(3) enhanced the formation of aggregates, which was beneficial to mitigate wind erosion. The percentage of >0.25 mm dry aggregates increased from 18.0% in the control site to 20.0-87.2% in the recovery sites, and the mean weight diameter (MWD) of water-stable aggregates significantly increased, with a range of 0.09-0.30 mm at the recovery sites. Long-term irrigation and fertilization led to a greater soil C and N accumulation in cropland than in shrub and forest lands. The amount of soil C sequestration reached up to 1.8-9.4 and 7.5-17.3 Mg ha(-1) at the 0-15 cm layer over a 7- and 32-year rehabilitation period compared to the control site, suggesting that desertification control has a great potential for sequestering soil C and improving soil quality in northwest China.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Carbon Sequestration", "China", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "Nitrogen", "Water", "Agriculture", "Wind", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Silicon Dioxide", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "Trees", "Soil", "Populus", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Desert Climate", "Particle Size"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.12.014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.12.014", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.12.014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.12.014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jes.2014.11.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-04-06", "title": "Effects Of Elevated Atmospheric Co2 Concentration And Temperature On The Soil Profile Methane Distribution And Diffusion In Rice-Wheat Rotation System", "description": "The aim of this experiment was to determine the impacts of climate change on soil profile concentrations and diffusion effluxes of methane in a rice-wheat annual rotation ecosystem in Southeastern China. We initiated a field experiment with four treatments: ambient conditions (CKs), CO2 concentration elevated to ~500 \u03bcmol/mol (FACE), temperature elevated by ca. 2\u00b0C (T) and combined elevation of CO2 concentration and temperature (FACE+T). A multilevel sampling probe was designed to collect the soil gas at four different depths, namely, 7 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm. Methane concentrations were higher during the rice season and decreased with depth, while lower during the wheat season and increased with depth. Compared to CK, mean methane concentration was increased by 42%, 57% and 71% under the FACE, FACE+T and T treatments, respectively, at the 7 cm depth during the rice season (p<0.05). Mean methane diffusion effluxes to the 7 cm depth were positive in the rice season and negative in the wheat season, resulting in the paddy field being a source and weak sink, respectively. Moreover, mean methane diffusion effluxes in the rice season were 0.94, 1.19 and 1.42 mg C/(m2\u00b7hr) in the FACE, FACE+T and T treatments, respectively, being clearly higher than that in the CK. The results indicated that elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature could significantly increase soil profile methane concentrations and their effluxes from a rice-wheat field annual rotation ecosystem (p<0.05).", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Air", "Climate Change", "Temperature", "Agriculture", "Oryza", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Methane", "Triticum", "Environmental Monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.11.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jes.2014.11.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jes.2014.11.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jes.2014.11.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jes.2015.04.028", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-11-19", "title": "Ammonia Volatilization From A Chinese Cabbage Field Under Different Nitrogen Treatments In The Taihu Lake Basin, China", "description": "Ammonia (NH3) volatilization is a major pathway of nitrogen (N) loss from soil-crop systems. As vegetable cultivation is one of the most important agricultural land uses worldwide, a deeper understanding of NH3 volatilization is necessary in vegetable production systems. We therefore conducted a 3-year (2010-2012) field experiment to characterize NH3 volatilization and evaluate the effect of different N fertilizer treatments on this process during the growth period of Chinese cabbage. Ammonia volatilization rate, rainfall, soil water content, pH, and soil NH4(+) were measured during the growth period. The results showed that NH3 volatilization was significantly and positively correlated to topsoil pH and NH4(+) concentration. Climate factors and fertilization method also significantly affected NH3 volatilization. Specifically, organic fertilizer (OF) increased NH3 volatilization by 11.77%-18.46%, compared to conventional fertilizer (CF, urea), while organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (OIF) reduced NH3 volatilization by 8.82%-12.67% compared to CF. Furthermore, slow-release fertilizers had significantly positive effects on controlling NH3 volatilization, with a 60.73%-68.80% reduction for sulfur-coated urea (SCU), a 71.85%-78.97% reduction for biological Carbon Power\u00ae urea (BCU), and a 77.66%-83.12% reduction for bulk-blend controlled-release fertilizer (BBCRF) relative to CF. This study provides much needed baseline information, which will help in fertilizer choice and management practices to reduce NH3 volatilization and encourage the development of new strategies for vegetable planting.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Nitrogen", "Brassica", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "Ammonia", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Volatilization", "Fertilizers", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Hongcai Wang, Linan Shan, Qian Huang, Jie Chen, Yun-feng He,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.04.028"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jes.2015.04.028", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jes.2015.04.028", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jes.2015.04.028"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.03.017", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-03-22", "title": "A Three-Year Experiment Confirms Continuous Immobilization Of Cadmium And Lead In Contaminated Paddy Field With Biochar Amendment", "description": "Heavy metal contamination in croplands has been a serious concern because of its high health risk through soil-food chain transfer. A field experiment was conducted in 2010-2012 in a contaminated rice paddy in southern China to determine if bioavailability of soil Cd and Pb could be reduced while grain yield was sustained over 3 years after a single soil amendment of wheat straw biochar. Contaminated biochar particles were separated from the biochar amended soil and microscopically analyzed to help determine where, and how, metals were immobilized with biochar. Biochar soil amendment (BSA) consistently and significantly increased soil pH, total organic carbon and decreased soil extractable Cd and Pb over the 3 year period. While rice plant tissues' Cd content was significantly reduced, depending on biochar application rate, reduction in plant Pb concentration was found only in root tissue. Analysis of the fresh and contaminated biochar particles indicated that Cd and Pb had probably been bonded with the mineral phases of Al, Fe and P on and around and inside the contaminated biochar particle. Immobilization of the Pb and Cd also occurred to cation exchange on the porous carbon structure.", "keywords": ["China", "anzsrc-for: 4105 Pollution and Contamination", "Soil remediation", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "4102 Ecological Applications", "Aged biochar", "02 engineering and technology", "41 Environmental Sciences", "01 natural sciences", "630", "anzsrc-for: 41 Environmental Sciences", "4105 Pollution and Contamination", "anzsrc-for: 40 Engineering", "Soil", "anzsrc-for: 34 Chemical sciences", "Metals", " Heavy", "Soil Pollutants", "Biomass", "Organic Chemicals", "anzsrc-for: 03 Chemical Sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "anzsrc-for: 05 Environmental Sciences", "Oryza", "Heavy", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Heavy metal pollution", "anzsrc-for: 4102 Ecological Applications", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "Biochar", "Lead", "Metals", "13. Climate action", "Charcoal", "Rice paddy", "Adsorption", "anzsrc-for: 09 Engineering", "Cadmium"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.03.017"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Hazardous%20Materials", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.03.017", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.03.017", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.03.017"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.141", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-01-30", "title": "The Influence Of Straw Returning On N 2 O Emissions From A Maize-Wheat Field In The North China Plain", "description": "Crop straw returning has become a prevailing cultivation practice in the vast area of the North China Plain (NCP), while few investigations about its influence on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission have been conducted. In this study, N2O emissions from an agricultural field in the NCP with and without straw returning were comparably investigated by using static chambers in two consecutive maize-wheat growing seasons from June 2010 to June 2012. Compared with the NP treatment (compound nitrogen fertilizer only), the cumulative N2O emission from the SP treatment (compound nitrogen fertilizer plus straw) increased about 150% during the maize season in 2010, but decreased by about 35% during the maize season in 2011. The inconsistent influence of straw returning on N2O emission from the maize field was ascribed to the evidently different soil moisture between the two years, which was further confirmed by laboratory simulation experiments. About 40% reduction of N2O emission from the SP treatment during the two winter wheat seasons, which was mainly attributed to anoxic condition induced by rotting the maize straw.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Nitrous Oxide", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agriculture", "Seasons", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Fertilizers", "Zea mays", "Triticum", "Environmental Monitoring"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Yizhen Zhou, Di Tian, Yujing Mu, Yuanyuan Zhang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.141"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.141", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.141", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.141"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.034", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-10-05", "title": "Dynamics Of Methane Emissions From A Freshwater Marsh Of Northeast China", "description": "In this paper, CH(4) flux was measured from Nov. 2002 to Oct. 2005, to estimate CH(4) emissions in winter and during freeze-thaw period, and interannual variation in CH(4) emissions in freshwater marsh in northeast China. The results showed that there was an obvious CH(4) emission (0.1-2.3 mg m(-2) h(-1)) in the freshwater marsh in winter. Flux of CH(4) in winter (November to March the next year) was about 3.8%, 5.5%, and 2.2% of the whole year in 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively. Emission of CH(4) significantly increased during the freeze-thaw period (April-June), and was about 30.8%, 20.9%, and 20.6% of the whole year in 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively. Standing water depth greatly governed interannual variation of CH(4) emissions from marshes during the thaw-freeze period. Interannual variation of CH(4) emissions was significant during the growing season (p<0.05). Standing water depth during April to June was a primary factor, which affected the interannual variation of CH(4) flux during the growing season. Precipitation during the preceding non-growing season affected CH(4) emission indirectly via standing water depth.", "keywords": ["Air Pollutants", "China", "13. Climate action", "Wetlands", "Fresh Water", "Seasons", "Methane", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental Monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Changchun Song, Wen-yan Yang, Jin-bo Zhang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.034"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.034", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.034", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.034"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.12.026", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-01-17", "title": "Nitrous Oxide Emissions From An Intensively Cultivated Maize\u2013Wheat Rotation Soil In The North China Plain", "description": "N2O emissions from a maize-wheat rotation field were monitored in the Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station (Fengqiu County, Henan Province, China) from June 2004 to June 2005. The experiment included four treatments: a bare (crop-absent) soil treated with 150 kg N ha-1 (WN150) and soils fertilized with 0 (N0), 150 (N150), and 250 (N250) kg N ha-1 and cropped with maize or wheat. The bulk of the N2O emissions occurred in pulses following the application of fertilizer N at soil temperatures of 15 degrees C or more. The application of fertilizer N significantly increased the N2O emission, from 636 g N2O-N ha-1 year-1 in the N0 treatment to 4480 g N2O-N ha-1 year-1 in the N250 treatment. However, this increase primarily occurred during the maize growing season. The emission factor of applied fertilizer N as N2O was 1.05-1.34% and 0.24-0.26% during the 105-day maize and 241-day wheat growing seasons, respectively, and was on average 0.61-0.77%. Increasing the rate of fertilizer application increased the emission factor during the maize growing season. The presence of maize appears to increase N2O emission by 45% versus bare soil during the maize growing season. And, N2O emission during the maize season were significantly related to CO2 production (R=0.43-0.81, n=30, P<0.05). N2O emission was greatly affected by soil moisture during the maize growing season and by soil temperature during the wheat growing season. The maximum rates of nitrification occurred when soil moisture was in the range of 45-60% WFPS, with the optimum value being approximately 50%. However, soil moisture influenced N2O emission only when the soil temperature was at the optimum level. It is suggested that reducing the application rate of basal fertilizer N during the maize growing season could decrease N2O emission.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "China", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Seasons", "Weather", "Triticum", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.12.026"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.12.026", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.12.026", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.12.026"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-11-19", "title": "Effects Of Water Regime During Rice-Growing Season On Annual Direct N2o Emission In A Paddy Rice-Winter Wheat Rotation System In Southeast China", "description": "Annual paddy rice-winter wheat rotation constitutes one of the typical cropping systems in southeast China, in which various water regimes are currently practiced during the rice-growing season, including continuous flooding (F), flooding-midseason drainage-reflooding (F-D-F), and flooding-midseason drainage-reflooding and moisture but without waterlogging (F-D-F-M). We conducted a field experiment in a rice-winter wheat rotation system to gain an insight into the water regime-specific emission factors and background emissions of nitrous oxide (N(2)O) over the whole annual cycle. While flooding led to an unpronounced N(2)O emission during the rice-growing season, it incurred substantial N(2)O emission during the following non-rice season. During the non-rice season, N(2)O fluxes were, on average, 2.61 and 2.48 mg N(2)O-Nm(-)(2) day(-1) for the 250 kg N ha(-1) applied plots preceded by the F and F-D-F water regimes, which are 56% and 49% higher than those by the F-D-F-M water regime, respectively. For the annual rotation system experienced by continuous flooding during the rice-growing season, the relationship between N(2)O emission and nitrogen input predicted the emission factor and background emission of N(2)O to be 0.87% and 1.77 kg N(2)O-Nha(-1), respectively. For the plots experienced by the water regimes of F-D-F and F-D-F-M, the emission factors of N(2)O averaged 0.97% and 0.85%, with background N(2)O emissions of 2.00 kg N(2)O-Nha(-1) and 1.61 kg N(2)O-Nha(-1) for the annual rotation system, respectively. Annual direct N(2)O-N emission was estimated to be 98.1 Gg yr(-1) in Chinese rice-based cropping systems in the 1990s, consisting of 32.3 Gg during the rice-growing season and 65.8 Gg during the non-rice season, which accounts for 25-35% of the annual total emission from croplands in China.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "China", "Nitrogen Dioxide", "Agriculture", "Oryza", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Floods", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Seasons", "Fertilizers", "Triticum", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.067", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-10-26", "title": "The Fluxes Of Co2 From Grazed And Fenced Temperate Steppe During Two Drought Years On The Inner Mongolia Plateau, China", "description": "The CO(2) flux was measured by the eddy covariance method on a temperate Leymus chinensis steppe over a period of 17 months spanning two consecutive growing seasons. The amount of precipitation was nearly normal, but it was low in the early and high in the late growing period in 2006. In the 2007 growing season, the amount of precipitation was about 45% less than the multi-year average and more evenly distributed. Comparisons were made between a moderately grazed site and a 28-year-old fenced site. The maximum instantaneous CO(2) release and uptake rates were 0.12 (May) and -0.11mg CO(2)m(-2)s(-1) (July) at the fenced site, and 0.11 and -0.16mg CO(2)m(-2)s(-1) (both in July) at the grazed site. In both growing seasons, the grazed site always had a higher daily uptake rate or lower release rate than the fenced site. The grazed site was a CO(2) sink during the growing season of 2007 and a CO(2) source in the growing season of 2006, whereas the fenced site was a CO(2) source in both seasons. Lower precipitation decreased CO(2) loss during the growing season more in the grazed site than in the fenced site, mainly because of depression of total ecosystem respiration (R(e)) in the former and stimulation in the latter. During the dormant season (from October to April), the fenced and grazed sites released 60.0 and 32.4g of C per m(2), respectively. Path analysis showed that temperature had the greatest effect on daily variation of ecosystem CO(2) exchange during the growing seasons at the two study sites. The results suggest that decrease of precipitation and/or increase of temperature will likely promote C loss from L. chinensis steppes, whether fenced or grazed, and that a grazed site is more sensitive.