{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:15:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-12-12", "title": "Increased Soil Organic Carbon Stocks Under Agroforestry: A Survey Of Six Different Sites In France", "description": "Agroforestry systems are land use management systems in which trees are grown in combination with crops or pasture in the same field. In silvoarable systems, trees are intercropped with arable crops, and in silvopastoral systems trees are combined with pasture for livestock. These systems may produce forage and timber as well as providing ecosystem services such as climate change mitigation. Carbon (C) is stored in the aboveground and belowground biomass of the trees, and the transfer of organic matter from the trees to the soil can increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. Few studies have assessed the impact of agroforestry systems on carbon storage in soils in temperate climates, as most have been undertaken in tropical regions. This study assessed five silvoarable systems and one silvopastoral system in France. All sites had an agroforestry system with an adjacent, purely agricultural control plot. The land use management in the inter-rows in the agroforestry systems and in the control plots were identical. The age of the study sites ranged from 6 to 41 years after tree planting. Depending on the type of soil, the sampling depth ranged from 20 to 100 cm and SOC stocks were assessed using equivalent soil masses. The aboveground biomass of the trees was also measured at all sites. In the silvoarable systems, the mean organic carbon stock accumulation rate in the soil was 0.24 (0.09-0.46) Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1) at a depth of 30 cm and 0.65 (0.004-1.85) Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1) in the tree biomass. Increased SOC stocks were also found in deeper soil layers at two silvoarable sites. Young plantations stored additional SOC but mainly in the soil under the rows of trees, possibly as a result of the herbaceous vegetation growing in the rows. At the silvopastoral site, the SOC stock was significantly greater at a depth of 30-50 cm than in the control. Overall, this study showed the potential of agroforestry systems to store C in both soil and biomass in temperate regions.", "keywords": ["Juglans regia", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "Lolium perenne", "culture associ\u00e9e", "adaptation aux changements climatiques", "01 natural sciences", "630", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6455", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3660", "syst\u00e8me sylvopastoral", "p\u00e2turages", "biomasse a\u00e9rienne des arbres", "[SDV.EE.ECO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment/Ecosystems", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_33798", "agroforesterie", "2. Zero hunger", "herbage", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35927", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3539", "Aboveground biomass", "Raphanus sativus", "Helianthus annuus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Alley cropping", "rotation culturale", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207", "s\u00e9questration du carbone", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_926", "Aboveground", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4182", "Equivalent soil mass", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4060", "Belowground biomass", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4425", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2764", "environment/Ecosystems", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1373987680230", "cycle du carbone", "570", "\u00e9levage extensif", "Triticum aestivum", "Festuca arundinacea", "Brassica", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "Juglans nigra", "utilisation des terres", "arbre d'ombrage", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1374567058134", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1061", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1060", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5626", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3081", "biomasse", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3366", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4059", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2869", "L01 - \u00c9levage - Consid\u00e9rations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16097", "Hordeum", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25548", "15. Life on land", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_331583", "Phacelia tanacetifolia", "K10 - Production foresti\u00e8re", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7951", "13. Climate action", "[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "Sinapis alba", "Soil organic carbon storage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_17299", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6662"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106669", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:16:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-07-10", "title": "Optimized crop rotations increase biomass production without significantly changing soil carbon and nitrogen stock", "description": "Abstract   To meet the growing challenges for food security, renewable resource production and climate change adaptation, optimized crop rotations (OCRs) should aim to maximize biomass production and export from the field while minimizing carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) footprints. However, the effects of OCRs on aboveground biomass production and soil C and N stock as well as the potential links between them remain poorly understood. In this study in Denmark, we harvested all aboveground biomass and simultaneously