Abstract. We present and discuss a new dataset of gridded emissions covering the historical period (1850\uffe2\uff80\uff932000) in decadal increments at a horizontal resolution of 0.5\uffc2\uffb0 in latitude and longitude. The primary purpose of this inventory is to provide consistent gridded emissions of reactive gases and aerosols for use in chemistry model simulations needed by climate models for the Climate Model Intercomparison Program #5 (CMIP5) in support of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). Our best estimate for the year 2000 inventory represents a combination of existing regional and global inventories to capture the best information available at this point; 40 regions and 12 sectors are used to combine the various sources. The historical reconstruction of each emitted compound, for each region and sector, is then forced to agree with our 2000 estimate, ensuring continuity between past and 2000 emissions. Simulations from two chemistry-climate models is used to test the ability of the emission dataset described here to capture long-term changes in atmospheric ozone, carbon monoxide and aerosol distributions. The simulated long-term change in the Northern mid-latitudes surface and mid-troposphere ozone is not quite as rapid as observed. However, stations outside this latitude band show much better agreement in both present-day and long-term trend. The model simulations indicate that the concentration of carbon monoxide is underestimated at the Mace Head station; however, the long-term trend over the limited observational period seems to be reasonably well captured. The simulated sulfate and black carbon deposition over Greenland is in very good agreement with the ice-core observations spanning the simulation period. Finally, aerosol optical depth and additional aerosol diagnostics are shown to be in good agreement with previously published estimates and observations.
", "keywords": ["info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "550", "IPCC", "[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "Physics", "QC1-999", "emissions", "551", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "J", "[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "Chemistry", "13. Climate action", "[SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environment and Society", "CMIP5", "[SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environment and Society", "QD1-999", "AR5", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/9279/1/acp-10-7017-2010.pdf"}, {"href": "http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/9279/1/acp-10-7017-2010.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Atmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-02-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/bg-15-1933-2018", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:22:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-11-21", "title": "Straw incorporation increases crop yield and soil organic carbon sequestration but varies under different natural conditions and farming practices in China: a system analysis", "description": "Abstract. Loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) from agricultural soils is a key indicator of soil degradation associated with reductions in net primary productivity in crop production systems worldwide. Simple technical and locally appropriate solutions are required for farmers to increase SOC and to improve cropland management. In the last 30 years, straw incorporation has gradually been implemented across China in the context of agricultural intensification and rural livelihood improvement. A meta-analysis of data published before the end of 2016 was undertaken to investigate the effects of straw incorporation on crop production and SOC sequestration. The results of 68 experimental studies throughout China in different edaphic, climate regions and under different farming regimes were analyzed. Compared with straw removal, straw incorporation significantly sequestered SOC (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9320\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm depth) at the rate of 0.35 (range 0.31\uffe2\uff80\uff930.40)\uffe2\uff80\uff89Mg C\uffe2\uff80\uff89ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff89yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, increased crop grain yield by 13.4\uffe2\uff80\uff89% (range 9.3\uffe2\uff80\uff89%\uffe2\uff80\uff9318.4\uffe2\uff80\uff89%) and had a conversion efficiency of the applied straw-C as 16\uffe2\uff80\uff89%\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff892\uffe2\uff80\uff89% across the whole of China. The combined straw incorporation at the rate of 3\uffe2\uff80\uff89Mg C\uffe2\uff80\uff89ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff89yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 with mineral fertilizer of 200\uffe2\uff80\uff93400\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg N\uffe2\uff80\uff89ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff89yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 was demonstrated to be the best combination for farmers to use with crop yield increased by 32.7\uffe2\uff80\uff89% (range 17.9\uffe2\uff80\uff89%\uffe2\uff80\uff9356.4\uffe2\uff80\uff89%) and SOC sequestrated by the rate of 0.85 (range 0.54\uffe2\uff80\uff931.15)\uffe2\uff80\uff89Mg C\uffe2\uff80\uff89ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff89yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Straw incorporation achieved higher SOC sequestration rate and crop yield increment when applied to clay soils, under high cropping intensities, and in areas like Northeast China where the soil is being degraded. SOC responses were the greatest in the initial starting phase of straw incorporation and then declined and finally were negligible after 28\uffe2\uff80\uff9362 years, however, crop yield responses were initially low and then increased reaching their highest level at 11\uffe2\uff80\uff9315 years after straw incorporation. Overall, our study confirmed that straw incorporation did create a positive feedback loop of SOC enhancement together with increased crop production, and this is of great practical significance to straw management as agricultural intensifies in China and other regions in the world with different climate conditions.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "QE1-996.5", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "Ecology", "Life", "QH501-531", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Geology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "QH540-549.5"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1933-2018"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/bg-15-1933-2018", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/bg-15-1933-2018", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/bg-15-1933-2018"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-11-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.6202061", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:24:31Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Bias-corrected EURO-CORDEX RCM simulations for the OPTAIN case studies", "description": "Open AccessBias-corrected EURO-CORDEX RCM simulations are available on a daily timescale for: -period 1981-2099/2100, -6 RCM, -3 scenarios (RCPs 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5), -7 variables (mean, minimum and maximum temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, wind speed at 2 m and relative humidity) and -18 domains and 23 locations within these domains. Bias correction and further downscaling to 0.1\ufffd\ufffd was done using ERA5-Land reanalysis data with non-parametric empirical quantile