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon Cycle", "Droughts", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Cattle", "Seasons", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.067"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.067", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.067", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.067"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.023", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-01-08", "title": "Warming And Increased Precipitation Have Differential Effects On Soil Extracellular Enzyme Activities In A Temperate Grassland", "description": "Few studies have conducted the responses of soil extracellular enzyme activities (EEA) to climate change, especially over the long term. In this study, we investigated the six-year responses of soil EEA to warming and increased precipitation in a temperate grassland of northern China at two depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm. These extracellular enzymes included carbon-acquisition enzymes (\u03b2-glucosidase, BG), nitrogen-acquisition enzymes (N-acetylglucosaminidase, NAG; Leucine aminopeptidase, LAP) and phosphorus-acquisition enzymes (acid and alkaline phosphatases). The results showed that warming significantly increased acid phosphatase at the 0-10 cm depth and NAG at the 10-20 cm depth, but dramatically decreased BG and acid phosphatase in the subsurface. In contrast, increased precipitation significantly increased NAG, LAP and alkaline phosphatase in the surface and NAG, LAP and acid phosphatase in the subsurface. There was a significant warming and increased precipitation interaction on BG in the subsurface. Redundancy analysis indicated that the patterns of EEA were mainly driven by soil pH and NH(4)(+)-N and NO(3)(-)-N in the surface, while by NH(4)(+)-N and microbial biomass in the subsurface. Our results suggested that soil EEA responded differentially to warming and increased precipitation at two depths in this region, which may have implications for carbon and nutrient cycling under climate change.", "keywords": ["570", "China", "Climate", "Climate Change", "Acid Phosphatase", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Enzymes", "Leucyl Aminopeptidase", "Soil biology", "13. Climate action", "Acetylglucosaminidase", "Cellulases", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.023"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.023", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.023", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.023"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.028", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-03-07", "title": "Effects Of Straw Incorporation Along With Microbial Inoculant On Methane And Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Rice Fields", "description": "Incorporation of straw together with microbial inoculant (a microorganism agent, accelerating straw decomposition) is being increasingly adopted in rice cultivation, thus its effect on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions merits serious attention. A 3-year field experiment was conducted from 2010 to 2012 to investigate combined effect of straw and microbial inoculant on methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) in a rice field in Jurong, Jiangsu Province, China. The experiment was designed to have treatment NPK (N, P and K fertilizers only), treatment NPKS (NPK plus wheat straw), treatment NPKSR (NPKS plus Ruilaite microbial inoculant) and treatment NPKSJ (NPKS plus Jinkuizi microbial inoculant). Results show that compared to NPK, NPKS increased seasonal CH4 emission by 280-1370%, while decreasing N2O emission by 7-13%. When compared with NPKS, NPKSR and NPKSJ increased seasonal CH4 emission by 7-13% and 6-12%, respectively, whereas reduced N2O emission by 10-27% and 9-24%, respectively. The higher CH4 emission could be attributed to the higher soil CH4 production potential triggered by the combined application of straw and microbial inoculant, and the lower N2O emission to the decreased inorganic N content. As a whole, the benefit of lower N2O emission was completely offset by increased CH4 emission, resulting in a higher GWP for NPKSR (5-12%) and NPKSJ (5-11%) relative to NPKS. Due to NPKSR and NPKSJ increased rice grain yield by 3-6% and 2-4% compared to NPKS, the GHGI values for NPKS, NPKSR and NPKSJ were comparable. These findings suggest that incorporating straw together with microbial inoculant would not influence the radiative forcing of rice production in the terms of per unit of rice grain yield relative to the incorporation of straw alone.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "China", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "Oryza", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Agricultural Inoculants", "15. Life on land", "Global Warming", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "13. Climate action", "Air Pollution", "8. Economic growth", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Methane"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.028"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.028", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.028", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.028"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.054", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-02-14", "title": "Effects Of Nitrogen Addition On Soil Microbes And Their Implications For Soil C Emission In The Gurbantunggut Desert, Center Of The Eurasian Continent", "description": "Nitrogen (N) deposition can influence carbon cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. However, a general recognition of how soil microorganisms respond to increasing N deposition is not yet reached. We explored soil microbial responses to two levels of N addition (2.5 and 5 gN m(-2) yr(-1)) in interplant soil and beneath shrubs of Haloxylon ammodendron and their consequences to soil respiration in the Gurbantunggut Desert, northwestern China from 2011 to 2013. Microbial biomass and respiration were significantly higher beneath H. ammodendron than in interplant soil. The responses of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial respiration (MR) showed opposite responses to N addition in interplant and beneath H. ammodendron. N addition slightly increased MBC and MR in interplant soil and decreased them beneath H. ammodendron, with a significant inhibition only in 2012. N addition had no impacts on the total microbial physiological activity, but N addition decreased the labile carbon substrate utilization beneath H. ammodendron when N addition level was high. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis showed that N addition did not alter the soil microbial community structure as evidenced by the similar ratios of fungal to bacterial PLFAs and gram-negative to gram-positive bacterial PLFAs. Microbial biomass and respiration showed close correlations with soil water content and dissolved carbon, and they were independent of soil inorganic nitrogen across three years. Our study suggests that N addition effects on soil microorganisms and carbon emission are dependent on the respiratory substrates and water availability in the desert ecosystem.", "keywords": ["China", "Nitrogen", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "Carbon Cycle", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Soil Pollutants", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Desert Climate", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.054"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.054", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.054", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.054"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.079", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-12-07", "title": "Vineyards in transition: A global assessment of the adaptation needs of grape producing regions under climate change", "description": "This paper suggests how climate change may transform vineyards. We consider changes in agro-climatic indicators derived from climatic variables as drivers for adaptation needs. We use two climate scenarios, GCM GFL-ESM2M and HadGEM2-ES, with 0.5\u00b0 spatial resolution and daily time step forced by two emission scenarios, RCP2.6 and 6.0, to estimate the transition of potential vineyards in the major grape production world areas by the late 21st century. We present and discuss changes in three impact indicators - one drought indicator and two temperature ones - aimed at exploring the benefits of transition-based policies. The drought indicator provides insights to prepare adaptation for extreme events in probabilistic terms. The temperature indicators offer information on the transition towards suitable zones of production. Future projections suggest a lack of water to maintain current levels of production in all regions of the world. Furthermore, thermal suitability of grapevine may be greatly affected in China and the Mediterranean region. Nevertheless, the possibility of quality wines is not altered within the regions with adequate suitability. Lastly, a portfolio of strategies to adapt to the future climate is presented.", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "China", "Models", " Statistical", "Mediterranean Region", "Climate Change", "Oceania", "Temperature", "Agriculture", "South America", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Droughts", "South Africa", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "North America", "Vitis", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.079"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.079", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.079", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.079"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.043", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-07-18", "title": "Responses Of Absolute And Specific Soil Enzyme Activities To Long Term Additions Of Organic And Mineral Fertilizer", "description": "Long-term phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) applications may seriously affect soil microbial activity. A long-term field fertilizer application trial was established on reddish paddy soils in the subtropical region of southern China in 1998. We assessed the effects of swine manure and seven different rates or ratios of NPK fertilizer treatments on (1) the absolute and specific enzyme activities per unit of soil organic carbon (SOC) or microbial biomass carbon (MBC) involved in C, N, and P transformations and (2) their relationships with soil environmental factors and soil microbial community structures. The results showed that manure applications led to increases in the absolute and specific activities of soil \u03b2-1,4-glucosidase(\u03b2G), \u03b2-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP). The absolute and specific acid phosphatase (AP) activities decreased as mineral P fertilizer application rates and ratios increased. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that there were negative correlations between absolute and specific AP activities, pH, and total P contents, while there were positive correlations between soil absolute and specific \u03b2G, NAG, and LAP enzyme activities, and SOC and total N contents. RDA showed that the contents of actinomycete and Gram-positive bacterium PLFA biomarkers are more closely related to the absolute and specific enzyme activities than the other PLFA biomarkers (P<0.01). Our results suggest that both the absolute and specific enzyme activities could be used as sensitive soil quality indicators that provide useful linkages with the microbial community structures and environmental factors. To maintain microbial activity and to minimize environmental impacts, P should be applied as a combination of inorganic and organic forms, and total P fertilizer application rates to subtropical paddy soils should not exceed 44 kg P ha(-1) year(-1).", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Soil", "Nitrogen", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agriculture", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Fertilizers", "Soil Microbiology", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.043"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.043", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.043", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.043"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.025", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-12-03", "title": "Prolonged Acid Rain Facilitates Soil Organic Carbon Accumulation In A Mature Forest In Southern China", "description": "With the continuing increase in anthropogenic activities, acid rain remains a serious environmental threat, especially in the fast developing areas such as southern China. To detect how prolonged deposition of acid rain would influence soil organic carbon accumulation in mature subtropical forests, we conducted a field experiment with simulated acid rain (SAR) treatments in a monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest at Dinghushan National Nature Reserve in southern China. Four levels of SAR treatments were set by irrigating plants with water of different pH values: CK (the control, local lake water, pH \u2248 4.5), T1 (water pH=4.0), T2 (water pH=3.5), and T3 (water pH=3.0). Results showed reduced pH measurements in the topsoil exposed to simulated acid rains due to soil acidification. Soil respiration, soil microbial biomass and litter decomposition rates were significantly decreased by the SAR treatments. As a result, T3 treatment significantly increased the total organic carbon by 24.5% in the topsoil compared to the control. Furthermore, surface soil became more stable as more recalcitrant organic matter was generated under the SAR treatments. Our results suggest that prolonged acid rain exposure may have the potential to facilitate soil organic carbon accumulation in the subtropical forest in southern China.", "keywords": ["China", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Acid Rain", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "Environmental Monitoring", "3. Good health"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.025"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.025", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.025", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.025"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.135", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-07-27", "title": "Biochar Decreased Microbial Metabolic Quotient And Shifted Community Composition Four Years After A Single Incorporation In A Slightly Acid Rice Paddy From Southwest China", "description": "While numerous studies both in laboratory and field have showed short term impacts of biochar on soil microbial community, there have been comparatively few reports addressing its long term impacts particular in field condition. This study investigated the changes of microbial community activity and composition in a rice paddy four years after a single incorporation of biochar at 20 and 40t/ha. The results indicated that biochar amendment after four years increased soil pH, soil organic C (SOC), total N and C/N ratio and decreased bulk density, particularly for the 40t/ha treatment compared to the control (0t/ha). Though no significant difference was observed in soil basal respiration, biochar amendment increased soil microbial biomass C and resulted in a significantly lower metabolic quotient. Besides, dehydrogenase and \u03b2-glucosidase activities were significantly decreased under biochar amendment relative to the control. The results of Illumina Miseq sequencing showed that biochar increased \u03b1-diversity of bacteria but decreased that of fungi and changed both bacterial and fungal community structures significantly. Biochar did not change the relative abundances of majority of bacteria at phylum level with the exception of a significant reduction of Actinobacteria, but significantly changed most of bacterial groups at genus level, particularly at 40t/ha. In contrast, biochar significantly decreased the relative abundances of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota by 11% and 66% and increased the relative abundances of Zygomycota by 147% at 40t/ha compared to the non-amended soil. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that biochar induced changes in soil chemical properties, such as pH, SOC and C/N, were important factors driving community composition shifts. This study suggested that biochar amendment may increase microbial C use efficiency and reduce some microorganisms that are capable of decomposing more recalcitrant soil C, which may help stabilization of soil organic matter in paddy soil in long term.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Microbiota", "Fungi", "Agriculture", "Oryza", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Bacterial Physiological Phenomena", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "Biodegradation", " Environmental", "13. Climate action", "Charcoal", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Seasons", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.135"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.135", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.135", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.135"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.140", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-08-04", "title": "Reduced Carbon Sequestration Potential Of Biochar In Acidic Soil", "description": "Biochar application in soil has been proposed as a promising method for carbon sequestration. While factors affecting its carbon sequestration potential have been widely investigated, the number of studies on the effect of soil pH is limited. To investigate the carbon sequestration potential of biochar across a series of soil pH levels, the total carbon emission, CO2 release from inorganic carbon, and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) of six soils with various pH levels were compared after the addition of straw biochar produced at different pyrolysis temperatures. The results show that the acidic soils released more CO2 (1.5-3.5 times higher than the control) after the application of biochar compared with neutral and alkaline soils. The degradation of both native soil organic carbon (SOC) and biochar were accelerated. More inorganic CO2 release in acidic soil contributed to the increased degradation of biochar. Higher proportion of gram-positive bacteria in acidic soil (25%-36%) was responsible for the enhanced biochar degradation and simultaneously co-metabolism of SOC. In addition, lower substrate limitation for bacteria, indicated by higher C-O stretching after the biochar application in the acidic soil, also caused more CO2 release. In addition to the soil pH, other factors such as clay contents and experimental duration also affected the phsico-chemical and biotic processes of SOC dynamics. Gram-negative/gram-positive bacteria ratio was found to be negatively related to priming effects, and suggested to serve as an indicator for priming effect. In general, the carbon sequestration potential of rice-straw biochar in soil reduced along with the decrease of soil pH especially in a short-term. Given wide spread of acidic soils in China, carbon sequestration potential of biochar may be overestimated without taking into account the impact of soil pH.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "Carbon Sequestration", "China", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "Biodegradation", " Environmental", "13. Climate action", "Air Pollution", "Charcoal", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Environmental Restoration and Remediation", "Soil Microbiology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Yu Zhan, Yaqi Sheng, Lizhong Zhu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.140"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.140", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.140", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.140"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.229", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:17:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-03-03", "title": "The Influence Of Tree Species On Small Scale Spatial Heterogeneity Of Soil Respiration In A Temperate Mixed Forest", "description": "Soil respiration is the largest terrestrial carbon flux into the atmosphere, and different tree species could directly influence root derived respiration and indirectly regulate soil respiration rates by altering soil chemical and microbial properties. In this study, we assessed the small scale spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration and the microbial community below the canopy of three dominant tree species (Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica), and Manchuria ash (Fraxinus mandshurica)) in a temperate mixed forest in Northeast China. Soil respiration differed significantly during several months and increased in the order of oakLarge herbivores act as a major driver of plant litter decomposition in grasslands. The modifications of soil biotic and abiotic properties, as well as the changes in quality (C/N ratio) of plant litter, are two key pathways by which large herbivores can affect litter decomposition. Yet we know little about the relative role of these two mechanisms in mediating decomposition. Here, by combining a large-scale and a small-scale field manipulative experiment, we examined how livestock (cattle and sheep) grazing affects standing litter decomposition of a dominant grass,Leymus chinensisin grasslands in northeast China. We found that livestock grazing affected litter decay rate both by its influences on soil property (soil moisture, nutrient content, and microbial communities) and on plant litter quality (C/N ratio). Due to their distinct body size and diet preference, cattle and sheep affected soil property and litter quality, thus litter decay rate, differently by causing varying disturbance regimes and by feeding on different dominant species. Our study provides evidence that herbivore grazing can influence litter decomposition by modifying soil conditions and litter quality independently. Therefore, choosing the proper large herbivore(s) in grazing regimes may be important in maintaining nutrient cycling in grassland ecosystems.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "Sheep", "Biodiversity", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Grassland", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "Soil", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Cattle", "Herbivory", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26835-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41598-018-26835-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41598-018-26835-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41598-018-26835-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-06-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep03829", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:18:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-01-23", "title": "Rapid Recovery Of Soil Bacterial Communities After Wildfire In A Chinese Boreal Forest", "description": "Abstract

