{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1021/es303829w", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:17:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-12-21", "title": "Can Dispersed Biomass Processing Protect The Environment And Cover The Bottom Line For Biofuel?", "description": "This paper compares environmental and profitability outcomes for a centralized biorefinery for cellulosic ethanol that does all processing versus a biorefinery linked to a decentralized array of local depots that pretreat biomass into concentrated briquettes. The analysis uses a spatial bioeconomic model that maximizes profit from crop and energy products, subject to the requirement that the biorefinery must be operated at full capacity. The model draws upon biophysical crop input-output coefficients simulated with the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model as well as market input and output prices, spatial transportation costs, ethanol yields from biomass, and biorefinery capital and operational costs. The model was applied to 82 cropping systems simulated across 37 subwatersheds in a 9-county region of southern Michigan in response to ethanol prices simulated to rise from $1.78 to $3.36 per gallon. Results show that the decentralized local biomass processing depots lead to lower profitability but better environmental performance, due to more reliance on perennial grasses than the centralized biorefinery. Simulated technological improvement that reduces the processing cost and increases the ethanol yield of switchgrass by 17% could cause a shift to more processing of switchgrass, with increased profitability and environmental benefits.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Michigan", "Ethanol", "Biomass production", " bioenergy supply", " cellulosic ethanol", " environmental trade-off analysis", " bioeconomic modeling", " EPIC", " spatial configuration", " local biomass processing", " Crop Production/Industries", " Environmental Economics and Policy", " Production Economics", " Resource /Energy Economics and Policy", " Q16", " Q15", " Q57", " Q18", "", "02 engineering and technology", "Environment", "Models", " Theoretical", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "Costs and Cost Analysis", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Computer Simulation", "Biomass"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Egbendewe-Mondzozo, Aklesso, Swinton, Scott M., Bals, Bryan D., Dale, Bruce E.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/es303829w"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1021/es303829w", "name": "item", "description": "10.1021/es303829w", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1021/es303829w"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2021.107655", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-09-09", "title": "The impact of water erosion on global maize and wheat productivity", "description": "Abstract   Water erosion removes soil nutrients, soil carbon, and in extreme cases can remove topsoil altogether. Previous studies have quantified crop yield losses from water erosion using a range of methods, applied mostly to single plots or fields, and cannot be systematically compared. This study assesses the worldwide impact of water erosion on maize and wheat production using a global gridded modeling approach for the first time. The EPIC crop model is used to simulate the global impact of water erosion on maize and wheat yields, from 1980 to 2010, for a range of field management strategies. Maize and wheat yields were reduced by a median of 3% annually in grid cells affected by water erosion, which represent approximately half of global maize and wheat cultivation areas. Water erosion reduces the annual global production of maize and wheat by 8.9 million tonnes and 5.6 million tonnes, with a value of $3.3bn globally. Nitrogen fertilizer necessary to reduce losses is valued at $0.9bn. As cropland most affected by water erosion is outside major maize and wheat production regions, the production losses account for less than 1% of the annual global production by volume. Countries with heavy rainfall, hilly agricultural regions and low fertilizer use are most vulnerable to water erosion. These characteristics are most common in South and Southeast Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and South and Central America. Notable uncertainties remain around large-scale water erosion estimates that will need to be addressed by better integration of models and observations. Yet, an integrated bio-physical modeling framework \u2013 considering plant growth, soil processes and input requirements \u2013 as presented herein can provide a link between robust water erosion estimates, economics and policy-making so far lacking in global agricultural assessments.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "550", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "global-gridded crop model", "15. 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However, many scenarios assessing global decarbonization pathways, either based on integrated assessment models or partial-equilibrium models, fail to identify the key role that this technology could play, including far lower future PV capacity than that projected by the PV community. In this perspective, we review the factors that lie behind the historical cost reductions of solar PV and identify innovations in the pipeline that could contribute to maintaining a high learning rate. We also aim at opening a constructive discussion among PV experts, modelers, and policymakers regarding how to improve the representation of this technology in the models and how to ensure that manufacturing and installation of solar PV- can ramp up on time, which will be crucial to remain in a decarbonization path compatible with the Paris Agreement.", "keywords": ["grid integration", "costs", "land use", "02 engineering and technology", "materials availability", "sector coupling", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "photovoltaics", "learning curve", "partial-equilibrium model", "13. Climate action", "integrated assessment model", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.03.