mapping. Moreover, the interpolation of gridded bias-corrected climate model simulations to the locations was made using universal kriging. Organization of the data The name of the files are domain-type.zip, where type is gridded (NetCDF) or point (csv). Each zip file contains multiple files, organized in subfolders: experiment/modelNumber/variable.nc for gridded and experiment/modelNumber/variable-pilotFieldNumber.txt for point data, where experiment is rcp26, rcp45 or rcp85. domain and pilotFieldNumber domain domain location (min and max. Longitude, min and max latitude) pilotFieldNumber pilot field location (longitude, latitude) case study number country Name (OPTAIN case study) 01 50.95 51.45 14.55 15.05 1 DEU Schoeps 02 46.35 47.05 6.55 7.15 2 46.816667 6.95 2 CHE Petite Glane 02_1 46.75 47.25 7.25 7.75 1 46.983333 7.466667 02_34 47.35 47.85 8.35 3 4 47.433333 8.516667 47.683333 8.616667 02_5 46.15 46.65 5.95 6.45 5 46.4 6.233333 03a 46.65 47.15 17.45 17.95 1 2 3 4 46.92649 17.68246 46.9166 17.68976 46.91283 17.69754 46.91283 17.69723 3a HUN Csorsza 03b 46.45 46.95 16.65 17.15 3b HUN Felso Valicka 04 52.35 52.85 18.45 18.95 1 52.597469 18.728617 4 POL Upper Zglowiaczka 05 46.35 46.85 15.35 15.85 5 SVN Pesnica 06 46.45 46.95 16.15 16.65 6 HUN/SVN Kebele/Kobiljski 07 49.85 50.35 4.75 5.25 7 BEL La Wimbe 08 55.15 55.75 23.55 24.05 1 2 55.522057 23.799235 55.42233194 23.82580339 8 LTU Dotnuvele 09 45.45 45.95 9.65 10.15 9 ITA Cherio 10 59.45 59.95 10.75 11.25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 59.71949 10.83576 59.6833306 10.8833298 59.6833306 10.8833298 59.665 10.9475 59.665 10.9475 59.841012 10.903597 59.757631 11.072031 59.539623 10.856447 10 NOR Krogstad 11 46.45 46.95 17.55 18.05 1 2 46.658333 17.75583 46.656944 17.75833 11 HUN Tetves 12 49.35 49.85 14.75 15.25 1 49.616837 15.078266 12 CZE Cechticky 13 55.85 56.35 25.85 26.45 13 LVA Dviete 14 59.75 60.25 17.55 18.05 14 SWE Ingvastaan Lehstaan modelNumber modelNumber Driving Model (GCM) Ensemble RCM End date 1 EC-EARTH r12i1p1 CCLM4-8-17 31.12.2100 2 EC-EARTH r3i1p1 HIRHAM5 31.12.2100 3 HadGEM2-ES r1i1p1 HIRHAM5 30.12.2099 4 HadGEM2-ES r1i1p1 RACMO22E 30.12.2099 5 HadGEM2-ES r1i1p1 RCA4 30.12.2099 6 MPI-ESM-LR r2i1p1 REMO2009 31.12.2100 variable variable description Unit Tmean Mean temperature \ufffd\ufffdC Tmin Min temperature \ufffd\ufffdC Tmax Max temperature \ufffd\ufffdC prec Precipitation mm solarRad Solar radiation MJ/m2 windSpeed Wind speed at 2m m/s relHum Relative humidity % Methodolody Bias correction was done using non-parametric empirical quantile mapping with modified method from R package qmap. Parameters selected were: corrections for each day of the year using a moving windows for a 31 days; 100 quantiles; wet days corrections for precipitation. The reference period is 1981-2010. The interpolation of gridded bias-corrected climate model simulations to the location was made using universal kriging with R packages automap and gstat with (external) variables x, y, x2, y2, x*y, z, where x is latitude, y is longitude, and z is elevation. For Digital Elevation Model Shuttle Radar Topography Mission was used. If there was an error using above mentioned variables, the number of variables was reduced to x, y, x*y, z and if there was still an error to x, y, z. Funding This project has received funding from the European Union\ufffd\ufffd\ufffds Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 862756.", "keywords": ["CORDEX", "13. Climate action", "RCM", "ERA5-Land", "OPTAIN", "EURO-CORDEX", "bias correction"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Honzak, Luka", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6202061"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.6202061", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.6202061", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.6202061"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-02-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1805/19605", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:26:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-10-19", "title": "Isotopic evidence for oligotrophication of terrestrial ecosystems", "description": "Human societies depend on an Earth system that operates within a constrained range of nutrient availability, yet the recent trajectory of terrestrial nitrogen (N) availability is uncertain. Examining patterns of foliar N concentrations and isotope ratios (\u03b415N) from more than 43,000 samples acquired over 37\u2009years, here we show that foliar N concentration declined by 9% and foliar \u03b415N declined by 0.6-1.6\u2030. Examining patterns across different climate spaces, foliar \u03b415N declined across the entire range of mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation tested. These results suggest declines in N supply relative to plant demand at the global scale. In all, there are now multiple lines of evidence of declining N availability in many unfertilized terrestrial ecosystems, including declines in \u03b415N of tree rings and leaves from herbarium samples over the past 75-150\u2009years. These patterns are consistent with the proposed consequences of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and longer growing seasons. These declines will limit future terrestrial carbon uptake and increase nutritional stress for herbivores.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "570", "Nitrogen", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "577", "terrestrial nitrogen", "Nutritional stress", "551", "01 natural sciences", "oligotrophication", "Isotopes", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6", "Terrestrial carbon uptake", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1", "Ecosystem", "580", "2. Zero hunger", "Nitrogen Isotopes", "terrestrial ecosystems", "isotopic", "Eutrophication", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "sylviculture", "Nitrogen; Nitrogen Isotopes; Plants; Ecosystem; Eutrophication", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "element cycles", "foliar", "13. Climate action", "nutrient availability"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/704621/3/Craine_2018_isotopic.pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0694-0.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/1805/19605"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Ecology%20%26amp%3B%20Evolution", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1805/19605", "name": "item", "description": "1805/19605", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1805/19605"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-10-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1F20D517-4F12-4194-B9EC-544A45676839", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2020-02-11T00:00:00Z", "type": "Dataset", "language": "de", "title": "Boden\u00fcbersichtskarte 1:200.000 (B\u00dcK200) - CC7110 Mannheim", "description": "Die Boden\u00fcbersichtskarte 1:200.000 (B\u00dcK200) wird von der Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in Zusammenarbeit mit den Staatlichen Geologischen Diensten (SGD) der Bundesl\u00e4nder im Blattschnitt der Topographischen \u00dcbersichtskarte 1:200.000 (T\u00dcK200) erarbeitet und in 55 einzelnen Kartenbl\u00e4ttern herausgegeben. Die digitale, blattschnittfreie Datenhaltung bildet eine detaillierte, bundesweit einheitliche und fl\u00e4chendeckende Informationsgrundlage f\u00fcr L\u00e4nder \u00fcbergreifende Aussagen zu Bodennutzung und Bodenschutz. \u00dcber den aktuellen Bearbeitungsstand des Kartenwerks informieren die Internetseiten der BGR zum Thema Boden. Die Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung der B\u00f6den auf dem Gebiet dieses Kartenblattes wird anhand von 97 Legendeneinheiten (gegliedert