Drainage channels with step-pool system are widely used to control debris flow. The blocking of debris flow often gives rise to local damage at the steps and ba?es. Hence, the estimation of impact force of debris flow is crucial for designing step-pools channel. Existing empirical models for impact pressure prediction cannot consider the influence of baffle shape. In this work, a three-dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) study on the impact behaviour of debris flows in step-pool systems is presented, where debris material is modelled using the regularizedBingham model. The SPH method is first checked using the results from two laboratory tests. Then it is used to investigate the influence of bafflee shape and flow density. Numerical results show that the impact pressure at the first ba?e highly depends on the ba?e shape; however, the largest impact pressure usually occurs at subsequent baffles due to the violent impact induced by jet flows. The peak impact pressure at the first ba?e initially grows with increasing flow density; however, it starts to drop as density is beyond a threshold. Based on the numerical results, an empirical relation considering the influence of ba?e shape is proposed for better prediction of debris impact pressure.
", "keywords": ["Civil and Environmental Engineering", "bepress|Engineering", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "Geotechnical Engineering", "01 natural sciences", "Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Geotechnical Engineering", "13. Climate action", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Geotechnical Engineering", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10346-020-01410-w.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01410-w"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Landslides", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10346-020-01410-w", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10346-020-01410-w", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10346-020-01410-w"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-05-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105264", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-09-21T16:15:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-09-15", "title": "Destinations frequently impacted by dust storms originating from southwest Iran", "description": "Deserts can be considered as one of the main sources of dust emissions as they are highlyvulnerable to wind erosion, i.e. The lack of vegetative cover, as well as low soil wetness,contribute to the release of particles by wind erosion. The present study examines theseasonal variation in sand and dust storms (SDSs) originating from war-impacted semi-aridbare lands affected by chemical warfare located in southwest Iran for the period of 2007-2018. It employs a synthesis of satellite observations and Hybrid Single-Particle LagrangianIntegrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model trajectories. A regression analysis betweenannual/seasonal absorbing aerosol index distribution and selected parameters indicated strongcorrelation with surface skin temperature, topsoil layer wetness, and 10-m wind speed.During both cold and warm periods, Kuwait and the Persian Gulf were highly vulnerable toepisodic dust incursions as they were identified in the maximum impact zone (frequency of100%). The Persian Gulf was affected by about 12% of the total air masses during the warmperiod, which increased to 74% during the cold period. Regarding the vulnerability to thehigh wind of war-impacted regions presumably contaminated with potentially toxic elements(PTEs) and toxic compounds, the particles of contaminated dust may have been continuouslytransported over by the strong winds, not only the surrounding region but also long distancesincluding agricultural land and marine environment. The study area would possibly pose adanger to the environment and human health; therefore, a detailed site characterization toinvestigate the degree of contamination with PTEs and toxic compounds is warranted.
", "keywords": ["Civil and Environmental Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Environmental Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Environmental Engineering", "Environmental Engineering", "bepress|Engineering", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "13. Climate action", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "TD", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/149216/1/WRAP-Destinations-frequently-impacted-dust-storms-originating-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105264"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Atmospheric%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105264", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105264", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105264"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103486", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-09-21T16:15:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-11", "title": "Extension of a basic hypoplastic model for overconsolidated clays", "description": "This paper presents a new rate-dependent hypoplastic constitutive model for overconsolidated clays. The model is developed based on a basic hypoplastic model proposed recently for sand. New density and stiffness factors are introduced to account for history dependence. The Matsuoka-Nakai failure surface is incorporated for the limit stress criterion. With six constitutive parameters, the model is capable of predicting the hardening/softening, shear dilation/contraction, and asymptotic state for overconsolidated clays. Comparison between numerical predictions and experimental results shows this model can properly describe the main features of both reconstituted and undisturbed clays with different overconsolidation ratios.
", "keywords": ["Civil and Environmental Engineering", "Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "bepress|Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Geotechnical Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "Geotechnical Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Geotechnical Engineering", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103486"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Computers%20and%20Geotechnics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103486", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103486", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103486"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103200", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:15:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-18", "title": "Non-orthogonal elastoplastic constitutive model with the critical state for clay", "description": "A non-orthogonal elastoplastic model for clay is proposed by combining the non-orthogonal plastic flow rule with the critical state concept, and the model framework is presented from the perspective of the magnitude and direction of the plastic strain increment. The magnitude is obtained based on the improved elliptical yield function and the plastic volumetric strain dependent hardening parameter. The direction is determined by ap-plying the non-orthogonal plastic flow rule with the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative to the yield function without the necessity of additional plastic potential function. The presented approach gives rise to a simple model for soil with five parameters. All parameters have clear physical meaning and can be easily identified by triaxial tests. The model performance is shown by analyzing the evolution process of the yield surface, the hardening rule and the plastic flow direction. The capability of the proposed model to capture the mechanical behaviours of clay with different stiffness is also confirmed by predicting test results from the literature.
