{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1890/09-0934.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-04-09", "title": "Carbon And Water Fluxes From Ponderosa Pine Forests Disturbed By Wildfire And Thinning", "description": "<p>Disturbances alter ecosystem carbon dynamics, often by reducing carbon uptake and stocks. We compared the impact of two types of disturbances that represent the most likely future conditions of currently dense ponderosa pine forests of the southwestern United States: (1) high\uffe2\uff80\uff90intensity fire and (2) thinning, designed to reduce fire intensity. High\uffe2\uff80\uff90severity fire had a larger impact on ecosystem carbon uptake and storage than thinning. Total ecosystem carbon was 42% lower at the intensely burned site, 10 years after burning, than at the undisturbed site. Eddy covariance measurements over two years showed that the burned site was a net annual source of carbon to the atmosphere whereas the undisturbed site was a sink. Net primary production (NPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and water use efficiency were lower at the burned site than at the undisturbed site. In contrast, thinning decreased total ecosystem carbon by 18%, and changed the site from a carbon sink to a source in the first post\uffe2\uff80\uff90treatment year. Thinning also decreased ET, reduced the limitation of drought on carbon uptake during summer, and did not change water use efficiency. Both disturbances reduced ecosystem carbon uptake by decreasing gross primary production (55% by burning, 30% by thinning) more than total ecosystem respiration (TER; 33\uffe2\uff80\uff9347% by burning, 18% by thinning), and increased the contribution of soil carbon dioxide efflux to TER. The relationship between TER and temperature was not affected by either disturbance. Efforts to accurately estimate regional carbon budgets should consider impacts on carbon dynamics of both large disturbances, such as high\uffe2\uff80\uff90intensity fire, and the partial disturbance of thinning that is often used to prevent intense burning. Our results show that thinned forests of ponderosa pine in the southwestern United States are a desirable alternative to intensively burned forests to maintain carbon stocks and primary production.</p>", "keywords": ["Biometry", "QH301 Biology", "Cell Respiration", "Arizona", "Water", "Forestry", "Plant Transpiration", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Fires", "6. Clean water", "Pinus ponderosa", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Biomass", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0934.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/09-0934.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/09-0934.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/09-0934.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/09-1582.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-21", "title": "Experimental Drought In A Tropical Rain Forest Increases Soil Carbon Dioxide Losses To The Atmosphere", "description": "<p>Climate models predict precipitation changes for much of the humid tropics, yet few studies have investigated the potential consequences of drought on soil carbon (C) cycling in this important biome. In wet tropical forests, drought could stimulate soil respiration via overall reductions in soil anoxia, but previous research suggests that litter decomposition is positively correlated with high rainfall fluxes that move large quantities of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the litter layer to the soil surface. Thus, reduced rainfall could also limit C delivery to the soil surface, reducing respiration rates. We conducted a throughfall manipulation experiment to investigate how 25% and 50% reductions in rainfall altered both C movement into soils and the effects of those DOM fluxes on soil respiration rates. In response to the experimental drought, soil respiration rates increased in both the \uffe2\uff88\uff9225% and \uffe2\uff88\uff9250% treatments. Throughfall fluxes were reduced by 26% and 55% in the \uffe2\uff88\uff9225% and \uffe2\uff88\uff9250% treatments, respectively. However, total DOM fluxes leached from the litter did not vary between treatments, because the concentrations of leached DOM reaching the soil surface increased in response to the simulated drought. Annual DOM concentrations averaged 7.7 \uffc2\uffb1 0.8, 11.2 \uffc2\uffb1 0.9, and 15.8 \uffc2\uffb1 1.2 mg C/L in the control, \uffe2\uff88\uff9225%, and \uffe2\uff88\uff9250% plots, respectively, and DOM concentrations were positively correlated with soil respiration rates. A laboratory incubation experiment confirmed the potential importance of DOM concentration on soil respiration rates, suggesting that this mechanism could contribute to the increase in CO2 fluxes observed in the reduced rainfall plots. Across all plots, the data suggested that soil CO2 fluxes were partially regulated by the magnitude and concentration of soluble C delivered to the soil, but also by soil moisture and soil oxygen availability. Together, our data suggest that declines in precipitation in tropical rain forests could drive higher CO2 fluxes to the atmosphere both via increased soil O2 availability and through responses to elevated DOM concentrations.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Tropical Climate", "Time Factors", "Atmosphere", "Rain", "Water", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", "Trees", "Soil", "Oxygen Consumption", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1582.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/09-1582.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/09-1582.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/09-1582.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/10-0426.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-12-17", "title": "Consistent Effects Of Nitrogen Fertilization On Soil Bacterial Communities In Contrasting Systems", "description": "<p>Ecosystems worldwide are receiving increasing amounts of reactive nitrogen (N) through anthropogenic activities. Although the effects of increased N inputs on plant communities have been reasonably well studied, few comparable studies have examined impacts on whole soil bacterial communities, though they play critical roles in ecosystem functioning. We sampled soils from two long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term ecological research (LTER) experimental N gradients, both of which have been amended with NH4NO3; a grassland at Cedar Creek (27 years of N additions) and an agricultural field at Kellogg Biological Station (8 years of N additions). By examining shifts in bacterial communities across these contrasting ecosystem types, we could test competing hypotheses about the direct and indirect factors that might drive bacterial responses to elevated N inputs. Bacterial community structure was highly responsive to N additions. We observed predictable and consistent changes in the structure of the bacterial communities across both ecosystem types. Our results suggest that bacterial communities across these gradients are more structured by N and/or soil carbon availability than by shifts in the plant community or soil pH associated with the elevated nitrogen inputs. In contrast to the pronounced shifts in bacterial community composition and in direct contrast to the patterns often observed in plant communities, increases in N availability did not have consistent effects on the richness and diversity of soil bacterial communities.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Michigan", "Bacteria", "Nitrogen", "Minnesota", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "RNA", " Bacterial", "13. Climate action", "RNA", " Ribosomal", " 16S", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers", "Ecosystem", "Phylogeny", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0426.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/10-0426.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/10-0426.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/10-0426.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/10-0660.