Herbivores can exert major controls over biogeochemical cycling. As invertebrates are highly sensitive to temperature shifts (ectothermal), the abundances of insects in high\uffe2\uff80\uff90latitude systems, where climate warming is rapid, is expected to increase. In subarctic mountain birch forests, research has focussed on geometrid moth outbreaks, while the contribution of background insect herbivory (BIH) to elemental cycling is poorly constrained. In northern Sweden, we estimated BIH along 9 elevational gradients distributed across a gradient in regional elevation, temperature, and precipitation to allow evaluation of consistency in local versus regional variation. We converted foliar loss via BIH to fluxes of C, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) from the birch canopy to the soil to compare with other relevant soil inputs of the same elements and assessed different abiotic and biotic drivers of the observed variability. We found that leaf area loss due to BIH was ~1.6% on average. This is comparable to estimates from tundra, but considerably lower than ecosystems at lower latitudes. The C, N, and P fluxes from canopy to soil associated with BIH were 1\uffe2\uff80\uff932 orders of magnitude lower than the soil input from senesced litter and external nutrient sources such as biological N fixation, atmospheric deposition of N, and P weathering estimated from the literature. Despite the minor contribution to overall elemental cycling in subarctic birch forests, the higher quality and earlier timing of the input of herbivore deposits to soils compared to senesced litter may make this contribution disproportionally important for various ecosystem functions. BIH increased significantly with leaf N content as well as local elevation along each transect, yet showed no significant relationship with temperature or humidity, nor the commonly used temperature proxy, absolute elevation. The lack of consistency between the local and regional elevational trends calls for caution when using elevation gradients as climate proxies.This study presents a cradle\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90gate assessment of the energy balances and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of Indonesian palm oil biodiesel production, including the stages of land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use change (LUC), agricultural phase, transportation, milling, biodiesel processing, and comparing the results from different farming systems, including company plantations and smallholder plantations (either out growers or independent growers) in different locations in Kalimantan and Sumatra of Indonesia. The findings demonstrate that there are considerable differences between the farming systems and the locations in net energy yields (43.6\uffe2\uff80\uff9349.2\uffc2\uffa0GJ\uffc2\uffa0t\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0biodiesel\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) as well as GHG emissions (1969.6\uffe2\uff80\uff935626.4\uffc2\uffa0kg\uffc2\uffa0CO2eq\uffc2\uffa0t\uffe2\uff88\uff921 biodiesel\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921). The output to input ratios are positive in all cases. The largest GHG emissions result from LUC effects, followed by the transesterification, fertilizer production, agricultural production processes, milling, and transportation. Ecosystem carbon payback times range from 11 to 42\uffc2\uffa0years.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "net energy yield", "palm oil biodiesel", "330", "greenhouse gas emissions", "ecosystem carbon payback time", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "energy balances", "630", "12. Responsible consumption", "land-use change", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "farming systems"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01118.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01118.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01118.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01118.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-09-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.1v87f", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-09-22T16:19:41Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: Post-fire changes in forest carbon storage over a 300-year chronosequence of Pinus contorta-dominated forests", "description": "unspecifiedA warming climate may increase the frequency and severity of stand-replacing wildfires, reducing carbon (C) storage in forest ecosystems. Understanding the variability of post-fire C cycling on heterogeneous landscapes is critical for predicting changes in C storage with more frequent disturbance. We measured C pools and fluxes for 77 lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud var. latifolia Engelm.) stands in and around Yellowstone National Park (YNP) along a 300-year chronosequence to examine how quickly forest C pools recover after a stand-replacing fire, their variability through time across a complex landscape, and the role of stand structure in this variability. Carbon accumulation after fire was rapid relative to the historical mean fire interval of 150-300 years, recovering nearly 80% of pre-fire C in 50 years and 90% within 100 years. Net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) declined monotonically from 160 g C m-2 yr-1 at age 12 to 5 g C m 2 yr-1 at age 250, but was never negative after disturbance. Decomposition and accumulation of dead wood contributed little to NECB relative to live biomass in this system. Aboveground net primary productivity was correlated with leaf area for all stands, and the decline in aboveground net primary productivity with forest age was related to a decline in both leaf area and growth efficiency. Forest structure was an important driver of ecosystem C, with ecosystem C, live biomass C, and organic soil C varying with basal area or tree density in addition to forest age. Rather than identifying a single chronosequence, we found high variability in many components of ecosystem C stocks through time; a > 50% random subsample of the sampled stands was necessary to reliably estimate the non-linear equation coefficients for ecosystem C. At the spatial scale of YNP, this variability suggests that landscape C develops via many pathways over decades and centuries, with prior stand structure, regeneration, and within-stand disturbance all important. With fire rotation projected to be < 30 years by mid century in response to a changing climate, forests in YNP will store substantially less C (at least 4.8 kg C/m2 or 30% less).", "keywords": ["Pinus contorta var. latifolia", "13. Climate action", "Yellowstone", "lodgepole pine", "net ecosystem carbon balance", "15. Life on land", "Carbon"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.1v87f"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.1v87f", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.1v87f", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.1v87f"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-12-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.0zpc86711", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:19:41Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Agroforestry carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emission rates in central Alberta, Canada", "description": "Open AccessThe current dataset replaces a previous version and has been modified for clarity and carefully reviewed for accuracy.