", "keywords": ["Civil and Environmental Engineering", "bepress|Engineering", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Aerospace Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Aerospace Engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "Geotechnical Engineering", "01 natural sciences", "engrXiv|Engineering|Aerospace Engineering", "Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Geotechnical Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Geotechnical Engineering", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103200"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Computers%20and%20Geotechnics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103200", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103200", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103200"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103856", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-09-21T16:15:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-11", "title": "GPU-accelerated smoothed particle finite element method for large deformation analysis in geomechanics", "description": "Particle finite element method (PFEM) is an effective numerical tool for solving large-deformation problems in geomechanics. By incorporating the node integration technique with strain smoothing into the PFEM, we proposed the smoothed particle ?nite element method (SPFEM). This paper extends the SPFEM to three-dimensional cases and presents a SPFEM executed on graphics processing units (GPUs) to boost the computational efficiency. The detailed parallel computing strategy on GPU is introduced. New computation formulations related to the strain smoothing technique are proposed to save memory space in the GPU parallel computing. Several benchmark problems are solved to validate the proposed approach and to evaluate the GPU acceleration performance. Numerical examples show that with the new formulations not only the memory space can be saved but also the computational efficiency is improved. The computational cost is reduced by 70% for the double-precision GPU parallel computing with the new formulations.
", "keywords": ["Civil and Environmental Engineering", "bepress|Engineering", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Computational Engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "Geotechnical Engineering", "Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering", "0203 mechanical engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Computational Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Geotechnical Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Computational Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Geotechnical Engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103856"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Computers%20and%20Geotechnics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103856", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103856", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103856"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.003", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:16:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-11-05", "title": "Virtual fatigue diagnostics of wake-affected wind turbine via Gaussian Process Regression", "description": "We propose a data-driven model to predict the short-term fatigue Damage Equivalent Loads (DEL) on a wake-affected wind turbine based on wind field inflow sensors and/or loads sensors deployed on an adjacent up-wind wind turbine. Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) with Bayesian hyperparameters calibration is proposed to obtain a surrogate from input random variables to output DELs in the blades and towers of the up-wind and wake-affected wind turbines. A sensitivity analysis based on the hyperparameters of the GPR and Kullback-Leibler divergence is conducted to assess the effect of different input on the obtained DELs. We provide qualitative recommendations for a minimal set of necessary and sufficient input random variables to minimize the error in the DEL predictions on the wake-affected wind turbine. Extensive simulations are performed comprising different random variables, including wind speed, turbulence intensity, shear exponent and inflow horizontal skewness. Furthermore, we include random variables related to the blades lift and drag coefficients with direct impact on the rotor aerodynamic induction, which governs the evolution and transport of the meandering wake. In addition, different spacing between the wind turbines and W\u00f6hler exponents for calculation of DELs are considered. The maximum prediction normalized mean squared error, obtained in the tower base DELs in the fore-aft direction of the wake affected wind turbine, is less than 4%. In the case of the blade root DELs, the overall prediction error is less than 1%. The proposed scheme promotes utilization of sparse structural monitoring (loads) measurements for improving diagnostics on wake-affected turbines.
