The interplay of forest stand and environmental factors shape soil organic C (SOC) storage in forest ecosystems but little is known about their relative impacts in different soil layers. Moreover, how environmental factors modulate the impact of stand factors, particularly species mixing, on SOC storage, is largely unexplored. \u00a0In this study conducted in 21 forest triplets (two-species mixed stand and respective monocultures nearby) distributed in Europe, we tested the hypothesis that stand factors (functional identity and diversity) have stronger effects on topsoil (FF+0-10 cm) C storage than environmental factors (climatic water availability, clay+silt content, oxalate-extractable Al - Alox) but that the opposite occurs in the subsoil (10-40 cm). We also tested the hypothesis that functional diversity improves SOC storage under high climatic water availability, clay+silt contents, Alox. We characterized functional identity as the proportion of broadleaved species (beech and/or oak), and functional diversity as the product of broadleaved and conifer (pine) proportions. The results show that functional identity was the main driver of topsoil C storage while climatic water availability had the largest control on subsoil C storage. Contrary to expectations, functional diversity decreased topsoil C storage under increasing climatic water availability but the opposite was observed in the subsoil. Functional diversity effects on topsoil C increased with increasing clay+silt content, while its effects on subsoil C was negative at increasing Alox content. This suggests that functional diversity effect on SOC storage along environmental gradients depends on the specific environmental factor and the soil depth under consideration.
", "keywords": ["soil organic carbon", "context-dependency effects", "forest ecosystem services", "FOS: Agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Other", "15. Life on land", "oxalate-extractable metals", "functional diversity", "6. Clean water", "triplets"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2v6wwpzs3"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.2v6wwpzs3", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.2v6wwpzs3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.2v6wwpzs3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-03-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.7wm37pvvz", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-05-24T16:20:55Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Absorptive roots drive a larger microbial carbon pump efficacy than transport roots in alpine coniferous forests", "description": "Root activity creates a unique microbial hotspot in the rhizosphere and profoundly regulates soil carbon (C) dynamics, but empirical assessments of the soil microbial carbon pump (MCP, the iterative accumulation of necromass after microbial anabolism) and associated ecological consequences on soil C storage based on insight of the rhizosphere are still neglected, especially for different root functional modules. We assessed the soil MCP efficacy (i.e., the contribution of microbial necromass to SOC) by investigating the divergent contribution of microbial necromass based on amino sugar extrapolations to soil organic C (SOC) in the rhizosphere of two root functional modules (i.e., absorptive roots and transport roots) and the bulk soil in an alpine coniferous forest. The results showed that the MCP efficacy in both rhizosphere and bulk soil was more than 50%, suggesting that microbial necromass plays a key role in SOC formation. More importantly, absorptive roots drove a greater MCP efficacy (56%) in the rhizosphere than transport roots (51%). Synthesis. These observations suggest that the microbial necromass is a major contributor to SOC storage in both rhizosphere and bulk soil in alpine coniferous forests. The magnitude of the contribution of microbial necromass to rhizosphere SOC depends on root functional differentiation. Our study provides novel and direct empirical evidence for the active soil MCP functions in SOC sequestration from the perspective of the rhizosphere.", "keywords": ["FOS: Agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Wang, Qitong, Zhang, Ziliang, Zhu, Xiaomin, Liu, Zhanfeng, Li, Na, Xiao, Juan, Liu, Qing, Yin, Huajun,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7wm37pvvz"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.7wm37pvvz", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.7wm37pvvz", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.7wm37pvvz"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-04-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7kg", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:20:56Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2023-11-27", "title": "Data from: The effect of drainage on the fine root biomass, production, and turnover in hemiboreal old-growth forests on organic soils", "description": "Open Access# The effect of drainage on the fine root biomass, production, and turnover