{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1007/s10457-013-9643-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-25T16:14:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-10-08", "title": "Carbon Stocks, Tree Diversity, And The Role Of Organic Certification In Different Cocoa Production Systems In Alto Beni, Bolivia", "description": "This study compares aboveground and belowground carbon stocks and tree diversity in different cocoa cultivation systems in Bolivia: monoculture, simple agroforestry, and successional agroforestry, as well as fallow as a control. Since diversified, agroforestry-based cultivation systems are often considered important for sustainable development, we also evaluated the links between carbon stocks and tree diversity, as well as the role of organic certification in transitioning from monoculture to agroforestry. Biomass, tree diversity, and soil physiochemical parameters were sampled in 15 plots measuring 48 \u00d7 48 m. Semi-structured interviews with 52 cocoa farmers were used to evaluate the role of organic certification and farmers\u2019 organizations (e.g., cocoa cooperatives) in promoting tree diversity. Total carbon stocks in simple agroforestry systems (128.4 \u00b1 20 Mg ha\u22121) were similar to those on fallow plots (125.2 \u00b1 10 Mg ha\u22121). Successional agroforestry systems had the highest carbon stocks (143.7 \u00b1 5.3 Mg ha\u22121). Monocultures stored significantly less carbon than all other systems (86.3 \u00b1 4.0 Mg ha\u22121, posterior probability P(Diff > 0) of 0.000\u20130.006). Among shade tree species, Schizolobium amazonicum, Centrolobium ochroxylum, and Anadenanthera sp. accumulated the most biomass. High-value timber species (S. amazonicum, C. ochroxylum, Amburana cearensis, and Swietenia macrophylla) accounted for 22.0 % of shade tree biomass. The Shannon index and tree species richness were highest in successional agroforestry systems. Cocoa plots on certified organic farms displayed significantly higher tree species richness than plots on non-certified farms. Thus, expanding the coverage of organic farmers\u2019 organizations may be an effective strategy for fostering transitions from monoculture to agroforestry systems.", "keywords": ["Values", " standards and certification", "2. Zero hunger", "Bolivia", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Crop husbandry", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "330 Economics", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://boris.unibe.ch/49822/1/__ubnetapp02_user%24_brinksma_Downloads_carbon%20stocks.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-013-9643-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-013-9643-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-013-9643-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-013-9643-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-10-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-015-9812-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:14:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-04-16", "title": "Microbial Biomass And Cellulase Activity In Soils Under Five Different Cocoa Production Systems In Alto Beni, Bolivia", "description": "Cocoa is one of the most important crops of the \u201cAlto Beni\u201d region in Bolivia. This crop is produced in different systems, among them monoculture and agroforestry. In order to determine the effect of the production system on microbiological soil characteristics, we measured microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and cellulase activity and we determined the microbial quotient in soil under five different cocoa production systems (conventional monoculture, organic monoculture, conventional agroforestry, organic agroforestry and successional agroforestry) and in fallow plots. The measurements were carried out in dry and rainy season. Soil from fallow plots and soil under agroforestry had higher microbial biomass than soils under monocultures, probably due to the effect of fresh organic matter input on microbial biomass. No significant difference for microbial biomass in soil from plots subjected to organic management and soil from plots subjected to conventional management was observed, possibly because of the short time elapsed from the initial establishment of the plots. In dry season, the microbial quotient showed a significantly higher value in soils under conventional agroforestry than in soils under organic monoculture, suggesting that besides the input of fresh organic matter, mineral fertilization may play a role on the fraction of available carbon. Cellulase activity was not affected by any of the factors tested, indicating that, under our assay conditions, it was not a good indicator of changes in soil.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Bolivia", "Nutrient turnover", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Crop husbandry", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-015-9812-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-015-9812-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-015-9812-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-015-9812-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-04-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2018.05.028", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-05-31", "title": "Effects of agricultural management practices on soil quality: A review of long-term experiments for Europe and China", "description": "Open AccessIn this paper we present effects of four paired agricultural management practices (organic matter (OM) addition versus no organic matter input, no-tillage (NT) versus conventional tillage, crop rotation versus monoculture, and organic agriculture versus conventional agriculture) on five key soil quality indicators, i.e., soil organic matter (SOM) content, pH, aggregate stability, earthworms (numbers) and crop yield. We have considered organic matter addition, no-tillage, crop rotation and organic agriculture as 'promising practices'; no organic matter input, conventional tillage, monoculture and conventional farming were taken as the respective references or 'standard practice' (baseline). Relative effects were analysed through indicator response ratio (RR) under each paired practice. For this we considered data of 30 long-term experiments collected from 13 case study sites in Europe and China as collated in the framework of the EU-China funded iSQAPER project. These were complemented with data from 42 long-term experiments across China and 402 observations of long-term trials published in the literature. Out of these, we only considered experiments covering at least five years. The results show that OM addition favourably affected all the indicators under consideration. The most favourable effect was reported on earthworm numbers, followed by yield, SOM content