", "keywords": ["bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Physics|Engineering Physics", "engrXiv|Engineering|Risk Analysis", "engrXiv|Engineering|Other Engineering", "bepress|Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Mechanical Engineering|Fluid Mechanics", "bepress|Engineering|Mechanical Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Mechanical Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Mechanical Engineering|Applied Mechanics", "Gaussian Process Regression", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy", "Virtual sensing", "wind turbine", "bepress|Engineering|Computational Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "uncertainty", "Fatigue", "wake", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Structural Engineering", "Uncertainty", "engrXiv|Engineering|Mechanical Engineering|Applied Mechanics", "Bayesian Calibration", "engrXiv|Engineering|Engineering Physics", "bepress|Engineering|Risk Analysis", "engrXiv|Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Computational Engineering", "Wake", "bepress|Engineering|Aerospace Engineering|Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Structural Engineering", "fatigue", "bepress|Engineering|Other Engineering", "Sensitivity analysis", "Wind turbine", "Bayesian Gaussian process regression"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.003"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Renewable%20Energy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.003", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.003", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.003"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-11-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.13031/2013.41521", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:18:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-10-22", "title": "Large-Scale On-Farm Implementation Of Soil Moisture-Based Irrigation Management Strategies For Increasing Maize Water Productivity", "description": "Irrigated maize is produced on about 3.5 Mha in the U.S. Great Plains and western Corn Belt. Most irrigation water comes from groundwater. Persistent drought and increased competition for water resources threaten long-term viability of groundwater resources, which motivated our research to develop strategies to increase water productivity without noticeable reduction in maize yield. Results from previous research at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) experiment stations in 2005 and 2006 found that it was possible to substantially reduce irrigation amounts and increase irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and crop water use efficiency (CWUE) (or crop water productivity) with little or no reduction in yield using an irrigation regime that applies less water during growth stages that are less sensitive to water stress. Our hypothesis was that a soil moisture-based irrigation management approach in research fields would give similar results in large production-scale, center-pivot irrigated fields in Nebraska. To test this hypothesis, IWUE, CWUE, and grain yields were compared in extensive on-farm research located at eight locations over two years (16 site-years), representing more than 600 ha of irrigated maize area. In each site-year, two contiguous center-pivot irrigated maize fields with similar topography, soil properties, and crop management practices received different irrigation regimes: one was managed by UNL researchers, and the other was managed by the farmer at each site. Irrigation management in farmer-managed fields relied on the farmers\u2019 traditional visual observations and personal expertise, whereas irrigation timing in the UNL-managed fields was based on pre-determined soil water depletion thresholds measured using soil moisture sensors, as well as crop phenology predicted by a crop simulation model using a combination of real-time (in-season) and historical weather data. The soil moisture-based irrigation regime resulted in greater soil water depletion, which decreased irrigation requirements and enabled more timely irrigation management in the UNL-managed fields in both years (34% and 32% less irrigation application compared with farmer-managed fields in 2007 and 2008, respectively). The average actual crop evapotranspiration (ETC) for the UNL- and farmer-managed fields for all sites in 2007 was 487 and 504 mm, respectively. In 2008, the average UNL and average farmer-managed field had seasonal ETC of 511 and 548 mm, respectively. Thus, when the average of all sites is considered, the UNL-managed fields had 3% and 7% less ETC than the farmer-managed fields in 2007 and 2008, respectively, although the percentage was much higher for some of the farmer-managed fields. In both years, differences in grain yield between the UNL and farmer-managed fields were not statistically significant (p = 0.75). On-farm implementation of irrigation management strategies resulted in a 38% and 30% increase in IWUE in the UNL-managed fields in 2007 and 2008, respectively. On average, the CWUE value for the UNL-managed fields was 4% higher than those in the farmer-managed fields in both years. Reduction in irrigation water withdrawal in UNL-managed fields resulted in $32.00 to $74.10 ha-1 in 2007 and $44.46 to $66.50 ha-1 in 2008 in energy saving and additional net return to the farm income. The results from this study can have significant positive implications in future irrigation management of irrigated maize systems in regions with similar soil and crop management practices.", "keywords": ["Civil and Environmental Engineering", "0106 biological sciences", "571", "Environmental Engineering", "550", "Other Civil and Environmental Engineering", "2204 Biomedical Engineering", "1107 Forestry", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Engineering", "1102 Agronomy and Crop Science", "1106 Food Science", "1111 Soil Science", "2. Zero hunger", "Evapotranspiration", "Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering", "Water productivity", "Water use efficiency", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Maize", "Irrigation management", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil moisture"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Irmak, S., Burgert, M. J., Yang, H. S., Cassman, K. G., Walters, D. T., Rathje, W. R., Payero, J. O., Grassini, P., Kuzila, M. S., Brunkhorst, K. J., Eisenhauer, D. E., Kranz, W. L., VanDeWalle, B., Rees, J. M., Zoubek, G. L., Shapiro, C. A., Teichmeier, G. J.