ABSTRACT The market of stabilized, slow and controlled release nitrogen (N) fertilizers represents 1% of the world fertilizer consumption. On the other hand, the increase in availability, innovation and application of these technologies could lead to the improvement of N use efficiency in agroecossystems and to the reduction of environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to quantify agronomic efficiency relative index, ammonia volatilization, and CO2 emissions from conventional, stabilized and controlled release N fertilizers in corn summer crop. The experiment was carried out in a corn crop area located in Lavras, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, without irrigation. All treatments were applied in topdressing at rate of 150 kg ha-1 N. N-NH3 losses from N fertilizers were: Granular urea (39% of the applied N ) = prilled urea (38%) > urea coated with 16% S0 (32%) = blend of urea + 7.9% S0 + polymers + conventional urea (32%) > prilled urea incorporated at 0.02 m depth (24%) > urea + 530 mg kg-1 of NBPT (8%) = Hydrolyzed leather (9%) > urea + thermoplastic resin (3%) = ammonium sulfate (1%) = ammonium nitrate (0.7%). Thermoplastic resin coated urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate presented low values of cumulative CO2 emissions in corn crop. On the other hand, hydrolyzed leather promoted greater C-CO2 emission, when compared with other nitrogen fertilizers.
", "keywords": ["Coated urea", "Nitrogen", "Agriculture (General)", "Biomedical Engineering", "no-tillage", "Soil Science", "Organic chemistry", "Pesticide Pollution and Management", "Ammonia volatilization from urea", "FOS: Medical engineering", "Nitrate", "S1-972", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Engineering", "Fertilizer", "Zea mays L.", "Ammonia", "perdas de NH3", "Agricultural Applications", "Urea", "Ammonium nitrate", "Ammonium sulfate", "Biology", "Effects of Soil Compaction on Crop Production", "4. Education", "Life Sciences", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Pollution", "Agronomy", "Chemistry", "plantio direto", "Controlled Release Materials for Agriculture", "Physical Sciences", "Environmental Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "NH3 loss", "CO2", "Ammonium"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542017415003917"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ci%C3%AAncia%20e%20Agrotecnologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/1413-70542017415003917", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/1413-70542017415003917", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/1413-70542017415003917"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/1413-70542016402031115", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-05-11", "title": "Ammonia Volatilization From Enhanced-Efficiency Urea On No-Till Maize In Brazilian Cerrado With Improved Soil Fertility", "description": "ABSTRACT High nitrogen losses by ammonia volatilization are expected when urea is used as the source of N. The use of controlled-release urea and urease inhibitors are possible strategies to reduce such losses and increase nitrogen use efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate nitrogen losses by ammonia volatilization from stabilized, slow and controlled release urea and its absorption by maize grown under no-till in an improved Cerrado soil. Four N sources were used: conventional urea, urea + N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), urea + Cu and B and urea coated by sulfur + polymers. These N sources were surface applied along the rows using three N doses of 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1. No N was added to the control. Data were collected regarding N losses by volatilization, the N contents accumulated in the stubble and grains, and the yields of the stubble and grains. Stabilized urea and slow release urea were efficient for postponing the ammonia volatilization peaks. The urease inhibitors postponed the peaks for up to two days, reducing the accumulated volatilization by 18% when compared with common urea. Polymer sulfur coated urea resulted in a 37% reduction in ammonia volatilization. Increasing the N application rate to 200 kg ha-1 resulted in 16% greater yields and 37% greater N accumulation in the plants relative to the control. However, the stabilized and slow-release urea did not improve the N accumulation or yield. Consequently, the nitrogen use efficiency of maize was not improved relative to the use of conventional urea.
