We discuss possible mechanisms to explain paleoclimate as a predictor of the current distribution of global soil C content.
Timely spatially explicit warning of areas with high fire occurrence probability is an important component of strategic plans to prevent and monitor fires within South American (SA) Protected Areas (PAs). In this study, we present a five\uffe2\uff80\uff90level alert system, which combines both climatological and anthropogenic factors, the two main drivers of fires in SA. The alert levels are: High Alert, Alert, Attention, Observation and Low Probability. The trend in the number of active fires over the past three years and the accumulated number of active fires over the same period were used as indicators of intensification of human use of fire in that region, possibly associated with ongoing land use/land cover change (LULCC). An ensemble of temperature and precipitation gridded output from the GloSea5 Seasonal Forecast System was used to indicate an enhanced probability of hot and dry weather conditions that combined with LULCC favour fire occurrences. Alerts from this system were first issued in August 2020, for the period ranging from August to October (ASO) 2020. Overall, 50% of all fires observed during the ASO 2017\uffe2\uff80\uff932019 period and 40% of the ASO 2020 fires occurred in only 29 PAs were all categorized in the top two alert levels. In categories mapped as High Alert level, 34% of the PAs experienced an increase in fires compared with the 2017\uffe2\uff80\uff932019 reference period, and 81% of the High Alert false alarm registered fire occurrence above the median. Initial feedback from stakeholders indicates that these alerts were used to inform resource management in some PAs. We expect that these forecasts can provide continuous information aiming at changing societal perceptions of fire use and consequently subsidize strategic planning and mitigatory actions, focusing on timely responses to a disaster risk management strategy. Further research must focus on the model improvement and knowledge translation to stakeholders.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Atmospheric Science", "Land cover", "Flood Risk", "Precipitation", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental science", "Impact of Climate Change on Forest Wildfires", "Global Flood Risk Assessment and Management", "Meteorology", "Engineering", "Machine learning", "False alarm", "Civil engineering", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Climatology", "Global and Planetary Change", "Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Climate Change", "Geography", "Warning system", "Geology", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "15. Life on land", "Computer science", "Earth and Planetary Sciences", "13. Climate action", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Land use", "Telecommunications", "FOS: Civil engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/cli2.19"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cli2.19"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Climate%20Resilience%20and%20Sustainability", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/cli2.19", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/cli2.19", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/cli2.19"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-10-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/pl00008869", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:14:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-04-10", "title": "Combined Effects Of Atmospheric Co2 And N Availability On The Belowground Carbon And Nitrogen Dynamics Of Aspen Mesocosms", "description": "It is uncertain whether elevated atmospheric CO2 will increase C storage in terrestrial ecosystems without concomitant increases in plant access to N. Elevated CO2 may alter microbial activities that regulate soil N availability by changing the amount or composition of organic substrates produced by roots. Our objective was to determine the potential for elevated CO2 to change N availability in an experimental plant-soil system by affecting the acquisition of root-derived C by soil microbes. We grew Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen) cuttings for 2 years under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (36.7 and 71.5 Pa) and at two levels of soil N (210 and 970 \u00b5g N g-1). Ambient and twice-ambient CO2 concentrations were applied using open-top chambers, and soil N availability was manipulated by mixing soils differing in organic N content. From June to October of the second growing season, we measured midday rates of soil respiration. In August, we pulse-labeled plants with 14CO2 and measured soil 14CO2 respiration and the 14C contents of plants, soils, and microorganisms after a 6-day chase period. In conjunction with the August radio-labeling and again in October, we used 15N pool dilution techniques to measure in situ rates of gross N mineralization, N immobilization by microbes, and plant N uptake. At both levels of soil N availability, elevated CO2 significantly increased whole-plant and root biomass, and marginally increased whole-plant N capital. Significant increases in soil respiration were closely linked to increases in root biomass under elevated CO2. CO2 enrichment had no significant effect on the allometric distribution of biomass or 14C among plant components, total 14C allocation belowground, or cumulative (6-day) 14CO2 soil respiration. Elevated CO2 significantly increased microbial 14C contents, indicating greater availability of microbial substrates derived from roots. The near doubling of microbial 14C contents at elevated CO2 was a relatively small quantitative change in the belowground C cycle of our experimental system, but represents an ecologically significant effect on the dynamics of microbial growth. Rates of plant N uptake during both 6-day periods in August and October were significantly greater at elevated CO2, and were closely related to fine-root biomass. Gross N mineralization was not affected by elevated CO2. Despite significantly greater rates of N immobilization under elevated CO2, standing pools of microbial N were not affected by elevated CO2, suggesting that N was cycling through microbes more rapidly. Our results contained elements of both positive and negative feedback hypotheses, and may be most relevant to young, aggrading ecosystems, where soil resources are not yet fully exploited by plant roots. If the turnover of microbial N increases, higher rates of N immobilization may not decrease N availability to plants under elevated CO2.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "root-: biomass-", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "nitrogen-fixation", "Environmental-Sciences)", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "biomass-", "nitrogen-cycle", "nitrogen-", "Microorganisms-", "carbon-14", "124-38-9: CARBON DIOXIDE", "C Cycle", "Spermatophytes-", "Spermatophyta-", "Key Words Atmospheric CO2", "Cellular and Developmental Biology", "Populus Tremuloides Michx", "2. Zero hunger", "carbon-dioxide: atmospheric-", "plant-nutrition", "Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences)", "Angiosperms-", "Angiospermae-", "Plants-", "Natural Resources and Environment", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "global-climate-change", "microbe- (Microorganisms-)", "7727-37-9: NITROGEN", "chemical-composition", "carbon-sequestration", "mineral-uptake", "soil-biology", "Science", "Vascular-Plants", "poplars-", "respiration-", "carbon-dioxide-enrichment", "carbon-dioxide", "Populus-tremuloides [trembling-aspen] (Salicaceae-)", "carbon-cycle", "Health Sciences", "Salicaceae-: Dicotyledones-", "soil-respiration", "content", "Plantae-", "14762-75-5: CARBON-14", "mineralization-", "Molecular", "forest-soils", "15. Life on land", "Rhizodeposition", "soil-flora", "N Cycle", "13. Climate action", "cuttings-", "roots-", "Legacy", "Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Dicots-", "ecosystems-"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Mikan, Carl J., Zak, Donald R., Kubiske, Mark E., Pregitzer, Kurt S.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/pl00008869"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/pl00008869", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/pl00008869", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/pl00008869"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-08-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00382-016-3308-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:14:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-08-23", "title": "Assessing mid-latitude dynamics in extreme event attribution systems", "description": "Open AccessISSN:1432-0894", "keywords": ["Atmospheric Science", "550", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "551", "01 natural sciences", "Dynamics", "[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "[SDU.STU.CL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology", "[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "[SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology", "13. Climate action", "Mid-latitudes", "Event attribution; Dynamics; Mid-latitudes; Extreme", "Event attribution", "Extreme", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/66579/7/art%253A10.1007%252Fs00382-016-3308-z.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3308-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Climate%20Dynamics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00382-016-3308-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00382-016-3308-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00382-016-3308-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-08-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-016-2995-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:15:00Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-07-26", "title": "Prescribed Fire Alters Foliar Stoichiometry And Nutrient Resorption In The Understorey Of A Subtropical Eucalypt Forest", "description": "Changes to soil nutrient concentrations following vegetation fire may affect biogeochemical cycling and foliar stoichiometry. Phosphorus (P)-limited plant communities are widespread and may be particularly sensitive to fire, but have received relatively little research attention in this context. We measured soil nutrient concentrations, foliar carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and P stoichiometry of understorey plants in a recently, frequently burned eucalyptus forest area in south-east Queensland, Australia, and compared these properties to an adjacent unburned area. Surface soils in the area subjected to relatively recent, frequent prescribed burning had higher P concentrations than those in the adjacent unburned area, although this did not include the \u2018available\u2019 forms of P. All plant species had high foliar N:P ratios, regardless of fire history, consistent with widespread P-limitation. Some species had lower foliar N:P ratios in the burned area, indicating interspecific variation in nutrient requirements and burning responses. The nutrient resorption proficiencies of a grasstree (Xanthorrhoea johnsonii Lee) were lower in the burned area, suggesting that the nutrient cycling of this species was made less conservative by burning. The stoichiometric patterns observed in the responses of plants to prescribed burning highlight the significance of fire in this P-impoverished plant community, and suggest the potential value of stoichiometric approaches in fire ecology.", "keywords": ["580", "Agricultural", "ecological stoichiometry", "Forest meteorology. Forest microclimatology", "FoR 07 (Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences)", "phosphorus limitation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Environmental sciences", "fire ecology", "Biological sciences", "Research. Experimentation", "veterinary and food sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soils. Soil science", "Other environmental sciences not elsewhere classified", "FoR 05 (Environmental Sciences)", "FoR 06 (Biological Sciences)", "forest fire"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-2995-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-016-2995-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-016-2995-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-016-2995-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-07-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.crm.2021.100375", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:15:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-09", "title": "Playing the long game: Anticipatory action based on seasonal forecasts", "description": "Acting in advance of floods, drought and cyclones often requires decision-makers to work with weather forecasts. The inherently probabilistic nature of these forecasts can be problematic when deciding whether to act or not. Cost-loss analysis has previously been employed to support forecast based decision-making such as Forecast-based Financing (FbF), providing insight to when an FbF system has \u2018potential economic value\u2019 relative to a no-forecast alternative. One well-known limitation of cost-loss analysis is the difficulty of estimating losses (which vary with hazard magnitude and extent, and with the dynamics of population vulnerability and exposure). A less-explored limitation is ignorance of the temporal dynamics (sequencing) of costs and losses. That is, even if the potential economic value of a forecast system is high, the stochastic nature of the atmosphere and the probabilistic nature of forecasts could conspire over the first few forecasts to increase the expense of using the system over the no-forecast alternative. Thus, for a forecast-based action system to demonstrate value, it often needs to be used over a prolonged length of time. However, knowing exactly how long it must be used to guarantee value is unquantified. This presents difficulties to institutions mandated to protect those at risk, who must justify the use of limited funds to act in advance of a potential, but not definite disaster, whilst planning multi-year strategies. Here we show how to determine the period over which decision makers must use forecasts in order to be confident of achieving \u2018value\u2019 over a no-forecast alternative. Results show that in the context of seasonal forecasting it is plausible that more than a decade may pass before a FbF system will have some certainty of showing value, and that if a particular user requires an almost-certain guarantee that using a forecast will be better than a no-forecast strategy, they must hold out until a near-perfect forecast system is available. The implication: there is potential value in seasonal forecasts, but to exploit it one must be prepared to play the long game.", "keywords": ["Early warning", "Forecast-based financing", "13. Climate action", "Climate adaptation", "Seasonal climate forecasting", "Meteorology. Climatology", "0207 environmental engineering", "Anticipatory action", "Disaster risk reduction", "02 engineering and technology", "QC851-999", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/103124/1/macleod_2021_CRM.