Fires affect hundreds of millions of hectares annually. Above-ground community composition and diversity after fire have been studied extensively, but effects of fire on soil bacterial communities remain largely unexamined despite the central role of bacteria in ecosystem recovery and functioning. We investigated responses of bacterial community to forest fire in the Greater Khingan Mountains, China, using tagged pyrosequencing. Fire altered soil bacterial community composition substantially and high-intensity fire significantly decreased bacterial diversity 1-year-after-burn site. Bacterial community composition and diversity returned to similar levels as observed in controls (no fire) after 11 years. The understory vegetation community typically takes 20\uffe2\uff80\uff93100 years to reach pre-fire states in boreal forest, so our results suggest that soil bacteria could recover much faster than plant communities. Finally, soil bacterial community composition significantly co-varied with soil pH, moisture content, NH4+ content and carbon/nitrogen ratio (P < 0.05 in all cases) in wildfire-perturbed soils, suggesting that fire could indirectly affect bacterial communities by altering soil edaphic properties.

", "keywords": ["DNA", " Bacterial", "China", "Bacteria", "Nitrogen", "Biodiversity", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Article", "Carbon", "Fires", "13. Climate action", "RNA", " Ribosomal", " 16S", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep03829"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep03829", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep03829", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep03829"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-01-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep04460", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:18:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-03-27", "title": "Chinese Grain for Green Program led to highly increased soil organic carbon levels: A meta-analysis", "description": "The Grain for Green Program (GGP), initiated in 1999, is the largest ecological restoration project in central and western China. Here, for the first time, we performed a meta-analysis and found that the GGP largely increased the soil organic carbon (SOC). The SOC was increased by 48.1%, 25.4%, and 25.5% at soil depths of 0-20\u2005cm, 20-40\u2005cm, and 40-60\u2005cm, respectively. Moreover, this carbon accumulation has significantly increased over time since GGP implementation. The carbon accumulation showed a significantly more active response to the GGP in the top 20\u2005cm of soil than in the deeper soil layers. Conversion of cropland to forest could lead to significantly greater SOC accumulation than would the conversion of cropland to grassland. Conversion from cropland to woodland could lead to greater SOC accumulation than would the conversion to either shrubland or orchard. Our results suggest that the GGP implementation caused SOC to accumulate and that there remains a large potential for further accumulation of carbon in the soil, which will help to mitigate climate change in the near future.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Organic Agriculture", "Geography", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Edible Grain", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04460"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep04460", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep04460", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep04460"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-03-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep07952", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:18:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-01-22", "title": "Co2 Enrichment And N Addition Increase Nutrient Loss From Decomposing Leaf Litter In Subtropical Model Forest Ecosystems", "description": "As atmospheric CO2 concentration increases, many experiments have been carried out to study effects of CO2 enrichment on litter decomposition and nutrient release. However, the result is still uncertain. Meanwhile, the impact of CO2 enrichment on nutrients other than N and P are far less studied. Using open-top chambers, we examined effects of elevated CO2 and N addition on leaf litter decomposition and nutrient release in subtropical model forest ecosystems. We found that both elevated CO2 and N addition increased nutrient (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Zn) loss from the decomposing litter. The N, P, Ca and Zn loss was more than tripled in the chambers exposed to both elevated CO2 and N addition than those in the control chambers after 21 months of treatment. The stimulation of nutrient loss under elevated CO2 was associated with the increased soil moisture, the higher leaf litter quality and the greater soil acidity. Accelerated nutrient release under N addition was related to the higher leaf litter quality, the increased soil microbial biomass and the greater soil acidity. Our results imply that elevated CO2 and N addition will increase nutrient cycling in subtropical China under the future global change.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "Tropical Climate", "Nitrogen", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "6. Clean water", "Trees", "Plant Leaves", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep07952"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep07952", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep07952", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep07952"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-01-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep08097", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:18:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-01-29", "title": "Responses Of Plant Nutrient Resorption To Phosphorus Addition In Freshwater Marsh Of Northeast China", "description": "Abstract