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.41521"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Transactions%20of%20the%20ASABE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.13031/2013.41521", "name": "item", "description": "10.13031/2013.41521", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.13031/2013.41521"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.13031/trans.56.10215", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:18:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-11-20", "title": "Impact Of Water And Nitrogen Management Strategies On Maize Yield And Water Productivity Indices Under Linear-Move Sprinkler Irrigation", "description": "Abstract. With uncertainty in future irrigation water availability and regulations on nutrient application amounts, experimentally determined effects of \u00e2\u20ac\u0153controllable\u00e2\u20ac\u009d management strategies such as nitrogen (N), water, and their combination on crop water productivity (CWP, also known as crop water use efficiency) and actual evapotranspiration (ET a ) are essential. The effects of various N application rates (0, 84, 140, 196, and 252 kg ha -1 ) under fully irrigated (FIT), limited irrigation (75% FIT), and rainfed conditions on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and various CWP indices were investigated in 2011 and 2012 growing seasons under linear-move sprinkler irrigation in south central Nebraska. CWP was presented as crop water use efficiency (CWUE), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and evapotranspiration water use efficiency (ETWUE). The seasonal rainfall amounts in 2011 and 2012 were 371 mm and 296 mm, respectively, as compared with the long-term average of 469 mm. Two experimental seasons were contrasted with extreme warmer temperatures, greater solar radiation, and lower rainfall in 2012. Maximum grain yield of 12.68 metric tons ha -1 and 14.42 tons ha -1 was observed in 2011 and 2012, respectively, under the fully irrigated and 252 kg N ha -1 treatment. Grain yield was linearly related to ET a and curvilinearly related to N and irrigation application amounts. Lower N treatments were more susceptible to interannual effects on the grain yield response to irrigation water amount. CWUE ranged from 1.52 kg m -3 (FIT and 84 kg N ha -1 ) to 2.58 kg m -3 (rainfed and 196 kg N ha -1 ) with an average of 2.15 kg m -3 in 2011, and from 1.49 kg m -3 (FIT and 0 kg N ha -1 ) to 2.72 kg m -3 (rainfed and 252 kg N ha -1 ) with an average of 2.33 kg m -3 in 2012. CWUE had a positive quadratic relationship with N application amount and decreased with both the presence and amount of irrigation at a given N application amount. The maximum IWUE for 75% FIT and FIT in 2011 was 1.80 kg m -3 (252 kg N ha -1 ) and 1.51 kg m -3 (252 kg N ha -1 ), respectively, whereas in 2012 the maximum IWUE values were 1.40 kg m -3 (196 kg N ha -1 ) and 1.78 kg m -3 (252 kg N ha -1 ), respectively. A curvilinear relationship was observed between IWUE and N application amount. An optimal N application amount of 196 kg ha -1 was identified for the pooled data to maximize the increase in grain yield above rainfed conditions per unit of applied irrigation water under limited irrigation management practices. In 2011, ETWUE ranged from 0.22 kg m -3 (140 kg N ha -1 ) to 1.46 kg m -3 (196 kg N ha -1 ) and from -0.21 kg m -3 (84 kg N ha -1 ) to 3.74 kg m -3 (252 kg N ha -1 ) for 75% FIT and FIT, respectively, whereas in 2012 ETWUE ranged from -0.07 kg m -3 (0 kg N ha -1 ) to 1.87 kg m -3 (252 kg N ha -1 ) and from -0.14 kg m -3 (0 kg N ha -1 ) to 3.65 kg m -3 (196 kg N ha -1 ) for 75% FIT and FIT, respectively. The results support that there is an optimal N level for each irrigation regime and, in general, lower N application amounts are required to reach maximum productivity (e.g., CWUE) under limited and rainfed conditions as compared with the FIT. In other words, there is an optimal N application amount to maximize the effectiveness of irrigation water on increasing grain yield above rainfed yields. The optimal N level for maximum productivity varied not only between the irrigation levels, but also exhibited interannual variability for the same irrigation level, indicating that these variables are impacted by the climatic conditions.", "keywords": ["Civil and Environmental Engineering", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Irrigation water use efficiency", "Environmental Engineering", "Evapotranspiration", "Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering", "Limited irrigation", "Nitrogen", "Crop water use efficiency", "Other Civil and Environmental Engineering", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "551", "01 natural sciences", "630", "6. Clean water", "Maize", "Engineering", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Evapotranspiration water use efficiency", "Crop water productivity"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Rudnick, Daran, Irmak, Suat,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.56.10215"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Transactions%20of%20the%20ASABE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.13031/trans.56.10215", "name": "item", "description": "10.13031/trans.56.10215", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.13031/trans.56.10215"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-11-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1680/jgeot.20.p.184", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-09-21T16:18:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-04-15", "title": "On mechanical behaviour of clastic soils: numerical simulations and constitutive modelling", "description": "Clastic soil is ubiquitous in practice but still poses challenges for testing and modelling. Conventional laboratory tests with small sizes are not suitable for the large grain size, while large-scale tests and field tests are often too costly and time-consuming. In this paper, the mechanical behaviour of clastic soil is described by a hypoplastic constitutive model based on numerical simulations considering both the soil matrix and breccia. The numerical simulations indicate that the breccia content, gradation, and overconsolidation ratio have a significant influence on the strength, deformation, and failure pattern of the clastic soil. The coarse particles are found to change the stress path developed in the soil matrix and consequently influence the critical state of the soil matrix. Moreover, the coarse particle distribution based on computed tomography scan seems to have a larger impact than the breccia content for the failure pattern of the clastic soils.