and soil aggregate stability. For pH, effects depended on soil type; OM input favourably affected the pH of acidic soils, whereas no clear trend was observed under NT. NT generally led to increased aggregate stability and greater SOM content in upper soil horizons. However, the magnitude of the relative effects varied, e.g. with soil texture. No-tillage practices enhanced earthworm populations, but not where herbicides or pesticides were applied to combat weeds and pests. Overall, in this review, yield slightly decreased under NT. Crop rotation had a positive effect on SOM content and yield; rotation with ley very positively influenced earthworms' numbers. Overall, crop rotation had little impact on soil pH and aggregate stability \u2212 depending on the type of intercrop; alternatively, rotation of arable crops only resulted in adverse effects. A clear positive trend was observed for earthworm abundance under organic agriculture. Further, organic agriculture generally resulted in increased aggregate stability and greater SOM content. Overall, no clear trend was found for pH; a decrease in yield was observed under organic agriculture in this review.", "keywords": ["China", "Soil Science", "Organic chemistry", "Crop", "01 natural sciences", "Long-term field experiments", "Crop Productivity", "Soil quality", "Environmental science", "Organic Matter Dynamics", "Tillage", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Soil quality indicators", "Crop rotation", "Management of Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity", "Soil water", "FOS: Mathematics", "Agricultural management practices", "Monoculture", "Crop Yield Stability", "Biology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Literature review", "Response ratio", "Soil science", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic matter", "Soil Fertility", "Conventional tillage", "Geography", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Soil Nutrient Management", "15. Life on land", "Agronomy", "Europe", "Chemistry", "Archaeology", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Crop husbandry", "Organic matter", "Intercropping in Agricultural Systems", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Agronomy and Crop Science", "Mathematics"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.05.028"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2018.05.028", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2018.05.028", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2018.05.028"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.07.014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-08-04", "title": "Soil Microbial Community And Microbial Residues Respond Positively To Minimum Tillage Under Organic Farming In Southern Germany", "description": "In a field trial comprising organic farming and minimum tillage management strategies in Scheyern, Germany, we evaluated the long-term (21-year) effects of organic farming (use of a diverse crop rotation with legume cover crop and without application of synthetic fertilizer or pesticides) and minimum tillage (6\u20138 cm depth) on the microbial community structure and microbial residues in Cambisols. Organic farming had a positive effect on microbial biomass, total phospho-lipid fatty acids (PLFA), Gram (+) bacteria, Gram (-) bacteria and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) indicator PLFA 16:1v5 and amino sugars. The increase in presence of Gram (+) bacteria when compared to integrated farming was also reflected by increased content of bacterial muramic acid (MurN), i.e. an increased formation of bacterial residues. Minimum tillage significantly increased microbial biomass N and the fungal PLFA 18:2v6,9, averaging the values of upper (0\u20138 cm) and deeper (12\u201325 cm) soil, but had no effects on PLFA 16:1v5.  Minimum tillage generally resulted in a negative depth gradient of almost all microbial properties analyzed. The only important exception was fungal galactosamine (GlcN), which led to increases in the fungal C/bacterial C ratio and in the contribution of microbial residue C to SOC in the deeper soil. Significant second order tillage management interactions indicated that minimum tillage effects on microbial biomass and PLFA indices (Gram (+) and (i15:0 + i17:0)/(a15:0 + a17:0)) were much stronger in the organic farming system than in the integrated farming system. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed SOC and H2O content predominantly affected the microbial community structure in the present study.  Minimum tillage in combination with organic farming appears to be an effective agricultural strategy that enhances soil microbial biomass, microbial residues and bacterial and fungal abundances. The results indicate that the positive effects of minimum tillage on microbial community can be enhanced by organic farming. Microbial residues as a fraction of SOC respond faster to farming management than to tillage.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil biology", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Crop husbandry", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.07.014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Applied%20Soil%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.07.014", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.07.014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.07.014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1017/s174217051300029x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:17:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-08-19", "title": "Agroecosystem Resilience And Farmers' Perceptions Of Climate Change Impacts On Cocoa Farms In Alto Beni, Bolivia", "description": "Abstract<p>Cocoa-based small-scale agriculture is the most important source of income for most farming families in the region of Alto Beni in the sub-humid foothills of the Andes. Cocoa is grown in cultivation systems of varying ecological complexity. The plantations are highly susceptible to climate change impacts. Local cocoa producers mention heat waves, droughts, floods and plant diseases as the main impacts affecting plants and working conditions, and they associate these impacts with global climate change. From a sustainable regional development point of view, cocoa farms need to become more resilient in order to cope with the climate change related effects that are putting cocoa-based livelihoods at risk. This study assesses agroecosystem resilience under three different cocoa cultivation systems (successional agroforestry, simple agroforestry and common practice monocultures). In a first step, farmers\uffe2\uff80\uff99 perceptions of climate change impacts were assessed and eight indicators of agroecological resilience were derived in a transdisciplinary process (focus groups and workshop) based on farmers\uffe2\uff80\uff99 