investigated soil C and N content and stock in two continuous monocultures (CMs) as well as in four OCRs. Across five-year continuous observations, OCRs significantly increased cumulative aboveground biomass production by 23% compared to CMs. There was no significant difference between OCRs and CMs in soil C and N content in any of the soil layers (0\u201320, 20\u201350, and 50\u2013100\u00a0cm) after the five years. Moreover, OCRs had no effect on top layer soil C and N stock compared to CMs, even when examined by equivalent soil mass. Slight reductions in soil C and N stock after five years in both OCRs and CMs did not relate to the changes in aboveground biomass production. Our results highlight that it is feasible to produce more biomass for biorefineries in OCRs than in CMs and the reductions in soil C and N stock over time seem similar for the two systems. Longer-term continuous observations are called for to underpin these results.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "Optimized crop rotation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Continuous monoculture", "7. Clean energy", "03 medical and health sciences", "Biomass production", "13. Climate action", "Equivalent soil mass", "Climate change", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil carbon and nitrogen stock"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106669"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Indicators", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106669", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106669", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106669"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.4qrfj6qg2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:22:24Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2023-07-07", "title": "Depth-dependent effects of Ericoid Mycorrhizal shrubs on soil carbon and nitrogen pools are accentuated under Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Trees", "description": "unspecifiedWe worked in a 3,213-ha second-growth, mixed-hardwood forest in  Connecticut, USA (41\u00b057\u2019 N, 72\u00b007\u2019 W). We established 18 10-m radius  plots, each containing a pair of 1-m radius subplots (n =36), evenly  arrayed across three forest stands that contained areas of both high AM  and high EcM tree relative basal area as well as a patchy distribution of  the ErM shrub <em>Kalmia latifolia</em>.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0  \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Within each of the 18  plots, we established paired 1-m radius subplots with and without K.  latifolia in the understory ( \u201c+/- ErM subplot\u201d) within 2 m of the center  of the 10-m radius plot. In each 1-m radius subplot, we measured trees \u22651  cm diameter at breast height (DBH; 1.37 m). We also measured DBH of all  trees \u226520 cm DBH within 10 m and trees \u22655 cm DBH within 5 m of plot  center. We calculated the percentage of EcM tree basal area out of total  basal area, scaled to m2 ha-1. \u00a0  In June 2021, we collected and pooled two soil samples for each  of three depths within the 36 paired subplots (i.e. 18 +ErM and 18 -ErM  subplots). The three depths included: (1) the Oa horizon (depth varied  depending on the thickness of the horizon); (2) the top 10 cm of the A  horizon, beginning at the base of the Oa horizon; and (3) a second,  contiguous A horizon sample that reached a cumulative sampling depth of 30  cm, inclusive of the depth of the Oa horizon. For the organic layer, we  removed the litter layer (i.e. the Oi and Oe horizons) and collected and  pooled two 25 by 25-cm areas of the Oa horizon using a square template.  For the mineral layers, we collected two contiguous depth increments from  the A horizon within the footprint of the 25 by 25-cm areas using a  5.08-cm diameter hammer corer. In each instance, we recorded the exact  sampling depth. Two subplots did not have an Oa horizon, so we collected a  total of 106 samples (3 sites \u00d7 6 plots \u00d7 2 subplots \u00d7 3 depths \u2212 2 Oa  samples). Soils were stored at 4\u00b0C prior to their analysis.  \u00a0 To prepare the soil samples for  analysis, we weighed and homogenized each sample, air dried a  representative subsample of non-sieved soil, and passed the remaining  field-moist sample through a 4-mm sieve. Using the non-sieved subsample,  we estimated the mass and volume of roots and stones and calculated soil  bulk density values. For total soil organic matter (SOM) content, we  heated samples at 550\u00b0C for 12-h in a muffle furnace and calculated loss  on ignition. \u00a0 We used a  modified substrate-induced respiration method as an indicator of active  saprotrophic microbial biomass. Using autolyzed yeast extract solution as  a labile C substrate, we measured rates of CO2 efflux over a 4-h  incubation period with an Infra-Red Gas Analyzer and calculated the rate  of C-CO2 production per unit of equivalent soil dry mass. For  microbially-available C, we estimated potential CO2 production rates over  a 14-d incubation period. We measured CO2 efflux over 24-h periods at days  1, 5, 8, and 14 and integrated the four measurements to calculate  cumulative C-CO2 production. We estimated water holding capacity by  saturating each field-moist sample with water and allowing it to drain  freely for 2 h. To calculate the equivalent dry mass of field-moist  samples, we measured gravimetric water content by oven-drying the samples  to constant mass at 105\u00b0C. \u00a0  We separated the &gt;53 and &lt;53\u2009\u00b5m particle size  fractions to quantify particulate (POM) and mineral-associated soil  organic matter fractions. We passed air-dried samples through a 2-mm sieve  and then dispersed soil aggregates by shaking ~30 g of the sieved,  air-dried sample with 30\u2009mL of sodium hexametaphosphate (NaHMP) solution  for 18 h. We rinsed each sample over a 53-\u00b5m sieve with deionized water  until the water passing through the sieve ran clear. We oven-dried the  &gt;53-\u00b5m fraction retained on the top of the sieve and a  representative subsample of the &lt;53-\u00b5m fraction suspended in  solution at 70\u00b0C. To estimate the mass of the &lt;53-\u00b5m fraction, we  calculated the difference between the initial soil mass (105\u00b0C equivalent)  and the recovered mass of the &gt;53-\u00b5m fraction (105\u00b0C equivalent).  