", "keywords": ["Civil and Environmental Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Civil Engineering", "Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "bepress|Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Civil Engineering", "Civil Engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/pdf/10.1680/jgeot.20.P.184"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.20.p.184"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/G%C3%A9otechnique", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1680/jgeot.20.p.184", "name": "item", "description": "10.1680/jgeot.20.p.184", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1680/jgeot.20.p.184"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-04-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/su13073732", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:19:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-26", "title": "The Optimisation Analysis of Sand-Clay Mixtures Stabilised with Xanthan Gum Biopolymers", "description": "Sand\uffe2\uff80\uff93clay mixtures can be encountered in both natural soils (e.g., residual soils, clay deposits and clinosols) and artificial fills. The method of utilising biopolymers in ground improvement for sand\uffe2\uff80\uff93clay mixtures has emerged recently. However, a full understanding of the strengthening effect of biopolymer-treated sand\uffe2\uff80\uff93clay mixtures has not yet been achieved due to a limited number of relevant studies. In this study, xanthan gum (XG), as one of the eco-friendly biopolymers, was used to treat reconstituted sand\uffe2\uff80\uff93clay mixtures that had various compositions in related to clay (or sand) content and clay type (kaolin and bentonite). A series of laboratory unconfined compression strength (UCS) tests were conducted to probe the performances of XG-treated sand\uffe2\uff80\uff93clay mixtures from two aspects, i.e., optimum treatment conditions (e.g., XG content and initial moisture content) to achieve the maximum strengthening effect and strengthening efficiency for the sand\uffe2\uff80\uff93clay mixtures with different compositions. The experimental results indicated that the optimum initial moisture content decreased as the sand content increased. The optimum XG content, which also decreased with the increasing sand content, remained approximately 3.75% for all sand\uffe2\uff80\uff93kaolin mixtures and 5.75% for all sand\uffe2\uff80\uff93bentonite mixtures if calculated based on clay fraction. While untreated sand\uffe2\uff80\uff93kaolin mixtures and sand\uffe2\uff80\uff93bentonite mixtures had comparable UCS values, XG-treated sand\uffe2\uff80\uff93kaolin mixtures seemed to have better improved mechanical strength due to higher ionic (or hydrogen) bonds with XG and low-swelling properties compared with bentonite. The deformation modulus of XG-treated sand\uffe2\uff80\uff93clay mixtures were positively related with UCS. The variation in UCS and stiffness for each treatment condition increased as the sand content was elevated for both sand-kaolin and sand-bentonite mixtures. An increment in the proportion of the heterogeneous composite formed by irregular sand particles conglomerated with the XG\uffe2\uff80\uff93clay matrix in total soil might be responsible for this phenomenon.
", "keywords": ["Civil and Environmental Engineering", "TP", "initial moisture content", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Civil Engineering", "bepress|Engineering", "bentonite", "xanthan gum", "QK", "TN", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "sand-clay mixture", "02 engineering and technology", "uniaxial compressive strength tests", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Civil Engineering", "Civil Engineering", "6. Clean water", "Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering", "TA", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "QE", "kaolin", "biopolymer content"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Geng, Xueyu, Ma, Lei, Hao, Gang-Lai, Ni, Jing, Chen, Jia-Qi,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/150469/7/WRAP-Optimisation-analysis-sand-clay-mixtures-stabilised-xanthan-gum-biopolymers-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/7/3732/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/7/3732/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073732"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Sustainability", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/su13073732", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/su13073732", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/su13073732"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-03-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.31224/osf.io/r8xau", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-09-21T16:19:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-09-02", "title": "Multi-Axial Hybrid Fire Testing based on Dynamic Relaxation", "description": "This technical note presents the experimental validation of a hybrid fire testing coordination algorithm recently developed by some of the authors. For the first time, the algorithm is applied to solve the static response of a multiple-degrees-of-freedom hybrid model.