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-06-10", "title": "Fire effects on temperate forest soil C and N storage", "description": "Temperate forest soils store globally significant amounts of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Understanding how soil pools of these two elements change in response to disturbance and management is critical to maintaining ecosystem services such as forest productivity, greenhouse gas mitigation, and water resource protection. Fire is one of the principal disturbances acting on forest soil C and N storage and is also the subject of enormous management efforts. In the present article, we use meta-analysis to quantify fire effects on temperate forest soil C and N storage. Across a combined total of 468 soil C and N response ratios from 57 publications (concentrations and pool sizes), fire had significant overall effects on soil C (-26%) and soil N (-22%). The impacts of fire on forest floors were significantly different from its effects on mineral soils. Fires reduced forest floor C and N storage (pool sizes only) by an average of 59% and 50%, respectively, but the concentrations of these two elements did not change. Prescribed fires caused smaller reductions in forest floor C and N storage (-46% and -35%) than wildfires (-67% and -69%), and the presence of hardwoods also mitigated fire impacts. Burned forest floors recovered their C and N pools in an average of 128 and 103 years, respectively. Among mineral soils, there were no significant changes in C or N storage, but C and N concentrations declined significantly (-11% and -12%, respectively). Mineral soil C and N concentrations were significantly affected by fire type, with no change following prescribed burns, but significant reductions in response to wildfires. Geographic variation in fire effects on mineral soil C and N storage underscores the need for region-specific fire management plans, and the role of fire type in mediating C and N shifts (especially in the forest floor) indicates that averting wildfires through prescribed burning is desirable from a soils perspective.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Nitrogen", "Science", "soil nitrogen", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "forest management", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Fires", "Trees", "meta-analysis", "Soil", "carbon sinks", "13. Climate action", "temperate forests", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil carbon", "fire", "Ecosystem"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lucas E. Nave, Lucas E. Nave, Eric D. Vance, Christopher W. Swanston, Peter S. Curtis,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0660.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/10-0660.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/10-0660.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/10-0660.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/es10-00133.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-03-30", "title": "Seasonal Dynamics Of Soil Respiration And N Mineralization In Chronically Warmed And Fertilized Soils", "description": "Although numerous studies have examined the individual effects of increased temperatures and N deposition on soil biogeochemical cycling, few have considered how these disturbances interact to impact soil C and N dynamics. Likewise, many have not assessed season-specific responses to warming and N inputs despite seasonal variability in soil processes. We studied interactions among season, warming, and N additions on soil respiration and N mineralization at the Soil Warming \u00d7 Nitrogen Addition Study at the Harvard Forest. Of particular interest were wintertime fluxes of C and N typically excluded from investigations of soils and global change. Soils were warmed to 5\u00b0C above ambient, and N was applied at a rate of 5 g m\u22122 y\u22121. Soil respiration and N mineralization were sampled over two years between 2007 and 2009 and showed strong seasonal patterns that mirrored changes in soil temperature. Winter fluxes of C and N contributed between 2 and 17% to the total annual flux. Net N mineralization increased in response to the experimental manipulations across all seasons, and was 8% higher in fertilized plots and 83% higher in warmed plots over the duration of the study. Soil respiration showed a more season-specific response. Nitrogen additions enhanced soil respiration by 14%, but this increase was significant only in summer and fall. Likewise, warming increased soil respiration by 44% over the whole study period, but the effect of warming was most pronounced in spring and fall. The only interaction between warming \u00d7 N additions took place in autumn, when N availability likely diminished the positive effect of warming on soil respiration. Our results suggest that winter measurements of C and N are necessary to accurately describe winter biogeochemical processes. In addition, season-specific responses to the experimental treatments suggest that some components of the belowground community may be more susceptible to warming and N additions than others. Seasonal changes in the abiotic environment may have also interacted with the experimental manipulations to evoke biogeochemical responses at certain times of year.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/es10-00133.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosphere", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/es10-00133.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/es10-00133.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/es10-00133.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/10-0459.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-08-12", "title": "Changes In Microbial Community Characteristics And Soil Organic Matter With Nitrogen Additions In Two Tropical Forests", "description": "Microbial communities and their associated enzyme activities affect the amount and chemical quality of carbon (C) in soils. Increasing nitrogen (N) deposition, particularly in N-rich tropical forests, is likely to change the composition and behavior of microbial communities and feed back on ecosystem structure and function. This study presents a novel assessment of mechanistic links between microbial responses to N deposition and shifts in soil organic matter (SOM) quality and quantity. We used phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and microbial enzyme assays in soils to assess microbial community responses to long-term N additions in two distinct tropical rain forests. We used soil density fractionation and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to measure related changes in SOM pool sizes and chemical quality. Microbial biomass increased in response to N fertilization in both tropical forests and corresponded to declines in pools of low-density SOM. The chemical quality of this soil C pool reflected ecosystem-specific changes in microbial community composition. In the lower-elevation forest, there was an increase in gram-negative bacteria PLFA biomass, and there were significant losses of labile C chemical groups (O-alkyls). In contrast, the upper-elevation tropical forest had an increase in fungal PLFAs with N additions and declines in C groups associated with increased soil C storage (alkyls). The dynamics of microbial enzymatic activities with N addition provided a functional link between changes in microbial community structure and SOM chemistry. Ecosystem-specific changes in microbial community composition are likely to have far-reaching effects on soil carbon storage and cycling. This study indicates that microbial communities in N-rich tropical forests can be sensitive to added N, but we can expect significant variability in how ecosystem structure and function respond to N deposition among tropical forest types.", "keywords": ["Soil", "Tropical Climate", "Bacteria", "Nitrogen", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "Trees"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0459.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/10-0459.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/10-0459.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/10-0459.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/10-2210.