{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "0f85c381-e496-47d9-89d8-f1fe2ee1a517", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-180.0, -90.0], [-180.0, 90.0], [180.0, 90.0], [180.0, -90.0], [-180.0, -90.0]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Global"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2025-02-05T10:34:26", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "A homogenized soil data file for global environmental research: A subset of FAO, ISRIC and NRCS profiles", "description": "A homogenized, global set of 1,125 soil profiles is presented. These profiles have been extracted from the database developed at ISRIC for a project on \"World Inventory of Soil Emission Potentials\" (WISE), as a contribution to the activities of the Global Soils Data Task Group of IGBP-DIS. The subset consists of a selection of 665 profiles originating from digital data files released by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS, Lincoln), 250 profiles obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, Rome), and 210 profiles from the reference collection of the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC, Wageningen). All profiles are georeferenced and classified in the FAO-Unesco Legend whereby they can be linked to the edited and digital version of the FAO-Unesco Soil Map of the World. This data set is being released in the public domain for use by global modellers and other interested scientists. It is envisaged that the data set will be expanded by ISRIC when new, uniform soil profile data become available.\n\nNote: \na) A more recent version (some 10,000 profiles) of WISE profiles is available at: http://data.isric.org/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/a351682c-330a-4995-a5a1-57ad160e621c (2009)\nb) For a larger compilation see the WoSIS database: http://isric.org/explore/wosis (2017)", "formats": [{"name": "zip"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["calcium", "carbon", "cation exchange capacity", "electrical conductivity", "nitrogen", "organic carbon", "bulk density", "soil classification", "soil depth", "soil profiles", "pH", "salinity", "texture", "water holding capacity", "soil profiles", "nutrients", "Soil science", "Global"], "contacts": [{"name": "Niels Batjes", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior Soil Scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "niels.batjes@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Eloi Ribeiro", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information (WDC - Soils)", "position": "Geoinformatic", "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["P.O. Box 47"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6708 PB", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Data info desk", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information (WDC - Soils)", "position": null, "roles": ["custodian"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Data info desk", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information (WDC - Soils)", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information (WDC - Soils)", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "distancevalue": "30", "distanceuom": "arc-second"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/wise/ISRIC_report_1995_10b.zip", "name": "Download", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://www.isric.org/documents/document-type/isric-report-199510b-homogenized-soil-data-file-global-environmental", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/wise/ISRIC-WISE_Internat_Soil_Prof_Data_Set_c.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "0f85c381-e496-47d9-89d8-f1fe2ee1a517", "name": "item", "description": "0f85c381-e496-47d9-89d8-f1fe2ee1a517", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/0f85c381-e496-47d9-89d8-f1fe2ee1a517"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1950-01-01T00:00:00Z", "1995-07-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "10.1002/hyp.11203", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:13:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-04-16", "title": "3D soil hydraulic database of Europe at 250\u00a0m resolution", "description": "Abstract

Soil hydraulic properties are required in various modelling schemes. We propose a consistent spatial soil hydraulic database at 7 soil depths up to 2\uffc2\uffa0m calculated for Europe based on SoilGrids250m and 1\uffc2\uffa0km datasets and pedotransfer functions trained on the European Hydropedological Data Inventory. Saturated water content, water content at field capacity and wilting point, saturated hydraulic conductivity and Mualem\uffe2\uff80\uff90van Genuchten parameters for the description of the moisture retention, and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curves have been predicted. The derived 3D soil hydraulic layers (EU\uffe2\uff80\uff90SoilHydroGrids ver1.0) can be used for environmental modelling purposes at catchment or continental scale in Europe. Currently, only EU\uffe2\uff80\uff90SoilHydroGrids provides information on the most frequently required soil hydraulic properties with full European coverage up to 2\uffc2\uffa0m depth at 250\uffc2\uffa0m resolution.150\u00a0\u03bcm in diameter (pores draining freely with gravity) were 0.124, 0.096 and 0.095\u00a0m 3 \u00a0m \u22123 under CT, MT and ZT; and 0.110, 0.104 and 0.101\u00a0m 3 \u00a0m \u22123 under S\u2013W, S\u2013L and S\u2013P, respectively. Saturated hydraulic conductivity values in all the studied soil depths were significantly greater under ZT than those under CT (range from 300 to 344\u00a0mm\u00a0day \u22121 ). The observed k ( h ) values at 0\u201375\u00a0mm soil depth under ZT were significantly higher than those computed under CT at all the suction levels, except at \u221210, \u2212100 and \u2212400\u00a0kPa suction. Among the crop rotations, S\u2013P rotation recorded significantly higher k ( h ) values than those under S\u2013W and S\u2013L rotations up to \u221240\u00a0kPa suction. The interaction effects of tillage and crop rotations affecting the k ( h ) values were found significant at all the soil water suctions. Both S\u2013L and S\u2013P rotations resulted in better soil water retention and transmission properties under ZT.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Tillage management", "Loamy sand", "Sandy soils", "550", "Soil hydraulic conductivity", "Soybean based cropping system", "India", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Pore size distribution", "15. Life on land", "Soil fertility", "630", "6. Clean water", "Crop rotation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Conservation tillage"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.02.018"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2005.02.018", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2005.02.018", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2005.02.018"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2014.07.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:17:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-07-31", "title": "Influence Of Soil Management On Soil Physical Characteristics And Water Storage In A Mature Rainfed Olive Orchard", "description": "Mechanical tillage represents the most common technique of soil management in olive orchards within the Mediterranean Basin. Such practice may result in soil structure degradation which can significantly reduce water infiltration causing runoff and erosion processes. An alternative opportunity is given by the use of cover crops which eliminates most of the disadvantages of conventional tillage. An experiment was carried out from 2007 to 2009 in a mature and rainfed olive grove located in Southern Italy with the aim to evaluate the effect of different soil management techniques on soil structure and soil water content and storage along the profile. The experimental site was characterised by a slope gradient ranging from 0 to 16%. Since 2000, the olive grove was subjected to two different management systems: sustainable system, SS (no-tillage, spontaneous vegetation cover, annual recycling of pruning material) and conventional system, CS (tillage, no recycling of pruning material). Modifications of soil structure induced by the two different management systems were quantified by micromorphometric analysis of macroporosity. Soil hydrological behavior was determined by field saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) measurements. Soil water content was measured at 10/15-day intervals by gypsum resistivity blocks placed in flat and steep areas (summit, backslope, and footslope) of both systems at different soil depths (25, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 200\u00a0cm). In the SS soil macroporosity was not very high (about 10%) but homogeneously distributed along the profile which favored the vertical water movement down to deeper horizons. In the CS the occurrence of soil crusting and of compacted layers along the profile hindered infiltration and percolation of rainfall water influencing the soil water content below the 100\u00a0cm layer. The SS was able to better store water from rainfall, received during the autumn\u2013winter period, especially in the deepest soil layer (from 100 to 200\u00a0cm). This was evident especially in the steep area at the summit position, where the water amounts stored by SS were 45 and 17% higher than those retained by the CS in 2007 and 2009, respectively. During summer such reserves were available for the olive root systems which usually, under the driest conditions, explore the deep soil zone in search of water. Under our experimental conditions, no yield reduction was observed due to the prompt mowing of the spontaneous cover crops. Therefore, the suitable use of cover crops should be communicated to the olive farmers and strongly recommended within agricultural policy strategies for its evident agronomical and environmental benefits (increase of soil organic carbon, soil structure improvement, reduction of soil and water losses, carbon sequestration).", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil macroporosity", "Cover crops", "Olea europaea; Cover crops; Soil water storage; Soil macroporosity; Saturated hydraulic conductivity", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Saturated hydraulic conductivity", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil water storage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Olea europaea", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.07.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2014.07.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2014.07.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2014.07.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1021/acsaem.2c02012", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:17:13Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-09-21", "title": "Tuning the Thermoelectric Performance of CaMnO3-Based Ceramics by Controlled Exsolution and Microstructuring", "description": "The thermoelectric properties of CaMnO3-\u03b4/CaMn2O4 composites were tuned via microstructuring and compositional adjustment. Single-phase rock-salt-structured CaO-MnO materials with Ca:Mn ratios larger than unity were produced in reducing atmosphere and subsequently densified by spark plasma sintering in vacuum. Annealing in air at 1340 \u00b0C between 1 and 24 h activated redox-driven exsolution and resulted in a variation in microstructure and CaMnO3-\u03b4 materials with 10 and 15 vol % CaMn2O4, respectively. The nature of the CaMnO3-\u03b4/CaMn2O4 grain boundary was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy on short- and long-term annealed samples, and a sharp interface with no secondary phase formation was indicated in both cases. This was further complemented by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which confirmed that the CaMnO3-\u03b4 indeed is a line compound. DFT calculations predict segregation of oxygen vacancies from the bulk of CaMnO3-\u03b4 to the interface between CaMnO3-\u03b4 and CaMn2O4, resulting in an enhanced electronic conductivity of the CaMnO3-\u03b4 phase. Samples with 15 vol % CaMn2O4 annealed for 24 h reached the highest electrical conductivity of 73 S\u00b7cm-1 at 900 \u00b0C. The lowest thermal conductivity was obtained for composites with 10 vol % CaMn2O4 annealed for 8 h, reaching 0.56 W\u00b7m-1K-1 at 700 \u00b0C. However, the highest thermoelectric figure-of-merit, zT, was obtained for samples with 15 vol % CaMn2O4 reaching 0.11 at temperatures between 800 and 900 \u00b0C, due to the enhanced power factor above 700 \u00b0C. This work represents an approach to boost the thermoelectric performance of CaMnO3-\u03b4 based composites.", "keywords": ["oxide thermoelectrics", "Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::540 | Chemie", "composite CaMnO 3-\u03b4", "electrical conductivity", "thermal conductivity", "02 engineering and technology", "0210 nano-technology", "01 natural sciences", "heterostructuring", "0104 chemical sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c02012"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/ACS%20Applied%20Energy%20Materials", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1021/acsaem.2c02012", "name": "item", "description": "10.1021/acsaem.2c02012", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1021/acsaem.2c02012"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-09-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/a:1008916026143", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:17:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Spike-Frequency Adaptation Of A Generalized Leaky Integrate-And-Fire Model Neuron", "description": "Although spike-frequency adaptation is a commonly observed property of neurons, its functional implications are still poorly understood. In this work, using a leaky integrate-and-fire neural model that includes a Ca2+-activated K+ current (IAHP), we develop a quantitative theory of adaptation temporal dynamics and compare our results with recent in vivo intracellular recordings from pyramidal cells in the cat visual cortex. Experimentally testable relations between the degree and the time constant of spike-frequency adaptation are predicted. We also contrast the IAHP model with an alternative adaptation model based on a dynamical firing threshold. Possible roles of adaptation in temporal computation are explored, as a a time-delayed neuronal self-inhibition mechanism. Our results include the following: (1) given the same firing rate, the variability of interspike intervals (ISIs) is either reduced or enhanced by adaptation, depending on whether the IAHP dynamics is fast or slow compared with the mean ISI in the output spike train; (2) when the inputs are Poisson-distributed (uncorrelated), adaptation generates temporal anticorrelation between ISIs, we suggest that measurement of this negative correlation provides a probe to assess the strength of IAHP in vivo; (3) the forward masking effect produced by the slow dynamics of IAHP is nonlinear and effective at selecting the strongest input among competing sources of input signals.