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100375"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Climate%20Risk%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.crm.2021.100375", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.crm.2021.100375", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100375"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.09.037", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:16:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-10-06", "title": "Short-term soil formation events in last glacial east European loess, evidence from multi-method luminescence dating", "description": "Here we provide a robust luminescence chronology for Stayky (Ukraine), a reference profile in European Late Pleistocene loess stratigraphy, based on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating on quartz (4-11 \u03bcm, 63-90 \u03bcm) and post infrared-infrared stimulated luminescence (pIR-IRSL)) on polymineral fine grains. For the Bug loess unit, the equivalent of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS 2), results are in agreement between methods, demonstrating that the suite of embryonic soils previously interpreted as reflecting climate variability similar to Greenland interstadials (GI) actually date to \u223c29/27-15 ka, with most emplaced around or after 20 ka. This temporal span is further confirmed by age-depth modelling of available data. Apart from GI-2, no interstadial-type climate events are recorded in Greenland ice core data for that time interval. As short-term pedogenetic phases are also documented in records from central-western Europe, there is a need for more research into the European mid-latitude terrestrial environments response to MIS 2 hydroclimate variability. The dating of Vytachiv paleosol, previously debatably linked to various GI events within MIS 3 resulted in ages of \u223c40 \u00b1 4 ka and \u223c53 \u00b1 4 ka at the lower transition, and \u223c26 \u00b1 2 ka to \u223c30 \u00b1 2 ka in the overlying loess. These ages indicate that the truncated Vytachiv paleosol is either not continuous, or that it encompasses a broader age range within MIS 3 than previously considered. In both cases, data would not allow for an unambiguous linking of this paleosol with specific GI events as previously attempted. The pIR-IRSL290 dating of the loams immediately underneath Pryluky unit in the range of \u223c120 ka to \u223c168 ka and of the Pryluky mollisol from \u223c90 ka to 126 ka confirm the broad correspondence of this unit with MIS 5, although poor dose recovery results open the possibility for further testing on the degree these ages provide overestimated results. Quartz data severely underestimate the pIR-IRSL290 ages for these samples. The application of pIR-IRSL290 dating for the underlying Dnieper till previously linked to the Saalian glaciation resulted in natural signals at the level of laboratory saturation, yielding minimum ages of c. 700 ka. For the same sample, the natural SAR-OSL signals for 4-11 \u03bcm quartz were found significantly below laboratory saturation level, resulting in finite ages of \u223c250-270 ka interpreted here as underestimates, while coarse quartz (63-90 \u03bcm) signals reached about 85% of the laboratory saturation level. These data suggest extreme caution must be taken when dating such old samples using quartz OSL. Results from our high-resolution luminescence dating raises important implications for the chronological representativeness of Stayky as a key loess site in Eastern Europe beyond MIS 2.", "keywords": ["Embryonic soils", "550", "Millennial-scale loess records", "Luminescence dating", "Loess", "Eastern Europe", "551", "Climate dynamics", "Pleistocene", "[SDU.STU.CL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology", "[SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology", "13. Climate action", "[SDU.STU.ST]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Stratigraphy", "[SDU.STU.ST] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Stratigraphy", "MIS 2 embryonic soils"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.09.037"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Quaternary%20Science%20Reviews", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.09.037", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.09.037", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.09.037"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41612-018-0053-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:17:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-11-08", "title": "Terrestrial evaporation response to modes of climate variability", "description": "AbstractLarge-scale modes of climate variability (or teleconnection patterns), such as the El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation, affect local weather worldwide. However, the response of terrestrial water and energy fluxes to these modes of variability is still poorly understood. Here, we analyse the response of evaporation to 16 teleconnection patterns, using a simple supervised learning framework and global observation-based datasets of evaporation and its key climatic drivers. Our results show that the month-to-month variability in terrestrial evaporation is strongly affected by (coupled) oscillations in sea-surface temperature and air pressure: in specific hotspot regions, up to 40% of the evaporation dynamics can be explained by climate indices describing the fundamental modes of climate variability. While the El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o Southern Oscillation affects the dynamics in land evaporation worldwide, other phenomena such as the East Pacific\uffe2\uff80\uff93North Pacific teleconnection pattern are more dominant at regional scales. Most modes of climate variability affect terrestrial evaporation by inducing changes in the atmospheric demand for water. However, anomalies in precipitation associated to particular teleconnections are crucial for the evaporation in water-limited regimes, as well as in forested regions where interception loss forms a substantial fraction of total evaporation. Our results highlight the need to consider the concurrent impact of these teleconnections to accurately predict the fate of the terrestrial branch of the hydrological cycle, and provide observational evidence to help improve the representation of surface fluxes in Earth system models.
", "keywords": ["EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", "0207 environmental engineering", "TELECONNECTION", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "NORTH-ATLANTIC", "PACIFIC OSCILLATION", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "LAND EVAPORATION", "PRECIPITATION", "PATTERNS", "HYDROCLIMATOLOGY", "TEMPERATURE", "SATELLITE", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-018-0053-5.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-018-0053-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/npj%20Climate%20and%20Atmospheric%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41612-018-0053-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41612-018-0053-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41612-018-0053-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-11-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41612-021-00167-w", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:17:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-03", "title": "Soil moisture signature in global weather balloon soundings", "description": "AbstractThe land surface influences the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) through its impacts on the partitioning of available energy into evaporation and warming. Previous research on understanding this complex link focused mainly on site-scale flux observations, gridded satellite observations, climate modeling, and machine-learning experiments. Observational evidence of land surface conditions, among which soil moisture, impacting ABL properties at intermediate landscape scales is lacking. Here, we use a combination of global weather balloon soundings, satellite-observed soil moisture, and a coupled land-atmosphere model to infer the soil moisture impact on the ABL. The inferred relationship between soil moisture and surface flux partitioning reflects distinctive energy- and water-limited regimes, even at the landscape scale. We find significantly different behavior between those two regimes, associating dry conditions with on average warmer (\uffe2\uff89\uff883\uffe2\uff80\uff89K), higher (\uffe2\uff89\uff88400\uffe2\uff80\uff89m) and drier (\uffe2\uff89\uff881\uffe2\uff80\uff89kPa) afternoon ABLs than wet conditions. This evidence of land\uffe2\uff80\uff93atmosphere coupling from globally distributed atmospheric measurements highlights the need for an accurate representation of land\uffe2\uff80\uff93atmosphere coupling into climate models and their climate change projections.
", "keywords": ["Atmospheric Science", "Global and Planetary Change", "Article ; Atmospheric dynamics ; Biogeochemistry ; Hydrology", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental sciences", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Meteorology. Climatology", "Environmental Chemistry", "Life Science", "GE1-350", "QC851-999", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-021-00167-w.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-021-00167-w"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/npj%20Climate%20and%20Atmospheric%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41612-021-00167-w", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41612-021-00167-w", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41612-021-00167-w"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-03-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2022je007190", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:17:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-25", "title": "InSight Pressure Data Recalibration, and Its Application to the Study of Long-Term Pressure Changes on Mars", "description": "AbstractObservations of the South Polar Residual Cap suggest a possible erosion of the cap, leading to an increase of the global mass of the atmosphere. We test this assumption by making the first comparison between Viking 1 and InSight surface pressure data, which were recorded 40\uffc2\uffa0years apart. Such a comparison also allows us to determine changes in the dynamics of the seasonal ice caps between these two periods. To do so, we first had to recalibrate the InSight pressure data because of their unexpected sensitivity to the sensor temperature. Then, we had to design a procedure to compare distant pressure measurements. We propose two surface pressure interpolation methods at the local and global scale to do the comparison. The comparison of Viking and InSight seasonal surface pressure variations does not show changes larger than \uffc2\uffb18\uffc2\uffa0Pa in the CO2 cycle. Such conclusions are supported by an analysis of Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) pressure data. Further comparisons with images of the south seasonal cap taken by the Viking 2 orbiter and MARCI camera do not display significant changes in the dynamics of this cap over a 40\uffc2\uffa0year period. Only a possible larger extension of the North Cap after the global storm of MY 34 is observed, but the physical mechanisms behind this anomaly are not well determined. Finally, the first comparison of MSL and InSight pressure data suggests a pressure deficit at Gale crater during southern summer, possibly resulting from a large presence of dust suspended within the crater.