nach Bodenregionen und Bodengro\u00dflandschaften) beschrieben. Jede Legendeneinheit beinhaltet bodensystematische Informationen (Bodensubtyp) und Informationen zum Bodenausgangsgestein sowohl f\u00fcr die Leitb\u00f6den als auch f\u00fcr deren Begleiter. Im Rahmen der Qualit\u00e4tssicherung wurde die Linienf\u00fchrung der Bodengrenzen im gesamten Blattgebiet verbessert (Stand 12. Juli 2016).", "formats": [{"name": "PDF"}], "keywords": ["ackerbauliches-ertragspotential", "baden-wu\u0308rttemberg", "boden", "bodenart", "bodenausgangsgestein", "bodenauslaugung", "bodenbearbeitung", "bodenbelastung", "bodenbildung", "bodenbiologie", "bodenchemie", "bodendegradation", "bodendekontamination", "bodeneigenschaften", "bodenerosion", "bodenfeuchtigkeit", "bodenform", "bodenfruchtbarkeit", "bodenfunktion", "bodengefu\u0308ge", "bodengesellschaft", "bodengestaltung", "bodengruppe", "bodengu\u0308te", "bodenhorizont", "bodeninformationssystem", "bodenkarte", "bodenluft", "bodenmechanik", "bodenmineralogie", "bodennutzbarkeit", "bodennutzung", "bodenphysikalische-eigenschaften", "bodenprofil", "bodenskelett", "bodensubstrat", "bodensystematik", "bodentyp", "bodenverbreitung", "de", "durchla\u0308ssigkeit", "effektive-durchwurzelungstiefe", "fachinformationssystem", "hessen", "mannheim", "opendata", "rheinland-pfalz", "saarland", "soil"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR)", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Boden/BUEK200/7110/jpg/buek200_7110.zip"}, {"href": "https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Boden/BUEK200/7110/pdf/buek200_7110.zip"}, {"href": "https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Boden/BUEK200/7110/png/buek200_7110.zip"}, {"href": "https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Boden/BUEK200/7110/shp/buek200_7110.zip"}, {"href": "https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Boden/BUEK200/7110/tiff/buek200_7110.zip"}, {"href": "http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/1f20d517-4f12-4194-b9ec-544a45676839"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1F20D517-4F12-4194-B9EC-544A45676839", "name": "item", "description": "1F20D517-4F12-4194-B9EC-544A45676839", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1F20D517-4F12-4194-B9EC-544A45676839"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"null": "date"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.gexplo.2025.107868", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:16:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-07-21", "title": "Improving spatial interpolation for anomaly analysis in presence of sparse, clustered or imprecise data sets", "description": "In this study, we present a new method of interpolation and anomaly detection especially designed for sparse, clustered or imprecise environmental data (SIC). Such data cannot be processed by current state of the art spatial methods and models, including the most widely used, such as kriging. Indeed, the statistics obtained on SIC data (on the order of 5\u201330) do not allow us to define a covariance or to calibrate the numerous hyper-parameters of sophisticated Bayesian or deep image prior models. We therefore adapted an information dissemination algorithm to handle SIC data. This probabilistic model has been enriched (anisotropy, de-clustering, auto-variography, multi-support, treatment of covariates, and censored data) in a way that fully meets the needs for environmental SIC data and can be used in conjunction with hybrid propagation of epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties and anomaly detection, whatever their mathematical form. The new interpolator for anomaly detection was applied on a very small set of 13 sparse data points characteristic of small-scale environmental studies, on digital-challenge datasets and on two real datasets, i.e., a large-scale geochemical dataset and a SIC urban soil dataset. Results highlight the added value of the proposed algorithm, that is able to pinpoint anomalies in SIC data, while avoiding in particular the smoothing effects of certain previous methods", "keywords": ["Sparse clustered", "Uncertainty", "[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "Spatial interpolation", "Anomaly detection", "European geochemistry"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Belb\u00e8ze, St\u00e9phane, Rohmer, J\u00e9r\u00e9my, Guyonnet, Dominique, N\u00e9grel, Philippe, Tarvainen, Timo,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2025.107868"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geochemical%20Exploration", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.gexplo.2025.107868", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.gexplo.2025.107868", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.gexplo.2025.107868"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/hyp.14451", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:14:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-12-11", "title": "Hydrological responses to rainfall events including the extratropical cyclone Gloria in two contrasting Mediterranean headwaters in Spain; the perennial font del Reg\u00e0s and the intermittent Fuirosos", "description": "AbstractCatchment hydrological responses to precipitation inputs, particularly during exceptionally large storms, are complex and variable, and our understanding of the associated runoff generation processes during those events is limited. Hydrological monitoring of climatically and hydrologically distinct catchments can help to improve this understanding by shedding light on the interplay between antecedent soil moisture conditions, hydrological connectivity, and rainfall event characteristics. This knowledge is urgently needed considering that both the frequency and magnitude of extreme precipitation events are increasing worldwide as a consequence of climate change. In autumn 2018, we installed water level sensors to monitor stream water and near\uffe2\uff80\uff90stream groundwater levels at two Mediterranean forest headwater catchments with contrasting hydrological regimes: Font del Reg\uffc3\uffa0s (sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90humid climate, perennial flow regime) and Fuirosos (semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90arid climate, intermittent flow regime). Both catchments are located in northeastern Spain, where the extratropical cyclone Gloria hit in January 2020 and left in ca. 65\uffe2\uff80\uff89h outstanding accumulated rainfalls of 424\uffe2\uff80\uff89mm in Font del Reg\uffc3\uffa0s and 230\uffe2\uff80\uff89mm in Fuirosos. During rainfall events of low mean intensity, hydrological responses to precipitation inputs at the semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90arid Fuirosos were more delayed and more variable than at the sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90humid Font del Reg\uffc3\uffa0s. We explain these divergences by differences in antecedent soil moisture conditions and associated differences in catchment hydrological connectivity between the two catchments, which in this case are likely driven by differences in local climate rather than by differences in local topography. In contrast, during events of moderate and high mean rainfall intensities, including the storm Gloria, precipitation inputs and hydrological responses correlated similarly in the two catchments. We explain this convergence by rapid development of hydrological connectivity independently of antecedent soil moisture conditions. The data set presented here is unique and contributes to our mechanistic understanding on how streams respond to rainfall events and exceptionally large storms in catchments with contrasting flow regimes.