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "Neurons", "03 medical and health sciences", "0302 clinical medicine", "Potassium Channels", "Time Factors", "Models", " Neurological", "Electric Conductivity", "Reaction Time", "Action Potentials", "Differential Threshold", "Calcium", "Adaptation", " Physiological"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ying-Hui Liu, Xiao Jing Wang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1008916026143"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20computational%20neuroscience", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/a:1008916026143", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/a:1008916026143", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/a:1008916026143"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1088/1748-9326/ad0a1a", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:18:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-11-06", "title": "Macro- and micro-plastics change soil physical properties: a systematic review", "description": "Abstract

Plastic pollution in terrestrial environments is a global issue due to its adverse effects on soil health, with negative impacts on ecosystem services and food production. However, the enormous heterogeneity of both plastic and soil characteristics complicate the assessment of the impact and overall trends in plastic-induced changes in soil properties beyond experimental conditions. In this work, we have carried out a systematic and in-depth review of the existing literature on the impact of plastics on soil physical properties. To this end, we have quantified the effects of macro- (MaP, >5000 \uffce\uffbcm) and micro-plastics (MiP, <5000 \uffce\uffbcm) on soil bulk density, soil porosity, water-stable aggregates (WSAs), saturated hydraulic conductivity, and soil moisture at field capacity (FC), based on four characteristics of plastics: polymer types, shapes and sizes of plastic particles, and plastic concentrations in soil. Results showed that MaPs and MiPs significantly modified the values of the analyzed soil physical properties compared to the control without plastic in over 50% of the experimental dataset, albeit with a large variability, from a reduction to an increase in values, depending on the specific experimental conditions and the soil physical property. Depending on the plastic concentration, soil bulk density and porosity decreased moderately (4%\uffe2\uff80\uff936%) with MiP and MaP. MiP reduced WSA by an average of 20%, ranging from a 40% decrease to a 20% increase depending on the shapes and concentration of MiP. Saturated hydraulic conductivity changed depending on the polymer types, shapes, and concentrations of MaP and MiP, varying from a 70% decrease to a 40% increase. Soil water content at FC varied depending on the soil texture, and concentration and sizes distribution of conventional MiP, decreasing from 10% to 65%. However, biodegradable plastic increased soil water content at FC. The few studies available provide evidence that not enough attention is being paid to soil physical properties influenced by plastic input. It is recommended to consider the wide range of characteristics of MaP and MiP and their effects on soil physical properties in future studies, for an advance understanding of the impact of MiP and MaP on soil health in the medium-long term under different environmental conditions. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) is a key property for evaluating soil water movement and quality. Most studies on spatial variability of K have been performed soil at a field or smaller scale. Therefore, the aim of this work was to assess (quantify) the spatial distribution of K at the larger regional scale in south-eastern Poland and its relationship with other soil properties, including intrinsic sand, silt, and clay contents, relatively stable organic carbon, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and temporally variable water content (WC), total porosity (FI), and dry bulk density (BD) in the surface layer (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9320\uffc2\uffa0cm). The spatial relationships were assessed using a semivariogram and a cross-semivariogram. The studied region (140\uffc2\uffa0km 2 ) with predominantly permeable sandy soils with low fertility and productivity is located in the south-eastern part of Poland (Podlasie region). The mean sand and organic carbon contents are 74 and 0.86 and their ranges (in %) are 45\uffe2\uff80\uff9395 and 0.002\uffe2\uff80\uff933.75, respectively. The number of individual samples varied from 216 to 228 (for K, WC, BD, FI) to 691 for the other soil properties. The best fitting models were adjusted to the empirical semivariogram (exponential) and the cross-semivariogram (exponential, Gaussian, or linear) used to draw maps with kriging. The results showed that, among the soil properties studied, K was most variable (coefficient of variation 77.3%) and significantly ( p \uffe2\uff80\uff89<\uffe2\uff80\uff890.05) positively correlated with total porosity (r\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff890.300) and negatively correlated with soil bulk density (r\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff80\uff93\uffe2\uff80\uff890.283). The normal or close to the normal distribution was obtained by natural logarithmic and root square transformations. The mean K was 2.597\uffc2\uffa0m\uffc2\uffa0day \uffe2\uff88\uff921 and ranged from 0.01 up to 11.54\uffc2\uffa0m\uffc2\uffa0day \uffe2\uff88\uff921 . The spatial autocorrelation (range) of K in the single (direct) semivariograms was 0.081\uffc2\uffb0 (8.1\uffc2\uffa0km), while it favourably increased up to 0.149\uffc2\uffb0\uffe2\uff80\uff930.81\uffc2\uffb0 (14.9\uffe2\uff80\uff9381\uffc2\uffa0km) in the cross-semivariograms using the OC contents, textural fractions, and CEC as auxiliary variables. The generated spatial maps allowed outlining two sub-areas with predominantly high K above 3.0\uffc2\uffa0m\uffc2\uffa0day \uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the northern sandier (sand content\uffe2\uff80\uff89>\uffe2\uff80\uff8974%) and less silty (silt content\uffe2\uff80\uff89<\uffe2\uff80\uff8922%) part and, with lower K in the southern part of the study region. Generally, the spatial distribution of the K values in the study region depended on the share of individual intrinsic textural fractions. On the other hand, the ranges of the spatial relationship between K and the intrinsic and relatively stable soil properties were much larger (from\uffe2\uff80\uff89~\uffe2\uff80\uff8915 to 81\uffc2\uffa0km) than between K and the temporally variable soil properties (0.3\uffe2\uff80\uff930.9\uffc2\uffa0km). This knowledge is supportive for making decisions related to land management aimed at alteration of hydraulic conductivity to improve soil water resources and crop productivity and reduce chemical leaching. Management systems may lead to a loss of soil physical quality as a result of removal of the plant cover and excessive agricultural mechanization. The hypothesis of this study was that the soil aggregate stability, bulk density, macro- and microporosity, and the S index and saturated hydraulic conductivity may be used as indicators of the soil physical quality. The aim was to study the effects of different periods and managements on the physical attributes of a medium-textured Red Oxisol under soybean and corn for two growing seasons, and determine which layers are most susceptible to variations. A completely randomized experimental design was used with split plots (five treatments and four layers), with four replications. The treatments in 2008/09 consisted of: five years of no-tillage (NTS5), seven years of no-tillage (NTS7), nine years of no-tillage (NTS9), conventional tillage (CTS) and an adjacent area of native forest (NF). The treatments were extended for another year, identified in 2009/10 as: NTS6, NTS8, NTS10, CTS and NF. The soil layers 0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.30 m were sampled. The highest S index values were observed in the treatment CTS in the 0-0.05 m layer (0.106) and the 0.05-0.10 m layer (0.099) in 2008/09, and in the 0-0.05 m layer (0.066) in 2009/10. This fact may be associated with soil turnover, resulting in high macroporosity in this treatment. In contrast, in the NTS, limiting macroporosity values were observed in some layers (below 0.10 m\uffc2\uffb3 m-3). Highest aggregate stability as well as the highest saturated hydraulic conductivity (K\uffce\uffb8) values were observed in NF in relation to the other treatments. In 2009/10, the K\uffce\uffb8 in NF differed only from NTS10. This study showed that the use of the S index alone cannot be recommended as an absolute indicator of the soil physical quality, even at values greater than 0.035.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Index S", "agrega\u00e7\u00e3o", "Agriculture (General)", "saturated hydraulic conductivity", "aggregation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "\u00edndice S", "15. Life on land", "\u00cdndice S", "6. Clean water", "S1-972", "S index", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "condutividade hidra\u00falica saturada"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832013000600009"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Revista%20Brasileira%20de%20Ci%C3%AAncia%20do%20Solo", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s0100-06832013000600009", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s0100-06832013000600009", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s0100-06832013000600009"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0034887", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:19:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-04-19", "title": "Changes In The Diversity Of Soil Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi After Cultivation For Biofuel Production In A Guantanamo (Cuba) Tropical System", "description": "Open AccessLes champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires (FMA) sont un \u00e9l\u00e9ment cl\u00e9 et int\u00e9gral de la stabilit\u00e9, de la durabilit\u00e9 et du fonctionnement des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes. Dans cette \u00e9tude, nous avons caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 la biodiversit\u00e9 de l'AMF dans un sol v\u00e9g\u00e9tal natif et dans un sol cultiv\u00e9 avec Jatropha curcas ou Ricinus communis, dans un syst\u00e8me tropical \u00e0 Guantanamo (Cuba), afin de v\u00e9rifier si un changement d'utilisation des terres pour la production de plantes biocarburants a eu un effet sur les communaut\u00e9s de l'AMF. Nous \u00e9valuons \u00e9galement si certaines propri\u00e9t\u00e9s du sol li\u00e9es \u00e0 la fertilit\u00e9 du sol (N total, C organique, biomasse microbienne C, pourcentage de stabilit\u00e9 globale, pH et conductivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 modifi\u00e9es avec la culture des deux esp\u00e8ces de cultures. Les g\u00e8nes d'ARNr de la petite sous-unit\u00e9 fongique AM (SSU) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 soumis \u00e0 une PCR, \u00e0 un clonage, \u00e0 un s\u00e9quen\u00e7age et \u00e0 des analyses phylog\u00e9n\u00e9tiques. Vingt types de s\u00e9quences fongiques AM ont \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9s\u00a0: 19 appartiennent aux Glomeraceae et un aux Paraglomeraceae. Deux types de s\u00e9quences d'AMF li\u00e9s \u00e0 des esp\u00e8ces d'AMF cultiv\u00e9es (Glo G3 pour Glomus sinuosum et Glo G6 pour Glomus intraradices-G. fasciculatum-G. irregulare) ne se sont pas produits dans le sol cultiv\u00e9 avec J. curcas et R. communis. Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s du sol (N total, C organique et biomasse microbienne C) \u00e9taient plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es dans le sol cultiv\u00e9 avec les deux esp\u00e8ces v\u00e9g\u00e9tales. La diversit\u00e9 de la communaut\u00e9 AMF a diminu\u00e9 dans le sol des deux cultures, par rapport au sol v\u00e9g\u00e9tal indig\u00e8ne, et variait consid\u00e9rablement en fonction des esp\u00e8ces cultiv\u00e9es plant\u00e9es. Ainsi, le sol de R. communis pr\u00e9sentait une diversit\u00e9 AMF plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e que le sol de J. curcas. En conclusion, R. communis pourrait \u00eatre plus adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 la conservation \u00e0 long terme et \u00e0 la gestion durable de ces \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes tropicaux.", "keywords": ["Biomass (ecology)", "Jatropha", "Plant Science", "Plant Roots", "7. Clean energy", "Fungal Diversity", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Soil", "Mycorrhizae", "Jatropha curcas", "Soil water", "Saproxylic Insect Ecology and Forest Management", "Mycological Typing Techniques", "Phylogeny", "Soil Microbiology", "2. Zero hunger", "Ecology", "Q", "R", "Cuba", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "Biodiversity", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Medicine", "Research Article", "Science", "Soil fertility", "12. Responsible consumption", "Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions", "Health Sciences", "Biology", "Ecosystem", "Ribosome Subunits", " Small", " Eukaryotic", "Pharmacology", "Tropical Climate", "Soil organic matter", "Electric Conductivity", "Botany", "Medicinal Mushrooms: Antitumor and Immunomodulating Properties", "Spore", "15. Life on land", "Agronomy", "Glomus", "Molecular Typing", "Biofuels", "Insect Science", "FOS: Biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ricinus communis"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034887"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0034887", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0034887", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0034887"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-04-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "76f1bae3-cee1-4bc7-98b2-beb036d88d2b", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-173.2, -78.5], [-173.2, 80.0], [178.5, 80.0], [178.5, -78.5], [-173.2, -78.5]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Global"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2023-12-08T11:18:44", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "WoSIS snapshot - July 2016", "description": "The aim of the World Soil Information Service (WoSIS) is to serve quality-assessed, geo-referenced soil data (point, polygon, and grid) to the international community upon their standardisation and harmonisation. So far, the focus has been on developing procedures for legacy point data with special attention to the selection of soil analytical and physical properties considered in the GlobalSoilMap specifications (e.g. organic carbon, soil pH, soil texture (sand, silt, and clay), coarse fragments (\u2009greater than\u2009\u202f2\u202fmm), cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, bulk density, and water holding capacity). Profile data managed in WoSIS were contributed by a wide range of soil data providers; the data have been described, sampled, and analysed according to methods and standards in use in the originating countries. Hence, special attention was paid to measures for soil data quality and the standardisation of soil property definitions, soil property values, and soil analytical method descriptions.\n\nAt the time of writing, the full WoSIS database contained some 118\u202f400 unique shared soil profiles, of which some 96\u202f000 are geo-referenced within defined limits. In total, this corresponds with over 31 million soil records, of which some 20\u202f% have so far been quality-assessed and standardised using the sequential procedure discussed in this paper.\n\nThe number of measured data for each property varies between profiles and with depth, generally depending on the purpose of the initial studies. Overall, the data lineage strongly determined which data could be standardised with acceptable confidence in accord with WoSIS procedures, corresponding to over 4 million records for 94\u202f441 profiles.\n\nThe downloadable ZIP file has the data in TSV (tab separated values). It contains the following files:\n- ReadmeFirst_WoSIS_2016.pdf (148.1 KB)\n- wosis_201607_attributes.txt (4.1 KB)\n- wosis_201607_layers.txt (679.1 MB)\n- wosis_201607_profiles.txt (8.8 MB)\n\nCitation:\nBatjes NH, Ribeiro E, van Oostrum A, Leenaars J, and Mendes de Jesus J 2016. Standardised soil profile data for the world (WoSIS, July 2016 snapshot), doi:10.17027/isric-wdcsoils.20160003.\nThe dataset accompanies the following data paper: Batjes NH, Ribeiro E, van Oostrum A, Leenaars J, Hengl T, and Mendes de Jesus J 2017. WoSIS: Providing standardised soil profile data for the world, Earth System Science Data 9, 1-14, doi:10.5194/essd-9-1-2017.", "formats": [{"name": "Niels H. Batjes"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["bulk density", "cation exchange capacity", "soil classification", "coarse fragments", "clay", "effective cation exchange capacity", "electrical conductivity", "organic carbon", "pH", "sand", "silt", "calcium carbonate", "texture", "water retention", "soil profiles", "Soil science", "Global"], "contacts": [{"name": "Ad van Oostrum", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Guest researcher", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": null}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Niels Batjes", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior Soil Scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "niels.batjes@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Eloi Ribeiro", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": null}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Data infodesk", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "denominator": "100000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/wosis_snapshot/WoSIS_2016_July.zip", "name": "Download zip", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-1-2017", "name": "Scientific paper", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/faq-wosis", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/wosis_snapshot/wosis_snapshot.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "76f1bae3-cee1-4bc7-98b2-beb036d88d2b", "name": "item", "description": "76f1bae3-cee1-4bc7-98b2-beb036d88d2b", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/76f1bae3-cee1-4bc7-98b2-beb036d88d2b"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1918-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2013-02-12T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "ca880bd4-cff8-11e9-8046-0cc47adaa92c", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-173.2, -78.5], [-173.2, 80.0], [178.5, 80.0], [178.5, -78.5], [-173.2, -78.5]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Global"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2023-12-08T11:13:11", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "WoSIS snapshot - September 2019", "description": "The World Soil Information Service (WoSIS) provides quality-assessed and standardised soil profile data to support digital soil mapping and environmental applications at broad scale levels. Since the release of the first \u2018WoSIS snapshot\u2019, in July 2016, many new soil data were shared with us, registered in the ISRIC data repository, and subsequently standardised in accordance with the licences specified by the data providers. Soil profile data managed in WoSIS were contributed by a wide range of data providers, therefore special attention was paid to measures for soil data quality and the standardisation of soil property definitions, soil property values (and units of measurement), and soil analytical method descriptions.\n\nWe presently consider the following soil chemical properties (organic carbon, total carbon, total carbonate equivalent, total Nitrogen, Phosphorus (extractable-P, total-P, and P-retention), soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and electrical conductivity) and physical properties (soil texture (sand, silt, and clay), bulk density, coarse fragments, and water retention), grouped according to analytical procedures (aggregates) that are operationally comparable.\n\nFurther, for each profile, we provide the original soil classification (FAO, WRB, USDA, and version) and horizon designations insofar as these have been specified in the source databases. Measures for geographical accuracy (i.e. location) of the point data as well as a first approximation for the uncertainty associated with the operationally defined analytical methods are presented, for possible consideration in digital soil mapping and subsequent earth system modelling.\n\nThe present snapshot, referred to as \u2018WoSIS snapshot - September 2019\u2019, comprises 196,498 geo-referenced profiles originating from 173 countries. They represent over 832 thousand soil layers (or horizons), and over 6 million records. The actual number of observations for each property varies (greatly) between pro\ufb01les and with depth, this generally depending on the objectives of the initial soil sampling programmes.\n\nThe downloadable ZIP file has the data in TSV (tab separated values) and GeoPackage format. It contains the following files:\n- ReadmeFirst_WoSIS_2019dec04.pdf (546.7 KB)\n- wosis_201909.gpkg (2.2 GB, same data as in the tsv)\n- wosis_201909_attributes.tsv (8.7 KB)\n- wosis_201909_layers_chemical.tsv (893.5 MB)\n- wosis_201909_layers_physical.tsv (890.7 MB)\n- wosis_201909_profiles.tsv (18.8 MB)\n\nTo read the data in R, please, uncompress the ZIP file and specify the uncompressed folder. Then use read_tsv to read the TSV files, specifying the data types for each column (c = character, i = integer, n = number, d = double, l = logical, f = factor, D = date, T = date time, t = time).\n\nsetwd(\"/YourFolder/WoSIS_2019_September/\")\nattributes = readr::read_tsv('wosis_201909_attributes.tsv', col_types='cccciicd')\nprofiles = readr::read_tsv('wosis_201909_profiles.tsv', col_types='icccdddiicccciccccicccc')\nchemical = readr::read_tsv('wosis_201909_layers_chemical.tsv', col_types='iiddclcdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccc')\nphysical = readr::read_tsv('wosis_201909_layers_physical.tsv', col_types='iiddclcdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccc')\n\nFor more detailed instructions on how to read the data with R, please visit https://www.isric.org/accessing-wosis-using-r.\n\nCitation:\nBatjes N.H, Ribeiro E, and van Oostrum A.J.M, 2019. Standardised soil profile data for the world (WoSIS snapshot - September 2019), https://doi.org/10.17027/isric-wdcsoils.20190901.\nThe dataset accompanies the following data paper: Batjes N.H., Ribeiro E., and van Oostrum A.J.M., 2019. Standardised soil profile data to support global mapping and modelling (WoSIS snapshot - 2019). Earth System Science Data, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-299-2020.", "formats": [{"name": "Niels H. Batjes"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["bulk density", "cation exchange capacity", "soil classification", "coarse fragments", "clay", "effective cation exchange capacity", "electrical conductivity", "organic carbon", "pH", "sand", "silt", "calcium carbonate", "texture", "water retention", "soil profiles", "Soil science", "Global"], "contacts": [{"name": "Niels Batjes", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Guest researcher", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "niels.batjes@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Ad van Oostrum", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior Soil Scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "ad.vanoostrum@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Eloi Ribeiro", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Geoinformatic", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": null}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["P.O. Box 47"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6708 PB", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Data infodesk", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "100000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/wosis_snapshot/WoSIS_2019_September.zip", "name": "Download zip", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-299-2020", "name": "Scientific paper", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/faq-wosis", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/wosis_snapshot/wosis_snapshot_201909.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "ca880bd4-cff8-11e9-8046-0cc47adaa92c", "name": "item", "description": "ca880bd4-cff8-11e9-8046-0cc47adaa92c", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/ca880bd4-cff8-11e9-8046-0cc47adaa92c"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1918-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2016-07-05T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "e50f84e1-aa5b-49cb-bd6b-cd581232a2ec", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-173.2, -78.5], [-173.2, 80.0], [178.5, 80.0], [178.5, -78.5], [-173.2, -78.5]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Global"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2025-02-05T09:26:02", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "WoSIS snapshot - December 2023", "description": "ABSTRACT:\n\nThe World Soil Information Service (WoSIS) provides quality-assessed and standardized soil profile data to support digital soil mapping and environmental applications at broad scale levels. Since the release of the \u2018WoSIS snapshot 2019\u2019 many new soil data were shared with us, registered in the ISRIC data repository, and subsequently standardized in accordance with the licenses specified by the data providers. The source data were contributed by a wide range of data providers, therefore special attention was paid to the standardization of soil property definitions, soil analytical procedures and soil property values (and units of measurement).