Anthropogenic activities have increased phosphorus (P) inputs to most aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. However, the relationship between plant nutrient resorption and P availability is still unclear and much less is known about the underlying mechanisms. Here, we used a multi-level P addition experiment (0, 1.2, 4.8 and 9.6\uffe2\uff80\uff85g P m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 year\uffe2\uff88\uff921) to assess the effect of P enrichment on nutrient resorption at plant organ, species and community levels in a freshwater marsh of Northeast China. The response of nutrient resorption to P addition generally did not vary with addition rates. Moreover, nutrient resorption exhibited similar responses to P addition across the three hierarchical levels. Specifically, P addition decreased nitrogen (N) resorption proficiency, P resorption efficiency and proficiency, but did not impact N resorption efficiency. In addition, P resorption efficiency and proficiency were linearly related to the ratio of inorganic P to organic P and organic P fraction in mature plant organs, respectively. Our findings suggest that the allocation pattern of plant P between inorganic and organic P fractions is an underlying mechanism controlling P resorption processes and that P enrichment could strongly influence plant-mediated biogeochemical cycles through altered nutrient resorption in the freshwater wetlands of Northeast China.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "Nitrogen", "Fresh Water", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "6. Clean water", "Species Specificity", "Organ Specificity", "13. Climate action", "Wetlands", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08097"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep08097", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep08097", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep08097"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-01-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep10892", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:18:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-07-03", "title": "Improved Grazing Management May Increase Soil Carbon Sequestration In Temperate Steppe", "description": "Abstract