", "keywords": ["info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "550", "ddc:550", "rainfall intensity", "climate extreme", "15. Life on land", "551", "extreme hydrological event", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "antecedent soil moisture conditions", "Earth sciences", "13. Climate action", "heavy rainfall", "Mediterranean climate", "catchment hydrological connectivity", "environmental monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hyp.14451"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14451"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrological%20Processes", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/hyp.14451", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/hyp.14451", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/hyp.14451"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.095", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:17:13Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-01-10", "title": "The Cover Crop Determines The Amf Community Composition In Soil And In Roots Of Maize After A Ten-Year Continuous Crop Rotation", "description": "Intensive agricultural practices are responsible for soil biological degradation. By stimulating indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), cover cropping enhances soil health and promotes agroecosystem sustainability. Still, the legacy effects of cover crops (CCs) and the major factors driving the AM fungal community are not well known; neither is the influence of the specific CC. This work describes a field experiment established in Central Spain to test the effect of replacing winter fallow by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or vetch (Vicia sativa L.) during the intercropping of maize (Zea mays L.). We examined the community composition of the AMF in the roots and rhizosphere soil associated with the subsequent cash crop after 10\u202fyears of cover cropping, using Illumina technology. The multivariate analysis showed that the AMF communities under the barley treatment differed significantly from those under fallow, whereas no legacy effect of the vetch CC was detected. Soil organic carbon, electrical conductivity, pH, Ca and microbial biomass carbon were identified as major factors shaping soil AMF communities. Specific AMF taxa were found to play a role in plant uptake of P, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cd, which may shed light on the functionality of these taxa. In our conditions, the use of barley as a winter CC appears to be an appropriate choice with respect to promotion of AMF populations and biological activity in agricultural soils with intercropping systems. However, more research on CC species and their legacy effect on the microbial community composition and functionality are needed to guide decisions in knowledge-based agriculture.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Diversity", "Cover cropping", "Grass", "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi", "Agriculture", "Hordeum", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "Zea mays", "Crop Production", "Legume", "Spain", "Long-term experiment", "Mycorrhizae", "Long-term experiments", "Rhizosphere", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Illumina technology", "Mediterranean climate", "Soil Microbiology", "Mycobiome"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.095"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.095", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.095", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.095"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/978-94-007-0394-0_20", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:14:31Z", "created": "2011-02-08", "title": "Biofuels, Greenhouse Gases And Climate Change", "description": "Biofuels are fuels produced from biomass, mostly in liquid form, within a time frame sufficiently short to consider that their feedstock (biomass) can be renewed, contrarily to fossil fuels. This paper reviews the current and future biofuel technologies, and their development impacts (including on the climate) within given policy and economic frameworks. Current technologies make it possible to provide first generation biodiesel, ethanol or biogas to the transport sector to be blended with fossil fuels. Still under-development 2nd generation biofuels from lignocellulose should be available on the market by 2020. Research is active on the improvement of their conversion efficiency. A ten-fold increase compared with current cost-effective capacities would make them highly competitive. Within bioenergy policies, emphasis has been put on biofuels for transportation as this sector is fast-growing and represents a major source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Compared with fossil fuels, biofuel combustion can emit less greenhouse gases throughout their life cycle, considering that part of the emitted returns to the atmosphere where it was fixed from by photosynthesis in the first place. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is commonly used to assess the potential environmental impacts of biofuel chains, notably the impact on global warming. This tool, whose holistic nature is fundamental to avoid pollution trade-offs, is a standardised methodology that should make comparisons between biofuel and fossil fuel chains objective and thorough. However, it is a complex and time-consuming process, which requires lots of data, and whose methodology is still lacking harmonisation. Hence the life-cycle performances of biofuel chains vary widely in the literature. Furthermore, LCA is a site- and time- independent tool that cannot take into account the spatial and temporal dimensions of emissions, and can hardly serve as a decision-making tool either at local or regional levels. Focusing on greenhouse gases, emission factors used in LCAs give a rough estimate of the potential average emissions on a national level. However, they do not take into account the types of crop, soil or management practices, for instance. Modelling the impact of local factors on the determinism of greenhouse gas emissions can provide better estimates for LCA on the local level, which would be the relevant scale and degree of reliability for decision-making purposes. Nevertheless, a deeper understanding of the processes involved, most notably emissions, is still needed to definitely improve the accuracy of LCA. Perennial crops are a promising option for biofuels, due to their rapid and efficient use of nitrogen, and their limited farming operations. However, the main overall limiting factor to biofuel development will ultimately be land availability. Given the available land areas, population growth rate and consumption behaviours, it would be possible to reach by 2030 a global 10% biofuel share in the transport sector, contributing to lower global greenhouse gas emissions by up to (IEA, 2006), provided that harmonised policies ensure that sustainability criteria for the production systems are respected worldwide. Furthermore, policies should also be more integrative across sectors, so that changes in energy efficiency, the automotive sector and global consumption patterns converge towards drastic reduction of the pressure on resources. Indeed, neither biofuels nor other energy source or carriers are likely to mitigate the impacts of anthropogenic pressure on resources in a range that would compensate for this pressure growth. Hence, the first step is to reduce this pressure by starting from the variable that drives it up, i.e. anthropic consumptions.", "keywords": ["effet de serre", "BIOFUELS;ENERGY CROPS;PERENNIALS;LCA;GREENHOUSE GASES;CLIMATE CHANGE;POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FRAMEWORKS;BIOENERGY POTENTIAL;LAND-USE CHANGE;NITROUS OXIDE;CARBON DIOXIDE;AGRICULTURAL PRATICES \u00a0;AGRONOMIE;", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "dioxyde de carbone", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "biomasse", "pratique culturale", "\u00e9nergie", "2. Zero hunger", "changement climatique", "oxyde nitreux", "gaz trace", "\u00e9mission", "Agricultural sciences", "flux", "culture \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique", "cycle de vie", "biocarburant", "13. Climate action", "politique \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique", "impact sur l'environnement", "Sciences agricoles"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0394-0_20"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/978-94-007-0394-0_20", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/978-94-007-0394-0_20", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/978-94-007-0394-0_20"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.15400134", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:23:57Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Genomic and functional adaptation of Aristotelia chilensis across the Atacama\u2013Patagonia aridity gradient", "description": "The dataset supermatrix4.csv compiles comprehensive individual-level data for Aristotelia chilensis, a native Chilean tree species, sampled along a pronounced latitudinal aridity gradient. It comprises 225 rows (individual plants) and 51 columns (variables), integrating ecological, morphological, physiological, and environmental