", "keywords": ["Fertilizantes nitrogenados", "2. Zero hunger", "Agriculture (General)", "ureia revestida por enxofre e pol\u00edmeros", "polymer sulfur coated urea", "urease inhibitors", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "NH3-N losses", "inibidores de urease", "S1-972", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Zea mays L", "Nitrogen fertilizers", "perdas de N-NH3"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542016402031115"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ci%C3%AAncia%20e%20Agrotecnologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/1413-70542016402031115", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/1413-70542016402031115", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/1413-70542016402031115"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/1983-21252016v29n405rc", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-23T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-11-05", "title": "Corn Development And Production In Function Of Sources Of Nitrogen Fertilizers And Doses", "description": "ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) is one of the nutrients that have the most significant effect on corn grain productivity increase. In order to evaluate the effect of sources of N topdressing and doses in the grown corn culture, in a conventional till system, it was installed an experiment in the city of Uruta\uffc3\uffad, Goi\uffc3\uffa1s, in the 2012/13 crop, in clayey textured Red Latosol. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications, with the treatments arranged in a factorial 3 x 5, consisting of three sources (coated urea, urea and ammonium sulfate) and five doses (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1) of N, topdressing, applied in the surface and in a single dose, when the corn plants were in V4 stage. The hybrid used was the P3646H. We evaluated the following characters: stem diameter, plant height, height of ear insertion, leaf N, number of ears per plant, ear length, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row, 100 grains mass and grain productivity. All characters have a response to nitrogen fertilization and only the height of ear insertion showed no significant difference between sources. The source coated urea showed the best results, indicating that its use may be compensatory, especially in favorable conditions for the NH3 volatilization, as the application of high doses of N in the surface.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Coated urea", "Aduba\u00e7\u00e3o nitrogenada", "S", "QH301-705.5", "Ureia", "Agriculture", "Sulfato de am\u00f4nio", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Aduba\u00e7\u00e3o nitrogenada. Sulfato de am\u00f4nio. Ureia. Ureia revestida. Zea mays L..", "01 natural sciences", "Nitrogen fertilization", "Zea mays L.", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Nitrogen fertilization. Ammonium sulfate. Urea. Coated urea. Zea mays L..", "Ammonium sulfate", "Biology (General)", "Ureia revestida"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://periodicos.ufersa.edu.br/caatinga/article/view/4377/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n405rc"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Revista%20Caatinga", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/1983-21252016v29n405rc", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/1983-21252016v29n405rc", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n405rc"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/s0100-06832013000400014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:20:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-09-25", "title": "Loss Of Ammonia From Nitrogen Fertilizers Applied To Maize And Soybean Straw", "description": "In Brazilian agriculture, urea is the most commonly used nitrogen (N) source, in spite of having the disadvantage of losing considerable amounts of N by ammonia-N volatilization. The objectives of this study were to evaluate: N lossby ammonia volatilization from: [urea coated with copper sulfate and boric acid], [urea coated with zeolite], [urea+ammonium sulfate], [urea coated with copper sulfate and boric acid+ammonium sulfate], [common urea] and [ammonium nitrate]; and the effect of these N source son the maize yield in terms of amount and quality. The treatments were applied to the surface of a soil under no-tillage maize, in two growing seasons. The first season (2009/2010) was after a maize crop (maize straw left on the soil surface) and the second cycle (2012/2011) after a soybean crop. Due to the weather conditions during the experiments, the volatilization of ammonia-N was highest in the first four days after application of the N sources. Of all urea sources, under volatilization-favorable conditions, the loss of ammonia from urea coated with copper sulfate and boric acid was lowest, while under high rainfall, the losses from the different urea sources was similar, i.e., an adequate rainfall was favorablet o reduce volatilization. The ammonia volatilization losses were greatest in the first four days after application. Maize grain yield differed due to N application and in the treatments, but this was only observed with cultivation of maize crop residues in 2009/2010. The combination of ammonium+urea coated with copper sulfate and boric acid optimized grain yield compared to the other urea treatments. The crude protein concentration in maize was not influenced by the technologies of urea coating.