Different grazing strategies impact grassland plant production and may also regulate the soil carbon formation. For a site in semiarid temperate steppe, we studied the effect of combinations of rest, high and moderate grazing pressure over three stages of the growing season, on the process involved in soil carbon sequestration. Results show that constant moderate grazing (MMM) exhibited the highest root production and turnover accumulating the most soil carbon. While deferred grazing (RHM and RMH) sequestered less soil carbon compared to MMM, they showed higher standing root mass, maintained a more desirable pasture composition and had better ability to retain soil N. Constant high grazing pressure (HHH) caused diminished above- and belowground plant production, more soil N losses and an unfavorable microbial environment and had reduced carbon input. Reducing grazing pressure in the last grazing stage (HHM) still had a negative impact on soil carbon. Regression analyses show that adjusting stocking rate to ~5SE/ha with ~40% vegetation utilization rate can get the most carbon accrual. Overall, the soil carbon sequestration in the temperate grassland is affected by the grazing regime that is applied and grazing can be altered to improve soil carbon sequestration in the temperate steppe.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "Carbon Compounds", " Inorganic", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "16. Peace & justice", "Article", "Soil", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Herbivory", "Nitrogen Compounds", "Sheep", " Domestic", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10892"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep10892", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep10892", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep10892"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-07-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep14378", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:18:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-09-23", "title": "Effects Of Nitrogen And Phosphorus Additions On Soil Microbial Biomass And Community Structure In Two Reforested Tropical Forests", "description": "Abstract

Elevated nitrogen (N) deposition may aggravate phosphorus (P) deficiency in forests in the warm humid regions of China. To our knowledge, the interactive effects of long-term N deposition and P availability on soil microorganisms in tropical replanted forests remain unclear. We conducted an N and P manipulation experiment with four treatments: control, N addition (15\uffe2\uff80\uff89g N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffb7yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921), P addition (15\uffe2\uff80\uff89g P m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffb7yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and N and P addition (15\uffe2\uff80\uff89+\uffe2\uff80\uff8915\uffe2\uff80\uff89g N and P m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffb7yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively) in disturbed (planted pine forest with recent harvests of understory vegetation and litter) and rehabilitated (planted with pine, but mixed with broadleaf returning by natural succession) forests in southern China. Nitrogen addition did not significantly affect soil microbial biomass, but significantly decreased the abundance of gram-negative bacteria PLFAs in both forest types. Microbial biomass increased significantly after P addition in the disturbed forest but not in the rehabilitated forest. No interactions between N and P additions on soil microorganisms were observed in either forest type. Our results suggest that microbial growth in replanted forests of southern China may be limited by P rather than by N and this P limitation may be greater in disturbed forests.

", "keywords": ["China", "Principal Component Analysis", "Nitrates", "Rainforest", "Nitrogen", "Microbiota", "Fatty Acids", "Forestry", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Gram-Positive Bacteria", "Article", "Carbon Cycle", "Phosphates", "Multidisciplinary Sciences", "Soil", "Gram-Negative Bacteria", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Fertilizers", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14378"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep14378", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep14378", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep14378"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-09-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep17514", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:18:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-12-02", "title": "Productivity And Sustainability Of Rainfed Wheat-Soybean System In The North China Plain: Results From A Long-Term Experiment And Crop Modelling", "description": "Abstract

A quantitative understanding of yield response to water and nutrients is key to improving the productivity and sustainability of rainfed cropping systems. Here, we quantified the effects of rainfall, fertilization (NPK) and soil organic amendments (with straw and manure) on yields of a rainfed wheat-soybean system in the North China Plain (NCP), using 30-years\uffe2\uff80\uff99 field experimental data (1982\uffe2\uff80\uff932012) and the simulation model-AquaCrop. On average, wheat and soybean yields were 5 and 2.5 times higher in the fertilized treatments than in the unfertilized control (CK), respectively. Yields of fertilized treatments increased and yields of CK decreased over time. NPK\uffe2\uff80\uff89+\uffe2\uff80\uff89manure increased yields more than NPK alone or NPK\uffe2\uff80\uff89+\uffe2\uff80\uff89straw. The additional effect of manure is likely due to increased availability of K and micronutrients. Wheat yields were limited by rainfall and can be increased through soil mulching (15%) or irrigation (35%). In conclusion, combined applications of fertilizer NPK and manure were more effective in sustaining high crop yields than recommended fertilizer NPK applications. Manure applications led to strong accumulation of NPK and relatively low NPK use efficiencies. Water deficiency in wheat increased over time due to the steady increase in yields, suggesting that the need for soil mulching increases.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Glycine max", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Models", " Biological", "Article", "Crop Production", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Life Science", "Humans", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Triticum"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17514"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep17514", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep17514", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep17514"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-12-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep19536", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:18:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-01-14", "title": "Soil Microbial Responses To Forest Floor Litter Manipulation And Nitrogen Addition In A Mixed-Wood Forest Of Northern China", "description": "Abstract

Changes in litterfall dynamics and soil properties due to anthropogenic or natural perturbations have important implications to soil carbon (C) and nutrient cycling via microbial pathway. Here we determine soil microbial responses to contrasting types of litter inputs (leaf vs. fine woody litter) and nitrogen (N) deposition by conducting a multi-year litter manipulation and N addition experiment in a mixed-wood forest. We found significantly higher soil organic C, total N, microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN), microbial activity (MR) and activities of four soil extracellular enzymes, including \uffce\uffb2-glucosidase (BG), N-acetyl-\uffce\uffb2-glucosaminidase (NAG), phenol oxidase (PO) and peroxidase (PER), as well as greater total bacteria biomass and relative abundance of gram-negative bacteria (G-) community, in top soils of plots with presence of leaf litter than of those without litter or with presence of only fine woody litter. No apparent additive or interactive effects of N addition were observed in this study. The occurrence of more labile leaf litter stimulated G-, which may facilitate microbial community growth and soil C stabilization as inferred by findings in literature. A continued treatment with contrasting types of litter inputs is likely to result in divergence in soil microbial community structure and function.