information. Each row represents a unique individual annotated with population and genetic cluster identifiers, spatial coordinates (latitude, longitude, altitude), and an array of functional and structural traits. Functional traits include critical photo-inactivation water content (a drought tolerance proxy), specific leaf area (SLA), and root-to-shoot biomass ratio, all of which are central to plant water-use strategies and growth efficiency. Morphometric traits\u2014such as stem diameter, plant height, number of stems, canopy width (maximum and minimum), and canopy exposure\u2014describe above-ground architectural variation. Physiological attributes include anthocyanin and phenolic concentrations, antioxidant capacity estimated via ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays, and germination percentage. These measures provide insight into chemical defense mechanisms and reproductive performance. Environmental predictors were extracted using point-based values corresponding to the coordinates of each sampled population, sourced from globally recognized high-resolution datasets due to their relevance to plant eco-physiology. The Aridity Index (AI), a key proxy for water availability, was calculated as the ratio of annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration (AI = PPT / PET), following Fisher et al. (2011). Climatic variables include mean annual precipitation (PPT) and a suite of bioclimatic variables (BIO1\u2013BIO19) from the CHELSA dataset, which provides fine-resolution climatologies suitable for ecological modeling (Karger et al., 2017). Potential evapotranspiration (PET), a metric for atmospheric water demand, was also derived from the methods of Fisher et al. (2011). In addition, UV-B radiation values were extracted from the glUV dataset, which offers spatially explicit estimates of biologically effective ultraviolet exposure (Beckmann et al., 2014). Soil (edaphic) variables were obtained from the SoilGrids 2.0 global database (Poggio et al., 2021), including soil texture fractions (sand, silt, clay), water retention capacity, and a set of nutrient and structural properties such as nitrogen content, soil organic carbon (SOC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and the proportion of coarse fragments. These variables support fine-scale trait\u2013environment analyses and help evaluate potential adaptive responses across heterogeneous climatic and soil gradients. The dataset is well-suited for integrative ecological and evolutionary research, enabling analyses of the interaction between genomic variation, phenotypic traits, and abiotic selective pressures. The accompanying maqui.vcf file contains genomic variant data in VCF v4.2 format, generated using BBMap v38.69. It includes 2,356 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detected across 188 diploid individuals of A. chilensis, aligned to the Aristotelia chilensis v1.0 reference genome. Variant calling was based on 415,851,949 reads, with an average read length of 138.41 bp, an average total base quality of 39.99, and a mean mapping quality (MAPQ) of 41.03. SNPs are distributed across at least 37 reference contigs, ranging from approximately 63,940 to 113,184 base pairs in length. Genotypes are encoded in standard VCF format and include quality metrics per sample. This dataset enables population genomics analyses, including assessments of genetic structure, differentiation, and genotype\u2013environment associations. Funding Statement This work was supported by Fundacion para la Innovaci\u00f3n Agraria (grant PYT-2018-0138). References Beckmann, M. et al. (2014). glUV: a global UV-B radiation data set for macroecological studies. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 5, 372\u2013383. Fisher, J.B., Whittaker, R.J. & Malhi, Y. (2011). ET come home: potential evapotranspiration in geographical ecology. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20, 1\u201318.Karger, D.N. et al. (2017). Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.Poggio, L. et al. (2021). SoilGrids 2.0: producing soil information for the globe with quantified spatial uncertainty. Soil 7, 217\u2013240.", "keywords": ["Aristotelia chilensis", "Nutraceuticals", "Chile"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Blinded", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15400134"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.15400134", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.15400134", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.15400134"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-05-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fenvs.2019.00113", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:21:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-22", "title": "Modeling of Soil Functions for Assessing Soil Quality: Soil Biodiversity and Habitat Provisioning", "description": "Soil biodiversity and habitat provisioning is one of the soil functions that agricultural land provides to society. This paper describes assessment of the soil biodiversity function (SB function) as a proof of concept to be used in a decision support tool for agricultural land management. The SB function is defined as \u201cthe multitude of soil organisms and processes, interacting in an ecosystem, providing society with a rich biodiversity source and contributing to a habitat for aboveground organisms.\u201d So far, no single measure provides the full overview of the soil biodiversity and how a soil supports a habitat for a biodiverse ecosystem. We have assembled a set of attributes for a proxy-indicator system, based on four \u201cintegrated attributes\u201d: (1) soil nutrient status, (2) soil biological status, (3) soil structure, and (4) soil hydrological status. These attributes provide information to be used in a model for assessing the capacity of a soil to supply the SB function. A multi-criteria decision model was developed which comprises of 34 attributes providing information to quantify the four integrated attributes and subsequently assess the SB function for grassland and for cropland separately. The model predictions (in terms of low\u2014moderate\u2014high soil biodiversity status) were compared with expert judgements for a collection of 137 grassland soils in the Netherlands and 52 French soils, 29 grasslands, and 23 croplands. For both datasets, the results show that the proposed model predictions were statistically significantly correlated with the expert judgements. A sensitivity analysis indicated that the soil nutrient status, defined by attributes such as pH and organic carbon content, was the most important integrated attribute in the assessment of the SB function. Further progress in the assessment of the SB function is needed. This can be achieved by better information regarding land use and farm management. In this way we may make a valuable step in our attempts to optimize the multiple soil functions in agricultural landscapes, and hence the multifaceted role of soils to deliver a bundle of ecosystem services for farmers and citizens, and support land management and policy toward a more sustainable society.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "570", "land management", "soil biodiversity", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "15. Life on land", "habitat provisioning", "630", "ecosystem service", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "Europe", "Environmental sciences", "soil function", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "GE1-350", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "qualitative modeling", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00113"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Environmental%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fenvs.2019.00113", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fenvs.2019.00113", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00113"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "78F40629-3272-40F6-B0AA-C0A353F7A391", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:29:08Z", "type": "Dataset", "language": "en", "title": "Soil Regions of the European Union and Adjacent Countries 1:5,000,000", "description": "The map of the \"Soil Regions of the European Union and Adjacent Countries 1:5,000,000 (Version 2.0)\" is published by the Federal Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), in partnership with the Joint Research Center (JRC, Ispra). The soil regions map is intended to support the current national mapping activities towards a European 1:250,000 datbase by stratifying similar regional soil associations into a hierarchical concept. Only by stratification, the complexity of soils can be systematically structured so that the complex 1:250,000 legend can be handled in cross-national and contintental-level applications. Soil regions are natural, cross-regional soil geographical units which perform the highest spatial and content-based aggregation of European soils. They represent the frame conditions for soil development at the landscape level. The soil regions are presented at scale 1:5,000,000. Thus, its borders are highly generalized. Because of its low resolution, the map units absorb atypical soils and associations of soils, which are only described in higher resolution