{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1002/ldr.2784", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:14:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-08-24", "title": "Alleviating Nitrogen Limitation in Mediterranean Maquis Vegetation Leads to Ecological Degradation", "description": "Abstract<p>Soils are being degraded at an alarming rate and thereby also crucial ecosystem goods and services. Nitrogen (N) enrichment is a major driver of this degradation. While the negative impacts of N enrichment on vegetation are well known globally, those on various ecological interactions, and on ecosystem functioning, remain largely unknown. Because Mediterranean ecosystems are N limited, they are good model systems for evaluating how N enrichment impacts not only vegetation but also ecological partnerships and ecosystem functioning. Using a 7\uffe2\uff80\uff90year N\uffe2\uff80\uff90manipulation (dose and form) field experiment running in a Mediterranean Basin maquis located in a region with naturally low ambient N deposition (&lt;4\uffc2\uffa0kg\uffc2\uffa0N\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0y\uffe2\uff88\uff921), we assessed the impacts of the N additions on (i) the dominant plant species (photosynthetic N\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency); (ii) plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil ecological partnerships with ectomycorrhiza and N\uffe2\uff80\uff90fixing bacteria; and (iii) ecosystem degradation (plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil cover, biological mineral weathering and soil N fixation). N additions significantly disrupted plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil cover, plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil biotic interactions, and ecosystem functioning compared with ambient N deposition conditions. However, the higher the ammonium dose (alone or with nitrate), the more drastic these disruptions were. We report a critical threshold at 20\uffe2\uff80\uff9340\uffc2\uffa0kg ammonium ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0y\uffe2\uff88\uff921 whereby severe ecosystem degradation can be expected. These observations are critical to help explain the mechanisms behind ecosystem degradation, to describe the collective loss of organisms and multifunction in the landscape, and to predict potential fragmentation of Mediterranean maquis under conditions of unrelieved N enrichment. Copyright \uffc2\uffa9 2017 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "plant\u2013soil ecological partnerships", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Mediterranean", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "ammonium", "soil degradation", "13. Climate action", "ecosystem functioning", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "Plant-soil ecological partnerships", "Ecosystem functioning", "ecosystem degradation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ecosystem degradation", "ecosystems", "Ammonium"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ldr.2784"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2784"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land%20Degradation%20%26amp%3B%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/ldr.2784", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/ldr.2784", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/ldr.2784"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-09-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.094", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:17:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-08-15", "title": "Fighting Carbon Loss Of Degraded Peatlands By Jump-Starting Ecosystem Functioning With Ecological Restoration", "description": "Degradation of ecosystems is a great concern on the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Ecological restoration fights degradation aiming at the recovery of ecosystem functions such as carbon (C) sequestration and ecosystem structures like plant communities responsible for the C sequestration function. We selected 38 pristine, drained and restored boreal peatland sites in Finland and asked i) what is the long-term effect of drainage on the peatland surface layer C storage, ii) can restoration recover ecosystem functioning (surface layer growth) and structure (plant community composition) and iii) is the recovery of the original structure needed for the recovery of ecosystem functions? We found that drainage had resulted in a substantial net loss of C from surface layer of drained sites. Restoration was successful in regaining natural growth rate in the peatland surface layer already within 5 years after restoration. However, the regenerated surface layer sequestered C at a mean rate of 116.3 g m(-2) yr(-1) (SE 12.7), when a comparable short-term rate was 178.2 g m(-2) yr(-1) (SE 13.3) at the pristine sites. The plant community compositions of the restored sites were considerably dissimilar to those of pristine sites still 10 years after restoration. We conclude that ecological restoration can be used to jump-start some key peatland ecosystem functions even without the recovery of original ecosystem structure (plant community composition). However, the re-establishment of other functions like C sequestration may require more profound recovery of conditions and ecosystem structure. We discuss the potential economic value of restored peatland ecosystems from the perspective of their C sequestration function.