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-07-26", "title": "Soil C And N Changes With Afforestation Of Grasslands Across Gradients Of Precipitation And Plantation Age", "description": "<p>Afforestation, the conversion of unforested lands to forests, is a tool for sequestering anthropogenic carbon dioxide into plant biomass. However, in addition to altering biomass, afforestation can have substantial effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) pools, some of which have much longer turnover times than plant biomass. An increasing body of evidence suggests that the effect of afforestation on SOC may depend on mean annual precipitation (MAP). The goal of this study was to test how labile and bulk pools of SOC and total soil nitrogen (TN) change with afforestation across a rainfall gradient of 600\uffe2\uff80\uff931500 mm in the Rio de la Plata grasslands of Argentina and Uruguay. The sites were all former grasslands planted withEucalyptusspp. Overall, we found that afforestation increased (up to 1012 kg C\uffc2\uffb7ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffb7yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) or decreased (as much as 1294 kg C\uffc2\uffb7ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffb7yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) SOC pools in this region and that these changes were significantly related to MAP. Drier sites gained, and wetter sites lost, SOC and TN (r2= 0.59,P= 0.003; andr2= 0.57,P= 0.004, respectively). Labile C and N in microbial biomass and extractable soil pools followed similar patterns to bulk SOC and TN. Interestingly, drier sites gained more SOC and TN as plantations aged, while losses reversed as plantations aged in wet sites, suggesting that plantation age in addition to precipitation is a critical driver of changes in soil organic matter with afforestation. This new evidence implies that longer intervals between harvests for plantations could improve SOC storage, ameliorating the negative trends found in humid sites. Our results suggest that the value of afforestation as a carbon sequestration tool should be considered in the context of precipitation and age of the forest stand.</p>", "keywords": ["Soil nitrogen", "Time Factors", "Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology", "Nitrogen", "Rain", "soil nitrogen", "Argentina", "Precipitation", "precipitation", "Poaceae", "333", "Trees", "Soil", "afforestation", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6", "Afforestations", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1", "Biology", "Forest Sciences", "Ecosystem", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic carbon", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "soil organic carbon", "Uruguay", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Eucalyptus plantation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/10-2210.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/10-2210.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/10-2210.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/10-2210.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/11-1600.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-03-24", "title": "Response Of Decomposing Litter And Its Microbial Community To Multiple Forms Of Nitrogen Enrichment", "description": "<p>Despite the importance of litter decomposition for ecosystem fertility and carbon balance, key uncertainties remain about how this fundamental process is affected by nitrogen (N) availability. Resolving such uncertainties is critical for predicting the ecosystem consequences of increased anthropogenic N deposition. Toward that end, we decomposed green leaves and senesced litter of northern pin oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis) in three forested stands dominated by northern pin oak or white pine (Pinus strobus) to compare effects of substrate N (as it differed between leaves and litter) and externally supplied N (inorganic or organic forms) on decomposition and decomposer community structure and function over four years. Asymptotic decomposition models fit the data equally well as single exponential models and allowed us to compare effects of N on both the initial decomposition rate (ka) and the level of asymptotic mass remaining (A, proportion of mass remaining at which decomposition approaches zero, i.e., the fraction of slowly decomposing litter). In all sites, both substrate N and externally supplied N (regardless of form) accelerated the initial decomposition rate. Faster initial decomposition rates corresponded to higher activity of polysaccharide\uffe2\uff80\uff90degrading enzymes associated with externally supplied N and greater relative abundances of Gram\uffe2\uff80\uff90negative and Gram\uffe2\uff80\uff90positive bacteria associated with green leaves and externally supplied organic N (assessed using phospholipid fatty acid analysis, PLFA). By contrast, later in decomposition, externally supplied N slowed decomposition, increasing the fraction of slowly decomposing litter (A) and reducing lignin\uffe2\uff80\uff90degrading enzyme activity and relative abundances of Gram\uffe2\uff80\uff90negative and Gram\uffe2\uff80\uff90positive bacteria. Higher\uffe2\uff80\uff90N green leaves, on the other hand, had lower levels of A (a smaller slow fraction) than lower\uffe2\uff80\uff90N litter. Contrasting effects of substrate and externally supplied N during later stages of decomposition likely occurred because higher\uffe2\uff80\uff90N leaves also had considerably lower lignin, causing them to decompose more quickly throughout decomposition. In conclusion, elevated atmospheric N deposition in forest ecosystems may have contrasting effects on the dynamics of different soil carbon pools, decreasing mean residence times of active fractions in fresh litter (which would be further reduced if deposition increased litter N concentrations), while increasing those of more slowly decomposing fractions, including more processed litter.</p>", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1600.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Monographs", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/11-1600.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/11-1600.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/11-1600.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/110003", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-07-05", "title": "Impact Of Second-Generation Biofuel Agriculture On Greenhouse-Gas Emissions In The Corn-Growing Regions Of The Us", "description": "<p>In the US, 95% of biofuel is produced from corn (Zea mays L), an intensively managed annual crop that is also grown for food and animal feed. Using the DAYCENT model, we estimated the effects on ecosystem services of replacing corn ethanol feedstocks with the perennial cellulosic feedstocks switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L) and miscanthus (Miscanthus \uffc3\uff97 giganteus Greef et Deuter). If cellulosic feedstocks were planted on cropland that is currently used for ethanol production in the US, more ethanol (+82%) and grain for food (+4%) could be produced while at the same time reducing nitrogen leaching (\uffe2\uff88\uff9215 to \uffe2\uff88\uff9222%) and greenhouse\uffe2\uff80\uff90gas (GHG) emissions (\uffe2\uff88\uff9229 to \uffe2\uff88\uff92473%). The GHG reduction was large even after accounting for emissions associated with indirect land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use change. Conversion from a high\uffe2\uff80\uff90input annual crop to a low\uffe2\uff80\uff90input perennial crop for biofuel production can thus transition the central US from a net source to a net sink for GHGs.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/110003"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Ecology%20and%20the%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/110003", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/110003", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/110003"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/12-0292.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-06-06", "title": "Soil Carbon Sequestration In Prairie Grasslands Increased By Chronic Nitrogen Addition", "description": "<p>Human\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced increases in nitrogen (N) deposition are common across many terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. Greater N availability not only reduces biological diversity, but also affects the biogeochemical coupling of carbon (C) and N cycles in soil ecosystems. Soils are the largest active terrestrial C pool and N deposition effects on soil C sequestration or release could have global importance. Here, we show that 27 years of chronic N additions to prairie grasslands increased C sequestration in mineral soils and that a potential mechanism responsible for this C accrual was an N\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced increase in root mass. Greater soil C sequestration followed a dramatic shift in plant community composition from native\uffe2\uff80\uff90species\uffe2\uff80\uff90rich C4 grasslands to naturalized\uffe2\uff80\uff90species\uffe2\uff80\uff90rich C3 grasslands, which, despite lower soil C gains per unit of N added, still acted as soil C sinks. Since both high plant diversity and elevated N deposition may increase soil C sequestration, but N deposition also decreases plant diversity, more research is needed to address the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term implications for soil C storage of these two factors. Finally, because exotic C3 grasses often come to dominate N\uffe2\uff80\uff90enriched grasslands, it is important to determine if such N\uffe2\uff80\uff90dependent soil C sequestration occurs across C3 grasslands in other regions worldwide.