and scientists\uffe2\uff80\uff99 knowledge. These indicators (soil organic matter, depth of Ah horizon, soil bulk density, tree species diversity, crop varieties diversity, ant species diversity, cocoa yields and infestation of cocoa trees with Moniliophthora perniciosa) were then surveyed on 15 cocoa farms and compared for the three different cultivation systems. Parts of the socio-economic aspects of resilience were covered by evaluating the role of cocoa cooperatives and organic certification in transitioning to more resilient cocoa farms (interviews with 15 cocoa farmers combined with five expert interviews). Agroecosystem resilience was higher under the two agroforestry systems than under common practice monoculture, especially under successional agroforestry. Both agroforestry systems achieved higher cocoa yields than common practice monoculture due to agroforestry farmers\uffe2\uff80\uff99 enhanced knowledge regarding cocoa cultivation. Knowledge sharing was promoted by local organizations facilitating organic certification. These organizations were thus found to enhance the social process of farmers\uffe2\uff80\uff99 integration into cooperatives and their reorientation toward organic principles and diversified agroforestry.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Bolivia", "13. Climate action", "Environmental aspects", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Crop husbandry", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "330 Economics", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://boris.unibe.ch/49818/1/download.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s174217051300029x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Renewable%20Agriculture%20and%20Food%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1017/s174217051300029x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1017/s174217051300029x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1017/s174217051300029x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-08-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/01448765.2015.1130646", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:18:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-12-30", "title": "Winter Cover Crop Effects On Soil Structural Stability And Microbiological Activity In Organic Farming", "description": "AbstractIn a field experiment based on a five-year crop rotation (pea, potato, barley undersown with red clover, red clover and winter wheat), several soil parameters, porosity, number and biomass of earthworms, total nitrogen, organic carbon, percentage of water stable aggregates and enzymatic activity, were studied during 2013 and 2014, the first and second year, respectively, since the first rotation concluded. This rotation was managed under three organic farming systems: Organic 0 (control), Organic I (with winter cover crops lately incorporated into the soil as green manure) and Organic II (with the same cover crops plus a yearly amendment of 40\u00a0t\u00a0ha\u22121 of cattle manure). Crop rotation had a yearly positive effect on the soil bulk density, and enhanced the percentage of air filled pores; nonetheless, despite the leguminous crops in the rotation, all the systems presented a yearly decrease in total nitrogen in 2014. Cover crops along with manure only had a significant effect on enzymatic activity; how...", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "Soil biology", "Composting and manuring", "Biodiversity and ecosystem services", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Crop husbandry", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil quality"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2015.1130646"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biological%20Agriculture%20%26amp%3B%20Horticulture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/01448765.2015.1130646", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/01448765.2015.1130646", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/01448765.2015.1130646"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-12-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/14735903.2007.9684811", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-25T16:18:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-20", "title": "The Viability Of Cotton-Based Organic Farming Systems In India", "description": "Cotton farmers in many developing countries are facing decreasing marginal returns due to stagnating yields and high input costs. Conversion to organic management could offer an alternative. In a two year comparative study in central India covering 170 cotton fields, organic farms achieved cotton yields that were on par with those in conventional farms, whereby nutrient inputs and input costs per crop unit were reduced by half. Due to 10\u201320% lower total production costs and a 20% organic price premium, average gross margins from organic cotton fields were 30\u201340% higher than in the conventional system. Although the crops grown in rotation with cotton were sold without premium, organic farms achieved 10\u201320% higher incomes from agriculture. In addition to these economic benefits, the organic farming system does not burden soil and groundwater with synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. However, in this study only minor differences were detected in soil fertility parameters of organic and conventional fields. Altogether, the results suggest that conversion to organic farming can improve livelihoods of smallholders while protecting natural resources. Income loss due to reduced yields in initial years of transition, however, constitutes a major hurdle, especially for poorer farmers. It is thus important to support farmers in overcoming the obstacles of the conversion period.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "1. No poverty", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Crop husbandry", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Eyhorn, Frank, Ramakrishnan, Mahesh, M\u00e4der, Paul,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2007.9684811"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/International%20Journal%20of%20Agricultural%20Sustainability", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/14735903.2007.9684811", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/14735903.2007.9684811", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/14735903.2007.9684811"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Crop+husbandry&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Crop+husbandry&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Crop+husbandry&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Crop+husbandry&offset=7", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 7, "numberReturned": 7, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-07-26T07:20:37.710912Z"}