{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.still.2011.05.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:16:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-06-24", "title": "Long-Term Effect Of Tillage, Nitrogen Fertilization And Cover Crops On Soil Organic Carbon And Total Nitrogen Content", "description": "Abstract   No-tillage, N fertilization and cover crops are known to play an important role in conserving or increasing SOC and STN but the effects of their interactions are less known.  In order to evaluate the single and combined effects of these techniques on SOC and STN content under Mediterranean climate, a long term experiment started in 1993 on a loam soil (Typic Xerofluvent) in Central Italy.  The experimental variants are: conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT), four N fertilization rates (N0, N1, N2 and N3) and four soil cover crop (CC) types (C \u2013 no cover crop; NL \u2013 non-legume CC; LNL \u2013 low nitrogen supply legume CC, and HNL \u2013 high nitrogen supply legume CC).  The nitrogen fertilization rates (N0, N1, N2 and N3) were: 0, 100, 200, 300\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha \u22121  for maize ( Zea mays,  L.); 0, 60, 120,180\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0a \u22121  for durum wheat ( Triticum durum   Desf. ); 0, 50, 100, 150\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha \u22121  for sunflower ( Helianthus annuus  L.).  From 1993 to 2008, under the NT system the SOC and STN content in the top 30\u00a0cm soil depth increased by 0.61 and 0.04\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0year \u22121  respectively. In the same period, the SOC and STN content under the CT system decreased by a rate of 0.06 and 0.04\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0year \u22121  respectively.  During the experimental period, N1, N2 and N3 increased the SOC content in the 0\u201330\u00a0cm soil layer at a rate of 0.14, 0.45 and 0.49\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0year \u22121 . Only the higher N fertilization levels (N2 and N3) increased STN content, at a rate of 0.03 and 0.05\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0year \u22121 .  NL, LNL and HNL cover crops increased SOC content by 0.17, 0.41 and 0.43\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0year \u22121  and \u22120.01, +0.01 and +0.02\u00a0Mg\u00a0N\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0year \u22121 .  Significant interactions among treatments were evident only in the case of the N fertilization by tillage system interaction on SOC and STN concentration in the 0\u201310\u00a0cm soil depth in 2008.  The observed SOC and STN variations were correlated to C returned to the soil as crop residues, aboveground cover crop biomass and weeds (C input).  We conclude that, under our Mediterranean climate, it is easier to conserve or increase SOC and STN by adopting NT than CT. To reach this objective, the CT system requires higher N fertilization rates and introduction of highly productive cover crops.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic matter", "Farm/Enterprise Scale Field Scale", "Soil organic carbon", "Soil carbon input", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Mediterranean climate", "15. Life on land", "fertilization; no-tillage; cover crop", "Conservation tillage"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.iris.sssup.it/bitstream/11382/338180/2/Mazzoncini%20et%20al.%20%282011%29_STILL.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.05.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2011.05.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2011.05.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2011.05.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2307/3674112", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:20:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-03-06", "description": "The quality of fallow lands in northern Mindanao, the Philippines, was assessed with a farm survey and soil sampling in order to understand land-use dynamics under upland commercial vegetable production systems. Twenty-one percent of com- mercial vegetable growers practiced fallow systems, with an average re-cultivation period of four years. The soils of the fallow lands were highly acidic, nutrient poor, and higher in exchangeable aluminum compared to lands currently under cultivation. Land fal- lowing was more prominent on large farms and those with higher farm labor requirements. Two distinct groups of land fallowers were identified. The first represented fallowers with a positive net return from vegetable crops while the second, and larger, group represented land fallowers with negative net return from vegetable crops. Re-cultivation of fallow lands was more common in the second group. To rejuvenate fallow lands, timber tree planting was the most preferred option of the first group while fruit trees were preferred by the second group. In light of the apparently slow rate of soil fertility regeneration, the lack of capital among most land fallowers, and the increasing demand for arable land to raise farm income, planting of trees on cultivated lands before their being set aside as fallow for natural fertility regeneration is suggested as a potential measure to increase farm income and the sustainability of upland commercial vegetable production under fallow systems.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil management", "Farm/Enterprise Scale Field Scale", "Income generation", "Timber", "Cash crops", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil fertility", "12. 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