", "keywords": ["Atmospheric sciences", "550", "Astronomy", "Atmosphere (unit)", "FOS: Mechanical engineering", "Library science", "Oceanography", "01 natural sciences", "CO2 ice", "pressure", "Mars Exploration Program", "Engineering", "Surface pressure", "Storm", "Martian Climate", "Space Suit Design and Ergonomics for EVA", "Martian Atmosphere", "Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)", "Climatology", "Global and Planetary Change", "Geography", "Martian Surface", "Physics", "Geology", "Impact crater", "Condensed matter physics", "Anomaly (physics)", "World Wide Web", "Algorithm", "Satellite Observations", "Residual", "Physical Sciences", "Exploration and Study of Mars", "Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics", "Research Article", "FOS: Physical sciences", "Mars", "Aerospace Engineering", "Pressure gradient", "Environmental science", "[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "atmospheric mass", "Meteorology", "Orbiter", "0103 physical sciences", "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)", "Formation and Evolution of the Solar System", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Pressure system", "CO 2 ice", "Astronomy and Astrophysics", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "Astrobiology", "Computer science", "Physics and Astronomy", "[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "13. Climate action", "Global Methane Emissions and Impacts", "Environmental Science", "cap sublimation", "Water on Mars", "Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2022JE007190"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2022je007190"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Planets", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2022je007190", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2022je007190", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2022je007190"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/a:1004518730970", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:17:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-12-21", "description": "Elevated atmospheric CO2 has the potential to change below-ground nutrient cycling and thereby alter the soil-atmosphere exchange of biogenic trace gases. We measured fluxes of CH4 and N2O in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) stands grown in open-top chambers under ambient and twice-ambient CO2 concentrations crossed with \u2018high\u2019 and low soil-N conditions.", "keywords": ["measurement-", "nitrous-oxide", "flux-", "Vascular-Plants", "poplars-", "carbon-dioxide-enrichment", "photosynthesis-", "Nutrition-", "carbon-dioxide: atmospheric-concentration", "stand-growth", "nitrogen-cycle", "michigan-", "methane-: flux-", "soil-", "nitrogen-", "Populus-tremuloides [aspen-] (Salicaceae-)", "carbon-cycle", "methane-production", "soil-fertility", "Salicaceae-: Dicotyledones-", "populus-tremuloides", "cycling-", "Spermatophytes-", "Spermatophyta-", "Plantae-", "biological-activity-in-soil", "Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences)", "Angiosperms-", "Angiospermae-", "Plants-", "gases-", "oxidation-", "forest-soils", "methane-", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "GLOBAL-ECOLOGY", "15. Life on land", "enzyme-activity", "gas-exchange", "nitrous-oxide: emission-", "soil-water", "13. Climate action", "denitrification-", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil-bacteria", "Dicots-", "efflux-"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1004518730970"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/a:1004518730970", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/a:1004518730970", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/a:1004518730970"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41598-019-55251-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:17:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-12-16", "title": "Assessing the impact of global climate changes on irrigated wheat yields and water requirements in a semi-arid environment of Morocco", "description": "AbstractThe present work aims to quantify the impact of climate change (CC) on the grain yields of irrigated cereals and their water requirements in the Tensift region of Morocco. The Med-CORDEX (MEDiterranean COordinated Regional Climate Downscaling EXperiment) ensemble runs under scenarios RCP4.5 (Representative Concentration Pathway) and RCP8.5 are first evaluated and disaggregated using the quantile-quantile approach. The impact of CC on the duration of the main wheat phenological stages based on the degree-day approach is then analyzed. The results show that the rise in air temperature causes a shortening of the development cycle of up to 50 days. The impacts of rising temperature and changes in precipitation on wheat yields are next evaluated, based on the AquaCrop model, both with and without taking into account the fertilizing effect of CO2. As expected, optimal wheat yields will decrease on the order of 7 to 30% if CO2 concentration rise is not considered. The fertilizing effect of CO2 can counterbalance yield losses, since optimal yields could increase by 7% and 13% respectively at mid-century for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Finally, water requirements are expected to decrease by 13 to 42%, mainly in response to the shortening of the cycle. This decrease is associated with a change in temporal patterns, with the requirement peak coming two months earlier than under current conditions.
", "keywords": ["Water resources", "Atmospheric sciences", "Agricultural Irrigation", "environment/Bioclimatology", "550", "Representative Concentration Pathways", "Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture", "Arid", "Rain", "[SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy", "Climate Change and Variability Research", "Plant Science", "Precipitation", "02 engineering and technology", "01 natural sciences", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Downscaling", "Climate change", "Quantile", "Triticum", "Climatology", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Ecology", "Geography", "Temperature", "Life Sciences", "Geology", "Morocco", "Phenology", "[SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "Seeds", "Physical Sciences", "Metallurgy", "Desert Climate", "Impacts of Elevated CO2 and Ozone on Plant Physiology", "Climate Change", "0207 environmental engineering", "Yield (engineering)", "Climate model", "Article", "Environmental science", "FOS: Economics and business", "Meteorology", "FOS: Mathematics", "Econometrics", "[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "Biology", "Ecology", " Evolution", " Behavior and Systematics", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "[SDV.SA.AGRO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy", "Water", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Agronomy", "Materials science", "[SDV.EE.BIO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment/Bioclimatology", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "[SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "Crop Yield", "Mediterranean climate", "Mathematics", "Climate Modeling"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-55251-2.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55251-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41598-019-55251-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41598-019-55251-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41598-019-55251-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-12-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41559-017-0259-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:17:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-08-06", "title": "Palaeoclimate explains a unique proportion of the global variation in soil bacterial communities", "description": "The legacy impacts of past climates on the current distribution of soil microbial communities are largely unknown. Here, we use data from more than 1,000 sites from five separate global and regional datasets to identify the importance of palaeoclimatic conditions (Last Glacial Maximum and mid-Holocene) in shaping the current structure of soil bacterial communities in natural and agricultural soils. We show that palaeoclimate explains more of the variation in the richness and composition of bacterial communities than current climate. Moreover, palaeoclimate accounts for a unique fraction of this variation that cannot be predicted from geographical location, current climate, soil properties or plant diversity. Climatic legacies (temperature and precipitation anomalies from the present to ~20\u2009kyr ago) probably shape soil bacterial communities both directly and indirectly through shifts in soil properties and plant communities. The ability to predict the distribution of soil bacteria from either palaeoclimate or current climate declines greatly in agricultural soils, highlighting the fact that anthropogenic activities have a strong influence on soil bacterial diversity. We illustrate how climatic legacies can help to explain the current distribution of soil bacteria in natural ecosystems and advocate that climatic legacies should be considered when predicting microbial responses to climate change.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "0303 health sciences", "Bacteria", "Climate Change", "Microbiota", "Agriculture", "910", "15. Life on land", "soil microbial ecology", "climatic changes", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "soils", "Soil Microbiology", "palaeoclimatology", "Paleoclimate explains a unique proportion of the global variation in soil bacterial communities"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0259-7.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0259-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Ecology%20%26amp%3B%20Evolution", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41559-017-0259-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41559-017-0259-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41559-017-0259-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-08-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00278.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:17:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-05-21", "title": "An Experimental Test Of Limits To Tree Establishment In Arctic Tundra", "description": "1 Five treeline species had low seed germination rates and low survivorship and growth of seedlings when transplanted into Alaskan tundra. Seed germination of all species increased with experimental warming, suggesting that the present treeline may in part result from unsuccessful recruitment under cold conditions.
2 Growth, biomass and survivorship of seedlings of treeline species transplanted into tundra were largely unaffected by experimental warming. However, transplanted seedlings of three species (Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca and Populus tremuloides) grew more when below\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground competition with the extant community was reduced. All three measures of transplant performance were greater in shrub tundra than in the less productive tussock or heath tundra. Establishment of trees in tundra may thus be prevented by low resource availability and competition.
3 Two species (Alnus crispa and Populus balsamifera) had low seed germination and survivorship of germinated seeds; transplants of these species did not respond to the manipulations and lost biomass following transplanting into tundra. Isolated populations of these two species north of the present treeline in arctic Alaska probably became established during mid\uffe2\uff80\uff90Holocene warming rather than in recent times.
4 Of all the species studied here, Picea glauca was the most likely to invade intact upland tundra. Its seeds had the highest germination rates and it was the only species whose seedlings survived subsequently. Furthermore, transplanted seedlings of Picea glauca had relatively high survivorship and positive growth in tundra, especially in treatments that increased air temperature or nutrient availability, two factors likely to increase with climate warming.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "nutrient-availability", "air-temperature", "tundra", "-Alaska", "Betulaceae-: Dicotyledones-", "Arctic-tundra", "Coniferopsida-: Gymnospermae-", "natural-regeneration", "Environmental-Sciences)", "growth-", "01 natural sciences", "seedlings-", "Picea-glauca", "Betula-papyrifera", "tundra-", "soil-fertility", "Salicaceae-: Dicotyledones-", "Spermatophyta-", "treelines-", "Plantae-", "USA", "tree-establishment", "resource-availability", "Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences)", "Populus-balsamifera (Salicaceae-): seedling-", "Angiosperms-", "transplanting-", "Angiospermae-", "15. Life on land", "Plant-ecology:-communities", "Populus-balsamifera", "Betula-papyrifera (Betulaceae-): seedling-", "Populus-tremuloides", "climate-", "interspecific-competition", "germination", "Populus-tremuloides (Salicaceae-): seedling-", "Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-", "Picea-glauca (Coniferopsida-): seedling-", "Dicots-", "seed-germination", "Alnus-crispa", "plant-competition", "Alnus-crispa (Betulaceae-): seedling-", "survival-", "establishment-"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00278.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00278.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00278.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00278.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1998-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1098/rstb.2017.0302", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:18:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-10-08", "title": "Tropical land carbon cycle responses to 2015/16 El Ni\u00f1o as recorded by atmospheric greenhouse gas and remote sensing data", "description": "The outstanding tropical land climate characteristic over the past decades is rapid warming, with no significant large-scale precipitation trends. This warming is expected to continue but the effects on tropical vegetation are unknown. El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o-related heat peaks may provide a test bed for a future hotter world. Here we analyse tropical land carbon cycle responses to the 2015/16 El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o heat and drought anomalies using an atmospheric transport inversion. Based on the global atmospheric CO 2 and fossil fuel emission records, we find no obvious signs of anomalously large carbon release compared with earlier El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o events, suggesting resilience of tropical vegetation. We find roughly equal net carbon release anomalies from Amazonia and tropical Africa, approximately 0.5 PgC each, and smaller carbon release anomalies from tropical East Asia and southern Africa. Atmospheric CO anomalies reveal substantial fire carbon release from tropical East Asia peaking in October 2015 while fires contribute only a minor amount to the Amazonian carbon flux anomaly. Anomalously large Amazonian carbon flux release is consistent with downregulation of primary productivity during peak negative near-surface water anomaly (October 2015 to March 2016) as diagnosed by solar-induced fluorescence. Finally, we find an unexpected anomalous positive flux to the atmosphere from tropical Africa early in 2016, coincident with substantial CO release.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue \uffe2\uff80\uff98The impact of the 2015/2016 El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications\uffe2\uff80\uff99.