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "deadwood", "FOS: Agricultural sciences", "Sustainable agriculture", "15. Life on land", "12. Responsible consumption", "climate change mitigation", "sustainable agriculture", "soil organic carbon", "13. Climate action", "ecosystem carbon sequestration", "11. Sustainability", "agroforestry systems", "Greenhouse gas emissions"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0zpc86711"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.0zpc86711", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.0zpc86711", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.0zpc86711"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-07-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.8382j4r", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-22T16:19:44Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: Spatial variation and linkages of soil and vegetation in the Siberian Arctic tundra \u2013 coupling field observations with remote sensing data", "description": "unspecifiedPlant, soil and remote sensing attributes of a Siberian Arctic sitePlant and soil data of study plots were collected in the field in summer 2014. NDVI and topographical attributes were later extracted from three satellite images, portraying the field site and vegetation in three different years at 180, 220 and 750 DD (growing degree days with 0 C threshold). Plant species presence (1 in data) and absence (0 in data) in study plots is available for dicotyledonous vascular plants. Land cover types are based on ground-based visual judgement.Mikola et al. 2018_Biogeosciences.xlsx", "keywords": ["Vascular plant", "Satellite image", "soil temperature", "reflectance", "Permafrost", "spatial variation", "Spatial extrapolation", "Salix", "15. Life on land", "Betula nana", "moss", "Ecosystem carbon exchange", "LAI", "Sphagnum", "Carex", "Eriophorum", "13. Climate action", "Land cover type"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Mikola, Juha, Virtanen, Tarmo, Linkosalmi, Maiju, V\u00e4h\u00e4, Emmi, Nyman, Johanna, Postanogova, Olga, R\u00e4s\u00e4nen, Aleksi, Kotze, D. Johan, Laurila, Tuomas, Juutinen, Sari, Kondratyev, Vladimir, Aurela, Mika,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8382j4r"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.8382j4r", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.8382j4r", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.8382j4r"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-05-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3089242097", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-09-22T16:23:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-09-22", "title": "Background insect herbivory increases with local elevation but makes minor contribution to element cycling along natural gradients in the Subarctic", "description": "AbstractHerbivores can exert major controls over biogeochemical cycling. As invertebrates are highly sensitive to temperature shifts (ectothermal), the abundances of insects in high\uffe2\uff80\uff90latitude systems, where climate warming is rapid, is expected to increase. In subarctic mountain birch forests, research has focussed on geometrid moth outbreaks, while the contribution of background insect herbivory (BIH) to elemental cycling is poorly constrained. In northern Sweden, we estimated BIH along 9 elevational gradients distributed across a gradient in regional elevation, temperature, and precipitation to allow evaluation of consistency in local versus regional variation. We converted foliar loss via BIH to fluxes of C, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) from the birch canopy to the soil to compare with other relevant soil inputs of the same elements and assessed different abiotic and biotic drivers of the observed variability. We found that leaf area loss due to BIH was ~1.6% on average. This is comparable to estimates from tundra, but considerably lower than ecosystems at lower latitudes. The C, N, and P fluxes from canopy to soil associated with BIH were 1\uffe2\uff80\uff932 orders of magnitude lower than the soil input from senesced litter and external nutrient sources such as biological N fixation, atmospheric deposition of N, and P weathering estimated from the literature. Despite the minor contribution to overall elemental cycling in subarctic birch forests, the higher quality and earlier timing of the input of herbivore deposits to soils compared to senesced litter may make this contribution disproportionally important for various ecosystem functions. BIH increased significantly with leaf N content as well as local elevation along each transect, yet showed no significant relationship with temperature or humidity, nor the commonly used temperature proxy, absolute elevation. The lack of consistency between the local and regional elevational trends calls for caution when using elevation gradients as climate proxies.Herbivores can exert major controls over biogeochemical cycling. As invertebrates are highly sensitive to temperature shifts (ectothermal), the abundances of insects in high\uffe2\uff80\uff90latitude systems, where climate warming is rapid, is expected to increase. In subarctic mountain birch forests, research has focussed on geometrid moth outbreaks, while the contribution of background insect herbivory (BIH) to elemental cycling is poorly constrained. In northern Sweden, we estimated BIH along 9 elevational gradients distributed across a gradient in regional elevation, temperature, and precipitation to allow evaluation of consistency in local versus regional variation. We converted foliar loss via BIH to fluxes of C, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) from the birch canopy to the soil to compare with other relevant soil inputs of the same elements and assessed different abiotic and biotic drivers of the observed variability. We found that leaf area loss due to BIH was ~1.6% on average. This is comparable to estimates from tundra, but considerably lower than ecosystems at lower latitudes. The C, N, and P fluxes from canopy to soil associated with BIH were 1\uffe2\uff80\uff932 orders of magnitude lower than the soil input from senesced litter and external nutrient sources such as biological N fixation, atmospheric deposition of N, and P weathering estimated from the literature. Despite the minor contribution to overall elemental cycling in subarctic birch forests, the higher quality and earlier timing of the input of herbivore deposits to soils compared to senesced litter may make this contribution disproportionally important for various ecosystem functions. BIH increased significantly with leaf N content as well as local elevation along each transect, yet showed no significant relationship with temperature or humidity, nor the commonly used temperature proxy, absolute elevation. The lack of consistency between the local and regional elevational trends calls for caution when using elevation gradients as climate proxies.