", "keywords": ["Coordination algorithms", "Fire test", "Dynamic relaxation", "Computer science", "bepress|Engineering", "General Physics and Astronomy", "02 engineering and technology", "0201 civil engineering", "Control theory", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "General Materials Science", "Safety", " Risk", " Reliability and Quality", "Partitioned time integration", "Hybrid fire testing", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Structural Engineering", "Technical note", "General Chemistry", "Experimental validation", "Hybrid fire testing; Dynamic relaxation; Partitioned time integration", "engrXiv|Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "Static response", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Structural Engineering", "Multi axial", "Hybrid model"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/r8xau"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Fire%20Safety%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.31224/osf.io/r8xau", "name": "item", "description": "10.31224/osf.io/r8xau", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.31224/osf.io/r8xau"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-09-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/su13042201", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:19:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-02-19", "title": "Dynamic Complex Network Analysis of PM2.5 Concentrations in the UK, Using Hierarchical Directed Graphs (V1.0.0)", "description": "The risk of a broad range of respiratory and heart diseases can be increased by widespread exposure to fine atmospheric particles on account of their capability to have a deep penetration into the blood streams and lung. Globally, studies conducted epidemiologically in Europe and elsewhere provided the evidence base indicating the major role of PM2.5 leading to more than four million deaths annually. Conventional approaches to simulate atmospheric transportation of particles having high dimensionality from both transport and chemical reaction process make exhaustive causal inference difficult. Alternative model reduction methods were adopted, specifically a data-driven directed graph representation, to deduce causal directionality and spatial embeddedness. An undirected correlation and a directed Granger causality network were established through utilizing PM2.5 concentrations in 14 United Kingdom cities for one year. To demonstrate both reduced-order cases, the United Kingdom was split up into two southern and northern connected city communities, with notable spatial embedding in summer and spring. It continued to reach stability to disturbances through the network trophic coherence parameter and by which winter was construed as the most considerable vulnerability. Thanks to our novel graph reduced modeling, we could represent high-dimensional knowledge in a causal inference and stability framework.
", "keywords": ["Civil and Environmental Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Environmental Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Environmental Engineering", "Environmental Engineering", "causality", "PM2.5", "bepress|Engineering", "atmospheric pollution", "1. No poverty", "0207 environmental engineering", "PM2.5", "02 engineering and technology", "stability", "01 natural sciences", "333", "3. Good health", "Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering", "complex network", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "TD", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/149217/7/WRAP-Dynamic-complex-network-analysis-PM2.5-concentrations-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/4/2201/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/4/2201/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042201"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Sustainability", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/su13042201", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/su13042201", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/su13042201"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-02-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "20.500.11850/510230", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:22:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-09-02", "title": "Multi-Axial Hybrid Fire Testing based on Dynamic Relaxation", "description": "This technical note presents the experimental validation of a hybrid fire testing coordination algorithm recently developed by some of the authors. For the first time, the algorithm is applied to solve the static response of a multiple-degrees-of-freedom hybrid model.
", "keywords": ["Coordination algorithms", "Fire test", "Dynamic relaxation", "Computer science", "bepress|Engineering", "General Physics and Astronomy", "02 engineering and technology", "0201 civil engineering", "Control theory", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "General Materials Science", "Safety", " Risk", " Reliability and Quality", "Partitioned time integration", "Hybrid fire testing", "engrXiv|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Structural Engineering", "Technical note", "General Chemistry", "Experimental validation", "Hybrid fire testing; Dynamic relaxation; Partitioned time integration", "engrXiv|Engineering", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering", "Static response", "bepress|Engineering|Civil and Environmental Engineering|Structural Engineering", "Multi axial", "Hybrid model"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/20.500.11850/510230"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Fire%20Safety%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "20.500.11850/510230", "name": "item", "description": "20.500.11850/510230", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/20.500.11850/510230"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-09-02T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Civil+and+Environmental+Engineering&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Civil+and+Environmental+Engineering&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Civil+and+Environmental+Engineering&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Civil+and+Environmental+Engineering&offset=13", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 13, "numberReturned": 13, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-09-21T22:47:46.623601Z"}