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "Time Factors", "Nitrogen", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Plant Roots", "Carbon", "Ecosystem", "Fires"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/12-0292.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/12-0292.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/12-0292.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/12-0292.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/11-0411.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-06-27", "title": "Carbon Stocks Across A Chronosequence Of Thinned And Unmanaged Red Pine (Pinus Resinosa) Stands", "description": "<p>Forests function as a major global C sink, and forest management strategies that maximize C stocks offer one possible means of mitigating the impacts of increasing anthropogenic CO2emissions. We studied the effects of thinning, a common management technique in many forest types, on age\uffe2\uff80\uff90related trends in C stocks using a chronosequence of thinned and unmanaged red pine (Pinus resinosa) stands ranging from 9 to 306 years old. Live tree C stocks increased with age to a maximum near the middle of the chronosequence in unmanaged stands, and increased across the entire chronosequence in thinned stands. C in live understory vegetation and C in the mineral soil each declined rapidly with age in young stands but changed relatively little in middle\uffe2\uff80\uff90aged to older stands regardless of management. Forest floor C stocks increased with age in unmanaged stands, but forest floor C decreased with age after the onset of thinning around age 40 in thinned stands. Deadwood C was highly variable, but decreased with age in thinned stands. Total ecosystem C increased with stand age until approaching an asymptote around age 150. The increase in total ecosystem C was paralleled by an age\uffe2\uff80\uff90related increase in total aboveground C, but relatively little change in total belowground C. Thinning had surprisingly little impact on total ecosystem C stocks, but it did modestly alter age\uffe2\uff80\uff90related trends in total ecosystem C allocation between aboveground and belowground pools. In addition to characterizing the subtle differences in C dynamics between thinned and unmanaged stands, these results suggest that C accrual in red pine stands continues well beyond the 60\uffe2\uff80\uff93100 year management rotations typical for this system. Management plans that incorporate longer rotations and thinning in some stands could play an important role in maximizing C stocks in red pine forests while meeting other objectives including timber extraction, biodiversity conservation, restoration, and fuel reduction goals.</p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Soil", "Time Factors", "Minnesota", "Forestry", "15. Life on land", "Pinus", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Ecosystem", "Carbon Cycle", "Trees"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0411.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/11-0411.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/11-0411.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/11-0411.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/12-0279.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-11-14", "title": "Responses of ecosystem carbon cycle to experimental warming: a meta-analysis", "description": "<p>Global warming potentially alters the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle, likely feeding back to further climate warming. However, how the ecosystem C cycle responds and feeds back to warming remains unclear. Here we used a meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis approach to quantify the response ratios of 18 variables of the ecosystem C cycle to experimental warming and evaluated ecosystem C\uffe2\uff80\uff90cycle feedback to climate warming. Our results showed that warming stimulated gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP) by 15.7%, net primary production (NPP) by 4.4%, and plant C pools from above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground parts by 6.8% and 7.0%, respectively. Experimental warming accelerated litter mass loss by 6.8%, soil respiration by 9.0%, and dissolved organic C leaching by 12.1%. In addition, the responses of some of those variables to experimental warming differed among the ecosystem types. Our results demonstrated that the stimulation of plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived C influx basically offset the increase in warming\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced efflux and resulted in insignificant changes in litter and soil C content, indicating that climate warming may not trigger strong positive C\uffe2\uff80\uff90climate feedback from terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, the increase in plant C storage together with the slight but not statistically significant decrease of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) across ecosystems suggests that terrestrial ecosystems might be a weak C sink rather than a C source under global climate warming. Our results are also potentially useful for parameterizing and benchmarking land surface models in terms of C cycle responses to climate warming.</p>", "keywords": ["Bacteria", "Climate Change", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Plant Components", " Aerial", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "Carbon Cycle", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Photosynthesis", "Ecosystem", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/12-0279.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/12-0279.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/12-0279.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/12-0279.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/12-1760.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-07-09", "title": "Earthworm Effects On The Incorporation Of Litter C And N Into Soil Organic Matter In A Sugar Maple Forest", "description": "<p>To examine the mechanisms of earthworm effects on forest soil C and N, we double\uffe2\uff80\uff90labeled leaf litter with13C and15N, applied it to sugar maple forest plots with and without earthworms, and traced isotopes into soil pools. The experimental design included forest plots with different earthworm community composition (dominated byLumbricus terrestrisorL. rubellus). Soil carbon pools were 37% lower in earthworm\uffe2\uff80\uff90invaded plots largely because of the elimination of the forest floor horizons, and mineral soil C:N was lower in earthworm plots despite the mixing of high C:N organic matter into soil by earthworms. Litter disappearance over the first winter\uffe2\uff80\uff93spring was highest in theL. terrestris(T) plots, but during the warm season, rapid loss of litter was observed in bothL. rubellus(R) and T plots. After two years, 22.0% \uffc2\uffb1 5.4% of13C released from litter was recovered in soil with no significant differences among plots. Total recovery of added13C (decaying litter plus soil) was much higher in no\uffe2\uff80\uff90worm (NW) plots (61\uffe2\uff80\uff9368%) than in R and T plots (20\uffe2\uff80\uff9329%) as much of the litter remained in the former whereas it had disappeared in the latter. Much higher percentage recovery of15N than13C was observed, with significantly lower values for T than R and NW plots. Higher overwinter earthworm activity in T plots contributed to lower soil N recovery. In earthworm\uffe2\uff80\uff90invaded plots isotope enrichment was highest in macroaggregates and microaggregates whereas in NW plots silt plus clay fractions were most enriched. The net effect of litter mixing and priming of recalcitrant soil organic matter (SOM), stabilization of SOM in soil aggregates, and alteration of the soil microbial community by earthworm activity results in loss of SOM and lowering of the C:N ratio. We suggest that earthworm stoichiometry plays a fundamental role in regulating C and N dynamics of forest SOM.