", "keywords": ["Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics", "FLUX", "0301 basic medicine", "Hot Temperature", "550", "551", "global warming", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon Cycle", "Greenhouse Gases", "03 medical and health sciences", "[SDU.STU.CL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology", "CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL", "carbon cycle", "INVERSION", "Biology", "TEMPERATURE", "11 Medical and Health Sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "tropical forests", "El Nino-Southern Oscillation", "Evolutionary Biology", "Tropical Climate", "Science & Technology", "Atmosphere", "PHOTOSYNTHESIS", "EQUATORIAL PACIFIC", "Articles", "06 Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", "[SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology", "13. Climate action", "PRECIPITATION", "Remote Sensing Technology", "INDUCED CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE", "CO2", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "SENSITIVITY", "environment", "Life Sciences & Biomedicine", "fire"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/135234/8/Tropical%20land%20carbon%20cycle%20responses%20to%202015/16%20El%20Ni%C3%B1o%20as%20recorded%20by%20atmospheric%20greenhouse%20gas%20and%20remote%20sensing%20data.pdf"}, {"href": "https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstb.2017.0302"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0302"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Philosophical%20Transactions%20of%20the%20Royal%20Society%20B%3A%20Biological%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1098/rstb.2017.0302", "name": "item", "description": "10.1098/rstb.2017.0302", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1098/rstb.2017.0302"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-10-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.17305", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:18:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-05-07", "title": "Meta\u2010analysis reveals that the effects of precipitation change on soil and litter fauna in forests depend on body size", "description": "AbstractAnthropogenic climate change is altering precipitation regimes at a global scale. While precipitation changes have been linked to changes in the abundance and diversity of soil and litter invertebrate fauna in forests, general trends have remained elusive due to mixed results from primary studies. We used a meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis based on 430 comparisons from 38 primary studies to address associated knowledge gaps, (i) quantifying impacts of precipitation change on forest soil and litter fauna abundance and diversity, (ii) exploring reasons for variation in impacts and (iii) examining biases affecting the realism and accuracy of experimental studies. Precipitation reductions led to a decrease of 39% in soil and litter fauna abundance, with a 35% increase in abundance under precipitation increases, while diversity impacts were smaller. A statistical model containing an interaction between body size and the magnitude of precipitation change showed that mesofauna (e.g. mites, collembola) responded most to changes in precipitation. Changes in taxonomic richness were related solely to the magnitude of precipitation change. Our results suggest that body size is related to the ability of a taxon to survive under drought conditions, or to benefit from high precipitation. We also found that most experiments manipulated precipitation in a way that aligns better with predicted extreme climatic events than with predicted average annual changes in precipitation and that the experimental plots used in experiments were likely too small to accurately capture changes for mobile taxa. The relationship between body size and response to precipitation found here has far\uffe2\uff80\uff90reaching implications for our ability to predict future responses of soil biodiversity to climate change and will help to produce more realistic mechanistic soil models which aim to simulate the responses of soils to global change.Terrestrial ecosystems sequester 2.1\uffe2\uff80\uff83Pg of atmospheric carbon annually. A large amount of the terrestrial sink is realized by forests. However, considerable uncertainties remain regarding the fate of this carbon over both short and long timescales. Relevant data to address these uncertainties are being collected at many sites around the world, but syntheses of these data are still sparse. To facilitate future synthesis activities, we have assembled a comprehensive global database for forest ecosystems, which includes carbon budget variables (fluxes and stocks), ecosystem traits (e.g. leaf area index, age), as well as ancillary site information such as management regime, climate, and soil characteristics. This publicly available database can be used to quantify global, regional or biome\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific carbon budgets; to re\uffe2\uff80\uff90examine established relationships; to test emerging hypotheses about ecosystem functioning [e.g. a constant net ecosystem production (NEP) to gross primary production (GPP) ratio]; and as benchmarks for model evaluations. In this paper, we present the first analysis of this database. We discuss the climatic influences on GPP, net primary production (NPP) and NEP and present the CO2 balances for boreal, temperate, and tropical forest biomes based on micrometeorological, ecophysiological, and biometric flux and inventory estimates. Globally, GPP of forests benefited from higher temperatures and precipitation whereas NPP saturated above either a threshold of 1500\uffe2\uff80\uff83mm precipitation or a mean annual temperature of 10 \uffc2\uffb0C. The global pattern in NEP was insensitive to climate and is hypothesized to be mainly determined by nonclimatic conditions such as successional stage, management, site history, and site disturbance. In all biomes, closing the CO2 balance required the introduction of substantial biome\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific closure terms. Nonclosure was taken as an indication that respiratory processes, advection, and non\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2 carbon fluxes are not presently being adequately accounted for.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "environment/Bioclimatology", "550", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "01 natural sciences", "630", "SDG 17 - Partnerships for the Goals", "carbon cycle", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "carbon cycle; forest ecosystems; global database; gross primary productivity; net ecosystem productivity; net primary productivity", "net primary productivity", "global database", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Ecology", "net ecosystem productivity", "forest ecosystems", "Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "Climate Action", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "[SDV.EE.BIO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment/Bioclimatology", "13. Climate action", "[SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "CO2", "gross primary productivity", "Environmental Sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt57t1t77c/qt57t1t77c.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01439.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01439.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01439.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01439.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-08-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1126/sciadv.aat1296", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:18:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-03-14", "title": "Response to comment on \u201cClimate legacies drive global soil carbon stocks in terrestrial ecosystem\u201d", "description": "We discuss possible mechanisms to explain paleoclimate as a predictor of the current distribution of global soil C content.
Abstract. Mineralogical composition drives dust impacts on Earth's climate systems. However, most climate models still use homogeneous dust, without accounting for the temporal and spatial variation in mineralogy. To quantify the radiative impact of resolving dust mineralogy on Earth's climate, we implement and simulate the distribution of dust minerals (i.e., illite, kaolinite, smectite, hematite, calcite, feldspar, quartz, and gypsum) from Claquin et\u00a0al. (1999) (C1999) and activate their interaction with radiation in the GFDL AM4.0 model. Resolving mineralogy reduces dust absorption compared to the homogeneous dust used in the standard GFDL AM4.0 model that assumes a globally uniform hematite volume content of 2.7\u2009% (HD27). The reduction in dust absorption results in improved agreement with observation-based single-scattering albedo (SSA), radiative fluxes from CERES (the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System), and land surface temperature from the CRU (Climatic Research Unit) compared to the baseline HD27 model version. It also results in distinct radiative impacts on Earth's climate over North Africa. Over the 19-year (from 2001 to 2019) modeled period during JJA (June\u2013July\u2013August), the reduction in dust absorption in AM4.0 leads to a reduction of over 50\u2009% in net downward radiation across the Sahara and approximately 20\u2009% over the Sahel at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) compared to the baseline HD27 model version. The reduced dust absorption weakens the atmospheric warming effect of dust aerosols and leads to an alteration in land surface temperature, resulting in a decrease of 0.66\u2009K over the Sahara and an increase of 0.7\u2009K over the Sahel. The less warming in the atmosphere suppresses ascent and weakens the monsoon inflow from the Gulf of Guinea. This brings less moisture to the Sahel, which combined with decreased ascent induces a reduction of precipitation. To isolate the effect of reduced absorption compared to resolving spatial and temporal mineralogy, we carry out a simulation where the hematite volume content of homogeneous dust is reduced from 2.7\u2009% to 0.9\u2009% (HD09). The dust absorption (e.g., single-scattering albedo) of HD09 is comparable to that of the mineralogically speciated model on a global mean scale, albeit with a lower spatial variation that arises solely from particle size. Comparison of the two\u00a0models indicates that the spatial inhomogeneity in dust absorption resulting from resolving mineralogy does not have significant impacts on Earth's radiation and climate, provided there is a similar level of dust absorption on a global mean scale before and after resolving dust mineralogy. However, uncertainties related to emission and distribution of minerals may blur the advantages of resolving minerals to study their impact on radiation, cloud properties, ocean biogeochemistry, air quality, and photochemistry. On the other hand, lumping together clay minerals (i.e., illite, kaolinite, and smectite), but excluding externally mixed hematite and gypsum, appears to provide both computational efficiency and relative accuracy. Nevertheless, for specific research, it may be necessary to fully resolve mineralogy to achieve accuracy.
A major problem in modern dendrochronology is that the methods traditionally used for linking tree-ring growth data to climate records are not well suited to reconstructing low-frequency climatic variations. In this study, we explored the alternative ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) to detrend tree-ring records and extract climate signals without removing low-frequency information. Tree cores of Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Mayr.) Franco were examined in a semi-arid forest in southern interior British Columbia, western Canada. Ring width data were decomposed into five oscillatory components (intrinsic mode functions, IMFs) of increasingly longer periodicities. IMF 1 was considered white noise, IMF 2 was used to create the first diameter growth index (DGI-1), and IMF 3 and IMF 4 were combined to create the second diameter growth index (DGI-2), whereas IMF 5 and the residual term together were considered as the trend term. The highest significant cross-correlations between DGI-1 and the NAOAugust, NI\uffc3\uff91O12May, and PDOJanuary indices were found at 1-year lags. DGI-2 had positive and persistent correlations with NAOJune and PDOMay at 0- to 3-year lags and with NAOMay at 2- and 3-year lags. Our results indicate that periods of slow growth in the tree-ring record matched periods of drought in the North American Pacific Northwest. Such water-limiting conditions are likely caused by oscillatory patterns in the Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures that influence precipitation in the Pacific Northwest. These drought events are likely exacerbated by changes in winter precipitation (snowpack) related to oscillations of the Atlantic Ocean sea surface temperatures, highlighting the ecological effects of both oceans on terrestrial ecosystems. Such relationships could not be easily found by traditional tree-ring analyses that remove some of the low-frequency signal, and therefore, we suggest EEMD as an additional tool to establishing tree growth \uffe2\uff80\uff93 climate relationships.