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "Carbon Sequestration", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "ecosystem structure\u2013function relationship", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "ta1172", "Museo", "plant community composition", "turve", "03 medical and health sciences", "Museum", "ecosystem recovery", "Ekologia ja evoluutiobiologia", "ta116", "Ecosystem", "Environmental Restoration and Remediation", "Finland", "0303 health sciences", "hiilensidonta", "Biodiversity", "15. Life on land", "16. Peace & justice", "carbon sequestration", "Carbon", "13. Climate action", "Wetlands", "peat", "ta1181", "ecosystem degradation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.094"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.094", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.094", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.094"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.c866t1gfw", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:22:33Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2024-06-14", "title": "Data from: Arbuscular mycorrhizal communities respond to nutrient enrichment and plant invasion in phosphorus-limited eucalypt woodlands", "description": "unspecified# Arbuscular mycorrhizal communities respond to nutrient enrichment and  plant invasion in phosphorus-limited eucalypt woodlands  [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.c866t1gfw](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.c866t1gfw) This data was used to conduct all analyses of the linked article. It contains treatments allocated to each sample, as well as all soil chemistry, vegetation, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) variables ## Description of the data and file structure Three data files are provided: a raw community matrix of AMF (i.e. prior rarefaction), a raw community matrix of plants, and a data frame with the other is the environmental data frame with\u00a0all soil chemistry, vegetation cover and richness, and AMF richness. Please refer to the published article for methodology on how these data were collected. All three data files are connected by the 'sample' column from each data file. Each data file is in excel form and has two sheets: one with the data, and one with the metadata that explains each column. Missing data code: NA", "keywords": ["nutrient enrichment", "Mucoromycotina", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi", "Glomeromycotina", "Ecosystem degradation", "Ecological restoration", "Mediterranean-climate eucalypt woodlands", "plant invasion"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Albornoz, Felipe, Prober, Suzanne, Bissett, Andrew, Tibbett, Mark, Standish, Rachel,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.c866t1gfw"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.c866t1gfw", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.c866t1gfw", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.c866t1gfw"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-06-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1959.7/uws:44389", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:26:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-08-24", "title": "Alleviating Nitrogen Limitation in Mediterranean Maquis Vegetation Leads to Ecological Degradation", "description": "Abstract<p>Soils are being degraded at an alarming rate and thereby also crucial ecosystem goods and services. Nitrogen (N) enrichment is a major driver of this degradation. While the negative impacts of N enrichment on vegetation are well known globally, those on various ecological interactions, and on ecosystem functioning, remain largely unknown. Because Mediterranean ecosystems are N limited, they are good model systems for evaluating how N enrichment impacts not only vegetation but also ecological partnerships and ecosystem functioning. Using a 7\uffe2\uff80\uff90year N\uffe2\uff80\uff90manipulation (dose and form) field experiment running in a Mediterranean Basin maquis located in a region with naturally low ambient N deposition (&lt;4\uffc2\uffa0kg\uffc2\uffa0N\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0y\uffe2\uff88\uff921), we assessed the impacts of the N additions on (i) the dominant plant species (photosynthetic N\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency); (ii) plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil ecological partnerships with ectomycorrhiza and N\uffe2\uff80\uff90fixing bacteria; and (iii) ecosystem degradation (plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil cover, biological mineral weathering and soil N fixation). N additions significantly disrupted plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil cover, plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil biotic interactions, and ecosystem functioning compared with ambient N deposition conditions. However, the higher the ammonium dose (alone or with nitrate), the more drastic these disruptions were. We report a critical threshold at 20\uffe2\uff80\uff9340\uffc2\uffa0kg ammonium ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0y\uffe2\uff88\uff921 whereby severe ecosystem degradation can be expected. These observations are critical to help explain the mechanisms behind ecosystem degradation, to describe the collective loss of organisms and multifunction in the landscape, and to predict potential fragmentation of Mediterranean maquis under conditions of unrelieved N enrichment. Copyright \uffc2\uffa9 2017 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "plant\u2013soil ecological partnerships", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Mediterranean", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "ammonium", "soil degradation", "13. Climate action", "ecosystem functioning", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "Plant-soil ecological partnerships", "Ecosystem functioning", "ecosystem degradation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ecosystem degradation", "ecosystems", "Ammonium"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ldr.2784"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/1959.7/uws:44389"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land%20Degradation%20%26amp%3B%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1959.7/uws:44389", "name": "item", "description": "1959.7/uws:44389", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1959.7/uws:44389"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-09-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "edbbd466-b845-4e4c-acf9-905ec5e28766", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-31.29, 27.64], [-31.29, 70.08], [31.57, 70.08], [31.57, 27.64], [-31.29, 27.64]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "environment"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Hungary"}, {"id": "Bulgaria"}, {"id": "Romania"}, {"id": "Italy"}, {"id": "Czechia"}, {"id": "France"}, {"id": "Denmark"}, {"id": "Austria"}, {"id": "Estonia"}, {"id": "Lithuania"}, {"id": "Slovenia"}, {"id": "Greece"}, {"id": "Ireland"}, {"id": "United