\n\nWe presently consider the following soil chemical properties (organic carbon, total carbon, total carbonate equivalent, total Nitrogen, Phosphorus (extractable-P, total-P, and P-retention), soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and electrical conductivity) and physical properties (soil texture (sand, silt, and clay), bulk density, coarse fragments, and water retention), grouped according to analytical procedures (aggregates) that are operationally comparable.\n\nFor each profile we provide the original soil classification (FAO, WRB, USDA, and version) and horizon designations as far as these have been specified in the source databases. \n\nThree measures for 'fitness-for-intended-use' are provided: positional uncertainty (for site locations), time of sampling/description, and a first approximation for the uncertainty associated with the operationally defined analytical methods. These measures should be considered during digital soil mapping and subsequent earth system modelling that use the present set of soil data. \n\n\nDATA SET DESCRIPTION:\n\nThe 'WoSIS 2023 snapshot' comprises data for 228k profiles from 217k geo-referenced sites that originate from 174 countries. The profiles represent over 900k soil layers (or horizons) and over 6 million records. The actual number of measurements for each property varies (greatly) between pro\ufb01les and with depth, this generally depending on the objectives of the initial soil sampling programmes. \n\nThe data are provided in TSV (tab separated values) format and as GeoPackage. The zip-file (446 Mb) contains the following files: \n\n- Readme_WoSIS_202312_v2.pdf: Provides a short description of the dataset, file structure, column names, units and category values (this file is also available directly under 'online resources'). The pdf includes links to tutorials for downloading the TSV files into R respectively Excel. See also 'HOW TO READ TSV FILES INTO R AND PYTHON' in the next section. \n \n- wosis_202312_observations.tsv: This file lists the four to six letter codes for each observation, whether the observation is for a site/profile or layer (horizon), the unit of measurement and the number of profiles respectively layers represented in the snapshot. It also provides an estimate for the inferred accuracy for the laboratory measurements.\n\n- wosis_202312_sites.tsv: This file characterizes the site location where profiles were sampled.\n\n- wosis_2023112_profiles: Presents the unique profile ID (i.e. primary key), site_id, source of the data, country ISO code and name, positional uncertainty, latitude and longitude (WGS 1984), maximum depth of soil described and sampled, as well as information on the soil classification system and edition. Depending on the soil classification system used, the number of fields will vary .\n\n- wosis_202312_layers: This file characterises the layers (or horizons) per profile, and lists their upper and lower depths (cm). \n\n- wosis_202312_xxxx.tsv : This type of file presents results for each observation (e.g. \u201cxxxx\u201d = \u201cBDFIOD\u201d ), as defined under \u201ccode\u201d in file wosis_202312_observation.tsv. (e.g. wosis_202311_bdfiod.tsv). \n\n- wosis_202312.gpkg: Contains the above datafiles in GeoPackage format (which stores the files within an SQLite database).\n\n\nHOW TO READ TSV FILES INTO R AND PYTHON:\n\nA) To read the data in R, please uncompress the ZIP file and specify the uncompressed folder. \n\nsetwd(\"/YourFolder/WoSIS_2023_December/\") ## For example: setwd('D:/WoSIS_2023_December/')\n\nThen use read_tsv to read the TSV files, specifying the data types for each column (c = character, i = integer, n = number, d = double, l = logical, f = factor, D = date, T = date time, t = time).\n\nobservations = readr::read_tsv('wosis_202312_observations.tsv', col_types='cccciid') \nobservations ## show columns and first 10 rows \n\nsites = readr::read_tsv('wosis_202312_sites.tsv', col_types='iddcccc')\nsites \n\nprofiles = readr::read_tsv('wosis_202312_profiles.tsv', col_types='icciccddcccccciccccicccci')\nprofiles \n\nlayers = readr::read_tsv('wosis_202312_layers.tsv', col_types='iiciciiilcc')\nlayers \n\n## Do this for each observation 'XXXX', e.g. file 'Wosis_202312_orgc.tsv':\norgc = readr::read_tsv('wosis_202312_orgc.tsv', col_types='iicciilccdccddccccc') \norgc\n\n\nNote: One may also use the following R code (example is for file 'observations.tsv'):\nobservations <- read.table(\"wosis_202312_observations.tsv\",\n sep = \"\\t\",\n header = TRUE,\n quote = \"\",\n comment.char = \"\",\n stringsAsFactors = FALSE\n )\n\n\nB) To read the files into python first decompress the files to your selected folder. Then in python: \n\n# import the required library\nimport pandas as pd\n\n# Read the observations data\nobservations = pd.read_csv(\"wosis_202312_observations.tsv\", sep=\"\\t\")\n # print the data frame header and some rows\n observations.head()\n\n# Read the sites data\nsites = pd.read_csv(\"wosis_202312_sites.tsv\", sep=\"\\t\")\n\n# Read the profiles data\nprofiles = pd.read_csv(\"wosis_202312_profiles.tsv\", sep=\"\\t\")\n\n# Read the layers data\nlayers = pd.read_csv(\"wosis_202312_layers.tsv\", sep=\"\\t\")\n\n# Read the soil property data, e.g. 'cfvo' (do this for each observation)\ncfvo = pd.read_csv(\"wosis_202312_cfvo.tsv\", sep=\"\\t\")\n\n\nCITATION:\nCalisto, L., de Sousa, L.M., Batjes, N.H., 2023. Standardised soil profile data for the world (WoSIS snapshot \u2013 December 2023), https://doi.org/10.17027/isric-wdcsoils-20231130\n\nSupplement to:\nBatjes N.H., Calisto, L. and de Sousa L.M., 2023. Providing quality-assessed and standardised soil data to support global mapping and modelling (WoSIS snapshot 2023). Earth System Science Data, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4735-2024.", "formats": [{"name": "TSV and Geopackage"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["bulk density", "cation exchange capacity", "soil classification", "coarse fragments", "clay", "effective cation exchange capacity", "electrical conductivity", "organic carbon", "pH", "sand", "silt", "calcium carbonate", "texture", "soil profiles", "water retention", "total nitrogen", "Soil science", "Global"], "contacts": [{"name": "Luis Calisto", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Database expert", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "luis.calisto@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Niels Batjes", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior Soil Scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "niels.batjes@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Luis M. de Sousa", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Geoinformatic", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "luis.deSousa@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["P.O. Box 47"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6708 PB", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Data infodesk", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "100000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/wosis_snapshot/WoSIS_2023_December.zip", "name": "Download zipped dataset", "description": "Zip file with the WoSIS December 2023 snapshot", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4735-2024", "name": "Scientific paper", "description": "Goes to landing page for ESSD snapshot paper", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/faq-wosis", "name": "Project webpage (FAQ)", "description": "Provides answers to frequently asked questions about WoSIS", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://www.isric.org/sites/default/files/Readme_WoSIS_202312.pdf", "name": "ReadMe file for 'wosis_snapshot_2023'", "description": "This pdf report describes the 'wosis snapshot 2023' dataset and includes links to guidelines on how to import the TSV files into R resp. Excel.", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://www.isric.org/sites/default/files/wosis_latest_2023may.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "e50f84e1-aa5b-49cb-bd6b-cd581232a2ec", "name": "item", "description": "e50f84e1-aa5b-49cb-bd6b-cd581232a2ec", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/e50f84e1-aa5b-49cb-bd6b-cd581232a2ec"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1918-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2022-12-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "10.15488/13994", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:19:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-09-21", "title": "Tuning the Thermoelectric Performance of CaMnO3-Based Ceramics by Controlled Exsolution and Microstructuring", "description": "The thermoelectric properties of CaMnO3-\u03b4/CaMn2O4 composites were tuned via microstructuring and compositional adjustment. Single-phase rock-salt-structured CaO-MnO materials with Ca:Mn ratios larger than unity were produced in reducing atmosphere and subsequently densified by spark plasma sintering in vacuum. Annealing in air at 1340 \u00b0C between 1 and 24 h activated redox-driven exsolution and resulted in a variation in microstructure and CaMnO3-\u03b4 materials with 10 and 15 vol % CaMn2O4, respectively. The nature of the CaMnO3-\u03b4/CaMn2O4 grain boundary was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy on short- and long-term annealed samples, and a sharp interface with no secondary phase formation was indicated in both cases. This was further complemented by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which confirmed that the CaMnO3-\u03b4 indeed is a line compound. DFT calculations predict segregation of oxygen vacancies from the bulk of CaMnO3-\u03b4 to the interface between CaMnO3-\u03b4 and CaMn2O4, resulting in an enhanced electronic conductivity of the CaMnO3-\u03b4 phase. Samples with 15 vol % CaMn2O4 annealed for 24 h reached the highest electrical conductivity of 73 S\u00b7cm-1 at 900 \u00b0C. The lowest thermal conductivity was obtained for composites with 10 vol % CaMn2O4 annealed for 8 h, reaching 0.56 W\u00b7m-1K-1 at 700 \u00b0C. However, the highest thermoelectric figure-of-merit, zT, was obtained for samples with 15 vol % CaMn2O4 reaching 0.11 at temperatures between 800 and 900 \u00b0C, due to the enhanced power factor above 700 \u00b0C. This work represents an approach to boost the thermoelectric performance of CaMnO3-\u03b4 based composites.", "keywords": ["oxide thermoelectrics", "Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::540 | Chemie", "composite CaMnO 3-\u03b4", "electrical conductivity", "thermal conductivity", "02 engineering and technology", "0210 nano-technology", "01 natural sciences", "heterostructuring", "0104 chemical sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.15488/13994"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/ACS%20Applied%20Energy%20Materials", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.15488/13994", "name": "item", "description": "10.15488/13994", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.15488/13994"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-09-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1594/pangaea.884151", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:19:37Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Radium data in the Lena Delta collected in summer 2013 on board RV Dalnie Zelentsy", "description": "Open AccessActivities of excess 224Ra, 226Ra and 228Ra in water samples collected in September 2013 during the 'Lena Delta 2013' hydrological survey expedition on board RV Dalnie Zelentsy (Gon\u00e7alves-Araujo et al., 2015, doi:10.3389/fmars.2015.00108).", "keywords": ["RU Land_2013_Lena", "Salinity", "Radium 226", "Radium 228", "Marine Geochemistry AWI AWI_MarGeoChem", "water", "Marine Geochemistry @ AWI (AWI_MarGeoChem)", "Radium-226", "Gamma spectroscopy", "DATE TIME", "Radium-224 excess", "14. Life underwater", "ELEVATION", "LONGITUDE", "DEPTH", " water", "Volume", "Multiple investigations", "RaDeCC", "Event label", "AWI Arctic Land Expedition", "Radium-226", " standard deviation", "6. Clean water", "Radium 224 excess", "Radium-228", "DATE/TIME", "13. Climate action", "DEPTH", "Earth System Research", "LATITUDE", "Conductivity meter", "RU-Land_2013_Lena", "Radium-228", " standard deviation", "Radium-224 excess", " standard deviation", "standard deviation", "Station label"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Rutgers van der Loeff, Michiel M", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.884151"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1594/pangaea.884151", "name": "item", "description": "10.1594/pangaea.884151", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1594/pangaea.884151"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1594/pangaea.902194", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:19:37Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Silicon isotopes in Arctic and sub-Arctic glacial meltwaters", "description": "Open AccessSupplement to: Hatton, Jade Elizabeth; Hendry, Katharine R; Hawkings, Jonathan; Wadham, Jemma; Opfergelt, Sophie; Kohler, Tyler; Yde, Jacob; Stibal, Marek; \u017d\u00e1rsk\u00fd, Jakub (2019): Silicon isotopes in Arctic and sub-Arctic glacial meltwaters: the role of the subglacial weathering in the silicon cycle. Proceedings of the Royal Society