", "keywords": ["Growth-climate relationships", "Low-frequency climate oscillations", "13. Climate action", "Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD)", "Dendroclimatology", "14. Life underwater", "15. Life on land", "16. Peace & justice", "Decadal climate oscillations", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0203"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0203"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Canadian%20Journal%20of%20Forest%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1139/cjfr-2016-0203", "name": "item", "description": "10.1139/cjfr-2016-0203", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0203"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1155/2013/293937", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:19:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-10-31", "title": "Projected Impacts Of Bioenergy-Demand-Induced Land Use And Cover Changes On Regional Climate In Central Europe", "description": "Energy shortfalls are becoming more and more serious all over the world, and worldwide governments have tried to promote the development of biofuels in order to mitigate the climatic impacts of massive fossil fuel consumption. Since the land is the main input factor of the bioenergy production, the development of biofuels will inevitably lead to change of the land use structure and allocation and thereby affect the climate system. With Central Europe as the study area, this study explored the impacts of land use/land cover change (LUCC) on climate under the influence of demand of bioenergy production for land resources. First, the land use structure from 2010 to 2050 is simulated with the Agriculture and Land Use model in MiniCam. The result indicates that the main conversion will be mainly from grassland and forest to cropland and from cropland to grassland. Then the Dynamics of Land System model was used to spatially simulate the LUCC in the future. The impacts of LUCC on the climate were analyzed on the basis of simulation with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The climate change will be characterized by the increase of latent heat flux and temperature and the decrease of precipitation.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "Meteorology. Climatology", "11. Sustainability", "QC851-999", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Fang Yin, Yihui Xiong, Li Jiang, Zhiguo Pang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/293937"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Advances%20in%20Meteorology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1155/2013/293937", "name": "item", "description": "10.1155/2013/293937", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1155/2013/293937"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-17-6903-2024", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:21:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-09-16", "title": "Recent improvements and maximum covariance analysis of aerosol and cloud properties in the EC-Earth3-AerChem model", "description": "Abstract. Given the importance of aerosols and clouds and their interactions in the climate system, it is imperative that the global Earth system models accurately represent processes associated with them. This is an important prerequisite if we are to narrow the uncertainties in future climate projections. In practice, this means that continuous model evaluations and improvements grounded in observations are necessary. Numerous studies in the past few decades have shown both the usability and the limitations of utilizing satellite-based observations in understanding and evaluating aerosol\u2013cloud interactions, particularly under varying meteorological and satellite sensor sensitivity paradigms. Furthermore, the vast range of spatio-temporal scales at which aerosol and cloud processes occur adds another dimension to the challenges faced when evaluating climate models. In this context, the aim of this study is two-fold. (1)\u00a0We evaluate the most recent, significant changes in the representation of aerosol and cloud processes implemented in the EC-Earth3-AerChem model in the framework of the EU project FORCeS compared with its previous CMIP6 version (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase\u00a06; https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP6/, last access: 13\u00a0February\u00a02019). We focus particularly on evaluating cloud physical properties and radiative effects, wherever possible, using a satellite simulator. We report on the overall improvements in the EC-Earth3-AerChem model. In particular, the strong warm bias chronically seen over the Southern Ocean is reduced significantly. (2)\u00a0A statistical, maximum covariance analysis is carried out between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and cloud droplet (CD) effective radius based on the recent EC-Earth3-AerChem/FORCeS simulation to understand to what extent the Twomey effect can manifest itself in the larger spatio-temporal scales. We focus on the three oceanic low-level cloud regimes that are important due to their strong net cooling effect and where pollution outflow from the nearby continent is simultaneously pervasive. We report that the statistical covariability between AOD and CD effective radius is indeed dominantly visible even at the climate scale when the aerosol amount and composition are favourably preconditioned to allow for aerosol\u2013cloud interactions. Despite this strong covariability, our analysis shows a strong cooling/warming in shortwave cloud radiative effects at the top of the atmosphere in our study regions associated with an increase/decrease in CD effective radius. This cooling/warming can be attributed to the increase/decrease in low cloud fraction, in line with previous observational studies.
The carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis suggests that leaf carbon to nitrogen ratios influence the synthesis of secondary compounds such as condensed tannins. We studied the effects of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide on carbon to nitrogen ratios and tannin production. Six genotypes of Populus tremuloides were grown under elevated and ambient CO2 partial pressure and high\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and low\uffe2\uff80\uff90fertility soil in field open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top chambers in northern lower Michigan, USA. During the second year of exposure, leaves were harvested three times (June, August, and September) and analyzed for condensed tannin concentration. The carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis was supported overall, with significantly greater leaf tannin concentration at high CO2 and low soil fertility compared to ambient CO2 and high soil fertility. However, some genotypes increased tannin concentration at elevated compared to ambient CO2, while others showed no CO2 response. Performance of lepidopteran leaf miner (Phyllonorycter tremuloidiella) larvae feeding on these plants varied across genotypes, CO2, and fertility treatments. These results suggest that with rising atmospheric CO2, plant secondary compound production may vary within species. This could have consequences for plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93herbivore and plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93microbe interactions and for the evolutionary response of this species to global climate change.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Salicaceae", "genotype", "plant\u2013herbivore interaction", "Phyllonorycter-tremuloidiella", "Quaking aspen", "01 natural sciences", "plant-composition", "tannin", "nitrogen-", "carbon-dioxide: elevation-", "124-38-9: CARBON DIOXIDE", "Spermatophytes-", "Spermatophyta-", "genotypic-variation", "Population-Genetics (Population-Studies)", "2. Zero hunger", "carbon-", "Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences)", "Angiosperms-", "Angiospermae-", "Plants-", "GLOBAL-ECOLOGY", "Populus-tremuloides", "plant-pests", "climate-change", "genetic-variation", "forest-trees", "condensed tannins", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Vascular-Plants", "carbon-dioxide-enrichment", "Nutrition-", "genotypes-", "Phyllonorycter tremuloidiella", "Populus-tremuloides [trembling-aspen] (Salicaceae-)", "soil-fertility", "Populus tremuloides", "Salicaceae-: Dicotyledones-", "Biology", "Plantae-", "global change", "tannins-", "condensed-tannin: production-", "foliage-", "forest-pests", "Tannic acid", "Metabolism-", "Botany", "carbon dioxide", "forest-soils", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "climate-", "Carbon dioxide", "13. Climate action", "Dicots-", "insect-pests"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Donald R. Zak, Jennifer L Mansfield, Kurt S. Pregitzer, Kurt S. Pregitzer, Peter S. Curtis, Peter S. Curtis,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2307/2656979"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/American%20Journal%20of%20Botany", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2307/2656979", "name": "item", "description": "10.2307/2656979", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2307/2656979"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/atmos13010103", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:20:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-10", "title": "Long-Term Dynamic of Cold Stress during Heading and Flowering Stage and Its Effects on Rice Growth in China", "description": "Short episodes of low-temperature stress during reproductive stages can cause significant crop yield losses, but our understanding of the dynamics of extreme cold events and their impact on rice growth and yield in the past and present climate remains limited. In this study, by analyzing historical climate, phenology and yield component data, the spatial and temporal variability of cold stress during the rice heading and flowering stages and its impact on rice growth and yield in China was characterized. The results showed that cold stress was unevenly distributed throughout the study region, with the most severe events observed in the Yunnan Plateau with altitudes higher than 1800 m. With the increasing temperature, a significant decreasing trend in cold stress was observed across most of the three ecoregions after the 1970s. However, the phenological-shift effects with the prolonged growing period during the heading and flowering stages have slowed down the cold stress decreasing trend and led to an underestimation of the magnitude of cold stress events. Meanwhile, cold stress during heading and flowering will still be a potential threat to rice production. The cold stress-induced yield loss is related to both the intensification of extreme cold stress and the contribution of related components to yield in the three regions.
Since agriculture directly contributes to global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, integrating trees into agricultural landscapes through agroforestry systems is a viable adaptive strategy for climate change mitigation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the carbon (C) sequestration and financial benefits of C sequestration according to Quebec\uffe2\uff80\uff99s Cap-and-Trade System for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Allowances (C & T System) or the Syst\uffc3\uffa8me de plafonnement et d\uffe2\uff80\uff99\uffc3\uffa9change de droits d\uffe2\uff80\uff99\uffc3\uffa9mission de gaz \uffc3\uffa0 effet de serre du Qu\uffc3\uffa9bec (SPEDE) program for two experimental 10-year-old tree-based intercropping (TBI) systems in southern Quebec, Canada. We estimated total C stored in the two TBI systems with hybrid poplar and hardwoods and adjacent non-TBI systems under agricultural production, considering soil, crop and crop roots, litterfall, tree and tree roots as C stocks. The C sequestration of the TBI and adjacent non-TBI systems were compared and the market value of the C payment was evaluated using the net present value (NPV) approach. The TBI systems had 33% to 36% more C storage than adjacent non-TBI systems. The financial benefits of C sequestration after 10 years of TBI practices amounted to of $2,259\uffe2\uff80\uff93$2,758 CAD ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and $1,568\uffe2\uff80\uff93$1,913 CAD ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for St. Edouard and St. Paulin sites, respectively. We conclude that valorizing the C sequestration of TBI systems could be an incentive to promote the establishment of TBI for the purpose of GHG mitigation in Quebec, Canada.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "cap-and-trade system", "330", "hybrid poplar", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "carbon budget", "temperate agroforestry", "hybrid poplar; temperate agroforestry; cap-and-trade system; soil carbon storage; carbon budget", "13. Climate action", "soil carbon storage", "Meteorology. Climatology", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "QC851-999"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/7/2/17/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7020017"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Atmosphere", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/atmos7020017", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/atmos7020017", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/atmos7020017"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-01-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2307/2640985", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:20:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-04-17", "description": "Elevated atmospheric CO2 has the potential to increase the production and alter the chemistry of organic substrates entering soil from plant production, the magnitude of which is constrained by soil-N availability. Because microbial growth in soil is limited by substrate inputs from plant production, we reasoned that changes in the amount and chemistry of these organic substrates could affect the composition of soil microbial com- munities and the cycling of N in soil. We studied microbial community composition and soil-N transformations beneath Populus tremuloides Michx. growing under experimental atmospheric CO2 (35.7 and 70.7 Pa) and soil-N-availability (low N 5 61 ng N\u00b7g 21 \u00b7d 21 and high N 5 319 ng N\u00b7g 21 \u00b7d 21 ) treatments. Atmospheric CO2 concentration was modified in large, open-top chambers, and we altered soil-N availability in open-bottom root boxes by mixing different proportions of A and C horizon material. We used phospholipid fatty-acid analysis to gain insight into microbial community composition and coupled this analysis to measurements of soil-N transformations using 15 N-pool dilution techniques. The infor- mation presented here is part of an integrated experiment designed to elucidate the phys- iological mechanisms controlling the flow of C and N in the plant-soil system. Our ob- jectives were (1) to determine whether changes in plant growth and tissue chemistry alter microbial community composition and soil-N cycling in response to increasing atmospheric CO2 and soil-N availability and (2) to integrate the results of our experiment into a synthesis of elevated atmospheric CO2 and the cycling of C and N in terrestrial ecosystems. After 2.5 growing seasons, microbial biomass, gross N mineralization, microbial im- mobilization, and nitrification (gross and net) were equivalent at ambient and elevated CO2, suggesting that increases in fine-root production and declines in fine-root N concentration were insufficient to alter the influence of native soil organic matter on microbial physiology; this was the case in both low- and high-N soil. Similarly, elevated CO2 did not alter the proportion of bacterial, actinomycetal, or fungal phospholipid