", "keywords": ["Biomass (ecology)", "China", "Biogeochemical Cycling of Nutrients in Aquatic Ecosystems", "Microbial population biology", "Nitrogen", "Soil Science", "Organic chemistry", "Forests", "Nitrogen cycle", "Article", "Plant litter", "Nutrient cycle", "Environmental science", "Microbial Ecology", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Soil", "Soil biology", "Litter", "Soil water", "Genetics", "Environmental Chemistry", "Biomass", "Forest floor", "Biology", "Soil Microbiology", "Ecosystem", "2. Zero hunger", "Ecology", "Bacteria", "Marine Microbial Diversity and Biogeography", "Life Sciences", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Wood", "Soil carbon", "Carbon", "Agronomy", "6. Clean water", "3. Good health", "Chemistry", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Nutrient"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19536"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep19536", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep19536", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep19536"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-01-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep24317", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:18:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-04-14", "title": "Soil Microbial Community Composition And Respiration Along An Experimental Precipitation Gradient In A Semiarid Steppe", "description": "Abstract

As a primary limiting factor in arid and semiarid regions, precipitation strongly influences soil microbial properties. However, the patterns and mechanisms of soil microbial responses to precipitation have not been well documented. In this study, changes in soil microorganisms along an experimental precipitation gradient with seven levels of precipitation manipulation (i.e., ambient precipitation as a control and \uffc2\uffb120%, \uffc2\uffb140% and \uffc2\uffb160% of ambient precipitation) were explored in a semiarid temperate steppe in northern China. Soil microbial biomass carbon and respiration as well as the ratio of fungal to bacterial biomass varied along the experimental precipitation gradient and peaked under the +40% precipitation treatment. The shifts in microbial community composition could be largely attributable to the changes in soil water and nutrient availability. The metabolic quotient increased (indicating reduced carbon use efficiency) with increasing precipitation due to the leaching of dissolved organic carbon. The relative contributions of microbial respiration to soil and ecosystem respiration increased with increasing precipitation, suggesting that heterotrophic respiration will be more sensitive than autotrophic respiration if precipitation increases in the temperate steppe as predicted under future climate-change scenarios.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Bacteria", "Rain", "Fungi", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Biota", "Grassland", "Article", "Carbon", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Desert Climate", "Energy Metabolism", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24317"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep24317", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep24317", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep24317"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-04-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep26856", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:18:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-05-26", "title": "Soil Water Balance And Water Use Efficiency Of Dryland Wheat In Different Precipitation Years In Response To Green Manure Approach", "description": "Abstract

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) monoculture is conventionally cultivated followed by two to three months of summer fallow in the Loess Plateau. To develop a sustainable cropping system, we conducted a six-year field experiment to investigate the effect of leguminous green manure (LGM) instead of bare fallow on the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat and the soil water balance (SWB) in different precipitation years in a semi-arid region of northwest China. Results confirmed that planting LGM crop consumes soil water in the fallow season can bring varied effects to the subsequent wheat. The effect is positive or neutral when the annual precipitation is adequate, so that there is no significant reduction in the soil water supplied to wheat. If this is not the case, the effect is negative. On average, the LGM crop increased wheat yield and WUE by 13% and 28%, respectively, and had considerable potential for maintaining the SWB (0\uffe2\uff80\uff93200\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm) compared with fallow management. In conclusion, cultivation of the LGM crop is a better option than fallow to improve the productivity and WUE of the next crop and maintain the soil water balance in the normal and wet years in the Loess Plateau.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Glycine max", "Rain", "Vigna", "Water", "Agriculture", "Plant Transpiration", "15. Life on land", "Article", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", "Soil", "Biomass", "Seasons", "Fertilizers", "Triticum"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Yangyang Li, Pengwei Yao, Dabin Zhang, Weidong Cao, Suiqi Zhang, Zhao Na, Yajun Gao, Yajun Gao,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26856"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep26856", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep26856", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep26856"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-05-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep32791", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:18:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-09-06", "title": "Responses Of Soil Hydrolytic Enzymes, Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria And Archaea To Nitrogen Applications In A Temperate Grassland In Inner Mongolia", "description": "Abstract

We used a seven-year urea gradient applied field experiment to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) applications on soil N hydrolytic enzyme activity and ammonia-oxidizing microbial abundance in a typical steppe ecosystem in Inner Mongolia. The results showed that N additions inhibited the soil N-related hydrolytic enzyme activities, especially in 392\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff89yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 treatment. As N additions increased, the amoA gene copy ratios of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) to ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) decreased from 1.13 to 0.65. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the AOA gene copies were negatively related with NH4+-N content. However, the AOB gene copies were positively correlated with NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92-N content. Moderate N application rates (56\uffe2\uff80\uff93224\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff89yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) accompanied by P additions are beneficial to maintaining the abundance of AOB, as opposed to the inhibition of highest N application rate (392\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff89yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) on the abundance of AOB. This study suggests that the abundance of AOB and AOA would not decrease unless N applications exceed 224\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff89yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in temperate grasslands in Inner Mongolia.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Bacteria", "Nitrogen", "Hydrolysis", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Archaea", "Grassland", "Nitrification", "Article", "Soil", "Ammonia", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers", "Oxidation-Reduction", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32791"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep32791", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep32791", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep32791"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-09-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep43853", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:18:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-03-08", "title": "A New Urease-Inhibiting Formulation Decreases Ammonia Volatilization And Improves Maize Nitrogen Utilization In North China Plain", "description": "Abstract

Overuse of urea, low nitrogen (N) utilization, and large N losses are common in maize production in North China Plain (NCP). To solve these problems, we conducted two field experiments at Shangzhuang and Quzhou in NCP to test the ability of a newly developed urease inhibitor product Limus\uffc2\uffae to decrease NH3 volatilization from urea applied to maize. Grain yield, apparent N recovery efficiency (REN) and N balance when using urea applied with or without Limus were also measured over two maize growing seasons. Cumulative NH3 loss in the two weeks following urea application without Limus ranged from 9\uffe2\uff80\uff93108\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, while Limus addition significantly decreased NH3 loss by a mean of 84%. Urea with Limus did not significantly increase maize yields (P\uffe2\uff80\uff89<\uffe2\uff80\uff890.05) compared with urea alone. However, a significant 11\uffe2\uff80\uff9317% improvement in REN with Limus was observed at QZ. The use of urea-N plus Limus would permit a reduction in N applications of 55\uffe2\uff80\uff9360% compared to farmers\uffe2\uff80\uff99 practice and/or further 20% N saving compared with optimized urea-N rate (150\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, based on N requirement by target yield of 7.5 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), and would achieve the same maize yields but with significantly decreased NH3 loss and increased N utilization.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Nitrogen", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Urease", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "Soil", "Ammonia", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Seasons", "Volatilization", "Fertilizers", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43853"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep43853", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep43853", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep43853"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-03-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.16135", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:19:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-02-17", "title": "Mycorrhizal fungi alleviate acidification\u2010induced phosphorus limitation: Evidence from a decade\u2010long field experiment of simulated acid deposition in a tropical forest in south China", "description": "Abstract