Kingdom"}, {"id": "Latvia"}, {"id": "Portugal"}, {"id": "Germany"}, {"id": "Spain"}, {"id": "Finland"}, {"id": "Belgium"}, {"id": "Sweden"}, {"id": "Poland"}, {"id": "Luxembourg"}, {"id": "Netherlands"}, {"id": "Slovakia"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Land use"}], "scheme": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "environmental pressure"}, {"id": "soil"}, {"id": "heavy metal"}, {"id": "cadmium"}, {"id": "copper"}, {"id": "concentration (value)"}, {"id": "soil degradation"}, {"id": "zinc"}, {"id": "lead"}, {"id": "ecosystem degradation"}, {"id": "agricultural land"}, {"id": "land use"}, {"id": "nutrient"}, {"id": "soil pollution"}], "scheme": "GEMET"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "Land use"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/theme"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "European"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/SpatialScope"}, {"concepts": [], "scheme": "Temporal resolution"}], "updated": "2026-02-20T10:14:12.508692Z", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "Concentrations of heavy metals and nutrients in agricultural soils", "description": "The concentration of heavy metals and nutrients in agriculture soil contains:\n1) current and critical metal concentrations and its exceedances in topsoils, as well as data related to the current and critical metal inputs to and outputs from soils (uptake, accumulation and leaching) and the resulting exceedances of critical metal inputs. The metals included in this data set are cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). \n2) The series contains the current nitrogen (N) and critical phosphorus (P) concentrations and their exceedances of the current and required Nitrogen Use Efficiencies (NUE) in Europe.", "keywords": ["Hungary", "Bulgaria", "Romania", "Italy", "Czechia", "France", "Denmark", "Austria", "Estonia", "Lithuania", "Slovenia", "Greece", "Ireland", "United Kingdom", "Latvia", "Portugal", "Germany", "Spain", "Finland", "Belgium", "Sweden", "Poland", "Luxembourg", "Netherlands", "Slovakia", "Land use", "environmental pressure", "soil", "heavy metal", "cadmium", "copper", "concentration (value)", "soil degradation", "zinc", "lead", "ecosystem degradation", "agricultural land", "land use", "nutrient", "soil pollution", "Soil", "Land use", "European"], "contacts": [{"name": null, "organization": "European Environment Agency", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "sdi@eea.europa.eu"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Kongens Nytorv 6"], "city": "Copenhagen", "administrativeArea": "K", "postalCode": "1050", "country": "Denmark"}], "links": [{"href": {"url": "http://www.eea.europa.eu", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "protocol_url": "", "name": "European Environment Agency public website", "name_url": "", "description": null, "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": "information"}}]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/public/catalogue-graphic-overview/f23391fd-2524-42be-91cb-27d930d6a099.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "edbbd466-b845-4e4c-acf9-905ec5e28766", "name": "item", "description": "edbbd466-b845-4e4c-acf9-905ec5e28766", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/edbbd466-b845-4e4c-acf9-905ec5e28766"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2008-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2019-12-31T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "a21e58ad-ff91-436c-866a-fcbcf2615841", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-31.29, 27.64], [-31.29, 71.17], [44.81, 71.17], [44.81, 27.64], [-31.29, 27.64]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/theme"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "soil moisture"}, {"id": "climate change adaptation"}, {"id": "drought"}, {"id": "land use"}, {"id": "environmental pressure"}, {"id": "ecosystem degradation"}], "scheme": "http://geonetwork-opensource.org/gemet"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "EEA38 (from 2020)"}, {"id": "United Kingdom"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Annually"}], "scheme": "Temporal resolution"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "European"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/SpatialScope"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Agriculture and food"}, {"id": "Climate adaptation"}, {"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "Biodiversity"}], "scheme": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "2020 1.8.2"}], "scheme": "EEA Management Plan"}], "updated": "2025-10-09T11:06:28.864318Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2020-09-28T00:00:00", "language": "eng", "title": "Soil moisture deficit during the vegetation growing season, annual time-series, 2000-2019, Sep. 2020", "description": "The dataset consists of a collection of annual soil moisture (SM) anomalies during the vegetation growing season (GS) for the years 2000-2019 across EEA 38 area and the United Kingdom. The vegetation growing season is defined by EEA\u00b4s phenology data series \"Vegetation growing season length 2000-2016\", available in the EEA website and in this catalogue. \nThe anomalies are calculated based on the European Commission's Joint Research Centre European Drought Observatory (EDO) Soil Moisture Index (SMI) with respect to the 1995\u20132019 base period. The yearly start and end of GS periods are dynamic and calculated according to the EEA Phenology Indicators. A positive anomaly indicates that the observed SM was wetter than the long-term SM average for the base period, while a negative anomaly indicates that the observed SM was drier than the reference value. Because SM anomalies are measured in units of standard deviation from the long-term SMI average, they can be used to compare annual deficits/surplus of SM between geographic regions.\nEDO is one of the early warning and monitoring systems of the Copernicus Emergency Management Service. 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