A-Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 475(2228)", "keywords": ["Silicon", "water", "Isotope CYcling in the LABrador Sea (ICY-LAB)", "silicon particulate amorphous", "electrical", "Chloride", "Chloride anion", "Sodium cation", "Temperature", " water", "Sulfate anion", "Silicon", " particulate amorphous", "particulate amorphous", "silicon dissolved", "DATE TIME", "Bicarbonate ion", "Magnesium", "Isotope CYcling in the LABrador Sea ICY LAB", "Glacier", "Fluoride", "LONGITUDE", "Ratio", "Calcium cation", "Conductivity", "Potassium cation", "pH", "Multiple investigations", "Sodium", "Temperature", "Suspended particulate matter", "\u03b430Si", "\u03b430Si", " silicon dissolved", "Conductivity", " electrical", "Sulfate", "Bicarbonate", "DATE/TIME", "13. Climate action", "Earth System Research", "LATITUDE", "Potassium", "Calcium", "\u03b430Si", " silicon particulate amorphous", "Magnesium cation"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Hatton, Jade Elizabeth, Hendry, Katharine R, Hawkings, Jonathan, Wadham, Jemma, Opfergelt, Sophie, Kohler, Tyler, Yde, Jacob, Stibal, Marek, \u017d\u00e1rsk\u00fd, Jakub,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.902194"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1594/pangaea.902194", "name": "item", "description": "10.1594/pangaea.902194", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1594/pangaea.902194"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1594/pangaea.963212", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:19:37Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Stream water chemistry and landscape characteristics in Zackenberg Valley, NE Greenland summer 2021", "description": "The data contains water chemistry and spectral catchment NDVI for 14 streams in Zackenberg Valley in Northeast Greenland, sampled summer 2021 from 10th July to 15th September. We collected water samples for measuring water chemistry, and we determined landscape parameters using GIS based tools. The data was collected at three sampling periods in summer 2021 in the Zackenberg Research Station (74\u00b028'N, 20\u00b034'W). The area has a polar tundra climate with mean annual air temperature of -9.1 \u00b0C. Water chemistry (i.e. dissolved and particulate nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon; dissolved iron and silicate) and catchment characteristics (i.e. catchment area, altitude, slope, aspect, NDVI, snow cover) was measured for each of the 14 stream sites. Water chemistry samples were collected and analyzed using standard methods, and landscape characteristics were determined using GIS resources. The data was collected in order to study relationships between landscape characteristics and stream water chemistry. The water samples were collected by a team of two people, and the detailed methods are given below.", "keywords": ["inorganic", "median", "Nitrate Nitrogen", "Nitrogen", " inorganic", " dissolved/Nitrogen", " total dissolved ratio", "Nitrate", "Normalized Difference Vegetation Index", "Latitude of event", "Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICP MS", "Arctic", "Temperature", " water", "WTW", "Total organic carbon analyzer TOC VCPH TNM 1", "Total organic carbon analyzer (TOC-VCPH/TNM-1)", " Shimadzu", "Calculated", "dissolved ratio", "Nitrate/Nitrogen", " inorganic", " dissolved ratio", "total dissolved ratio", "Multiple investigations", "Temperature", "Nitrogen", " total dissolved", "Month", "dissolved", "specific", "streams", "6. Clean water", "Nitrogen", " inorganic", " dissolved", "Chemistry", "Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)", " PerkinElmer Instruments", " Optima 2000 DV", "Sum cations", "Natural Sciences", "Ammonium", "Potassium Silicon ratio", "Calcium Magnesium ratio", "Conductivity Meter", " WTW", " ProfiLine Cond 3110", "Longitude of event", "Silicon", "Lachat QuickChem 8500 flow injection autoanalyser", "Nitrogen", "organic", "water chemistry", "Iron", "Calcium/Magnesium ratio", "water", "Site", "Nitrate/Ammonium ratio", "Aspect", "Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index", " median", "Ammonium Nitrogen", "Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index", "Catchment area", "Slope", "PerkinElmer Instruments", "ProfiLine Cond 3110", "Shimadzu", "Date/Time of event", "Conductivity Meter", "Nitrate Ammonium ratio", "total dissolved", "Conductivity", "Event label", "Date Time of event", "Nitrogen", " inorganic", " dissolved/Nitrogen", " organic", " dissolved ratio", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", " organic", " dissolved", "dissolved Nitrogen", "Elevation of event", "Carbon", "rivers", "Snow coverage", "Greening", "Potassium/Silicon ratio", "Optima 2000 DV", "Nitrogen", " organic", " dissolved", "13. Climate action", "Discharge", "Conductivity", " specific", "Ammonium/Nitrogen", " inorganic", " dissolved ratio"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Riis, Tenna, Tank, Jennifer, Holmboe, Cecilie Marie Hartvig, Gim\u00e9nez-Grau, Pau, Mastepanov, Mikhail, Catalan, Nuria, Stott, David, Hansen, Birgitte, Kristiansen, S\u00f8ren M, Pastor, Ada,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.963212"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1594/pangaea.963212", "name": "item", "description": "10.1594/pangaea.963212", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1594/pangaea.963212"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2111/rem-d-13-00145.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:19:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-05-13", "title": "Grazing Management, Season, And Drought Contributions To Near-Surface Soil Property Dynamics In Semiarid Rangeland", "description": "Grazing management effects on soil property dynamics are poorly understood. A study was conducted to assess effects of grazing management and season on soil property dynamics and greenhouse gas flux within semiarid rangeland. Grazing management treatments evaluated in the study included two permanent pastures differing in stocking rate (moderately and heavily grazed pastures) and a fertilized, heavily grazed crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum [Fisch. ex. Link] Schult.) pasture near Mandan, North Dakota. Over a period of 3 yr, soil properties were measured in the spring, summer, and fall at 0\u20105 cm and 5\u201010 cm. Concurrent to soil-based measurements, fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide were measured on 1-wk to 2-wk intervals and related to soil properties via stepwise regression. High stocking rate and fertilizer nitrogen (N) application within the crested wheatgrass pasture contributed to increased soil bulk density and extractable N, and decreased soil pH and microbial biomass compared to permanent pastures. Soil nitrate nitrogen tended to be greatest at peak aboveground biomass, whereas soil ammonium nitrogen was greatest in early spring. Drought conditions during the third year of the study contributed to nearly two-fold increases in extractable N under the crested wheatgrass pasture and the heavily grazed permanent pasture, but not the moderately grazed permanent pasture. Stepwise regression found select soil properties to be modestly related to soil\u2010atmosphere greenhouse gas fluxes, with model r 2 ranging from 0.09 to 0.76. Electrical conductivity was included most frequently in stepwise regressions and, accordingly, may serve as a useful screening indicator for greenhouse gas \u2018\u2018hot spots\u2019\u2019 in grazing land.", "keywords": ["Northern Plains", "2. Zero hunger", "electrical conductivity", "greenhouse gas emissions", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil acidification", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2111/rem-d-13-00145.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Rangeland%20Ecology%20%26amp%3B%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2111/rem-d-13-00145.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.2111/rem-d-13-00145.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2111/rem-d-13-00145.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/ma14144036", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:20:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-07-20", "title": "Effects of Application of Recycled Chicken Manure and Spent Mushroom Substrate on Organic Matter, Acidity, and Hydraulic Properties of Sandy Soils", "description": "

Soil organic matter is a key resource base for agriculture. However, its content in cultivated soils is low and often decreases. This study aimed at examining the effects of long-term application of chicken manure (CM) and spent mushroom substrate (SMS) on organic matter accumulation, acidity, and hydraulic properties of soil. Two podzol soils with sandy texture in Podlasie Region (Poland) were enriched with recycled CM (10 Mg ha\u22121) and SMS (20 Mg ha\u22121), respectively, every 1\u20132 years for 20 years. The application of CM and SMS increased soil organic matter content at the depths of 0\u201320, 20\u201340, and 40\u201360 cm, especially at 0\u201320 cm (by 102\u2013201%). The initial soil pH increased in the CM- and SMS-amended soil by 1.7\u20132.0 units and 1.0\u20131.2 units, respectively. Soil bulk density at comparable depths increased and decreased following the addition of CM and SMS, respectively. The addition of CM increased field water capacity (at \u2013100 hPa) in the range from 45.8 to 117.8% depending on the depth within the 0\u201360 cm layer. In the case of the SMS addition, the value of the parameter was in the range of 42.4\u201348.5% at two depths within 0\u201340 cm. Depending on the depth, CM reduced the content of transmission pores (>50 \u00b5m) in the range from 46.3 to 82.3% and increased the level of residual pores (<0.5 \u00b5m) by 91.0\u2013198.6%. SMS increased the content of residual pores at the successive depths by 121.8, 251.0, and 30.3% and decreased or increased the content of transmission and storage pores. Additionally, it significantly reduced the saturated hydraulic conductivity at two depths within 0\u201340 cm. The fitted unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at two depths within the 0\u201340 cm layer increased and decreased in the CM- and SMS-amended soils, respectively. The results provide a novel insight into the application of recycled organic materials to sequester soil organic matter and improve crop productivity by increasing soil water retention capacity and decreasing acidity. This is of particular importance in the case of the studied low-productivity sandy acidic soils that have to be used in agriculture due to limited global land resources and rising food demand.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil pH", "organic amendments", "soil water retention", "soil organic matter", "coarse textured soils", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "soil hydraulic conductivity", "15. Life on land", "Article", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/14/4036/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/14/4036/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144036"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Materials", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/ma14144036", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/ma14144036", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/ma14144036"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-07-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/iecag2021-10021", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:20:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-02-10", "title": "Remote Sensing (NDVI) and Apparent Soil Electrical Conductivity (ECap) to Delineate Different Zones in a Vineyard", "description": "Open AccessPresented at the 1st International Electronic Conference on Agronomy, 3\u201317 May 2021", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "normalized difference vegetation index", "soil sampling", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "precision fertilization", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "vineyard", "15. Life on land", "apparent soil electrical conductivity"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9976/3/1/42/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/iecag2021-10021"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%201st%20International%20Electronic%20Conference%20on%20Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/iecag2021-10021", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/iecag2021-10021", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/iecag2021-10021"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-05-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.22069/ijpp.2012.760", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:20:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "description": "Physical, chemical and biological attributes of soil surface are significantly affected by tillage practices and crop rotation. The objective of this study was to determine the short-term (2006-2009) effects of conventional and conservational tillage practices on selected soil physical properties of a heavy clay soil under two wheat-corn and wheatlegume rotation in a semi-arid Mediterranean Region. Treatments included conventional tillage with residue incorporated in soil (CT1), conventional tillage with burned residue (CT2), reduced tillage with heavy tandem disc-harrow (RT1), reduced tillage with rotary tiller (RT2), reduced tillage with heavy tandem disc harrow fallowed by no-tillage (RNT) and no tillage (NT). Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected to determine saturated hydraulic conductivity (HC), bulk density (BD), mean weight diameter (MWD), available water content (AWC) and total porosity at 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm depths. The highest HC values of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depths were obtained with CT1 (9.70\u00d710 -6 m s -1 , 8.74\u00d710 -6 m s -1 ) and CT2 (9.39\u00d710 -6 m s -1 , 8.58\u00d710 -6 m s -1 ) applications. CT2 treatment destructed the soil aggregates and resulted in greater bulk density and low total porosity at 0-10 cm depth. The available water content at 0-10 cm depth was significantly reduced with the CT1 (P<0.01) and CT2 applications (P<0.05). Although three years of no-tillage application in clay rich soils caused higher bulk density and low porosity, increase in MWD is an indication of soil and water conservation. Therefore, no till and reduced till applications should be adapted to the farmers\u2019 conditions for sustainability in agriculture.", "keywords": ["Physical properties", "Conventional tillage", "Notillage", "Rotation", "Residue burning", "Hydraulic conductivity", "Porosity", "Tillage systems"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Celik, I., Turgut, M. M., Acir, N.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.22069/ijpp.2012.760"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/International%20Journal%20of%20Plant%20Production", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.22069/ijpp.2012.760", "name": "item", "description": "10.22069/ijpp.2012.760", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.22069/ijpp.2012.760"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/bg-2021-259", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:21:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-10-20", "title": "Peat macropore networks \u2013 new insights into episodic and hotspot methane emission", "description": "