South China has been experiencing very high rate of acid deposition and severe soil acidification in recent decades, which has been proposed to exacerbate the regional ecosystem phosphorus (P) limitation. We conducted a 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90year field experiment of simulated acid deposition to examine how acidification impacts seasonal changes of different soil P fractions in a tropical forest with highly acidic soils in south China. As expected, acid addition significantly increased occluded P pool but reduced the other more labile P pools in the dry season. In the wet season, however, acid addition did not change microbial P, soluble P and labile organic P pools. Acid addition significantly increased exchangeable Al3+ and Fe3+ and the activation of Fe oxides in both seasons. Different from the decline of microbial abundance in the dry season, acid addition increased ectomycorrhizal fungi and its ratio to arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi in the wet season, which significantly stimulated phosphomonoesterase activities and likely promoted the dissolution of occluded P. Our results suggest that, even in already highly acidic soils, the acidification\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced P limitation could be alleviated by stimulating ectomycorrhizal fungi and phosphomonoesterase activities. The differential responses and microbial controls of seasonal soil P transformation revealed here should be implemented into ecosystem biogeochemical model for predicting plant productivity under future acid deposition scenarios.Widespread soil acidification due to atmospheric acid deposition and agricultural fertilization may greatly accelerate soil carbonate dissolution and CO2 release. However, to date, few studies have addressed these processes. Here, we use meta-analysis and nationwide-survey datasets to investigate changes in soil inorganic carbon (SIC) stocks in China. We observe an overall decrease in SIC stocks in topsoil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffc2\uffa0cm) (11.33\uffc2\uffa0g C m\uffe2\uff80\uff932 yr\uffe2\uff80\uff931) from the 1980s to the 2010s. Total SIC stocks have decreased by \uffe2\uff88\uffbc8.99\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.24% (1.37\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa00.37\uffc2\uffa0Pg C). The average SIC losses across China (0.046 Pg C yr\uffe2\uff80\uff931) and in cropland (0.016 Pg C yr\uffe2\uff80\uff931) account for \uffe2\uff88\uffbc17.6%\uffe2\uff80\uff9324.0% of the terrestrial C sink and 57.1% of the soil organic carbon sink in cropland, respectively. Nitrogen deposition and climate change have profound influences on SIC cycling. We estimate that \uffe2\uff88\uffbc19.12%\uffe2\uff80\uff9319.47% of SIC stocks will be further lost by 2100. The consumption of SIC may offset a large portion of global efforts aimed at ecosystem carbon sequestration, which emphasizes the importance of achieving a better understanding of the indirect coupling mechanisms of nitrogen and carbon cycling and of effective countermeasures to minimize SIC loss.

Nitrogen (N) saturation hypothesis suggests that when an ecosystem reaches N\uffe2\uff80\uff90saturation, continued N input will cause increased N leaching, nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, and N mineralization and nitrification rates. It also suggests that a different element will become the main limiting factor when N saturation has been reached. Although this hypothesis has been tested in temperate forests, whether they can be directly applied to N\uffe2\uff80\uff90saturated tropical forests remain poorly addressed.

To test this hypothesis, soil inorganic N, soil N mineralization and nitrification rate, soil N2O emission rate and nitrate () leaching rate were measured in an N\uffe2\uff80\uff90saturated old\uffe2\uff80\uff90growth tropical forest in southern China, after 6\uffc2\uffa0years of N and P addition. We hypothesized that N addition would stimulate further N saturation, but P addition might alleviate N saturation.

As expected, our results showed that six continuous years of experimental N addition did cause further N saturation, which was indicated by significant increases in soil inorganic N concentration, N2O emission and nitrate () leaching. However, in contrast to our expectations, N addition significantly decreased in\uffc2\uffa0situ rates of net N mineralization and nitrification, which could be related to associated changes in enzyme activity and microbial community composition. On the other hand, P addition mitigated N saturation, as expected. Soil inorganic N concentration, N2O emission and leaching decreased significantly after P addition, but the net rates of N mineralization and nitrification were significantly increased.

Our results provide a new understanding of the N saturation hypothesis, suggesting that the effects of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term N deposition on net N mineralization and nitrification rates in N\uffe2\uff80\uff90saturated tropical forests can be negative and that P addition can alleviate N saturation in such tropical systems.

", "keywords": ["China", "Nitrogen mineralization and nitrification", "Tropical forest", "Nitrogen saturation", "13. Climate action", "Phosphorus addition", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "N 2 O emission", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Nitrogen deposition"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12475"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Functional%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/1365-2435.12475", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/1365-2435.12475", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/1365-2435.12475"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-06-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/1365-2656.12660", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:19:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-02-22", "title": "Nitrogen deposition cancels out exotic earthworm effects on plant-feeding nematode communities", "description": "Summary

The activity and spread of exotic earthworms often are spatially correlated with N deposition because both arise from human activities. Exotic earthworms, in turn, can also greatly affect soil abiotic and biotic properties, as well as related ecological processes. Previous studies showed, for example, that earthworms can counteract the detrimental effects of plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90feeding nematodes on plant growth. However, potential interactive effects of N deposition and exotic earthworms on ecosystems are poorly understood.

We explored the changes in density of plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90feeding nematodes in response to the presence of exotic earthworms, and whether these changes are altered by elevated N deposition in a two\uffe2\uff80\uff90factorial field mesocosm experiment at the Heshan National Field Research Station of Forest Ecosystem, in southern China.

Our results show that earthworm addition marginally significantly increased the density of exotic earthworms and significantly increased the mass of earthworm casts. The total density of plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90feeding nematodes was not significantly affected by exotic earthworms or N deposition. However, exotic earthworms tended to increase the density of plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90feeding nematode taxa that are less detrimental to plant growth (r\uffe2\uff80\uff90strategists), while they significantly reduced the density of more harmful plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90feeding nematodes (K\uffe2\uff80\uff90strategists). Importantly, these earthworm effects were restricted to the ambient N deposition treatment, and elevated N deposition cancelled out the earthworm effect. Although exotic earthworms and N deposition interactively altered foliar N\uffc2\uffa0:\uffc2\uffa0P ratio in the target tree species, this did not result in significant changes in shoot and root biomass in the short term.

Overall, our study indicates that N deposition can cancel out exotic earthworm\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced reductions in the density of harmful plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90feeding nematodes. These results suggest that anthropogenic N deposition can alter biotic interactions between exotic and native soil organisms with potential implications for ecosystem functioning.

", "keywords": ["China", "Soil", "Climate Ecology", "Nematoda", "Nitrogen", "13. Climate action", "Animals", "Oligochaeta", "15. Life on land", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/1365-2656.12660/fullpdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12660"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Animal%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/1365-2656.12660", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/1365-2656.12660", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/1365-2656.12660"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-04-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/1462-2920.13098", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:19:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-10-21", "title": "Significant Alteration Of Soil Bacterial Communities And Organic Carbon Decomposition By Different Long-Term Fertilization Management Conditions Of Extremely Low-Productivity Arable Soil In South China", "description": "Summary

Different fertilization managements of red soil, a kind of Ferralic Cambisol, strongly affected the soil properties and associated microbial communities. The association of the soil microbial community and functionality with long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term fertilization management in the unique low\uffe2\uff80\uff90productivity red soil ecosystem is important for both soil microbial ecology and agricultural production. Here, 454 pyrosequencing analysis of 16S recombinant ribonucleic acid genes andGeoChip4\uffe2\uff80\uff90NimbleGen\uffe2\uff80\uff90based functional gene analysis were used to study the soil bacterial community composition and functional genes involved in soil organic carbon degradation. Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term nitrogen\uffe2\uff80\uff90containing chemical fertilization\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced soil acidification and fertility decline and significantly altered the soil bacterial community, whereas long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term organic fertilization and fallow management improved the soil quality and maintained the bacterial diversity. Short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term quicklime remediation of the acidified soils did not change the bacterial communities. Organic fertilization and fallow management supported eutrophic ecosystems, in which copiotrophic taxa increased in relative abundance and have a higher intensity of labile\uffe2\uff80\uff90C\uffe2\uff80\uff90degrading genes. However, long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term nitrogen\uffe2\uff80\uff90containing chemical fertilization treatments supported oligotrophic ecosystems, in which oligotrophic taxa increased in relative abundance and have a higher intensity of recalcitrant\uffe2\uff80\uff90C\uffe2\uff80\uff90degrading genes but a lower intensity of labile\uffe2\uff80\uff90C\uffe2\uff80\uff90degrading genes. Quicklime application increased the relative abundance of copiotrophic taxa and crop production, although these effects were utterly inadequate. This study provides insights into the interaction of soil bacterial communities, soil functionality and long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term fertilization management in the red soil ecosystem; these insights are important for improving the fertility of unique low\uffe2\uff80\uff90productivity red soil.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "0303 health sciences", "Bacteria", "Nitrogen", "Agriculture", "Biodiversity", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Carbon", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "Fertilizers", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13098"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Microbiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/1462-2920.13098", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/1462-2920.13098", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/1462-2920.13098"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-12-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/ejss.12231", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:19:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-04-08", "title": "Nitrogen Addition And Mowing Affect Microbial Nitrogen Transformations In A C4 Grassland In Northern China", "description": "Summary