soil maps. The delineation of the soil regions is expected to be refined (and probably improved by its content) during the actual 1:250,000 mapping process. Thus, updating can be expected in the future. Currently, the soil regions map is the only graphical soil representation in Europe which has been developed using fully comparable and harmonized basic data at the continental level (climate, hydrography, relief, geology, vegetation): the interpretation of this input data, and the utilization of expert knowledge (including the interpretation of regional soil maps) has been done using one common methodology, developed and applied consistently throughout the whole mapping area by an experienced international soil mapper (Dr. Reinhard Hartwich, former member of BGR, and co-author of the 1998 Manual of Procedures). The methodology is extensively described in the Explanatory Notes (German), and in the revised Manual of Procedures which is expected to be completed soon. It is highly recommended to apply and interpret the map using the map comments and descriptions as provided in the explanatory notes (German: Hartwich et al. 2005; English: revision of the Manual of Procedures, initial version: Finke et al. 2001).", "formats": [{"name": "PDF"}], "keywords": ["bodeneigenschaften", "bodenlandschaften", "bodenregionen", "bodenverbreitung", "climate-areas", "egdi", "entstehungsart", "europa", "europe", "io", "landscape-stratification", "soil", "soil-landscapes", "soil-parent-material-associations", "soil-regions", "soil-scapes"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Eberhardt, Einar, Dr.", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Boden/EUSR5000/jpg/eusr5000.zip"}, {"href": "https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Boden/EUSR5000/mdb/eusr5000.zip"}, {"href": "https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Boden/EUSR5000/pdf/eusr5000.zip"}, {"href": "https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Boden/EUSR5000/png/eusr5000.zip"}, {"href": "https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Boden/EUSR5000/shp/eusr5000.zip"}, {"href": "https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Boden/EUSR5000/tiff/eusr5000.zip"}, {"href": "http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/ae71ffee-1ae9-4624-ae3f-f49513fe9dcb"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "78F40629-3272-40F6-B0AA-C0A353F7A391", "name": "item", "description": "78F40629-3272-40F6-B0AA-C0A353F7A391", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/78F40629-3272-40F6-B0AA-C0A353F7A391"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"null": "date"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.euromechsol.2022.104745", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:16:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-07-23", "title": "Double restabilization and design of force-displacement response of the extensible elastica with movable constraints", "description": "Open AccessA highly deformable rod, modelled as the extensible elastica, is connected to a movable clamp at one end and to a pin sliding along a frictionless curved profile at the other. Bifurcation analysis shows that axial compliance provides a stabilizing effect in compression, but unstabilizing in tension. Moreover, with varying the constraint's curvature at the origin and the axial vs bending rod's stiffness, in addition to possible buckling in tension, the structure displays none, two, or even four bifurcation loads, the last two associated only to the first buckling mode in compression. Therefore, the straight configuration may lose and recover stability one or two times, thus evidencing single and double restabilization, a feature never observed before. By means of the closed-form solution for the extensible elastica, the quasi-static behaviour of the structure is analytically described under large rotations and axial strain. The presented solution is exploited, together with an { it ad hoc} developed optimization algorithm, to design the shape of the constraint's profile necessary to obtain a desired force-displacement curve, so to realize a force-limiter or a mechanical device capable of delivering a complex force response upon application of a continuous displacement in both positive and negative direction.", "keywords": ["Classical Physics (physics.class-ph)", "FOS: Physical sciences", "Physics - Classical Physics", "02 engineering and technology", "0101 mathematics", "Euler buckling; tensile buckling; multistability; frictionless constraint", "0210 nano-technology", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.unitn.it/bitstream/11572/356726/1/1-s2.0-S0997753822001887-main.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2022.104745"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Mechanics%20-%20A/Solids", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.euromechsol.2022.104745", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.euromechsol.2022.104745", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2022.104745"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2020.110215", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:16:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-07-07", "title": "Visualization and measurements of shock waves in cavitating flow", "description": "Abstract Upon cavitation cloud collapse an omnidirectional shock wave is emitted. It then travels through the flow field, causing a cascade of events resulting in erosion, noise, vibration and the cavitation shedding process. Despite that the accumulated data points evidently to the presence of the shock waves, the direct measurements hardly exist - and even then, they are very expensive and time consuming to perform. In the present paper, the possibility of detecting shock waves inside cavitating flow is shown. The methodology bases on using two conventional high speed cameras. With the first one cavitating flow from a distance is observed, determining the position of the wave, while the second camera with a microscopic lens enables a close-up view to determine the number and size change of air bubbles as a shock wave passed them. By calibration and reference measurements the amplitude of the shock waves was determined. This relatively simple approach enabled the first observation of shockwaves which occur at the cavitation cloud collapse (downstream of the attached cavity). Several examples of shock wave dynamics are shown and how they influence the general cavitation cloud behaviour. Shock wave front velocities and local pressure waves caused by cloud collapse were estimated from visualization, reaching values to more than 700 m/s and over 5 MPa respectively.", "keywords": ["kavitacija", "visokofrekven\u010dno snemanje", "0404 agricultural biotechnology", "cavitation", "13. Climate action", "kolaps kavitacijskega oblaka", "shock waves", "cloud collapse", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "udarni valovi", "info:eu-repo/classification/udc/532.528(045)", "0405 other agricultural sciences", "high speed video"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2020.110215"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Experimental%20Thermal%20and%20Fluid%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2020.110215", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2020.110215", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2020.110215"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2022.110651", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:16:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-03-26", "title": "Characterization of jet parameters related to cavitation bubble dynamics in a vicinity of a flat liquid\u2013liquid interface", "description": "Open AccessAbstract.", "keywords": ["mehur\u010dki", "liquid\u2013liquid interface", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "meja med dvema teko\u010dinama", "cavitation", " liquid-liquid interface", " bubbles", " jet", " anisotropy parameter", "bubbles", "kavitacija", "curek teko\u010dine", "info:eu-repo/classification/udc/532.528", "kavitacija", " meja med dvema teko\u010dinama", " mehur\u010dki", " curek teko\u010dine", " anizotropi\u010dni parameter", "anisotropy parameter", "0404 agricultural biotechnology", "cavitation", "jet", "info:eu-repo/classification/udc/532", "anizotropi\u010dni parameter", "0405 other agricultural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Orthaber, Uro\u0161, Dular, Matev\u017e, Petkov\u0161ek, Rok,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2022.110651"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Experimental%20Thermal%20and%20Fluid%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2022.110651", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2022.110651", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2022.110651"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:17:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-04-23", "title": "Biochar But Not Earthworms Enhances Rice Growth Through Increased Protein Turnover", "description": "The aim of this work was to compare the effects of biochar and earthworms on rice growth and to investigate the possible interactions between both. In addition to classic macroscopic variables we also monitored some leaf-level cellular processes