fatty acids in low-N or high-N soil, indicating that changes in substrate input from greater plant growth under elevated CO2 did not alter microbial community composition. Our results differ from a substantial number of studies reporting increases and decreases in soil-N cycling under elevated CO 2. From our analysis, it appears that soil-N cycling responds to elevated atmospheric CO 2 in experimental situations where plant roots have fully colonized the soil and root-associated C inputs are sufficient to modify the influence of native soil organic matter on microbial physiology. In young developing ecosystems where plant roots have not fully exploited the soil, microbial metabolism appears to be regulated by relatively large pools of soil organic matter, rather than by the additional input of organic substrates under elevated CO 2.", "keywords": ["measurement-", "soil microorganisms", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "nitrogen-: cycling-", "feedback", "microbial community composition", "techniques-", "Environmental-Sciences)", "01 natural sciences", "litter-plant", "biomass-", "gross and net", "124-38-9: CARBON DIOXIDE", "Spermatophytes-", "cycling-", "soil-organic-matter", "mineralization", "Spermatophyta-", "responses-", "phospholipid-fatty-acids", "2. Zero hunger", "Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences)", "Angiosperms-", "Angiospermae-", "Plants-", "global climate change", "microbial immobilization", "nutrient-", "Soil-Science", "6. Clean water", "metabolism-", "soil-N transformations", "transformation-", "substrates-", "7727-37-9: NITROGEN", "atmosphere-", "elevated atmospheric", "570", "nitrification-", "nitrogen immobilization", "Science", "Vascular-Plants", "poplars-", "phospholipid fatty acids (PFLAs)", "carbon-dioxide", "growth-", "soil-microbial-community-composition", "Salicaceae-: Dicotyledones-", "microbial-flora", "Populus tremuloides", "Plantae-", "organic-matter", "consortia-", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "communities-", "ecosystem", "analysis-", "atmospheric CO2 and soil-N availability", "soil-availability", "mineralization-", "carbon dioxide", "fatty-acids", "15. Life on land", "substrate-input", "Populus-tremuloides (Salicaceae-)", "13. Climate action", "roots-", "Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-", "composition-", "Dicots-", "immobilization-", "seasons-", "ecosystems-"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Zak, Donald R., Pregitzer, Kurt S., Curtis, Peter S., Holmes, William E.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2307/2640985"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2307/2640985", "name": "item", "description": "10.2307/2640985", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2307/2640985"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fmicb.2016.01247", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-08-08", "title": "Soil Fungal:Bacterial Ratios Are Linked to Altered Carbon Cycling", "description": "Despite several lines of observational evidence, there is a lack of consensus on whether higher fungal:bacterial (F:B) ratios directly cause higher soil carbon (C) storage. We employed RNA sequencing, protein profiling and isotope tracer techniques to evaluate whether differing F:B ratios are associated with differences in C storage. A mesocosm (13)C labeled foliar litter decomposition experiment was performed in two soils that were similar in their physico-chemical properties but differed in microbial community structure, specifically their F:B ratio (determined by PLFA analyses, RNA sequencing and protein profiling; all three corroborating each other). Following litter addition, we observed a consistent increase in abundance of fungal phyla; and greater increases in the fungal dominated soil; implicating the role of fungi in litter decomposition. Litter derived (13)C in respired CO2 was consistently lower, and residual (13)C in bulk SOM was higher in high F:B soil demonstrating greater C storage potential in the F:B dominated soil. We conclude that in this soil system, the increased abundance of fungi in both soils and the altered C cycling patterns in the F:B dominated soils highlight the significant role of fungi in litter decomposition and indicate that F:B ratios are linked to higher C storage potential.", "keywords": ["Microbiology (medical)", "Proteomics", "0301 basic medicine", "environment/Bioclimatology", "Supplementary Data", "[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "stable isotopes", "litter decomposition", "Microbiology", "03 medical and health sciences", "proteomics", "[SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry", "[SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "[SDU.STU.GC] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry", "soil carbon", "European Commission", "bacteria", "Stable isotopes", "2. Zero hunger", "655240", "0303 health sciences", "Bacteria", "Litter decomposition", "Fungi", "RNA sequencing", "QR Microbiology", "15. Life on land", "Soil carbon", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "QR1-502", "6. Clean water", "QR", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "[SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment", "[SDV.EE.BIO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment/Bioclimatology", "[SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "fungi", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "environment"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01247"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Microbiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fmicb.2016.01247", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fmicb.2016.01247", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01247"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-08-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-12-753-2020", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:21:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-10-07", "title": "A pan-African high-resolution drought index dataset", "description": "Abstract. Droughts in Africa cause severe problems such as crop failure, food shortages, famine, epidemics and even mass migration. To minimize the effects of drought on water and food security over Africa, a high-resolution drought dataset is essential to establish robust drought hazard probabilities and to assess drought vulnerability considering a multi- and cross-sectorial perspective that includes crops, hydrological systems, rangeland, and environmental systems. Such assessments are essential for policy makers, their advisors, and other stakeholders to respond to the pressing humanitarian issues caused by these environmental hazards. In this study, a high spatial resolution Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) drought dataset is presented to support these assessments. We compute historical SPEI data based on Climate Hazards group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) precipitation estimates and Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) potential evaporation estimates. The high resolution SPEI dataset (SPEI-HR) presented here spans from 1981 to 2016 (36 years) with 5\uffe2\uff80\uff89km spatial resolution over the whole Africa. To facilitate the diagnosis of droughts of different durations, accumulation periods from 1 to 48 months are provided. The quality of the resulting dataset was compared with coarse-resolution SPEI based on Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Time-Series (TS) datasets, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) calculated from the Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling System (GIMMS) project, as well as with root zone soil moisture modelled by GLEAM. Agreement found between coarse resolution SPEI from CRU TS (SPEI-CRU) and the developed SPEI-HR provides confidence in the estimation of temporal and spatial variability of droughts in Africa with SPEI-HR. In addition, agreement of SPEI-HR versus NDVI and root zone soil moisture \uffe2\uff80\uff93 with average correlation coefficient (R) of 0.54 and 0.77, respectively \uffe2\uff80\uff93 further implies that SPEI-HR can provide valuable information to study drought-related processes and societal impacts at sub-basin and district scales in Africa. The dataset is archived in Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) with link: https://doi.org/10.5285/bbdfd09a04304158b366777eba0d2aeb (Peng et al., 2019a)
", "keywords": ["CALIFORNIA DROUGHT", "IMPACTS", "2. Zero hunger", "QE1-996.5", "EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", "GLOBAL ASSESSMENT", "WATER-RESOURCES", "DATA PRODUCTS", "0207 environmental engineering", "1. No poverty", "Geology", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Environmental sciences", "PRECIPITATION CLIMATOLOGY CENTER", "DATA SETS", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "GREATER HORN", "11. Sustainability", "GE1-350", "SATELLITE", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/12/753/2020/essd-12-753-2020.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-753-2020"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%20System%20Science%20Data", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-12-753-2020", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-12-753-2020", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-12-753-2020"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-10-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.34894/u9hspv", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:20:56Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "ARCADE: The pan-ARctic CAtchment DatabasE", "description": "Earth\u2019s rapidly changing climate is particularly evident in the Arctic. Outside of the Arctic, the emergence of large-sample catchment databases has transformed science from an emphasis on local case-studies towards more systematic insights into drivers of watershed functioning. Here we present an integrated pan-ARctic CAtchments summary DatabasE (ARCADE) of >40,000 catchments, including small and medium-sized watersheds, draining into the Arctic Ocean. These watersheds, delineated at a high-resolution (90 m), are provided with 103 geospatial, environmental, climatic, and physiographic catchment properties. ARCADE is the first aggregated database of pan-Arctic river catchments that includes small watersheds at a high resolution. These small catchments are experiencing the greatest climatic warming while also storing large quantities of soil carbon in landscapes that are especially prone to degradation of permafrost (i.e., ice wedge polygon terrain) and associated hydrological regime shifts. The publication of this database is a necessary step toward more integrated monitoring of the pan-Arctic watershed.", "keywords": ["Earth and Environmental Science", "Pan-Arctic", "Climate", "Permafrost", "Climate change in the Arctic environment", "15. Life on land", "Biogeochemistry", "Pan Arctic", "Catchment", "Hydroclimatology", "Biospheric Sciences", "Database", "Arctic", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Climate change", "14. Life underwater", "Watersheds", "Hydrology", "Environmental Research", "Natural Sciences", "Geosciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Speetjens, N. J., Hugelius, G., Gumbricht, T., Lantuit, H., Berghuijs, W.R., Pika, P.A., Poste, A., Vonk, J.E.", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.34894/u9hspv"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.34894/u9hspv", "name": "item", "description": "10.34894/u9hspv", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.34894/u9hspv"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.48620/90780", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:21:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-10-23", "title": "Warming of Northern Peatlands Increases the Global Temperature Overshoot Challenge", "description": "Meeting the Paris Agreement's temperature goals requires limiting future carbon emissions, yet current policies make temporarily overshooting the 1.5\u00b0C target likely. The potential climate feedback from destabilizing peatlands, storing large amounts of carbon, remains poorly quantified. Using the reduced-complexity Earth System Model OSCAR with an integrated peat carbon module, we found that across various overshoot pathways that temporarily exceed 1.5\u00b0C-2.5\u00b0C, northern peatlands exhibit net positive feedback, amplifying the overshoot challenge. Warming increases peatlands' net carbon uptake, but this is largely offset by higher methane emissions. We estimated that for each 1\u00b0C increase in peak warming, the positive feedback from peatlands decreases the remaining carbon budget by 37 GtCO2 (22-48 GtCO2). If the 1.5\u00b0C temperature target is exceeded, peatlands would increase carbon removal requirement by about 40 GtCO2 (16-60 GtCO2) (8.6%). Our findings highlight the importance of properly accounting for northern peatlands for estimating climate feedbacks, especially under overshoot scenarios.", "keywords": ["[SDU.STU.CL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology", "climate change", "northern peatlands", "carbon", "greenhouse gases", "land surface model", "reduced-complexity earth system model", "FairCarboN", "temperature feedback", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "Article", "overshoot"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/62739/1/1-s2.0-S2590332225001794-main.pdf"}, {"href": "https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/20730/1/1-s2.0-S2590332225001794-main.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.48620/90780"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/One%20Earth", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.48620/90780", "name": "item", "description": "10.48620/90780", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.48620/90780"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/acp-20-55-2020", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:21:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-01-03", "title": "Retrieving the global distribution of the threshold of wind erosion from satellite data and implementing it into the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory land\u2013atmosphere model (GFDL AM4.0/LM4.0)", "description": "Abstract. Dust emission is initiated when surface wind velocities exceed the threshold of wind erosion. Many dust models used constant threshold values globally. Here we use satellite products to characterize the frequency of dust events and land surface properties. By matching this frequency derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Deep Blue aerosol products with surface winds, we are able to retrieve a climatological monthly global distribution of the wind erosion threshold (Vthreshold) over dry and sparsely vegetated surfaces. This monthly two-dimensional threshold velocity is then implemented into the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory coupled land\u2013atmosphere model (AM4.0/LM4.0). It is found that the climatology of dust optical depth (DOD) and total aerosol optical depth, surface PM10 dust concentrations, and the seasonal cycle of DOD are better captured over the \u201cdust belt\u201d (i.e., northern Africa and the Middle East) by simulations with the new wind erosion threshold than those using the default globally constant threshold. The most significant improvement is the frequency distribution of dust events, which is generally ignored in model evaluation. By using monthly rather than annual mean Vthreshold, all comparisons with observations are further improved. The monthly global threshold of wind erosion can be retrieved under different spatial resolutions to match the resolution of dust models and thus can help improve the simulations of dust climatology and seasonal cycles as well as dust forecasting.