</p>", "keywords": ["Time Factors", "Nitrogen", "TEMPERATE HARDWOOD FOREST", "New York", "Acer", "C:N ratio", "Trees", "OLD-GROWTH FOREST", "Soil", "litter", "EXOTIC EARTHWORMS", "Animals", "NORTHEASTERN FORESTS", "Oligochaeta", "CARBON DYNAMICS", "Ecosystem", "2. Zero hunger", "decomposition", "NITROGEN DEPOSITION", "Ecology", "Lumbricus", "MICROBIAL BIOMASS", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "DECIDUOUS FOREST", "Carbon", "stoichiometry", "aggregate", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "LUMBRICUS-TERRESTRIS", "Environmental Sciences", "CENTRAL NEW-YORK", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/12-1760.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/12-1760.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/12-1760.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/12-1760.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/13-0616.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-09-11", "title": "Does agricultural crop diversity enhance soil microbial biomass and organic matter dynamics? A meta-analysis", "description": "<p>Our increasing dependence on a small number of agricultural crops, such as corn, is leading to reductions in agricultural biodiversity. Reductions in the number of crops in rotation or the replacement of rotations by monocultures are responsible for this loss of biodiversity. The belowground implications of simplifying agricultural plant communities remain unresolved; however, agroecosystem sustainability will be severely compromised if reductions in biodiversity reduce soil C and N concentrations, alter microbial communities, and degrade soil ecosystem functions as reported in natural communities. We conducted a meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis of 122 studies to examine crop rotation effects on total soil C and N concentrations, and the faster cycling microbial biomass C and N pools that play key roles in soil nutrient cycling and physical processes such as aggregate formation. We specifically examined how rotation crop type and management practices influence C and N dynamics in different climates and soil types. We found that adding one or more crops in rotation to a monoculture increased total soil C by 3.6% and total N by 5.3%, but when rotations included a cover crop (i.e., crops that are not harvested but produced to enrich the soil and capture inorganic N), total C increased by 8.5% and total N 12.8%. Rotations substantially increased the soil microbial biomass C (20.7%) and N (26.1%) pools, and these overwhelming effects on microbial biomass were not moderated by crop type or management practices. Crop rotations, especially those that include cover crops, sustain soil quality and productivity by enhancing soil C, N, and microbial biomass, making them a cornerstone for sustainable agroecosystems.</p>", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "microbial biomass", "soil nitrogen", "sustainable agroecosystems", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Biogeochemistry", "15. Life on land", "12. Responsible consumption", "meta-analysis", "Soil", "crop rotation", "monoculture", "13. Climate action", "gricultural biodiversity", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "soil carbon", "Soil Microbiology"], "contacts": [{"organization": "McDaniel, Marshall D., Tiemann, Lisa K., Grandy, A. Stuart,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0616.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/13-0616.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/13-0616.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/13-0616.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/14-1158.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-10-21", "title": "Fire Alters Ecosystem Carbon And Nutrients But Not Plant Nutrient Stoichiometry Or Composition In Tropical Savanna", "description": "<p>Fire and nutrients interact to influence the global distribution and dynamics of the savanna biome, but the results of these interactions are both complex and poorly known. A critical but unresolved question is whether short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term losses of carbon and nutrients caused by fire can trigger long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term and potentially compensatory responses in the nutrient stoichiometry of plants, or in the abundance of dinitrogen\uffe2\uff80\uff90fixing trees. There is disagreement in the literature about the potential role of fire on savanna nutrients, and, in turn, on plant stoichiometry and composition. A major limitation has been the lack of fire manipulations over time scales sufficiently long for these interactions to emerge. We use a 58\uffe2\uff80\uff90year, replicated, large\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale, fire manipulation experiment in Kruger National Park (South Africa) in savanna to quantify the effect of fire on (1) distributions of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus at the ecosystem scale; (2) carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff8a:\uffe2\uff80\uff8anitrogen\uffe2\uff80\uff8a:\uffe2\uff80\uff8aphosphorus stoichiometry of above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground tissues of plant species; and (3) abundance of plant functional groups including nitrogen fixers. Our results show dramatic effects of fire on the relative distribution of nutrients in soils, but that individual plant stoichiometry and plant community composition remained unexpectedly resilient. Moreover, measures of nutrients and carbon stable isotopes allowed us to discount the role of tree cover change in favor of the turnover of herbaceous biomass as the primary mechanism that mediates a transition from low to high soil carbon and nutrients in the absence of fire. We conclude that, in contrast to extra\uffe2\uff80\uff90tropical grasslands or closed\uffe2\uff80\uff90canopy forests, vegetation in the savanna biome may be uniquely adapted to nutrient losses caused by recurring fire.</p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Tropical Climate", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Fires", "Trees", "Soil", "South Africa", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1158.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/14-1158.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/14-1158.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/14-1158.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/15-0302.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-07-13", "title": "Nutrient fluxes from insect herbivory increase during ecosystem retrogression in boreal forest", "description": "Abstract<p>Ecological theory, developed largely from ungulates and grassland systems, predicts that herbivory accelerates nutrient cycling more in productive than unproductive systems. This prediction may be important for understanding patterns of ecosystem change over time and space, but its applicability to other ecosystems and types of herbivore remain uncertain. We estimated fluxes of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from herbivory of a common tree species (Betula pubescens) by a common species of herbivorous insect along a ~5000\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr boreal chronosequence. Contrary to established theory, fluxes of N and P via herbivory increased along the chronosequence despite a decline in plant productivity. The herbivore\uffe2\uff80\uff90mediated N and P fluxes to the soil are comparable to the main alternative pathway for these nutrients via tree leaf litterfall. We conclude that insect herbivores can make large contributions to nutrient cycling even in unproductive systems, and influence the rate and pattern of ecosystem development, particularly in systems with low external nutrient inputs.</p>", "keywords": ["Islands", "Sweden", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Insecta", "Nitrogen", "Phosphorus", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "13. Climate action", "Animals", "Herbivory", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1890/15-0302.1"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/15-0302.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/15-0302.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/15-0302.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/15-0302.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/15-1160.