Abstract. Peatlands are important natural sources of atmospheric methane (CH4) emissions. The emissions are strongly influenced by the diffusion of oxygen into the soil and of CH4 from the soil to the atmosphere. This diffusion, in turn, is controlled by the structure of macropore networks. The characterization of peat pore structure and connectivity through complex network theory approaches can give insight into how the relationship between the microscale pore space properties and CH4 emissions on a macroscopic scale is shaped. The formation of anaerobic pockets, which are local hotspots of CH4 production in unsaturated peat, can also be conceptualized through a pore network approach. In this study, we extracted interconnecting macropore networks from three-dimensional X-ray micro-computed tomography (\u00b5CT) images of peat samples and evaluated local and global connectivity metrics for the networks. We also simulated the water retention characteristics of the peat samples using a pore network modeling approach and compared the simulation results with measured water retention characteristics. The results showed large differences in peat macropore structure and pore network connectivity between vertical soil layers. The macropore space was more connected and the flow paths through the peat matrix were less tortuous near the soil surface than at deeper depths. In addition, macroporosity, structural anisotropy, and average pore throat diameter decreased with depth. Narrower and more winding air-filled diffusion channels may reduce the rate of CH4 transport as the distance from the peat layer to the soil\u2013air interface increases. Hysteresis was found to affect the evolution of the volume of connected air-filled pore space in unsaturated peat. Thus, the formation of anaerobic pockets may occur in a smaller soil volume and methanogenesis may be slower when the peat is wetting compared to drying conditions. This hysteretic behavior should be taken into account in biogeochemical models to explain the hotspots and episodic spikes of CH4 emissions. The network analysis also suggests that both local and global network connectivity metrics, such as the network average clustering coefficient and closeness centrality, might serve as proxies for assessing the efficiency of CH4 diffusion in air-filled pore networks. However, the applicability of the network metrics was restricted to the high-porosity near-surface layer. The spatial extent and global continuity of the pore network and the spatial distribution of the pores may be reflected in different network metrics in contrasting ways.

", "keywords": ["DYNAMICS", "RAY COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY", "DRAINAGE", "01 natural sciences", "soil", "CARBON-DIOXIDE", "Life", "QH501-531", "peatlands", "QH540-549.5", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "QE1-996.5", "PORE-SIZE", "FEN", "Ecology", "methane", "pore network", "HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY", "Forestry", "Geology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "TRANSPORT", "Environmental sciences", "SOIL", "13. Climate action", "NORTHERN PEATLANDS", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/19/1959/2022/bg-19-1959-2022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-259"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/bg-2021-259", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/bg-2021-259", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/bg-2021-259"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-10-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2434/868457", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:25:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-08-20", "title": "Nanoscaffold effects on the performance of air-cathodes for microbial fuel cells: Sustainable Fe/N-carbon electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction under neutral pH conditions", "description": "Nanostructured electrocatalysts for microbial fuel cell air-cathodes were obtained via use of conductive carbon blacks for the synthesis of high performing 3D conductive networks. We used two commercially available nanocarbons, Black Pearls 2000 and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, as conductive scaffolds for the synthesis of nanocomposite electrodes by combining: a hydrothermally carbonized resin, a sacrificial polymeric template, a nitrogenated organic precursor and iron centers. The resulting materials are micro-mesoporous, possess high specific surface area and display N-sites (N/C of 3-5 at%) and Fe-centers (Fe/C\u00a0<\u00a01.5at.%) at the carbon surface as evidenced from characterization methods. Voltammetry studies of oxygen reduction reaction activity were carried out at neutral pH, which is relevant to microbial fuel cell applications, and activity trends are discussed in light of catalyst morphology and composition. Tests of the electrocatalyst using microbial fuel cell devices indicate that optimization of the nanocarbon scaffold for the Pt-free carbon-based electrocatalysts results in maximum power densities that are 25% better than those of Pt/C cathodes, at a fraction of the materials costs. Therefore, the proposed Fe/N-carbon catalysts are promising and sustainable high-performance cathodic materials for microbial fuel cells.", "keywords": ["Bioelectric Energy Sources", "Nanotubes", " Carbon", "Microbial fuel cells", "Electric Conductivity", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Catalysis", "Oxygen reduction reaction", "[PHYS] Physics [physics]", "12. Responsible consumption", "0104 chemical sciences", "Air cathode; Carbon; Electrocatalysis; Microbial fuel cells; Oxygen reduction reaction", "13. Climate action", "[CHIM] Chemical Sciences", "Air cathode", "Electrocatalysis"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/868457/2/1-s2.0-S1567539421002000-main.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/2434/868457"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bioelectrochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2434/868457", "name": "item", "description": "2434/868457", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2434/868457"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2919b1e3-6a79-4162-9d3a-e640a1dc5aef", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[73.6, 18.2], [73.6, 53.6], [134.8, 53.6], [134.8, 18.2], [73.6, 18.2]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Asia"}, {"id": "China"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2021-07-14T11:52:00", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "Soil and Terrain Database (SOTER) for China", "description": "The Soil and Terrain database for China primary data (version 1.0), at scale 1:1 million (SOTER_China), was compiled of enhanced soil information within the framework of the FAO's program of Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands (LADA). The primary database was compiled using the SOTER methodology. The SOTER unit delineation was based on a raster format of the soil map of China, correlated and converted to FAO\u2019s Revised Legend (1988), in combination with a SOTER landform characterization derived from Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) 90 m digital elevation model (DEM). Reference profiles for the dominant soil of the SOTER units has been directly linked to the polygons. \n\nSOTER forms a part of the ongoing activities of ISRIC, FAO and UNEP to update the world's baseline information on natural resources.The project involved collaboration with national soil institutes from the countries in the region as well as individual experts.", "formats": [{"name": "zip"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["calcium", "carbon", "cation exchange capacity", "electrical conductivity", "nitrogen", "organic matter", "bulk density", "soil profiles", "pH", "salinity", "texture", "water holding capacity", "nutrients", "Soil science", "Asia", "China"], "contacts": [{"name": "Bas Kempen", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Soil mapping specialist", "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "bas.kempen@wur.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "J.A. Dijkshoorn", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": null, "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "None"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Jan R.M. Huting", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": null, "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "None"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "1000000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/soter/CN-SOTER.zip", "name": "Download", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/index.php/projects/soil-and-terrain-soter-database-programme", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/sites/default/files/isric_report_2008_06.pdf", "name": "Report", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/soter/SOTER_CN.jpg", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2919b1e3-6a79-4162-9d3a-e640a1dc5aef", "name": "item", "description": "2919b1e3-6a79-4162-9d3a-e640a1dc5aef", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2919b1e3-6a79-4162-9d3a-e640a1dc5aef"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1986-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2008-10-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "3154789276", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:26:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-04-15", "title": "Spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity and its links with other soil properties at the regional scale", "description": "Abstract

Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) is a key property for evaluating soil water movement and quality. Most studies on spatial variability of K have been performed soil at a field or smaller scale. Therefore, the aim of this work was to assess (quantify) the spatial distribution of K at the larger regional scale in south-eastern Poland and its relationship with other soil properties, including intrinsic sand, silt, and clay contents, relatively stable organic carbon, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and temporally variable water content (WC), total porosity (FI), and dry bulk density (BD) in the surface layer (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9320\uffc2\uffa0cm). The spatial relationships were assessed using a semivariogram and a cross-semivariogram. The studied region (140\uffc2\uffa0km2) with predominantly permeable sandy soils with low fertility and productivity is located in the south-eastern part of Poland (Podlasie region). The mean sand and organic carbon contents are 74 and 0.86 and their ranges (in %) are 45\uffe2\uff80\uff9395 and 0.002\uffe2\uff80\uff933.75, respectively. The number of individual samples varied from 216 to 228 (for K, WC, BD, FI) to 691 for the other soil properties. The best fitting models were adjusted to the empirical semivariogram (exponential) and the cross-semivariogram (exponential, Gaussian, or linear) used to draw maps with kriging. The results showed that, among the soil properties studied, K was most variable (coefficient of variation 77.3%) and significantly (p\uffe2\uff80\uff89<\uffe2\uff80\uff890.05) positively correlated with total porosity (r\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff890.300) and negatively correlated with soil bulk density (r\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff80\uff93\uffe2\uff80\uff890.283). The normal or close to the normal distribution was obtained by natural logarithmic and root square transformations. The mean K was 2.597\uffc2\uffa0m\uffc2\uffa0day\uffe2\uff88\uff921and ranged from 