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Joule", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.joule.2021.03.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.joule.2021.03.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.joule.2021.03.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.027", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:16:51Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-02-17", "title": "Spatial Variation Of Environmental Impacts Of Regional Biomass Chains", "description": "In this study, the spatial variation of potential environmental impacts of bioenergy crops is quantitatively assessed. The cultivation of sugar beet and Miscanthus for bioethanol production in the North of the Netherlands is used as a case study. The environmental impacts included are greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (during lifecycle and related to direct land use change), soil quality, water quantity and quality, and biodiversity. Suitable methods are selected and adapted based on an extensive literature review. The spatial variation in environmental impacts related to the spatial heterogeneity of the physical context is assessed using Geographical Information System (GIS). The case study shows that there are large spatial variations in environmental impacts of the introduction of bioenergy crops. Land use change (LUC) to sugar beet generally causes more negative environmental impacts than LUC to Miscanthus. LUC to Miscanthus could have positive environmental impacts in some areas. The most negative environmental impacts of a shift towards sugar beet and Miscanthus occur in the western wet pasture areas. The spatially combined results of the environmental impacts illustrate that there are several trade offs between environmental impacts: there are no areas were no negative environmental impacts occur. The assessment demonstrates a framework to identify areas with potential negative environmental impacts of bioenergy crop production and areas where bioenergy crop production have little negative or even positive environmental impacts.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "certification", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "costs", "energy crop cultivation", "argentina part", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "13. Climate action", "water-use", "land-use", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "miscanthus", "organic-matter", "scale bioenergy production", "biodiversity"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.027"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Renewable%20and%20Sustainable%20Energy%20Reviews", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.027", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.027", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.027"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2018.05.016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:17:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-11", "title": "The Benefits Of Conservation Agriculture On Soil Organic Carbon And Yield In Southern Africa Are Site-Specific", "description": "Abstract   Conservation agriculture (CA), with reduced tillage, permanent soil cover and diversified cropping systems, is advocated in southern Africa to improve soil quality, reduce input costs and mitigate climate-induced risks. However, improvements in terms of yield and soil organic carbon (SOC) under CA are slow and variable and many small-scale farmers are unable to buffer themselves against potential short-term financial losses. In this study we examined the effects of CA-related management practices on SOC sequestration and productivity at two medium-term sites on a sandy soil (eight year trial) and clay soil (six years) in maize producing areas of South Africa. Using field data, current input costs and market prices for crops, we calculated the gross margin for each system. Treatments compared conventional ploughing under maize monoculture with reduced tillage, intercropping and crop rotation. On the clay soil, SOC was increased under reduced tillage (57.6\u202ft C ha\u22121) compared to conventional tillage (54.9\u202ft C ha\u22121) while there was no difference for the sandy soil (19.7\u202ft C ha\u22121 average across treatments). Profitability was most strongly influenced by seasonal rainfall, but was higher on the sandy soil than the clay soil, with an average gross margin of R11,344 ha\u22121 and R5,686 ha\u22121, respectively. This study has demonstrated that while certain CA practices can create site-specific benefits for farmers, it is highly dependent on local weather and soil conditions. For the clay soil an additional payment scheme would be required to reward farmers in southern Africa for C-sequestration to make CA profitable and achieve increased C-mitigation through soil sequestration.