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-06-02", "title": "Plant Community And Soil Chemistry Responses To Long-Term Nitrogen Inputs Drive Changes In Alpine Bacterial Communities", "description": "Abstract<p>Bacterial community composition and diversity was studied in alpine tundra soils across a plant species and moisture gradient in 20 yr\uffe2\uff80\uff90old experimental plots with four nutrient addition regimes (control, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) or both nutrients). Different bacterial communities inhabited different alpine meadows, reflecting differences in moisture, nutrients and plant species. Bacterial community alpha\uffe2\uff80\uff90diversity metrics were strongly correlated with plant richness and the production of forbs. After meadow type, N addition proved the strongest determinant of bacterial community structure. Structural Equation Modeling demonstrated that tundra bacterial community responses to N addition occur via changes in plant community composition and soil pH resulting from N inputs, thus disentangling the influence of direct (resource availability) vs. indirect (changes in plant community structure and soil pH) N effects that have remained unexplored in past work examining bacterial responses to long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term N inputs in these vulnerable environments. Across meadow types, the relative influence of these indirect N effects on bacterial community structure varied. In explicitly evaluating the relative importance of direct and indirect effects of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term N addition on bacterial communities, this study provides new mechanistic understandings of the interaction between plant and microbial community responses to N inputs amidst environmental change.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "Bacteria", "Nitrogen", "11. Sustainability", "Water", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biodiversity", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "Fertilizers", "Soil Microbiology"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Xia Yuan, Xia Yuan, Timothy R. Seastedt, Timothy R. Seastedt, Joseph E. Knelman, Joseph E. Knelman, Eve I. Gasarch, Eve I. Gasarch, Deli Wang, Diana R. Nemergut, Diana R. Nemergut,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/15-1160.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/15-1160.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/15-1160.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/15-1160.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/es10-00017.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-01-19", "title": "Grazing Intensity Impacts Soil Carbon And Nitrogen Storage Of Continental Steppe", "description": "Recent studies have underscored the importance of grasslands as potential carbon (C) sinks. We performed a grazing experiment with seven stocking rates (SR0, SR1.5, SR3.0, SR4.5, SR6.0, SR7.5, and SR9.0 for 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 sheep ha\u22121, respectively) to investigate the effect of increasing grazing pressure on soil C and nitrogen (N) storage in the temperate grasslands of northern China. The results revealed that C and N storage in both 0\u201310 cm and 10\u201330 cm soil layers decreased linearly with increasing stocking rates. Carbon storage in the 0\u201310 cm soil layer was significantly higher in lightly grazed grasslands than in heavily grazed grasslands after a 5-yr grazing treatment. Our findings suggest an underlying transformation from soil C sequestration under light grazing to C loss under heavy grazing, and that the threshold for this transformation is 4.5 sheep ha\u22121 (grazing period from June to September). Results confirmed that grasslands used for grazing in northern China have the capacity to sequester C in the soil under appropriate grazing pressure, but that they lose C under heavy grazing. Therefore, appropriate grazer densities will promote soil C sequestration in the grasslands of northern China.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/es10-00017.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosphere", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/es10-00017.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/es10-00017.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/es10-00017.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1897/04-036r.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-03-19", "title": "Toxicity Of Heavy Metals In Soil Assessed With Various Soil Microbial And Plant Growth Assays: As Comparative Study", "description": "Abstract                <p>Elevated metal concentrations in soils can disturb the soil ecosystem; thus, researcherss rive to identify the most sensitive assay for detection of the early signs of toxicity. The purpose of the present study was to compare eight different ecotoxicological endpoints on the same set of metal-contaminated soils that were collected from seven series of soils sampled during field trials. The endpoints are based on three microbial assays (potential nitrification rate [PNR], substrate-induced respiration [SIR], and basal respiration [BR]) and two plant growth tests, one of which included symbiotic N fixation. The overall sensitivity of the endpoints to detect statistically significant adverse effects ranked as follows: PNR &amp;gt; SIR (lag time) &amp;gt; plant yield and N fixation &amp;gt; SIR (respiration after 24 and 48 h) &amp;gt; BR. The lowest adverse effect concentrations were found with the PNR at 7 mg kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 of Cd and 107 mg kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 of Zn. The variability of these endpoints among different uncontaminated soils was additionally assessed on 14 soil samples. That variability showed a strong correlation with sensitivity scores, illustrating that metal-sensitive endpoints have a large natural variability. We question the ecological relevance of highly sensitive microbial assays, because they tend to have a large natural variability. The identification of toxicity in the field requires endpoints that are highly sensitive and that do not vary greatly among soils (i.e., robust); however, no such endpoint was found in the present study. The endpoints that combined average sensitivity and robustness were SIR (lag time), clover yield, and N fixation in clover.</p>", "keywords": ["Hungary", "Sewage", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Zinc", "Nitrogen Fixation", "London", "Lolium", "Soil Pollutants", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Trifolium", "France", "Soil Microbiology", "Cadmium"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1897/04-036r.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Toxicology%20and%20Chemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1897/04-036r.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1897/04-036r.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1897/04-036r.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/rs13091616", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:22:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-04-22", "title": "Potential of Sentinel-2 Satellite Images for Monitoring Green Waste Compost and Manure Amendments in Temperate Cropland", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Increasing attention has been placed on the agroecological impact of applying exogenous organic matter (EOM) amendments, such as green waste compost (GWC) and livestock manure, to agricultural landscapes. However, monitoring the frequency and locality of this practice poses a major challenge, as these events are typically unreported. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of Sentinel-2 imagery for the detection of EOM amendments. Specifically, we investigated the spectral shift resulting from GWC and manure application at two spatial scales, satellite and proximal. At the satellite scale, multispectral Sentinel-2 image pairs were analyzed before and after EOM application to six cultivated fields in the Versailles Plain, France. At the proximal scale, multi-temporal spectral field measurements were taken of experimental plots consisting of 14 total treatments: EOM variety, amendment quantity (15, 30 and 60 t.ha\u22121) and tillage. The Sentinel-2 images showed significant spectral differences before and after EOM application. Exogenous Organic Matter Indices (EOMI) were developed and analyzed for separative performance. The best performing index was EOMI2, using the B4 and B12 Sentinel-2 spectral bands. At the proximal scale, simulated Sentinel-2 reflectance spectra, which were created using field measurements, successfully monitored all EOM treatments for three days, except for the buried green waste compost at a rate of 15 t.ha\u22121.