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "copper sulfate", "Agriculture (General)", "volatiliza\u00e7\u00e3o", "ureia revestida", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "6. Clean water", "S1-972", "\u00e1cido b\u00f3rico", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "coated urea", "zeolite", "volatilization", "boric acid", "sulfato de cobre", "ze\u00f3lita"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832013000400014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Revista%20Brasileira%20de%20Ci%C3%AAncia%20do%20Solo", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s0100-06832013000400014", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s0100-06832013000400014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s0100-06832013000400014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/s0100-06832014000400016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:20:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-10-04", "title": "Ammonia Volatilization And Yield Components After Application Of Polymer-Coated Urea To Maize", "description": "A form of increasing the efficiency of N fertilizer is by coating urea with polymers to reduce ammonia volatilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of polymer-coated urea on the control of ammonia volatilization, yield and nutritional characteristics of maize. The experiment was carried out during one maize growing cycle in 2009/10 on a Geric Ferralsol, inUberl\uffc3\uffa2ndia, MG, Brazil. Nitrogen fertilizers were applied as topdressing on the soil surface in the following urea treatments: polymer-coated urea at rates of 45, 67.5 and 90 kg ha-1 N and one control treatment (no N), in randomized blocks with four replications. Nitrogen application had a favorable effect on N concentrations in leaves and grains, Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter readings and on grain yield, where as coated urea had no effect on the volatilization rates, SPAD readings and N leaf and grain concentration, nor on grain yield in comparison to conventional fertilization.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "volatiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de am\u00f4nia", "Agriculture (General)", "N fertilizer", "polymer-coated urea", "leitura SPAD", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Zea mays", "nitrogen", "6. Clean water", "nitrog\u00eanio", "S1-972", "ammonia volatilization", "SPAD reading", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "fertilizante nitrogenado", "ureia revestida com pol\u00edmeros"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832014000400016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Revista%20Brasileira%20de%20Ci%C3%AAncia%20do%20Solo", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s0100-06832014000400016", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s0100-06832014000400016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s0100-06832014000400016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.17221/156/2011-pse", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-23T16:20:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-02-10", "title": "Effects Of Urea Types And Irrigation On Crop Uptake, Soil Residual, And Loss Of Nitrogen In Maize Field On The North China Plain", "description": "Water and nitrogen managements are both very important to increase crop yield. An experiment was carried out in split plot design to study the effects of urea types (normal urea and coated urea) and irrigation on soil and fertilizer nitrogen use in maize (Zea mays L.) field in 2006 and 2007. Irrigation was used as main plot, and urea types were used as split-plot. Two irrigation levels, no irrigation in the whole growth duration and 85 mm irrigation at the blister stage, were designed. There were five nitrogen treatments, which were no nitrogen used as control (N0), normal urea 75 kg N/ha (N1), normal urea 150 kg N/ha (N2), coated urea 75 kg N/ha (C1) and coated urea 150 kg N/ha (C2). The results showed that, at the same level of irrigation and nitrogen, the soil nitrogen contents of the treatments with coated urea (CU) applied were higher in 0~40 cm soil layers, but lower in deeper soil layers, than those with normal urea (NU) applied. Irrigation increased the nitrate losing, but the nitrate loss of CU was lower than those of NU. Using CU with irrigation could increase the nitrogen uptake by maize, and more nitrogen was transfered to grain. At the same nitrogen level, CU had higher N recovery efficiency but lower soil N dependent rate than NU. When applied with CU, the nitrogen release rate was lower and the nitrogen was quickly absorbed by maize, which reduced the risk of nitrogen loss and increased the use efficiency of soil and fertilizer nitrogen. These results suggest that coated urea combined with deficit irrigation should be applied for high yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize on the North China Plain.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "nitrate nitrogen", "Plant culture", "coated urea", "maize", "nitrogen utilization", "01 natural sciences", "irrigation", "6. Clean water", "SB1-1110", "3. Good health"], "contacts": [{"organization": "H. G. Hu, S. Z. Tian, Y. Wang, Zengjia Li, S. Y. Chi, Tangyuan Ning, H. F. Han, G. Q. Shao,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.17221/156/2011-pse"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%2C%20Soil%20and%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.17221/156/2011-pse", "name": "item", "description": "10.17221/156/2011-pse", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.17221/156/2011-pse"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-01-31T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Coated+urea&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Coated+urea&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Coated+urea&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Coated+urea&offset=6", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 6, "numberReturned": 6, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-06-24T03:27:53.948005Z"}