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Conservation agriculture (CA)", "Losses", "Cropping systems", "Soil organic carbon (SOC)", "Crops", "Small-scale farmers", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "Maize", "Costs", "Intercropping", "Crop rotation", "Soil conservation", "Sand", "Monoculture", "Reduced tillage", "Soil conditions", "Clay", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Profitability", "Agricultural machinery", "Organic carbon"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.05.016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2018.05.016", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2018.05.016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2018.05.016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/17583004.2025.2497870", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:18:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-05-05", "title": "The role of transaction costs for the optimal supply of carbon sequestration from cover crops in Denmark", "description": "Climate change suggests the use of carbon dioxide removal technologies, such as soil carbon sequestration in agriculture, to complement mitigation efforts. However, there could be challenges with implementing sequestration measures due to transaction costs, such as farm expenses for research, information, and planning. The purpose of this study is to investigate how transaction costs affect the cost-effective supply of carbon sequestration from cover crops in Denmark. We develop a model of the optimal adoption of cover crops, accounting for farm spatial heterogeneity and potentially nonlinear transaction costs to adoption. In the presence of transaction costs and at a carbon price of 220 \u20ac/tCO2e (suggested as an appropriate level of a CO2e tax for Danish agriculture) increased cover crop cultivation will only offset 15.4 tCO2e per year, corresponding to 0.002% of the Danish agricultural emissions reduction target. Assuming zero transaction costs overestimates the annual sequestration supply at the given price by 13,030 tCO2e. Total abatement and transaction costs for cover cropping are on average 78 \u20ac per ha and transaction costs can represent up to 90% of total costs for low carbon prices. Transaction costs also alter the cost-effective distribution of carbon sequestration across space and farm size groups.", "keywords": ["Environmental sciences", "Agriculture", "GE1-350", "cover crops", "carbon sequestration", "cost-effectiveness", "agriculture", "transaction costs"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2025.2497870"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Carbon%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/17583004.2025.2497870", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/17583004.2025.2497870", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/17583004.2025.2497870"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-05-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/land11050729", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:21:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-05-12", "title": "A New Framework to Assess Sustainability of Soil Improving Cropping Systems in Europe", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Assessing agricultural sustainability is one of the most challenging tasks related to expertise and support methodologies because it entails multidisciplinary aspects and builds on cultural and value-based elements. Thus, agricultural sustainability should be considered a social concept, reliable enough to support decision makers and policy development in a broad context. The aim of this manuscript was to develop a methodology for the assessment of the sustainability of soil improving cropping systems (SICS) in Europe. For this purpose, a decision tree based on weights (%) was chosen because it allows more flexibility. The methodology was tested with data from the SoilCare Horizon 2020 study site in Germany for the assessment of the impact of the integration of cover crops into the crop rotation. The effect on the environmental indicators was slightly positive, but most assessed properties did not change over the short course of the experiment. Farmers reported that the increase in workload was outweighed by a reputation gain for using cover crops. The incorporation of cover crops reduced slightly the profitability, due to the costs for seeds and establishment of cover crops. The proposed assessment methodology provides a comprehensive summary to assess the agricultural sustainability of SICS.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "S", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "12. Responsible consumption", "sustainability framework; overall sustainability; costs and benefits; cover crops", "sustainability framework", "11. Sustainability", "Life Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "costs and benefits", "cover crops", "910 Geography & travel", "550 Earth sciences & geology", "overall sustainability"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/5/729/pdf"}, {"href": "https://boris.unibe.ch/169997/1/land-11-00729.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/land11050729"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/land11050729", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/land11050729", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/land11050729"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.48350/169997", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:21:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-05-12", "title": "A New Framework to Assess Sustainability of Soil Improving Cropping Systems in Europe", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Assessing agricultural sustainability is one of the most challenging tasks related to expertise and support methodologies because it entails multidisciplinary aspects and builds on cultural and value-based elements. Thus, agricultural sustainability should be considered a social concept, reliable enough to support decision makers and policy development in a broad context. The aim of this manuscript was to develop a methodology for the assessment of the sustainability of soil improving cropping systems (SICS) in Europe. For this purpose, a decision tree based on weights (%) was chosen because it allows more flexibility. The methodology was tested with data from the SoilCare Horizon 2020 study site in Germany for the assessment of the impact of the integration of cover crops into the crop rotation. The effect on the environmental indicators was slightly positive, but most assessed properties did not change over the short course of the experiment. Farmers reported that the increase in workload was outweighed by a reputation gain for using cover crops. The incorporation of cover crops reduced slightly the profitability, due to the costs for seeds and establishment of cover crops. The proposed assessment methodology provides a comprehensive summary to assess the agricultural sustainability of SICS.