To convert air-dried soil mass to oven-dried mass we dried a subsample of  each air-dried sample at 105\u00b0C. Fractions were ground to a fine powder and  analyzed for total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations using a  Costech ESC 4010 Elemental Analyzer. \u00a0  We used an equivalent soil mass approach to calculate soil C,  N, SOM, microbial biomass, and microbially-available C stocks in three  equivalent soil mass layers as well as the sum of the three layers to  estimate cumulative stocks at the subplot level. Following this approach,  we report stocks to a standard soil mass and therefore allow the depth of  the equivalent soil mass layers to vary depending on soil bulk density. To  calculate equivalent soil mass stocks, we added or subtracted elemental  stocks of the deeper soil layer to the upper soil layer in 1-mm increments  until the soil mass from the upper layer is closest to that of the target  soil mass. We chose reference soil masses using the median or target field  sampling depth and the mean bulk density value for each of the three depth  increments to make them roughly equivalent to the sampled depths. Based on  this method, the organic layer had an equivalent mass of ~2.5 kg soil m-2  (median Oa depth = 2.5 cm; mean Oa bulk density = 0.10 g cm-3), the  surface mineral layer had an equivalent mass of ~37 kg soil m-2 (target  sampling depth = 10 cm; mean bulk density = 0.37 g cm-3), and the  subsurface mineral layer had an equivalent mass of ~126 kg soil m-2 (the  target sampling depth was 17.5 cm for a sample with a 2.5 cm Oa depth;  mean bulk density = 0.72 g cm-3). The cumulative equivalent soil mass for  the subplot-level stocks was the sum of the three layers, or ~166 kg soil  m-2.", "keywords": ["equivalent soil mass", "ericoid mycorrhizal fungi", "13. Climate action", "ectomycorrhizal fungi", "Particulate organic matter", "FOS: Biological sciences", "soil nitrogen", "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi", "Mineral-associated organic matter", "soil carbon stocks", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ward, Elisabeth", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.4qrfj6qg2"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.4qrfj6qg2", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.4qrfj6qg2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.4qrfj6qg2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-07-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3041790162", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:27:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-07-10", "title": "Optimized crop rotations increase biomass production without significantly changing soil carbon and nitrogen stock", "description": "Abstract   To meet the growing challenges for food security, renewable resource production and climate change adaptation, optimized crop rotations (OCRs) should aim to maximize biomass production and export from the field while minimizing carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) footprints. However, the effects of OCRs on aboveground biomass production and soil C and N stock as well as the potential links between them remain poorly understood. In this study in Denmark, we harvested all aboveground biomass and simultaneously investigated soil C and N content and stock in two continuous monocultures (CMs) as well as in four OCRs. Across five-year continuous observations, OCRs significantly increased cumulative aboveground biomass production by 23% compared to CMs. There was no significant difference between OCRs and CMs in soil C and N content in any of the soil layers (0\u201320, 20\u201350, and 50\u2013100\u00a0cm) after the five years. Moreover, OCRs had no effect on top layer soil C and N stock compared to CMs, even when examined by equivalent soil mass. Slight reductions in soil C and N stock after five years in both OCRs and CMs did not relate to the changes in aboveground biomass production. Our results highlight that it is feasible to produce more biomass for biorefineries in OCRs than in CMs and the reductions in soil C and N stock over time seem similar for the two systems. Longer-term continuous observations are called for to underpin these results.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "Optimized crop rotation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Continuous monoculture", "7. Clean energy", "03 medical and health sciences", "Biomass production", "13. Climate action", "Equivalent soil mass", "Climate change", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil carbon and nitrogen stock"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/3041790162"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Indicators", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3041790162", "name": "item", "description": "3041790162", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3041790162"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Equivalent+soil+mass&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Equivalent+soil+mass&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Equivalent+soil+mass&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Equivalent+soil+mass&offset=4", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 4, "numberReturned": 4, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-07-27T23:09:31.702531Z"}