</p></article>", "keywords": ["agroecology", "reflectance", "[SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics]", "amendments", "Science", "[SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "630", "[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics]", "11. Sustainability", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "[SDV.SA.AGRO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "Q", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "soil organic carbon", "13. Climate action", "tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "[SDE.IE] Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "Sentinel-2", "exogenous organic matter"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1616/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1616/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091616"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs13091616", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs13091616", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs13091616"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-04-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/rs13224615", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:22:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-17", "title": "Spatiotemporal Prediction and Mapping of Heavy Metals at Regional Scale Using Regression Methods and Landsat 7", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Soil contamination by heavy metals is of particular concern, due to the direct negative impact on crop yield, food quality and human health. Although the conventional approach to monitor heavy metals relies on field sampling and lab analysis, the proliferation in the use of portable spectrometers has reduced the cost and time of investigation. However, discrepancies in spectral data from different spectrometers increase the modeling time and undermine the model accuracy for spatial mapping. This study, therefore, took advantage of the readily accessible Landsat 7 data to predict and map the spatiotemporal distribution of ten heavy metals (i.e., Sb, Pb, Ni, Mn, Hg, Cu, Cr, Co, Cd and As) over a 640 km2 area in Belgium. The Land Use/Cover Area Frame Survey (LUCAS) database of a region in north-eastern Belgium was used to retrieve variation in heavy metals concentrations over time and space, using the Landsat 7 imagery for four single dates in 2009, 2013, 2016 and 2020. Three regression methods, namely, partial least squares regression (PLSR), random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) were used to model and predict the heavy metal concentrations for 2009. By comparing these models unbiasedly, the best model was selected for predicting and mapping the heavy metal distributions for 2013, 2016 and 2020. RF turned out to be the optimal model for 2009 with a coefficient of determination of prediction (R2P) and residual prediction deviation of prediction (RPDP) ranging from 0.62 to 0.92, and 1.23 to 2.79, respectively. The measured heavy metal distributions along the river floodplains, at the highlands and in the lowlands, were generally high, compared to their RF spatiotemporal predictions, which decreased over time. Increasing moisture contents in the floodplains adjacent to the river channels and the lowlands were the primary contributors to the reduction in the satellite reflectance spectra. However, topsoil erosion from rainfall, snowmelt as well as wind into the lowlands could have influenced the reduction in heavy metal spatiotemporal predicted values over time in the highlands. The spatiotemporal prediction maps produced for the heavy metals for the four different years revealed a good spatial similarity and consistency with the measured maps for 2009, which indicates their stability over the years.</p></article>", "keywords": ["PROVINCE", "Landsat 7", "analysis", "Science", "random forest (RF)", "MOISTURE", "01 natural sciences", "NIR SPECTROSCOPY", "spatiotemporal analysis", "AGRICULTURAL SOILS", "spatiotemporal", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "RANGE", "Q", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "3. Good health", "MULTIVARIATE", "TOPSOILS", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "soil heavy metal; Landsat 7; partial least squares regression (PLSR); random forest (RF); support vector machine (SVM); spatiotemporal analysis", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "support vector machine (SVM)", "soil heavy metal", "partial least squares regression (PLSR)"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4615/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4615/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224615"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs13224615", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs13224615", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs13224615"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-11-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/es15-00056.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-11-20", "title": "Soil Aggregate Stability Was An Uncertain Predictor Of Ecosystem Functioning In A Temperate And Semiarid Grassland", "description": "<p>We estimate rangeland managers assessing ecosystem health have measured soil stability &gt;800,000 times. Our aim was to use quantitative data from a site in the Northern Great Plains, USA and a semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90quantitative literature search to demonstrate the robustness of soil stability as an indicator of ecosystem functioning. Empirical data included measurements of plant and soil properties along a local livestock grazing gradient to determine whether soil stability (e.g., % water\uffe2\uff80\uff90stable aggregates) explained primary productivity and soil water transport for a mixed\uffe2\uff80\uff90grass prairie site in the Northern Great Plains. We measured: annual net primary productivity (ANPP), elevation, % soil moisture, measures of soil stability, and soil water transport (field\uffe2\uff80\uff90saturated infiltrability and sorptivity) across points spanning a local gradient in livestock grazing intensity (none vs. light to moderate stocking rates; mean distance separating points = 39.9 m [range = 5.2\uffe2\uff80\uff9371.3 m]). Across the sampled gradient, variation in ANPP was best explained by a model with field\uffe2\uff80\uff90saturated infiltrability and % soil moisture. Infiltrability explained slightly more of the variation. We then determined that moderate amounts of variation in infiltrability were explained by ANPP, % soil moisture, and % water\uffe2\uff80\uff90stable aggregates. We determined that most of this variation was explained by ANPP and then soil moisture. Our empirical findings indicate that plant production was correlated with infiltration though we could not determine whether variation in plant production was caused by variation in infiltration or vice versa. We generally failed to show that soil stability (e.g., % water\uffe2\uff80\uff90stable aggregates) was a useful predictor of primary productivity and soil water transport. Our semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90quantitative literature review also indicated that soil stability was not a consistent predictor of either plant production or infiltration. The varying evidence reported here on whether soil stability is a predictor of ecosystem function illustrates the difficulty in identifying an indicator of ecosystem health that (1) is a predictor of ecosystem function across grassland types, (2) is sensitive to rangeland management, and (3) can be easily implemented by non\uffe2\uff80\uff90experts.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/es15-00056.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosphere", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/es15-00056.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/es15-00056.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/es15-00056.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.19103/as.2021.0098.11", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:25Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2021-09-21", "title": "Advances in mechanical weed control technologies", "description": "<p>Mechanical weed control can be grouped into three categories: full-width cultivators, inter-row cultivators and intra-row cultivators. This chapter will highlight the most recent and relevant advances within each category. The focus will be on novel inventions and developments of mechanical devices, designs, and the weed problems they are meant to solve. Moreover, automation technologies that assist weeding operations are becoming increasingly important and will be given special attention.