Microbial nitrogen (N) transformations play a key role in regulating N cycling in grassland ecosystems. However, there is still little information on how management of semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90arid grassland such as mowing and/or N fertilizer application affects microbial activity and N transformations. In a field experiment in northern China, N was added at a rate of 10 g N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 as NH4NO3 to mown and unmown plots (4 \uffc3\uff97 4 m2) and in situ rates of net ammonification (Ramm), nitrification (Rnit) and mineralization (Rmin) were followed at monthly intervals for the vegetation growth periods in the years 2006\uffe2\uff80\uff932009. In addition, we also measured soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), microbial respiration (MR) and peak above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground biomass in August of each measurement year. Driven by the pronounced inter\uffe2\uff80\uff90annual variability of rainfall, all the properties investigated varied markedly across years. Nevertheless, we were able to demonstrate that over the 4 years N addition significantly stimulated Rnit, Rmin and MBN, on average, by 288, 149 and 11.6%, respectively. However, N addition decreased MBC significantly as well as the ratio of MBC:MBN by, on average, 10 and 23%, respectively, whereas an effect of N addition on MR could not be demonstrated. Mowing decreased MBN, MR and qCO2 significantly by 9, 28 and 24%, respectively, but no effects were found on microbial net N transformation rates and MBC. N addition and mowing interactively affected Ramm and Rmin, and MBN, MBC:MBN. In summary, our results indicate a positive effect of N addition but a negative effect of mowing on microbial N transformation in this C4 grassland in northern China.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Earth sciences", "570", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "550", "ddc:550", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "china", "mowing", "630", "nitrogen"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12231"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/ejss.12231", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/ejss.12231", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/ejss.12231"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-04-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.13737", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:19:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-05-02", "title": "Higher yields and lower methane emissions with new rice cultivars", "description": "Abstract

Breeding high\uffe2\uff80\uff90yielding rice cultivars through increasing biomass is a key strategy to meet rising global food demands. Yet, increasing rice growth can stimulate methane (CH4) emissions, exacerbating global climate change, as rice cultivation is a major source of this powerful greenhouse gas. Here, we show in a series of experiments that high\uffe2\uff80\uff90yielding rice cultivars actually reduce CH4 emissions from typical paddy soils. Averaged across 33 rice cultivars, a biomass increase of 10% resulted in a 10.3% decrease in CH4 emissions in a soil with a high carbon (C) content. Compared to a low\uffe2\uff80\uff90yielding cultivar, a high\uffe2\uff80\uff90yielding cultivar significantly increased root porosity and the abundance of methane\uffe2\uff80\uff90consuming microorganisms, suggesting that the larger and more porous root systems of high\uffe2\uff80\uff90yielding cultivars facilitated CH4 oxidation by promoting O2 transport to soils. Our results were further supported by a meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis, showing that high\uffe2\uff80\uff90yielding rice cultivars strongly decrease CH4 emissions from paddy soils with high organic C contents. Based on our results, increasing rice biomass by 10% could reduce annual CH4 emissions from Chinese rice agriculture by 7.1%. Our findings suggest that modern rice breeding strategies for high\uffe2\uff80\uff90yielding cultivars can substantially mitigate paddy CH4 emission in China and other rice growing regions.

", "keywords": ["roots", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "Agriculture", "Oryza", "methanogenesis", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "Carbon", "meta-analysis", "Greenhouse Gases", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "methanotrophy", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "soil carbon", "Methane"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13737"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.13737", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.13737", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.13737"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.12555", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:19:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-02-24", "title": "Different Types Of Nitrogen Deposition Show Variable Effects On The Soil Carbon Cycle Process Of Temperate Forests", "description": "Abstract

Nitrogen (N) deposition significantly affects the soil carbon (C) cycle process of forests. However, the influence of different types of N on it still remained unclear. In this work, ammonium nitrate was selected as an inorganic N (IN) source, while urea and glycine were chosen as organic N (ON) sources. Different ratios of IN to ON (1\uffc2\uffa0:\uffc2\uffa04, 2\uffc2\uffa0:\uffc2\uffa03, 3\uffc2\uffa0:\uffc2\uffa02, 4\uffc2\uffa0:\uffc2\uffa01, and 5\uffc2\uffa0:\uffc2\uffa00) were mixed with equal total amounts and then used to fertilize temperate forest soils for 2\uffc2\uffa0years. Results showed that IN deposition inhibited soil C cycle processes, such as soil respiration, soil organic C decomposition, and enzymatic activities, and induced the accumulation of recalcitrant organic C. By contrast, ON deposition promoted these processes. Addition of ON also resulted in accelerated transformation of recalcitrant compounds into labile compounds and increased CO2 efflux. Meanwhile, greater ON deposition may convert C sequestration in forest soils into C source. These results indicated the importance of the IN to ON ratio in controlling the soil C cycle, which can consequently change the ecological effect of N deposition.

", "keywords": ["China", "Soil", "Nitrates", "Nitrogen", "Glycine", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Carbon Cycle", "Enzymes"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12555"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12555", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12555", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12555"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-05-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.12810", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:19:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-11-18", "title": "Effects Of Elevated Ozone Concentration On Ch4 And N2o Emission From Paddy Soil Under Fully Open-Air Field Conditions", "description": "Abstract

We investigated the effects of elevated ozone concentration (E\uffe2\uff80\uff90O3) on CH4 and N2O emission from paddies with two rice cultivars: an inbred Indica cultivar Yangdao 6 (YD6) and a hybrid one II\uffe2\uff80\uff90you 084 (IIY084), under fully open\uffe2\uff80\uff90air field conditions in China. A mean 26.7% enhancement of ozone concentration above the ambient level (A\uffe2\uff80\uff90O3) significantly reduced CH4 emission at tillering and flowering stages leading to a reduction of seasonal integral CH4 emission by 29.6% on average across the two cultivars. The reduced CH4 emission is associated with O3\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced reduction in the whole\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant biomass (\uffe2\uff88\uff9213.2%), root biomass (\uffe2\uff88\uff9234.7%), and maximum tiller number (\uffe2\uff88\uff9210.3%), all of which curbed the carbon supply for belowground CH4 production and its release from submerged soil to atmosphere. Although no significant difference was detected between the cultivars in the CH4 emission response to E\uffe2\uff80\uff90O3, a larger decrease in CH4 emission with IIY084 (\uffe2\uff88\uff9233.2%) than that with YD6 (\uffe2\uff88\uff927.0%) was observed at tillering stage, which may be due to the larger reduction in tiller number in IIY084 by E\uffe2\uff80\uff90O3. Additionally, E\uffe2\uff80\uff90O3 reduced seasonal mean NOx flux by 5.7% and 11.8% with IIY084 and YD6, respectively, but the effects were not significant statistically. We found that the relative response of CH4 emission to E\uffe2\uff80\uff90O3 was not significantly different from those reported in open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top chamber experiments. This study has thus confirmed that increasing ozone concentration would mitigate the global warming potential of CH4 and suggested consideration of the feedback mechanism between ozone and its precursor emission into the projection of future ozone effects on terrestrial ecosystem.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "China", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "Oryza", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Soil", "Ozone", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Methane", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gang Liu, Haoye Tang, Haoye Tang, Kazuhiko Kobayashi, Jianguo Zhu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12810"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12810", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12810", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12810"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-12-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.17247", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:19:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-03-16", "title": "Depth\u2010dependent responses of soil organic carbon under nitrogen deposition", "description": "Abstract

Emerging evidence points out that the responses of soil organic carbon (SOC) to nitrogen (N) addition differ along the soil profile, highlighting the importance of synthesizing results from different soil layers. Here, using a global meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis, we found that N addition significantly enhanced topsoil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm) SOC by 3.7% (\uffc2\uffb11.4%) in forests and grasslands. In contrast, SOC in the subsoil (30\uffe2\uff80\uff93100\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm) initially increased with N addition but decreased over time. The model selection analysis revealed that experimental duration and vegetation type are among the most important predictors across a wide range of climatic, environmental, and edaphic variables. The contrasting responses of SOC to N addition indicate the importance of considering deep soil layers, particularly for long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term continuous N deposition. Finally, the lack of depth\uffe2\uff80\uff90dependent SOC responses to N addition in experimental and modeling frameworks has likely resulted in the overestimation of changes in SOC storage under enhanced N deposition.