in hemiboreal old-growth forests on organic soils ## #GWL _temp.csv This file contains data on study site soil temperature and groundwater level ## Description of the data and file structure Date - Sampling date Site - Study object name FT - Forest type (ND - not drained, KS - drained) Year - Sampling year Cycle - Sampling campaign number in specific sampling year PL - Sample plot of study object (1-3) Groundwater - Groundwater level depth from the ground surface, cm Soil_temp_10cm - Soil temperature at 10cm depth, \u00b0C Soil_temp_20cm - Soil temperature at 20cm depth, \u00b0C Soil_temp_30cm - Soil temperature at 30cm depth, \u00b0C Soil_temp_40cm - Soil temperature at 40cm depth, \u00b0C --- ## #Soil _data.csv This file contains data of study site soil analysis ## Description of the data and file structure Year - Sampling year Date - Sampling date Place - Study objects name FT - Forest type (ND - not drained, KS - drained) Soil_cm - Soil sampling depth Repetition - Number of repetitions (1-2) Soil_density - Soil bulk density, g/kg C_g_kg - Carbon content in sample, g/kg N_g_kg - Nitrogen content in sample, g/kg C_N - Carbon and Nitrogen ratio in sample pHKCl - Soil pH Pkop_g_kg - Total Phosphorus content in sample, g/kg K_mg_kg - Total Potassium content in sample, g/kg Ca_mg_kg - Total Calcium content in sample, g/kg Mg_mg_kg - Total Magnesium content in sample, g/kg --- ## #FRP _data.csv This file contains data of study site fine-root biomass, stand taxation indices and soil analysis per study object sample plot and fine-root fraction ## Description of the data and file structure ID - Study site ID Place - Study object name FT - Forest type (ND - not drained, KS - drained) Cycle - Sampling campaign number in specific sampling year PL - Sampling plot number Fraction - Fine-root fraction by name FRB - Fine-root biomass, t/ha FRB_BA - Fine-root biomass per basal area Pine_yield - Pine tree growing stock, m3/ha N_ha - Tree count per ha Spruce_yield - Spruce tree growing stock, m3/ha Shrub_percentage - Percentage of shrubs in ground vegetation Herb_percentage - Percentage of herbacous plants in ground vegetation D - Diameter at breast height, cm G_m2ha - basal area, m2/ha CN - soil C and N ratio pHKCl - soil pH CgKg - Soil Carbon (C) content, g/kg NgKg - Soil Nitrogen (N) content, g/kg --- ## #Mean _FRB _pa _frakcijam.csv This file contains data of study site average fine-root biomass per study object sample plot and fine-root fraction ## Description of the data and file structure ID - Study site ID Object - Study object name FT - Forest type (ND - not drained, KS - drained) PL - Sampling campaign number in specific sampling year Fraction - Fine-root fraction by name AvgFRB - Average fine-root biomass, t/ha FRB_BA - Average fine-root biomass per basal area Sd - Standarddeviation of average fine-root biomass n - sampling campaign count se - Standarderror of average fine-root biomass Basal_Area - basal area, m2/ha --- ## #PCA _analize.csv This file contains data of study site for PCA analysis containing fine-root biomass, production and turnover, taxation indices and soil data per sample plot ## Description of the data and file structure ID - Study site ID Site - Study object name FT - Forest type (ND - not drained, KS - drained) Plot - - Sampling plot number SP_FRB - Scots pine fine-root biomass, t/ha SP_FRP - Scots pine fine-root production, t/ha/yr SP_T - Scots pine fine-root turnover, t/yr PineFRB_BA - Scots pine fine-root biomass per stand basal area, t/m2 NS_FRB - Norway spruce fine-root biomass, t/ha NS_FRP - Norway spruce fine-root production, t/ha/yr NS_T - Norway spruce fine-root turnover, t/yr SpurceFRB_BA - Norway spruce fine-root biomass per stand basal area, t/m2 H_FRB - Herb fine-root biomass, t/ha DS_FRB - Dwarf shrub fine-root biomass, t/ha DS_FRP - Dwarf shub fine-root production, t/ha/yr TOT_FRP - Total fine-root production, t/ha/yr SP_dFRB - Scots pine fine-root necromass, t/ha NS_dFRB - Norway spruce fine-root necromass, t/ha C_g_kg - Soil Carbon content, g/kg N_g_kg - Soil Nitrogen content, g/kg C_N - Carbon and Nitrogen ratio in sample pHKCl - Soil pH Pkop - Total soil Phosphorous content, g/kg Aug_bl - Soil bulk density, g/kg Dg - Diameter at breast height, cm Hg - Tree height, m G - basal area, m2/ha Yield_1st - First layer tree growing stock, m3/ha N_ha - Tree count per ha SP_m3ha - Pine tree growing stock, m3/ha NS_m3ha - Spruce tree growing stock, m3/ha DS_m2 - Dwarf shrub coverage, m2 H_m2 - Herbacous plant coverage, m2 --- ## #R _frb.csv This file contains raw data of fine-root samples per site, sample plot, fraction and sampling depth ## Description of the data and file structure Place - Study objects name ID - Sample ID CM - Sampling depth, cm Fraction - Fine-root fraction ID Species - Fine-root fraction by name Status - Fine-root status (living/dead) Weight_g - Sample weight FT - Forest type (ND - not drained, KS - drained) FRB - Fine-root biomass, t/ja Cycle - Sampling campaign number ID_cycle - Sample ID per sampling cycle PL - Sampling plot number