0.01 up to 11.54\uffc2\uffa0m\uffc2\uffa0day\uffe2\uff88\uff921. The spatial autocorrelation (range) of K in the single (direct) semivariograms was 0.081\uffc2\uffb0 (8.1\uffc2\uffa0km), while it favourably increased up to 0.149\uffc2\uffb0\uffe2\uff80\uff930.81\uffc2\uffb0 (14.9\uffe2\uff80\uff9381\uffc2\uffa0km) in the cross-semivariograms using the OC contents, textural fractions, and CEC as auxiliary variables. The generated spatial maps allowed outlining two sub-areas with predominantly high K above 3.0\uffc2\uffa0m\uffc2\uffa0day\uffe2\uff88\uff921in the northern sandier (sand content\uffe2\uff80\uff89>\uffe2\uff80\uff8974%) and less silty (silt content\uffe2\uff80\uff89<\uffe2\uff80\uff8922%) part and, with lower K in the southern part of the study region. Generally, the spatial distribution of the K values in the study region depended on the share of individual intrinsic textural fractions. On the other hand, the ranges of the spatial relationship between K and the intrinsic and relatively stable soil properties were much larger (from\uffe2\uff80\uff89~\uffe2\uff80\uff8915 to 81\uffc2\uffa0km) than between K and the temporally variable soil properties (0.3\uffe2\uff80\uff930.9\uffc2\uffa0km). This knowledge is supportive for making decisions related to land management aimed at alteration of hydraulic conductivity to improve soil water resources and crop productivity and reduce chemical leaching.SoilKsatDB: global soil saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements for geoscience applications, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-149, in review, 2021. Examples of using the SoilKsatDB to generate global maps of Ksat can be found in: Gupta, S., Hengl, T., Lehmann, P., Bonetti, S., Papritz, A. and Or, D. (2021): Global prediction of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity using random forest in a Covariate-based Geo Transfer Functions (CoGTF) framework. accepted for publication in Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems (JAMES). Importing and binding steps are described in detail here. To report an issue or bug please use this link. Ksat data tutorial explaining how to access and use data is available here. In the following, we introduce two different file packages, one for the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (\u201csol_ksat\u201d) and another one collecting additional soil hydraulic properties (\u201csol_hydro\u201d) as well that will be extended in the near future. Note that the package \u201csol_hydro\u201d is not related to the publication listed above (Gupta et al., 2021a). Description of the files: The datasets in this repository include: sol_ksat.pnts_horizons.***: provides a global compilation of Ksat values and the information described in Table 2 in Gupta et al., (2020). This data is provided in three different data formats. sol_ksat.pnts_horizons.arff, sol_ksat.pnts_horizons.csv.gz, sol_ksat.pnts_horizons.rds, sol_ksat.pnts_metadata_cl_pedo.csv: provides meta-information with Ksat methods and information of estimated soil pedologic unit and climatic region for each Ksat sample. sol_ksat.points_horizons_rm.rds: All ksat values overlaid on climatic, topographic, and vegetation based remote sensing data and extracted the corresponding values. These datasets can be used for spatial modeling for the future. In addition to Ksat points, add these files here as well for the reader that is interested in this topic. sol_hydro.pnts_horizons.***: provides water retention curve values and other soil hydraulic properties. This data is provided in three different data formats. sol_hydro.pnts_horizons.arff, sol_hydro.pnts_horizons.csv.gz, sol_hydro.pnts_horizons.rds, sol_hydro.pnts_horizons_rm.rds: All soil hydraulic values overlaid on climatic, topographic, and vegetation based remote sensing data and extracted the corresponding values. These datasets can be used for spatial modeling for the future. SoilKsatDB is available in CSV, ARFF and RDS formats. ARFF was prepared using the farff package for R. ARFF' (Attribute-Relation File Format) files are like 'CSV' files, with a little bit of added meta information in a header and standardized NA values. Column codes are based on the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS) Soil Characterization Database naming convention (see 'README.pdf' for explanation of codes). The SoilKsatDB is a compilation of numerous existing datasets from which the most significant: SWIG data set (Rahmati et al., 2018), UNSODA (Leij et al., 1996), and HYBRAS (Ottoni et al., 2018). Full list of data sources for Ksat data is available in Gupta et al (2021) and in the Readme.pdf.", "keywords": ["Ecology", "Science Policy", "Information Systems not elsewhere classified", "Plant Biology", "hydrology", "clay", "15. Life on land", "Microbiology", "6. Clean water", "soil", "Sociology", "LandGIS", "OpenLandMap", "Genetics", "hydraulic conductivity", "Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Surya, Gupta, Hengl, Tomislav, Lehmann, Peter, Bonetti, Sara, Or, Dani,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4541586"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.4541586", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.4541586", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.4541586"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.4291855", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:23:21Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "EstSoil-EH: A high-resolution eco-hydrological modelling parameters dataset for Estonia (dataset)", "description": "Open AccessThis research has been supported by the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions individual fellowships under the Horizon 2020 Programme grant agreement number 795625, the Mobilitas Pluss postdoctoral researcher grant number MOBJD233 and grant numbers PRG352, PRG609, and PRG874 of the Estonian Research Council (ETAG), the European Regional Development Fund (Centre of Excellence EcolChange), the NUTIKAS programme of the Archimedes foundation, and by the Estonian Environmental Investment Centre.", "keywords": ["https://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/en/theme/35", "13. Climate action", "https://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/en/concept/4855", "soil", " texture", " FAO", " WRB", " available water capacity", " AWC", " estonia", " soilmap", " hydraulic properties", " soil organic carbon", " SOC", " bulk density", " saturated hydraulic conductivity", " ecosystem services", "https://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/en/concept/15138", "15. Life on land", "https://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/en/group/4856"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Kmoch, Alexander, Kanal, Arno, Astover, Alar, Kull, Ain, Virro, Holger, Helm, Aveliina, P\u00e4rtel, Meelis, Ostonen, Ivika, Uuemaa, Evelyn,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4291855"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.4291855", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.4291855", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.4291855"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-11-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10138/342506", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:24:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-10-20", "title": "Peat macropore networks \u2013 new insights into episodic and hotspot methane emission", "description": "

Abstract. Peatlands are important natural sources of atmospheric methane (CH4) emissions. The emissions are strongly influenced by the diffusion of oxygen into the soil and of CH4 from the soil to the atmosphere. This diffusion, in turn, is controlled by the structure of macropore networks. The characterization of peat pore structure and connectivity through complex network theory approaches can give insight into how the relationship between the microscale pore space properties and CH4 emissions on a macroscopic scale is shaped. The formation of anaerobic pockets, which are local hotspots of CH4 production in unsaturated peat, can also be conceptualized through a pore network approach. In this study, we extracted interconnecting macropore networks from three-dimensional X-ray micro-computed tomography (\u00b5CT) images of peat samples and evaluated local and global connectivity metrics for the networks. We also simulated the water retention characteristics of the peat samples using a pore network modeling approach and compared the simulation results with measured water retention characteristics. The results showed large differences in peat macropore structure and pore network connectivity between vertical soil layers. The macropore space was more connected and the flow paths through the peat matrix were less tortuous near the soil surface than at deeper depths. In addition, macroporosity, structural anisotropy, and average pore throat diameter decreased with depth. Narrower and more winding air-filled diffusion channels may reduce the rate of CH4 transport as the distance from the peat layer to the soil\u2013air interface increases. Hysteresis was found to affect the evolution of the volume of connected air-filled pore space in unsaturated peat. Thus, the formation of anaerobic pockets may occur in a smaller soil volume and methanogenesis may be slower when the peat is wetting compared to drying conditions. This hysteretic behavior should be taken into account in biogeochemical models to explain the hotspots and episodic spikes of CH4 emissions. The network analysis also suggests that both local and global network connectivity metrics, such as the network average clustering coefficient and closeness centrality, might serve as proxies for assessing the efficiency of CH4 diffusion in air-filled pore networks. However, the applicability of the network metrics was restricted to the high-porosity near-surface layer. The spatial extent and global continuity of the pore network and the spatial distribution of the pores may be reflected in different network metrics in contrasting ways.

", "keywords": ["DYNAMICS", "RAY COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY", "DRAINAGE", "01 natural sciences", "soil", "CARBON-DIOXIDE", "Life", "QH501-531", "peatlands", "QH540-549.5", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "QE1-996.5", "PORE-SIZE", "FEN", "Ecology", "methane", "pore network", "HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY", "Forestry", "Geology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "TRANSPORT", "Environmental sciences", "SOIL", "13. Climate action", "NORTHERN PEATLANDS", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/19/1959/2022/bg-19-1959-2022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10138/342506"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10138/342506", "name": "item", "description": "10138/342506", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10138/342506"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-10-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10261/349689", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:24:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-11-06", "title": "Macro- and micro-plastics change soil physical properties: a systematic review", "description": "Abstract

Plastic pollution in terrestrial environments is a global issue due to its adverse effects on soil health, with negative impacts on ecosystem services and food production. However, the enormous heterogeneity of both plastic and soil characteristics complicate the assessment of the impact and overall trends in plastic-induced changes in soil properties beyond experimental conditions. In this work, we have carried out a systematic and in-depth review of the existing literature on the impact of plastics on soil physical properties. To this end, we have quantified the effects of macro- (MaP, >5000 \uffce\uffbcm) and micro-plastics (MiP, <5000 \uffce\uffbcm) on soil bulk density, soil porosity, water-stable aggregates (WSAs), saturated hydraulic conductivity, and soil moisture at field capacity (FC), based on four characteristics of plastics: polymer types, shapes and sizes of plastic particles, and plastic concentrations in soil. Results showed that MaPs and MiPs significantly modified the values of the analyzed soil physical properties compared to the control without plastic in over 50% of the experimental dataset, albeit with a large variability, from a reduction to an increase in values, depending on the specific experimental conditions and the soil physical property. Depending on the plastic concentration, soil bulk density and porosity decreased moderately (4%\uffe2\uff80\uff936%) with MiP and MaP. MiP reduced WSA by an average of 20%, ranging from a 40% decrease to a 20% increase depending on the shapes and concentration of MiP. Saturated hydraulic conductivity changed depending on the polymer types, shapes, and concentrations of MaP and MiP, varying from a 70% decrease to a 40% increase. Soil water content at FC varied depending on the soil texture, and concentration and sizes distribution of conventional MiP, decreasing from 10% to 65%. However, biodegradable plastic increased soil water content at FC. The few studies available provide evidence that not enough attention is being paid to soil physical properties influenced by plastic input. It is recommended to consider the wide range of characteristics of MaP and MiP and their effects on soil physical properties in future studies, for an advance understanding of the impact of MiP and MaP on soil health in the medium-long term under different environmental conditions.