</p></article>", "keywords": ["INDICATORS", "IMPACT", "Environmental Studies", "LEVEL", "Environmental Sciences & Ecology", "3301 Architecture", "12. Responsible consumption", "4104 Environmental management", "11. Sustainability", "MANAGEMENT", "Life Science", "costs and benefits", "0502 Environmental Science and Management", "910 Geography & travel", "550 Earth sciences & geology", "overall sustainability", "2. Zero hunger", "Science & Technology", "S", "MICROBIAL BIOMASS", "3304 Urban and regional planning", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "sustainability framework; overall sustainability; costs and benefits; cover crops", "sustainability framework", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "cover crops", "Life Sciences & Biomedicine", "FARMERS"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/5/729/pdf"}, {"href": "https://boris.unibe.ch/169997/1/land-11-00729.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.48350/169997"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.48350/169997", "name": "item", "description": "10.48350/169997", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.48350/169997"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5071/27theubce2019-1bo.5.4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-07-25T16:21:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Innovative Lignocellulosic Cropping Systems in Europe: Combining Knowledge from Several EU-Projects", "description": "Closed AccessProceedings of the 27th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 27-30 May 2019, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 84-89", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Biomass; Costs; Feedstock; Innovative concepts; Stakeholders; Sustainability", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "Biomass", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5071/27theubce2019-1bo.5.4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/27th%20European%20Biomass%20Conference%20and%20Exhibition", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5071/27theubce2019-1bo.5.4", "name": "item", "description": "10.5071/27theubce2019-1bo.5.4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5071/27theubce2019-1bo.5.4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10182/7842", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:24:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-01-12", "title": "Food and nutritional security require adequate protein as well as energy, delivered from whole-year crop production", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Human food security requires the production of sufficient quantities of both high-quality protein and dietary energy. In a series of case-studies from New Zealand, we show that while production of food ingredients from crops on arable land can meet human dietary energy requirements effectively, requirements for high-quality protein are met more efficiently by animal production from such land. We present a model that can be used to assess dietary energy and quality-corrected protein production from various crop and crop/animal production systems, and demonstrate its utility. We extend our analysis with an accompanying economic analysis of commercially-available, pre-prepared or simply-cooked foods that can be produced from our case-study crop and animal products. We calculate the per-person, per-day cost of both quality-corrected protein and dietary energy as provided in the processed foods. We conclude that mixed dairy/cropping systems provide the greatest quantity of high-quality protein per unit price to the consumer, have the highest food energy production and can support the dietary requirements of the highest number of people, when assessed as all-year-round production systems. Global food and nutritional security will largely be an outcome of national or regional agro-economies addressing their own food needs. We hope that our model will be used for similar analyses of food production systems in other countries, agro-ecological zones and economies.</p></article>", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "food access", "QH301-705.5", "agro-ecology", "7. Clean energy", "630", "03 medical and health sciences", "Journal Article", "forage utilisation", "Biology (General)", "Agricultural Science", "Nutrition", "whole-year production", "2. Zero hunger", "0303 health sciences", "Whole-year production", "9. Industry and infrastructure", "R", "food security", "15. Life on land", "nutrition", "food costs", "ANZSRC::090899 Food Sciences not elsewhere classified", "ANZSRC::070301 Agro-ecosystem Function and Prediction", "Medicine", "Food costs", "Agroecology", "Forage utilisation", "New Zealand"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Coles, Graeme D, Wratten, Stephen D, Porter, John R,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://peerj.com/preprints/1841v1.pdf"}, {"href": "https://peerj.com/preprints/1841.