Place_pl_cm_cycle - ID containing study object name, forest type, sampling depth and sampling cycle ## Sharing/Access information Correspondence: Valters Samariks, Latvian State Forest Research Institute 'Silava', Latvia, Salaspils, R\u012bgas street 111, LV-2169, Email: ; ORCID: 0000-0001-9953-0455 ## Code Code for this data file is available in Fine_root_calculations_DRYAD.R", "keywords": ["hemiboreal", "Fine-root production", "forest drainage", "Peat", "fine-root turnover", "FOS: Agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Samariks, Valters", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7kg"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7kg", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7kg", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.b8gtht7kg"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-02-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.dncjsxm5j", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:20:58Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2023-10-05", "title": "Bacterial traits, N deposition and mycorrhiza. qSIP Aspartic Acid", "description": "unspecifiedNitrogen (N) deposition increases soil carbon (C) storage by reducing microbial activity.\u00a0 These effects vary in soil beneath trees that associate with arbuscular (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. Variation in carbon C and N uptake traits among microbes may explain differences in soil nutrient cycling between mycorrhizal associations in response to high N loads, a mechanism not previously examined due to methodological limitations. Here, we used quantitative Stable Isotope Probing (qSIP) to measure bacterial C and N assimilation rates from an added organic compound, which we conceptualize as functional traits.\u00a0 As such, we applied a trait-based approach to explore whether variation in assimilation rates of bacterial taxa can inform shifts in soil function under chronic N deposition. We show taxon-specific and community-wide declines of bacterial C and N uptake under chronic N deposition in both AM and ECM soils. N deposition-induced reductions in microbial activity were mirrored by declines in soil organic matter mineralization rates in AM but not ECM soils. Our findings suggest C and N uptake traits of bacterial communities can predict C cycling feedbacks to N deposition in AM soils but additional data, for instance on the traits of fungi, may be needed to connect microbial traits with soil C and N cycling in ECM systems. Our study also highlights the potential of employing qSIP in conjunction with trait\u2013based approaches to inform how ecological processes of microbial communities influence soil functioning", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Bacterial traits", "FOS: Agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "15. Life on land", "Mycorrhiza", "Nitrogen deposition"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pi\u00f1eiro, Juan, Morrissey, Ember, Dang, Chansotheary, Walkup, Jeth, Freedman, Zachary, Brzostek, Edward,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.dncjsxm5j"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.dncjsxm5j", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.dncjsxm5j", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.dncjsxm5j"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-11-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.hqbzkh1h4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:20:59Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: No evidence of foliar disease impact on crop root functional strategies and soil microbial communities: What does this mean for organic coffee?", "description": "Global climate change is increasing pest and pathogen pressures on plant communities, deteriorating optimal plant functioning. In plant communities, root functional trait expression and microbial communities are important indicators of plant functioning belowground, and, when confronted with pathogens aboveground, can simultaneously reflect plant defence strategies. Yet, while research is continuing to emerge on the response of root functional traits and microbial processes to pathogens aboveground, little work has investigated these interactions in tree-crops, or the role organic amendments play\u00a0in moderating these relationships.\u00a0The main objective of this study is to\u00a0disentangle the dynamic effects of pathogens and amendments on root functional traits (i.e., specific root length and area, root diameter, root length density, root nitrogen, and root carbon to nitrogen ratio) and root endophytic fungal communities. As a model, we use Coffea arabica\u00a0(coffee)\u00a0variety Caturra along a gradient of Coffee Leaf Rust \u2013 a foliar disease prominent in coffee systems \u2013 under contrasting but widespread amendment regimes in biodiverse\u00a0agroforestry systems. We found that root trait expression varies along established conservation and collaboration gradients, where fungal endophyte community composition varies significantly as a function of root traits. Belowground resource acquisition strategies do not change with foliar disease incidence, suggesting they may be decoupled. Rather, amendment regimes differentially shape root trait expression and microbial communities, where coffee plants under organic amendments, regardless of foliar disease incidence, expressed greater acquisitive traits and enhanced collaboration with symbiotic fungi. This is an important first step in disentangling the dynamic inter-relationships between plant traits, endophytes, and pathogens, generating new questions on the role of amendments in sustainable pathogen management in biodiverse agroecosystems.