Soil water retention (SWR) is an important soil property related to soil structure, texture, and organic matter (SOM), among other properties. Agricultural management practices affect some of these properties in an interdependent way. In this study, the impact of management-induced changes of soil organic carbon (SOC) on SWR is evaluated in five long-term experiments in Europe (running from 8 up to 54 years when samples were taken). Topsoil samples (0\u201315 cm) were collected and analysed to evaluate the effects of three different management categories, i.e., soil tillage, the addition of exogenous organic materials, the incorporation of crop residues affecting SOC and water content under a range of matric potentials. Changes in the total SOC up to 10 g C kg\u22121 soil (1%) observed for the different management practices, do not cause statistically significant differences in the SWR characteristics as expected. The direct impact of the SOC on SWR is consistent but negligible, whereas the indirect impact of SOC in the higher matric potentials, which are mainly affected by soil structure and aggregate composition, prevails. The different water content responses under the various matric potentials to SOC changes for each management group implies that one conservation measure alone has a limited effect on SWR and only a combination of several practices that lead to better soil structure, such as reduced soil disturbances combined with increased SOM inputs can lead to better water holding capacity of the soil.

", "keywords": ["no-till", "compost", "BULK-DENSITY", "Environmental Studies", "PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES", "Environmental Sciences & Ecology", "SEQUESTRATION", "3301 Architecture", "TILLAGE SYSTEMS", "4104 Environmental management", "PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTIONS", "FERTILIZATION", "soil care", "0502 Environmental Science and Management", "soil organic carbon; soil-water content; no-till; reduced tillage; manure; compost; soil care", "soil-water content", "2. Zero hunger", "Science & Technology", "S", "HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY", "3304 Urban and regional planning", "Agriculture", "reduced tillage", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "soil organic carbon", "manure", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "NO-TILLAGE", "RESIDUE MANAGEMENT", "Life Sciences & Biomedicine", "MATTER"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/12/1362/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.research.unipd.it/bitstream/11577/3454795/1/land-10-01362-v2.pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/12/1362/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/11577/3454795"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "11577/3454795", "name": "item", "description": "11577/3454795", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/11577/3454795"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "20.500.11850/688246", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:25:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-07-29", "title": "Hydro-pedotransfer functions: a roadmap for future development", "description": "

Abstract. Hydro-pedotransfer functions\u00a0(PTFs) relate easy-to-measure and readily available soil information to soil hydraulic properties\u00a0(SHPs) for applications in a wide range of process-based and empirical models, thereby enabling the assessment of soil hydraulic effects on hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological processes. At least more than 4 decades of research have been invested to derive such relationships. However, while models, methods, data storage capacity, and computational efficiency have advanced, there are fundamental concerns related to the scope and adequacy of current PTFs, particularly when applied to parameterise models used at the field scale and beyond. Most of the PTF development process has focused on refining and advancing the regression methods, while fundamental aspects have remained largely unconsidered. Most soil systems are not represented in PTFs, which have been built mostly for agricultural soils in temperate climates. Thus, existing PTFs largely ignore how parent material, vegetation, land use, and climate affect processes that shape SHPs. The PTFs used to parameterise the Richards\u2013Richardson equation are mostly limited to predicting parameters of the van\u00a0Genuchten\u2013Mualem soil hydraulic functions, despite sufficient evidence demonstrating their shortcomings. Another fundamental issue relates to the diverging scales of derivation and application, whereby PTFs are derived based on laboratory measurements while often being applied at the field to regional scales. Scaling, modulation, and constraining strategies exist to alleviate some of these shortcomings in the mismatch between scales. These aspects are addressed here in a joint effort by the members of the International Soil Modelling Consortium\u00a0(ISMC) Pedotransfer Functions Working Group with the aim of systematising PTF research and providing a roadmap guiding both PTF development and use. We close with a 10-point catalogue for funders and researchers to guide review processes and research.

", "keywords": ["Technology", "550", "Bodenanalyse", "Modell", "SPHAGNUM MOSS", "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering", "630", "Ing\u00e9nierie", " informatique & technologie", "Biogeochemical process", "Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "GE1-350", "SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY", "Geosciences", " Multidisciplinary", "TD1-1066", "Water Science and Technology", "2. Zero hunger", "T", "Geology", "Hydraulics effects", "Agriculture & agronomy", "Life sciences", "Daten", "Pedo-transfer functions", "6. Clean water", "Soil hydraulics", "REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY", "Roadmap", "Physical Sciences", "Sciences du vivant", "Water Resources", "SOIL-WATER-RETENTION", "0406 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience", "3709 Physical geography and environmental geoscience", "Process-based modeling", "Environmental Engineering", "Physique", " chimie", " math\u00e9matiques & sciences de la terre", "PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES", "SENSITIVITY-ANALYSIS", "Soil hydraulic properties", "0905 Civil Engineering", "333", "G", "Physical", " chemical", " mathematical & earth Sciences", "Empirical model", "Agriculture & agronomie", "Life Science", "UNSATURATED CONDUCTIVITY", "SEASONAL-CHANGES", "Pedotransfer functions", "HYSTERETIC MOISTURE PROPERTIES", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "Science & Technology", "3707 Hydrology", "Physikochemische Bodeneigenschaft", "500", "15. Life on land", "Engineering", " computing & technology", "Sciences de la terre & g\u00e9ographie physique", "Environmental sciences", "0907 Environmental Engineering", "13. Climate action", "ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE", "Earth sciences & physical geography", "HETEROGENEOUS SOILS", "4013 Geomatic engineering", "ITC-GOLD", "Hydrological process"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/321088/1/hess-28-3391-2024.pdf"}, {"href": "https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/28/3391/2024/hess-28-3391-2024.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/20.500.11850/688246"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrology%20and%20Earth%20System%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "20.500.11850/688246", "name": "item", "description": "20.500.11850/688246", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/20.500.11850/688246"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-07-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2034733356", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:25:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-04-27", "title": "Application of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and pore morphologic model to predict saturated water conductivity from X-ray CT imaging in a silty loam Cambisol", "description": "20 This study aims to estimate saturated hydraulic conductivity in a silty loam soil and compare modelled data with 21 experimental ones. The flow characteristics of twelve undisturbed soil cores (5 cm in diameter \u00d7 6 cm high) were 22 measured in the laboratory after performing X-ray computed microtomography (microCT) analysis. MicroCT 3D 23 imaging was integrated with an existing pore morphologic model and a numerical simulation based on mesh-24 free smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) to calculate the water flow through the macropore network 25 (pores N 40 \u03bcm). Results showed that the proposed SPH method was able to predict hydraulic conductivity of 26 large-sized samples as falling in the range of the experimental ones. By contrast the morphologic model generally 27 underestimated the water flow and was slightly affected by the pore shape. Increasing microCT imaging resolu-28 tion and expanding the variability with other soil types will improve the understanding of the role of micropore 29 size and morphology on water conductivity. 30", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "550", "[ SDV.SA.SDS ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "0207 environmental engineering", "600", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "02 engineering and technology", "Pore size distribution", "[ SDE.IE ] Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "Saturated hydraulic conductivity", "Soil structure", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "[ SDU.STU.HY ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "X-ray computed microtomography"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2034733356"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2034733356", "name": "item", "description": "2034733356", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2034733356"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3196546689", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:26:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-09-03", "title": "Evaluation of pedotransfer functions for predicting soil hydraulic properties: A voyage from regional to field scales across Europe", "description": "Study region: Europe. A total of 660, 522, and 4940 soil samples belonging to GRIZZLY, HYPRES, and EU-HYDI databases, respectively, were used for parametric evaluation. Study focus: The soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions are crucial input information for land surface models. Determining these functions by using direct methods is hampered by excessive time and unaffordable costs required for field activities and laboratory analyses. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) are widely-used indirect techniques enabling soil hydraulic properties to be predicted by using easily-retrievable soil information. In a parametric evaluation, the predictive capability of PTFs is examined by comparing measured and estimated soil water retention parameters and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Yet information about the performance of PTFs for specific modeling applications is mandatory to evaluate PTF effectiveness in greater depth. This approach is commonly defined as functional evaluation. New hydrological insights for the region: The best performing four PTFs selected in the parametric evaluations are tested under two functional evaluations. The first encompasses a spatial interpolation with a geostatistical technique, whereas the second employs Hydrus-1D to simulate the water balance components along an experimental transect. Our results reinforce and integrate the insights of previous studies about the use of a PTF, and highlight the ability, or inability, of this technique to adequately reproduce the observed spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties and simulated water fluxes.", "keywords": ["S1 Agriculture (General) / mez\u0151gazdas\u00e1g \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban", "Physical geography", "QE1-996.5", "Water retention function", "Hydrus-1D", "saturated hydraulic conductivity", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "0207 environmental engineering", "Geology", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "Semi-variogram", "S590 Soill / Talajtan", "Saturated hydraulic conductivity", "6. Clean water", "GB3-5030", "Kriging", "semi-variogram", "functional evaluation", "water retention function", "Functional evaluation", "kriging", "water retention function", " saturated hydraulic conductivity", " semi-variogram", " kriging", " functional evaluation", " Hydrus-1D"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/3196546689"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Hydrology%3A%20Regional%20Studies", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3196546689", "name": "item", "description": "3196546689", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3196546689"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2606201786", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:25:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-04-17", "title": "3D soil hydraulic database of Europe at 250\u00a0m resolution", "description": "Abstract

Soil hydraulic properties are required in various modelling schemes. We propose a consistent spatial soil hydraulic database at 7 soil depths up to 2\uffc2\uffa0m calculated for Europe based on SoilGrids250m and 1\uffc2\uffa0km datasets and pedotransfer functions trained on the European Hydropedological Data Inventory. Saturated water content, water content at field capacity and wilting point, saturated hydraulic conductivity and Mualem\uffe2\uff80\uff90van Genuchten parameters for the description of the moisture retention, and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curves have been predicted. The derived 3D soil hydraulic layers (EU\uffe2\uff80\uff90SoilHydroGrids ver1.0) can be used for environmental modelling purposes at catchment or continental scale in Europe. Currently, only EU\uffe2\uff80\uff90SoilHydroGrids provides information on the most frequently required soil hydraulic properties with full European coverage up to 2\uffc2\uffa0m depth at 250\uffc2\uffa0m resolution.