involved in protein turnover. Both biochar and earthworms significantly increased shoot biomass production. However, biochar had a higher effect on the number of leaves (\u00fe87%) and earthworms on leaf area (\u00fe89%). Biochar also significantly increased the leaf turnover. At the cellular level, biochar but not earthworms enhanced protein catabolism by an increase in leaf proteolytic activities. This could be related to the increased expression of three of the six genes tested related to protein catabolism, one serine protease gene OsSP2 (\u00fe24%), one aspartic acid protease gene, Oryzasin (\u00fe162%) and one cysteine protease gene OsCatB (\u00fe257%). Furthermore, biochar also enhanced the expression level of two genes linked to protein anabolism, coding for the small and large subunits of rubisco (\u00fe33% and \u00fe30%, for rbcS and rbcL, respectively), the most abundant protein in leaves. In conclusion, our data gives evidence that biochar increased rice biomass production through increased leaf protein turnover (both catabolism and anabolism) whereas earthworms also increased rice biomass production but not through changes in the rate of protein turnover. We hypothesize that earthworms increase nitrogen uptake at a low cost for the plant through a simultaneous increase in mineralization rate and root biomass, probably through the release in the soil of plant growth factors. This could allow plants to accumulate more biomass without an increase in nitrogen metabolism at the leaf level, and without having to support the consecutive energy cost that must bear plants in the biochar treatment. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "earthworms", "FAUNE DU SOL", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "AZOTE", "PROTEINE", "CROISSANCE", "ETUDE COMPARATIVE", "lombriz de tierra", "2. Zero hunger", "BIOMASSE", "BIOCHAR", "biomass", "carbon", "microbiology", "MACROFAUNE", "CHARBON DE BOIS", "carbono", "RIZICULTURE", "biomasa", "oryza sativa", "METABOLISME", "FERTILISATION DU SOL", "carb\u00f3n vegetal", "LOMBRIC", "FEUILLE", "charcoal"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Kam-Rigne Laossi, Juan Andr\u00e9s Cardoso, Patrick Lavelle, Patrick Lavelle, Diana Cristina Noguera, Diana Cristina Noguera, Diana Cristina Noguera, M.H. Cruz de Carvalho, S\u00e9bastien Barot,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.03.018", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:17:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-04-06", "title": "Community Structure Of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Associated With Robinia Pseudoacacia In Uncontaminated And Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils", "description": "The significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil remediation has been widely recognized because of their ability to promote plant growth and increase phytoremediation efficiency in heavy metal (HM) polluted soils by improving plant nutrient absorption and by influencing the fate of the metals in the plant and soil. However, the symbiotic functions of AMF in remediation of polluted soils depend on plant\u2013fungus\u2013soil combinations and are greatly influenced by environmental conditions. To better understand the adaptation of plants and the related mycorrhizae to extreme environmental conditions, AMF colonization, spore density and community structure were analyzed in roots or rhizosphere soils of Robinia pseudoacacia. Mycorrhization was compared between uncontaminated soil and heavy metal contaminated soil from a lead\u2013zinc mining region of northwest China. Samples were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) screening with AMF-specific primers (NS31 and AM1), and sequencing of rRNA small subunit (SSU). The phylogenetic analysis revealed 28 AMF group types, including six AMF families: Glomeraceae, Claroideoglomeraceae, Diversisporaceae, Acaulosporaceae, Pacisporaceae, and Gigasporaceae. Of all AMF group types, six (21%) were detected based on spore samples alone, four (14%) based on root samples alone, and five (18%) based on samples from root, soil and spore. Glo9 (Rhizophagus intraradices), Glo17 (Funneliformis mosseae) and Acau3 (Acaulospora sp.) were the three most abundant AMF group types in the current study. Soil Pb and Zn concentrations, pH, organic matter content, and phosphorus levels all showed significant correlations with the AMF species compositions in root and soil samples. Overall, the uncontaminated sites had higher species diversity than sites with heavy metal contamination. The study highlights the effects of different soil chemical parameters on AMF colonization, spore density and community structure in contaminated and uncontaminated sites. The tolerant AMF species isolated and identified from this study have potential for application in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated areas.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences", "Pollution and Contamination", "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi", "Environmental interactions", "Soil Science", "Agronomy & Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "16. Peace & justice", "Heavy metal pollution", "Microbiology", "Phytoremediation", "Soil sciences", "Robinia pseudoacacia", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Environmental Sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.03.018"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.03.018", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.03.018", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.03.018"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "AFC47F2E-43ED-42AA-8EBB-85FCD47FA1D7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:29:46Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Soil Regions of the European Union and Adjacent Countries 1:5,000,000 (WMS)", "description": "The map of the \"Soil Regions of the European Union and Adjacent Countries 1:5,000,000 (Version 2.0)\" is published by the Federal Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), in partnership with the Joint Research Center (JRC, Ispra). The soil regions map is intended to support the current national mapping activities towards a European 1:250,000 datbase by stratifying similar regional soil associations into a hierarchical concept. Only by stratification, the complexity of soils can be systematically structured so that the complex 1:250,000 legend can be handled in cross-national and contintental-level applications. Soil regions are natural, cross-regional soil geographical units which perform the highest spatial and content-based aggregation of European soils. They represent the frame conditions for soil development at the landscape level. The soil regions are presented at scale 1:5,000,000. Thus, its borders are highly generalized. Because of its low resolution, the map units absorb atypical soils and associations of soils, which are only described in higher resolution soil maps. The delineation of the soil regions is expected to be refined (and probably improved by its content) during the actual 1:250,000 mapping process. Thus, updating can be expected in the future. Currently, the soil regions map is the only graphical soil representation in Europe which has been developed using fully comparable and harmonized basic data at the continental level (climate, hydrography, relief, geology, vegetation): the interpretation of this input data, and the utilization of expert knowledge (including the interpretation of regional soil maps) has been done using one common methodology, developed and applied consistently throughout the whole mapping area by an experienced international soil mapper (Dr. Reinhard Hartwich, former member of BGR, and co-author of the 1998 Manual of Procedures). The methodology is extensively described in the Explanatory Notes (German), and in the revised Manual of Procedures which is expected to be completed soon. It is highly recommended to apply and interpret the map using the map comments and descriptions as provided in the explanatory notes (German: Hartwich et al. 2005; English: revision of the Manual of Procedures, initial version: Finke et al. 2001).", "formats": [{"name": "WMS_SRVC"}], "keywords": ["bodeneigenschaften", "bodenlandschaften", "bodenregionen", "bodenverbreitung", "climate-areas", "egdi", "entstehungsart", "europa", "europe", "infomapaccessservice", "io", "landscape-stratification", "soil", "soil-landscapes", "soil-parent-material-associations", "soil-regions", "soil-scapes"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Eberhardt, Einar, Dr.", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://services.bgr.de/wms/boden/eusr5000/?"