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10182/7842"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PeerJ", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10182/7842", "name": "item", "description": "10182/7842", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10182/7842"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-03-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.7287/peerj.preprints.1841v1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:24:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-01-12", "title": "Food and nutritional security require adequate protein as well as energy, delivered from whole-year crop production", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Human food security requires the production of sufficient quantities of both high-quality protein and dietary energy. In a series of case-studies from New Zealand, we show that while production of food ingredients from crops on arable land can meet human dietary energy requirements effectively, requirements for high-quality protein are met more efficiently by animal production from such land. We present a model that can be used to assess dietary energy and quality-corrected protein production from various crop and crop/animal production systems, and demonstrate its utility. We extend our analysis with an accompanying economic analysis of commercially-available, pre-prepared or simply-cooked foods that can be produced from our case-study crop and animal products. We calculate the per-person, per-day cost of both quality-corrected protein and dietary energy as provided in the processed foods. We conclude that mixed dairy/cropping systems provide the greatest quantity of high-quality protein per unit price to the consumer, have the highest food energy production and can support the dietary requirements of the highest number of people, when assessed as all-year-round production systems. Global food and nutritional security will largely be an outcome of national or regional agro-economies addressing their own food needs. We hope that our model will be used for similar analyses of food production systems in other countries, agro-ecological zones and economies.</p></article>", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "food access", "QH301-705.5", "agro-ecology", "7. Clean energy", "630", "03 medical and health sciences", "Journal Article", "forage utilisation", "Biology (General)", "Agricultural Science", "Nutrition", "whole-year production", "2. Zero hunger", "0303 health sciences", "Whole-year production", "9. Industry and infrastructure", "R", "food security", "15. 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Diagnosing a patient from the early stages tremendously raises the chance of survival. Current clinical cancer detection approaches including X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and biomarker analysis not only fail to provide a precise border of the malignant tissue, especially in the early stages of cancer, but also can be invasive and lead to tissue damage. Recent progress in EM biosensor technologies has the potential to deliver a point-of-care diagnosis and surpass conventional methods regarding accuracy, time, and cost.", "keywords": ["Technology", "Organizations", "Science & Technology", "Sensors", "Tissue damage", "610", "Engineering", " Electrical & Electronic", "02 engineering and technology", "Cancer detection", "Costs", "Point of care", "ARRAYS", "3. 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In conflict situations, cost-sharing becomes even more controversial as health and other institutions are failing. In such situations, NGOs manage health programmes which aim to aid populations in crisis and improve or at least sustain a deteriorating health system. This study looks at the issue of cost-sharing in the wider context of utilization rates and management approaches of three NGOs in the chronic, high-mortality crisis of the eastern DRC. Approaches to increase access to health care were found to exist, yet cost-recovery, even on the basis of maximum utilization rates, would only partially sustain the health system in the eastern DRC. Factors external to the direct management of NGO health programs, such as the wider economic and security situation, local management structures, and international donor policies, need to be taken into account for establishing more integrated management and financing approaches.", "keywords": ["Public Sector", "1. 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Previous studies have quantified crop yield losses from water erosion using a range of methods, applied mostly to single plots or fields, and cannot be systematically compared. This study assesses the worldwide impact of water erosion on maize and wheat production using a global gridded modeling approach for the first time. The EPIC crop model is used to simulate the global impact of water erosion on maize and wheat yields, from 1980 to 2010, for a range of field management strategies. Maize and wheat yields were reduced by a median of 3% annually in grid cells affected by water erosion, which represent approximately half of global maize and wheat cultivation areas. Water erosion reduces the annual global production of maize and wheat by 8.9 million tonnes and 5.6 million tonnes, with a value of $3.3bn globally. Nitrogen fertilizer necessary to reduce losses is valued at $0.9bn. As cropland most affected by water erosion is outside major maize and wheat production regions, the production losses account for less than 1% of the annual global production by volume. Countries with heavy rainfall, hilly agricultural regions and low fertilizer use are most vulnerable to water erosion. These characteristics are most common in South and Southeast Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and South and Central America. Notable uncertainties remain around large-scale water erosion estimates that will need to be addressed by better integration of models and observations. Yet, an integrated bio-physical modeling framework \u2013 considering plant growth, soil processes and input requirements \u2013 as presented herein can provide a link between robust water erosion estimates, economics and policy-making so far lacking in global agricultural assessments.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "550", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "global-gridded crop model", "15. 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