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "coffee (Coffea arabica)", "13. Climate action", "fungal root endophytes", "coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix)", "root functional traits", "FOS: Agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "15. Life on land", "agroforestry"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gagliardi, Stephanie, Avelino, Jacques, Fulthorpe, Roberta, Virginio Filho, Elias de Melo, Isaac, Marney,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.hqbzkh1h4"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.hqbzkh1h4", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.hqbzkh1h4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.hqbzkh1h4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-02-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.pc866t1v2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:21:01Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data for: How do harvesting methods applied in continuous-cover forestry and rotation forest management impact soil carbon storage and degradability in boreal Scots pine forests?", "description": "unspecifiedA detailed method description can be found in the article published in Forest Ecology and Management and the supplementary material.", "keywords": ["soil organic carbon", "Decomposition", "microbial biomass", "13. Climate action", "Continuous-cover forestry", "FOS: Agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "15. Life on land", "incubation", "Soil organic matter fractions"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.pc866t1v2"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.pc866t1v2", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.pc866t1v2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.pc866t1v2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-06-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.rn8pk0ph5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:21:01Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Drivers of soil organic carbon stock during tropical forest succession", "description": "Soil organic matter contributes to productivity in terrestrial ecosystems and contains more carbon than is found in the atmosphere. Yet, there is little understanding of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration processes during tropical forest succession, particularly after land abandonment from agriculture practices. Here we used vegetation and environmental data from two large-scale surveys covering a total landscape area of 20,000 ha in Southeast Asia to investigate the effects of plant species diversity, functional trait diversity, phylogenetic diversity, aboveground biomass, and environmental factors on SOC sequestration during forest succession. We found that functional trait diversity plays an important role in determining SOC sequestration across successional trajectories. Increases in SOC carbon storage were associated with indirect positive effects of species diversity and succession age via functional trait diversity, but phylogenetic diversity and aboveground biomass showed no significant relationship with SOC stock. Furthermore, the effects of soil properties and functional trait diversity on SOC carbon storage shift across elevation. Synthesis: Our results suggest that reforestation and restoration management practices that implement a trait-based approach by combining long-lived and short-lived species (conservative and acquisitive traits) to increase plant functional diversity could enhance SOC sequestration for climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts, as well as accelerate recovery of healthy soils.