}, {"href": "http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/f5624c2a-d5be-4810-8d66-c0139d471118~~1"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "AFC47F2E-43ED-42AA-8EBB-85FCD47FA1D7", "name": "item", "description": "AFC47F2E-43ED-42AA-8EBB-85FCD47FA1D7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/AFC47F2E-43ED-42AA-8EBB-85FCD47FA1D7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"null": "date"}}, {"id": "c7966d90-0af0-4ede-a7c5-6dc786388b81", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2024-12-16T00:00:00Z", "type": "Dataset", "language": "de", "title": "Soil function assessment map - Rhein-Kreis Neuss", "description": "Soils are one of our essential livelihoods. They are habitat for humans, animals and plants and thus also the basis of human nutrition. They store water and nutrients that they provide to growing plants and convert dead organic substances into plant-available nutrients through soil organisms. Soils thus play a central role in global material cycles and thus also in the climate-relevant carbon cycle. In addition, soils protect the newly formed groundwater from contamination after infiltration of precipitation water and passage through the soil body through filtering and chemical-physical bonding, so that clean groundwater can be created, which feeds surface waters or can be treated as drinking water. Since soils can only develop or re-form very slowly (centurys to millennia) from the rock, the protection of existing soils from removal, sealing, compaction, etc. is a central human task. The legal basis for the protection of the diverse natural functions of soil in Germany is the Federal Soil Protection Act 1998 (BBodSchG \u00a72(2)(1) and (2)) together with the Federal Soil Protection Ordinance, which was recently amended and will enter into force in August 2023. In recent years, the Lower Soil Protection Authority of the Rhein-Kreis Neuss has, with the support of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, produced large-scale soil function maps for soils used for agriculture and forestry.", "formats": [{"name": "WMS_SRVC"}], "keywords": ["bewertung", "boden", "bodenbewertung", "bodenfruchbarkeit", "bodenfunktion", "de", "dormagen", "funktion", "grevenbroich", "ju\u0308chen", "kaarst", "korschenbroich", "meerbusch", "neuss", "rhein-kreis-neuss", "rommerskirchen"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Karl-Heinz Olk", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.rhein-kreis-neuss.de/services/RKN_Bodenfunktionsbewertungskarte/wms??SERVICE=WMS&REQUEST=GetCapabilities"}, {"href": "http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/c7966d90-0af0-4ede-a7c5-6dc786388b81"}, {"href": "https://registry.gdi-de.org/id/de.nw/RKN_BF"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "c7966d90-0af0-4ede-a7c5-6dc786388b81", "name": "item", "description": "c7966d90-0af0-4ede-a7c5-6dc786388b81", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/c7966d90-0af0-4ede-a7c5-6dc786388b81"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"null": "date"}}, {"id": "06AF1400-76F1-471A-A38F-2CAFFADEDDA8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2020-02-11T00:00:00Z", "type": "Dataset", "language": "de", "title": "Boden\u00fcbersichtskarte 1:200.000 (B\u00dcK200) - CC5510 Siegen", "description": "Die Boden\u00fcbersichtskarte 1:200.000 (B\u00dcK200) wird von der Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in Zusammenarbeit mit den Staatlichen Geologischen Diensten (SGD) der Bundesl\u00e4nder im Blattschnitt der Topographischen \u00dcbersichtskarte 1:200.000 (T\u00dcK200) erarbeitet und in 55 einzelnen Kartenbl\u00e4ttern herausgegeben. Die digitale, blattschnittfreie Datenhaltung bildet eine detaillierte, bundesweit einheitliche und fl\u00e4chendeckende Informationsgrundlage f\u00fcr L\u00e4nder \u00fcbergreifende Aussagen zu Bodennutzung und Bodenschutz. \u00dcber den aktuellen Bearbeitungsstand des Kartenwerks informieren die Internetseiten der BGR zum Thema Boden. Die Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung der B\u00f6den auf dem Gebiet dieses Kartenblattes wird anhand von 84 Legendeneinheiten (gegliedert nach Bodenregionen und Bodengro\u00dflandschaften) beschrieben. Jede Legendeneinheit beinhaltet bodensystematische Informationen (Bodensubtyp) und Informationen zum Bodenausgangsgestein sowohl f\u00fcr die Leitb\u00f6den als auch f\u00fcr deren Begleiter. Im Zuge der Bearbeitung des B\u00dcK200-Nachbarblattes Frankfurt a.M.-West wurde der LBG-Datensatz von Siegen am s\u00fcdlichen Blattrand in Teilen ver\u00e4ndert (Stand 29. April 2008). Im Zuge der Bearbeitung des B\u00dcK200-Nachbarblattes K\u00f6ln wurde der LBG-Datensatz von Siegen am westlichen Blattrand angepasst. Die alte LE 58 aus der BGL 11.1 wurde der BGL 6.3 als neue LE 15 zugeordnet (Stand 23. Januar 2012). Im Rahmen der Qualit\u00e4tssicherung wurde der LBG-Datensatz von Siegen am \u00f6stlichen Blattrand leicht ver\u00e4ndert (Stand 03. Dezember 2013).", "formats": [{"name": "PDF"}], "keywords": ["ackerbauliches-ertragspotential", "boden", "bodenart", "bodenausgangsgestein", "bodenauslaugung", "bodenbearbeitung", "bodenbelastung", "bodenbildung", "bodenbiologie", "bodenchemie", "bodendegradation", "bodendekontamination", "bodeneigenschaften", "bodenerosion", "bodenfeuchtigkeit", "bodenform", "bodenfruchtbarkeit", "bodenfunktion", "bodengefu\u0308ge", "bodengesellschaft", "bodengestaltung", "bodengruppe", "bodengu\u0308te", "bodenhorizont", "bodeninformationssystem", "bodenkarte", "bodenluft", "bodenmechanik", "bodenmineralogie", "bodennutzbarkeit", "bodennutzung", "bodenphysikalische-eigenschaften", "bodenprofil", "bodenskelett", "bodensubstrat", "bodensystematik", "bodentyp", "bodenverbreitung", "de", "durchla\u0308ssigkeit", "effektive-durchwurzelungstiefe", "fachinformationssystem", "hessen", "nordrhein-westfalen", "opendata", "rheinland-pfalz", "siegen", "soil"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR)", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Boden/BUEK200/5510/jpg/buek200_5510.zip"}, {"href": "https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Boden/BUEK200/5510/pdf/buek200_5510.zip"}, {"href": "https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Boden/BUEK200/5510/png/buek200_5510.zip"}, {"href": "https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Boden/BUEK200/5510/shp/buek200_5510.zip"}, {"href": "https://download.bgr.de/bgr/Boden/BUEK200/5510/tiff/buek200_5510.zip"}, {"href": "http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/06af1400-76f1-471a-a38f-2caffadedda8"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "06AF1400-76F1-471A-A38F-2CAFFADEDDA8", "name": "item", "description": "06AF1400-76F1-471A-A38F-2CAFFADEDDA8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/06AF1400-76F1-471A-A38F-2CAFFADEDDA8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"null": "date"}}, {"id": "10.1002/ppp3.10222", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:14:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-08-24", "title": "The emerging threat of human\u2010use antifungals in sustainable and circular agriculture schemes", "description": "Societal Impact StatementRapidly growing global populations mandate greater crop productivity despite increasingly scarce natural resources, including freshwater. The adoption of sustainable agricultural practices seek to address such issues, but an unintended consequence is the exposure of agricultural soils and associated biota to emerging contaminants including azole pharmaceutical antifungals. We show that environmentally relevant exposure to three commonly prescribed azole antifungals can reduce mycorrhizal 33P transfer from the soil into the host plant. This suggests that exposure to azoles may have a significant impact on mycorrhizal\uffe2\uff80\uff90mediated transfer of nutrients in soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant systems. Understanding the unintended consequences of sustainable agricultural practices is needed to ensure the security and safety of future food production systems.
Summary
Sustainable farming practices are increasingly necessary to meet the demands of a growing population under constraints imposed by climate change. These practices, in particular the reuse of wastewater and amending soil with wastewater derived biosolids, provide a pathway for man\uffe2\uff80\uff90made chemicals to enter the agricultural environment.
Among the chemicals commonly detected in wastewater and biosolids are pharmaceutical azole antifungals. Fungi, in particular mycorrhiza\uffe2\uff80\uff90forming fungal symbionts of plant roots, are key drivers of nutrient cycling in the soil\uffe2\uff80\uff93plant system. As such, greater understanding of the impacts of azole antifungal exposure in agricultural systems is urgently needed.
We exposed wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. \uffe2\uff80\uff98Skyfall\uffe2\uff80\uff99) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to environmentally relevant concentrations of three azole antifungals (clotrimazole, miconazole nitrate and fluconazole). We traced the mycorrhizal\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquired 33P from the soil into the host plant in contaminated versus non\uffe2\uff80\uff90contaminated soils and found 33P transfer from mycorrhizal fungi to host plants was reduced in soils containing antifungals. This represents a potentially major disruption to soil nutrient flows as a result of soil contamination.
Our work raises the major issue of exposure of soil biota to pharmaceuticals such as azole antifungals, introduced via sustainable agricultural practices, as a potentially globally important disruptive influence on soil nutrient cycles. The impacts of these compounds on non\uffe2\uff80\uff90target organisms, beneficial mycorrhizal fungi in particular, could have major implications on security and sustainability of future food systems.