Abstract. Soil dust aerosols are a key component of the climate system, as they interact with short- and long-wave radiation, alter cloud formation processes, affect atmospheric chemistry and play a role in biogeochemical cycles by providing nutrient inputs such as iron and phosphorus. The influence of dust on these processes depends on its physico-chemical properties, which far from being homogeneous, are shaped by its regionally varying mineral composition. The relative amount of minerals in dust depends on the source region and shows a large geographical variability. However, many state-of-the-art Earth System Models (ESMs), upon which climate analyses and projections rely, still consider dust mineralogy as invariant. The explicit representation of minerals in ESMs is more hindered by our limited knowledge of the global soil composition along with the resulting size-resolved airborne mineralogy than by computational constraints. In this work, we introduce an explicit mineralogy representation within the state-of-the-art atmosphere-chemistry model MONARCH. We review and compare two existing soil mineralogy datasets, which remain a source of uncertainty for dust mineralogy modelling, and provide an evaluation of multi-annual simulations against available mineralogy observations. Soil mineralogy datasets are based on measurements performed after wet sieving, which breaks the aggregates found in the parent soil. Our model predicts the emitted particle size distribution (PSD) in terms of its constituent minerals based on Brittle Fragmentation Theory (BFT), which reconstructs the emitted mineral aggregates destroyed by wet sieving. Our simulations broadly reproduce the most abundant mineral fractions, independently of the soil composition data used. Feldspars and calcite are highly sensitive to the soil mineralogy map, mainly due to the different assumptions made in each soil dataset to extrapolate a handful of soil measurements to arid and semiarid regions worldwide. For the least abundant or more difficult to determine minerals, such as the iron oxides, uncertainties in soil mineralogy yield differences in annual mean aerosol mass fractions of up to \u223c100 %. Although BFT restores coarse aggregates including phyllosilicates that usually break during soil analysis, we still identify an overestimation of coarse quartz mass fractions (above 2 \u00b5m in diameter). In a dedicated experiment, we estimate the fraction of dust with undetermined composition as given by a soil map, which makes a \u223c10 % of the emitted dust mass at the global scale, and can be regionally larger. Changes in the underlying soil mineralogy impact our estimates of climate-relevant variables, particularly affecting the regional variability of the single scattering albedo at solar wavelengths, or the total iron deposited over oceans. All in all, this assessment represents a baseline for future model experiments including new mineralogical maps constrained by high quality spaceborne hyperspectral measurements, such as those arising from the NASA EMIT mission.
Abstract. Andean headwater catchments are an important source of freshwater for downstream water users. However, few long-term studies exist on the relative importance of climate change and direct anthropogenic perturbations on flow regimes in these catchments. In this paper, we assess change in streamflow based on long time series of hydrometeorological data (1974\uffe2\uff80\uff932008) and land cover reconstructions (1963\uffe2\uff80\uff932009) in the Pangor catchment (282 km2) located in the tropical Andes. Three main land cover change trajectories can be distinguished during the period 1963\uffe2\uff80\uff932009: (1) expansion of agricultural land by an area equal to 14 % of the catchment area (or 39 km2) in 46 years' time, (2) deforestation of native forests by 11 % (or \uffe2\uff88\uff9231 km2) corresponding to a mean rate of 67 ha yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, and (3) afforestation with exotic species in recent years by about 5 % (or 15 km2). Over the time period 1963\uffe2\uff80\uff932009, about 50 % of the 64 km2 of native forests was cleared and converted to agricultural land. Given the strong temporal variability of precipitation and streamflow data related to El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o\uffe2\uff80\uff93Southern Oscillation, we use empirical mode decomposition techniques to detrend the time series. The long-term increasing trend in rainfall is remarkably different from the observed changes in streamflow, which exhibit a decreasing trend. Hence, observed changes in streamflow are not the result of long-term change in precipitation but very likely result from anthropogenic disturbances associated with land cover change.
", "keywords": ["Technology", "Period (music)", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "Urban Flooding", "Precipitation", "02 engineering and technology", "Oceanography", "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering", "land-use change", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "Climate change", "GE1-350", "TD1-1066", "Water Science and Technology", "Climatology", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Geography", "Ecology", "T", "Physics", "Hydrology (agriculture)", "Geology", "Programming language", "Hydrological Modeling and Water Resource Management", "Physical Sciences", "Cartography", "Land cover", "1443", "Hydrometeorology", "Drainage basin", "0207 environmental engineering", "Streamflow", "Environmental science", "G", "Global Flood Risk Assessment and Management", "Meteorology", "Afforestation", "Agroforestry", "Biology", "Land use", " land-use change and forestry", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "Acoustics", "15. Life on land", "Computer science", "Environmental sciences", "Geotechnical engineering", "Deforestation (computer science)", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Global Drought Monitoring and Assessment", "Land use"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4201-2015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrology%20and%20Earth%20System%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/hess-19-4201-2015", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/hess-19-4201-2015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/hess-19-4201-2015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-10-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.8092635", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:23:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-10", "title": "Long-Term Dynamic of Cold Stress during Heading and Flowering Stage and Its Effects on Rice Growth in China", "description": "Short episodes of low-temperature stress during reproductive stages can cause significant crop yield losses, but our understanding of the dynamics of extreme cold events and their impact on rice growth and yield in the past and present climate remains limited. In this study, by analyzing historical climate, phenology and yield component data, the spatial and temporal variability of cold stress during the rice heading and flowering stages and its impact on rice growth and yield in China was characterized. The results showed that cold stress was unevenly distributed throughout the study region, with the most severe events observed in the Yunnan Plateau with altitudes higher than 1800 m. With the increasing temperature, a significant decreasing trend in cold stress was observed across most of the three ecoregions after the 1970s. However, the phenological-shift effects with the prolonged growing period during the heading and flowering stages have slowed down the cold stress decreasing trend and led to an underestimation of the magnitude of cold stress events. Meanwhile, cold stress during heading and flowering will still be a potential threat to rice production. The cold stress-induced yield loss is related to both the intensification of extreme cold stress and the contribution of related components to yield in the three regions.
Abstract. Mineralogical composition drives dust impacts on Earth's climate systems. However, most climate models still use homogeneous dust, without accounting for the temporal and spatial variation in mineralogy. To quantify the radiative impact of resolving dust mineralogy on Earth's climate, we implement and simulate the distribution of dust minerals (i.e., illite, kaolinite, smectite, hematite, calcite, feldspar, quartz, and gypsum) from Claquin et\u00a0al. (1999) (C1999) and activate their interaction with radiation in the GFDL AM4.0 model. Resolving mineralogy reduces dust absorption compared to the homogeneous dust used in the standard GFDL AM4.0 model that assumes a globally uniform hematite volume content of 2.7\u2009% (HD27). The reduction in dust absorption results in improved agreement with observation-based single-scattering albedo (SSA), radiative fluxes from CERES (the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System), and land surface temperature from the CRU (Climatic Research Unit) compared to the baseline HD27 model version. It also results in distinct radiative impacts on Earth's climate over North Africa. Over the 19-year (from 2001 to 2019) modeled period during JJA (June\u2013July\u2013August), the reduction in dust absorption in AM4.0 leads to a reduction of over 50\u2009% in net downward radiation across the Sahara and approximately 20\u2009% over the Sahel at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) compared to the baseline HD27 model version. The reduced dust absorption weakens the atmospheric warming effect of dust aerosols and leads to an alteration in land surface temperature, resulting in a decrease of 0.66\u2009K over the Sahara and an increase of 0.7\u2009K over the Sahel. The less warming in the atmosphere suppresses ascent and weakens the monsoon inflow from the Gulf of Guinea. This brings less moisture to the Sahel, which combined with decreased ascent induces a reduction of precipitation. To isolate the effect of reduced absorption compared to resolving spatial and temporal mineralogy, we carry out a simulation where the hematite volume content of homogeneous dust is reduced from 2.7\u2009% to 0.9\u2009% (HD09). The dust absorption (e.g., single-scattering albedo) of HD09 is comparable to that of the mineralogically speciated model on a global mean scale, albeit with a lower spatial variation that arises solely from particle size. Comparison of the two\u00a0models indicates that the spatial inhomogeneity in dust absorption resulting from resolving mineralogy does not have significant impacts on Earth's radiation and climate, provided there is a similar level of dust absorption on a global mean scale before and after resolving dust mineralogy. However, uncertainties related to emission and distribution of minerals may blur the advantages of resolving minerals to study their impact on radiation, cloud properties, ocean biogeochemistry, air quality, and photochemistry. On the other hand, lumping together clay minerals (i.e., illite, kaolinite, and smectite), but excluding externally mixed hematite and gypsum, appears to provide both computational efficiency and relative accuracy. Nevertheless, for specific research, it may be necessary to fully resolve mineralogy to achieve accuracy.