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "tropical forest", "FOS: Agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "15. Life on land", "forest soil", "functional diversity", "plant diversity", "swidden agriculture", "soil organic carbon", "13. Climate action", "forest succession", "functional traits", "tropical forest ecology", "soil carbon stock"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.rn8pk0ph5"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.rn8pk0ph5", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.rn8pk0ph5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.rn8pk0ph5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-05-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5683/SP3/CMZ2P5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:23:04Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: Climatic water availability mainly drives context-dependency of tree functional diversity effects on soil organic carbon storage in European forests", "description": "Open AccessAbstractThe interplay of forest stand and environmental factors shape soil organic C (SOC) storage in forest ecosystems but little is known about their relative impacts in different soil layers. Moreover, how environmental factors modulate the impact of stand factors, particularly species mixing, on SOC storage, is largely unexplored. \u00a0In this study conducted in 21 forest triplets (two-species mixed stand and respective monocultures nearby) distributed in Europe, we tested the hypothesis that stand factors (functional identity and diversity) have stronger effects on topsoil (FF+0-10 cm) C storage than environmental factors (climatic water availability, clay+silt content, oxalate-extractable Al - Alox) but that the opposite occurs in the subsoil (10-40 cm). We also tested the hypothesis that functional diversity improves SOC storage under high climatic water availability, clay+silt contents, Alox. We characterized functional identity as the proportion of broadleaved species (beech and/or oak), and functional diversity as the product of broadleaved and conifer (pine) proportions. The results show that functional identity was the main driver of topsoil C storage while climatic water availability had the largest control on subsoil C storage. Contrary to expectations, functional diversity decreased topsoil C storage under increasing climatic water availability but the opposite was observed in the subsoil. Functional diversity effects on topsoil C increased with increasing clay+silt content, while its effects on subsoil C was negative at increasing Alox content. This suggests that functional diversity effect on SOC storage along environmental gradients depends on the specific environmental factor and the soil depth under consideration.
", "keywords": ["soil organic carbon", "context-dependency effects", "forest ecosystem services", "FOS: Agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Other", "15. Life on land", "oxalate-extractable metals", "functional diversity", "6. Clean water", "triplets"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5683/SP3/CMZ2P5"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5683/SP3/CMZ2P5", "name": "item", "description": "10.5683/SP3/CMZ2P5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5683/SP3/CMZ2P5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-03-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5683/SP3/D8KCYZ", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:23:04Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2022-01-05", "title": "Soil organic carbon stock and uncertainties, 30cm and 1m depth, at 250m spatial resolution in Canada, version 3.0", "description": "Open AccessThis project aimed to produce the first wall-to-wall estimate of C stocks in plants and soils of Canada at 250 m spatial resolution. This dataset contains the map with the soil organic carbon (SOC) in kg/m\u00b2 for entire Canada in 30cm and 1m depth, and the uncertainty in SOC predictions. The SOC stock map was produced using 39,323 ground samples of soil organic carbon concentration (g/kg) distributed in 6,533 sites, 11,068 ground samples of bulk density (kg/dm3) distributed in 2,157 sites, long-term climate data, remote sensing observations and a machine learning model. The soil samples containing the x and y coordinates, depth and SOC (in g/kg) information were overlaid with the stacked covariates (soil forming factors) to compose the regression matrix. Random forest models were trained using a recursive feature elimination scheme and a cross-validation assessment. The best model was used for spatial prediction of SOC over Canada in intermediate depths between 0 and 1 m (0cm, 5cm, 15cm, 30cm, 60cm, 100cm). Afterwards, the SOC stock of each depth increment was computed using SOC concentration and bulk density maps, and corrected with coarse fragment information. The depth increments have been added to compose the 0-30cm and 0-1m depth intervals multiplied by rooting depths fraction to discount shallow soils. Water and ice/snow areas were removed using a mask based on the Land Cover of Canada map. Ground ice in permafrost areas was discounted according to ice abundance using the ground ice map of Canada. The SOC stock uncertainty map is the difference between the first and third quantiles of a quantile regression forest approach of SOC concentration and bulk density prediction (90% confidence interval).", "keywords": ["Canada soil carbon stock", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Agriculture", " forestry and fisheries", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "soil carbon storage", "Soil Sciences", "Soils", "15. 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