Abstract. Given the importance of aerosols and clouds and their interactions in the climate system, it is imperative that the global Earth system models accurately represent processes associated with them. This is an important prerequisite if we are to narrow the uncertainties in future climate projections. In practice, this means that continuous model evaluations and improvements grounded in observations are necessary. Numerous studies in the past few decades have shown both the usability and the limitations of utilizing satellite-based observations in understanding and evaluating aerosol\u2013cloud interactions, particularly under varying meteorological and satellite sensor sensitivity paradigms. Furthermore, the vast range of spatio-temporal scales at which aerosol and cloud processes occur adds another dimension to the challenges faced when evaluating climate models. In this context, the aim of this study is two-fold. (1)\u00a0We evaluate the most recent, significant changes in the representation of aerosol and cloud processes implemented in the EC-Earth3-AerChem model in the framework of the EU project FORCeS compared with its previous CMIP6 version (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase\u00a06; https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP6/, last access: 13\u00a0February\u00a02019). We focus particularly on evaluating cloud physical properties and radiative effects, wherever possible, using a satellite simulator. We report on the overall improvements in the EC-Earth3-AerChem model. In particular, the strong warm bias chronically seen over the Southern Ocean is reduced significantly. (2)\u00a0A statistical, maximum covariance analysis is carried out between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and cloud droplet (CD) effective radius based on the recent EC-Earth3-AerChem/FORCeS simulation to understand to what extent the Twomey effect can manifest itself in the larger spatio-temporal scales. We focus on the three oceanic low-level cloud regimes that are important due to their strong net cooling effect and where pollution outflow from the nearby continent is simultaneously pervasive. We report that the statistical covariability between AOD and CD effective radius is indeed dominantly visible even at the climate scale when the aerosol amount and composition are favourably preconditioned to allow for aerosol\u2013cloud interactions. Despite this strong covariability, our analysis shows a strong cooling/warming in shortwave cloud radiative effects at the top of the atmosphere in our study regions associated with an increase/decrease in CD effective radius. This cooling/warming can be attributed to the increase/decrease in low cloud fraction, in line with previous observational studies.
Abstract. Dust emission is initiated when surface wind velocities exceed the threshold of wind erosion. Many dust models used constant threshold values globally. Here we use satellite products to characterize the frequency of dust events and land surface properties. By matching this frequency derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Deep Blue aerosol products with surface winds, we are able to retrieve a climatological monthly global distribution of the wind erosion threshold (Vthreshold) over dry and sparsely vegetated surfaces. This monthly two-dimensional threshold velocity is then implemented into the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory coupled land\u2013atmosphere model (AM4.0/LM4.0). It is found that the climatology of dust optical depth (DOD) and total aerosol optical depth, surface PM10 dust concentrations, and the seasonal cycle of DOD are better captured over the \u201cdust belt\u201d (i.e., northern Africa and the Middle East) by simulations with the new wind erosion threshold than those using the default globally constant threshold. The most significant improvement is the frequency distribution of dust events, which is generally ignored in model evaluation. By using monthly rather than annual mean Vthreshold, all comparisons with observations are further improved. The monthly global threshold of wind erosion can be retrieved under different spatial resolutions to match the resolution of dust models and thus can help improve the simulations of dust climatology and seasonal cycles as well as dust forecasting.
Anthropogenic climate change is altering precipitation regimes at a global scale. While precipitation changes have been linked to changes in the abundance and diversity of soil and litter invertebrate fauna in forests, general trends have remained elusive due to mixed results from primary studies. We used a meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis based on 430 comparisons from 38 primary studies to address associated knowledge gaps, (i) quantifying impacts of precipitation change on forest soil and litter fauna abundance and diversity, (ii) exploring reasons for variation in impacts and (iii) examining biases affecting the realism and accuracy of experimental studies. Precipitation reductions led to a decrease of 39% in soil and litter fauna abundance, with a 35% increase in abundance under precipitation increases, while diversity impacts were smaller. A statistical model containing an interaction between body size and the magnitude of precipitation change showed that mesofauna (e.g. mites, collembola) responded most to changes in precipitation. Changes in taxonomic richness were related solely to the magnitude of precipitation change. Our results suggest that body size is related to the ability of a taxon to survive under drought conditions, or to benefit from high precipitation. We also found that most experiments manipulated precipitation in a way that aligns better with predicted extreme climatic events than with predicted average annual changes in precipitation and that the experimental plots used in experiments were likely too small to accurately capture changes for mobile taxa. The relationship between body size and response to precipitation found here has far\uffe2\uff80\uff90reaching implications for our ability to predict future responses of soil biodiversity to climate change and will help to produce more realistic mechanistic soil models which aim to simulate the responses of soils to global change. We discuss possible mechanisms to explain paleoclimate as a predictor of the current distribution of global soil C content. Abstract. Soil dust aerosols are a key component of the climate system, as they interact with short- and long-wave radiation, alter cloud formation processes, affect atmospheric chemistry and play a role in biogeochemical cycles by providing nutrient inputs such as iron and phosphorus. The influence of dust on these processes depends on its physico-chemical properties, which far from being homogeneous, are shaped by its regionally varying mineral composition. The relative amount of minerals in dust depends on the source region and shows a large geographical variability. However, many state-of-the-art Earth System Models (ESMs), upon which climate analyses and projections rely, still consider dust mineralogy as invariant. The explicit representation of minerals in ESMs is more hindered by our limited knowledge of the global soil composition along with the resulting size-resolved airborne mineralogy than by computational constraints. In this work, we introduce an explicit mineralogy representation within the state-of-the-art atmosphere-chemistry model MONARCH. We review and compare two existing soil mineralogy datasets, which remain a source of uncertainty for dust mineralogy modelling, and provide an evaluation of multi-annual simulations against available mineralogy observations. Soil mineralogy datasets are based on measurements performed after wet sieving, which breaks the aggregates found in the parent soil. Our model predicts the emitted particle size distribution (PSD) in terms of its constituent minerals based on Brittle Fragmentation Theory (BFT), which reconstructs the emitted mineral aggregates destroyed by wet sieving. Our simulations broadly reproduce the most abundant mineral fractions, independently of the soil composition data used. Feldspars and calcite are highly sensitive to the soil mineralogy map, mainly due to the different assumptions made in each soil dataset to extrapolate a handful of soil measurements to arid and semiarid regions worldwide. For the least abundant or more difficult to determine minerals, such as the iron oxides, uncertainties in soil mineralogy yield differences in annual mean aerosol mass fractions of up to \u223c100 %. Although BFT restores coarse aggregates including phyllosilicates that usually break during soil analysis, we still identify an overestimation of coarse quartz mass fractions (above 2 \u00b5m in diameter). In a dedicated experiment, we estimate the fraction of dust with undetermined composition as given by a soil map, which makes a \u223c10 % of the emitted dust mass at the global scale, and can be regionally larger. Changes in the underlying soil mineralogy impact our estimates of climate-relevant variables, particularly affecting the regional variability of the single scattering albedo at solar wavelengths, or the total iron deposited over oceans. All in all, this assessment represents a baseline for future model experiments including new mineralogical maps constrained by high quality spaceborne hyperspectral measurements, such as those arising from the NASA EMIT mission.
Climate oscillations in the Quaternary forced species to major latitudinal or altitudinal range shifts. It has been suggested that adaptation concomitant with range shifts plays key roles in species responses during climate oscillations, but the role of selection for local adaptation to climatic changes remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigated population structure, demographic history and signatures of climate-driven selection based on genome-wide polymorphism data of 141 Japanese Arabidopsis halleri individuals, with European ones as outgroups. Coalescent-based analyses suggested a genetic differentiation between Japanese subpopulations since the Last Glacial Period (LGP), which would have contributed to shaping the current pattern of population structure. Population demographic analysis revealed the population size fluctuations in the LGP, which were particularly prominent since the subpopulations started to diverge (\uffe2\uff88\uffbc50, 000 years ago). The ecological niche modeling predicted the geographic or distribution range shifts from southern coastal regions to northern coastal and mountainous areas, possibly in association with the population size fluctuations. Through genome-wide association analyses of bioclimatic variables and selection scans, we investigated whether climate-associated loci are enriched in the extreme tails of selection scans, and demonstrated the prevailing signatures of selection, particularly toward a warmer climate in southern subpopulations and a drier environment in northern subpopulations, which may have taken place during or after the LGP. Our study highlights the importance of integrating climate associations, selection scans and population demographic analyses for identifying genomic signatures of population-specific adaptation, which would also help us predict the evolutionary responses to future climate changes.Climate oscillations in the Quaternary forced species to major latitudinal or altitudinal range shifts. It has been suggested that adaptation concomitant with range shifts plays key roles in species responses during climate oscillations, but the role of selection for local adaptation to climatic changes remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigated population structure, demographic history and signatures of climate-driven selection based on genome-wide polymorphism data of 141 Japanese Arabidopsis halleri individuals, with European ones as outgroups. Coalescent-based analyses suggested a genetic differentiation between Japanese subpopulations since the Last Glacial Period (LGP), which would have contributed to shaping the current pattern of population structure. Population demographic analysis revealed the population size fluctuations in the LGP, which were particularly prominent since the subpopulations started to diverge (\uffe2\uff88\uffbc50, 000 years ago). The ecological niche modeling predicted the geographic or distribution range shifts from southern coastal regions to northern coastal and mountainous areas, possibly in association with the population size fluctuations. Through genome-wide association analyses of bioclimatic variables and selection scans, we investigated whether climate-associated loci are enriched in the extreme tails of selection scans, and demonstrated the prevailing signatures of selection, particularly toward a warmer climate in southern subpopulations and a drier environment in northern subpopulations, which may have taken place during or after the LGP. Our study highlights the importance of integrating climate associations, selection scans and population demographic analyses for identifying genomic signatures of population-specific adaptation, which would also help us predict the evolutionary responses to future climate changes.