</p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "vision technology", "automatic steering", "thema EDItEUR::T Technology", " Engineering", " Agriculture", " Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVP Pest control / plant diseases", "perennial weeds", "intra-row cultivation", "annual weeds", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "thema EDItEUR::T Technology", " Engineering", " Agriculture", " Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVK Agronomy and crop production", "01 natural sciences", "GNSS technology", "thema EDItEUR::T Technology", " Engineering", " Agriculture", " Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVF Sustainable agriculture", "Inter-row cultivation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "automatic intra-row weeding", "full-width cultivation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0098.11"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.19103/as.2021.0098.11", "name": "item", "description": "10.19103/as.2021.0098.11", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.19103/as.2021.0098.11"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-04-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/rs13091769", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:22:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-05-02", "title": "A Scalable Machine Learning Pipeline for Paddy Rice Classification Using Multi-Temporal Sentinel Data", "description": "<p>The demand for rice production in Asia is expected to increase by 70% in the next 30 years, which makes evident the need for a balanced productivity and effective food security management at a national and continental level. Consequently, the timely and accurate mapping of paddy rice extent and its productivity assessment is of utmost significance. In turn, this requires continuous area monitoring and large scale mapping, at the parcel level, through the processing of big satellite data of high spatial resolution. This work designs and implements a paddy rice mapping pipeline in South Korea that is based on a time-series of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data for the year of 2018. There are two challenges that we address; the first one is the ability of our model to manage big satellite data and scale for a nationwide application. The second one is the algorithm\uffe2\uff80\uff99s capacity to cope with scarce labeled data to train supervised machine learning algorithms. Specifically, we implement an approach that combines unsupervised and supervised learning. First, we generate pseudo-labels for rice classification from a single site (Seosan-Dangjin) by using a dynamic k-means clustering approach. The pseudo-labels are then used to train a Random Forest (RF) classifier that is fine-tuned to generalize in two other sites (Haenam and Cheorwon). The optimized model was then tested against 40 labeled plots, evenly distributed across the country. The paddy rice mapping pipeline is scalable as it has been deployed in a High Performance Data Analytics (HPDA) environment using distributed implementations for both k-means and RF classifiers. When tested across the country, our model provided an overall accuracy of 96.69% and a kappa coefficient 0.87. Even more, the accurate paddy rice area mapping was returned early in the year (late July), which is key for timely decision-making. Finally, the performance of the generalized paddy rice classification model, when applied in the sites of Haenam and Cheorwon, was compared to the performance of two equivalent models that were trained with locally sampled labels. The results were comparable and highlighted the success of the model\uffe2\uff80\uff99s generalization and its applicability to other regions.</p>", "keywords": ["semi-supervised learning", "2. Zero hunger", "Science", "Q", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "food security", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "high performance computing", "pseudo-labeling", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "paddy rice mapping", "distributed learning", "pseudo-labeling; paddy rice mapping; distributed learning; semi-supervised learning; food security; high performance computing"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1769/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1769/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091769"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs13091769", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs13091769", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs13091769"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.19103/as.2021.0098.15", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:25Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2022-05-09", "title": "Integrated weed management in grasslands", "description": "<p>This chapter describes the current status of IWM for grasslands. Its focus is on management practices available to influence transitions in a weed\uffe2\uff80\uff99s life cycle: from the soil seed bank to seedling establishment, from the seedling stage to the mature plant, and from the mature plant to the soil seed bank. We provide a conceptual approach to illustrate how management practices available in IWM affect different transitions and then discuss case studies to illustrate how weed management practices have been integrated. The chapter ends with an outlook for further improving IWM in grasslands, especially also under climate change, and for promoting its application.</p>", "keywords": ["seed bank", "thema EDItEUR::K Economics", " Finance", " Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies::KNA Agribusiness and primary industries::KNAL Forestry industry", "herbicides", "invasive non-native plant species (INNPs)", "thema EDItEUR::T Technology", " Engineering", " Agriculture", " Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVP Pest control / plant diseases", "thema EDItEUR::T Technology", " Engineering", " Agriculture", " Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVF Sustainable agriculture", "biological control", "sward", "thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences", " Geography", " Environment", " Planning::RG Geography::RGB Physical geography and topography::RGBC Plains and grasslands"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Schaffner, Urs, M\u00fcller-Sch\u00e4rer, Heinz, L\u00fcscher, Andreas,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0098.15"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.19103/as.2021.0098.15", "name": "item", "description": "10.19103/as.2021.0098.15", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.19103/as.2021.0098.15"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-04-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.19182/bft2015.325.a31271", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-12-06", "title": "Influence Of Tree Cover On Diversity, Carbon Sequestration And Productivity Of Cocoa Systems In The Ecuadorian Amazon", "description": "<p>La production de cacao dans la r\uffc3\uffa9gion ama- zonienne de l\uffe2\uff80\uff99\uffc3\uff89quateur repr\uffc3\uffa9sente une source de revenus importante pour la popu- lation locale. Les syst\uffc3\uffa8mes de production de cacao varient entre for\uffc3\uffaat primaire enrichie, syst\uffc3\uffa8mes agroforestiers traditionnels et monoculture. Cette \uffc3\uffa9tude vise \uffc3\uffa0 \uffc3\uffa9valuer la relation entre diversit\uffc3\uffa9 sp\uffc3\uffa9cifique, stocks de carbone, productivit\uffc3\uffa9 agricole et utilisations potentielles des ressources foresti\uffc3\uffa8res pour trois modes d\uffe2\uff80\uff99utilisation des terres dans la r\uffc3\uffa9gion amazonienne de l\uffe2\uff80\uff99\uffc3\uff89quateur : agrofo- resterie \uffc3\uffa0 dominante cacaoy\uffc3\uffa8re (AF Cacao), monoculture de cacao (Monoculture) etfor\uffc3\uffaat primaire (FP). La connaissance et la quanti- fication des meilleurs compromis entre les diff\uffc3\uffa9rents services \uffc3\uffa9cosyst\uffc3\uffa9miques li\uffc3\uffa9s \uffc3\uffa0 la culture du cacao permettent de contri- buer \uffc3\uffa0 la conservation des for\uffc3\uffaats primaires et d\uffe2\uff80\uff99optimiser les revenus des populations locales. La richesse sp\uffc3\uffa9cifique, la diver- sit\uffc3\uffa9 b\uffc3\uffaata, les stocks de carbone (biomasse a\uffc3\uffa9rienne et souterraine, n\uffc3\uffa9cromasse et sols) et la production de cacao et de bois ont \uffc3\uffa9t\uffc3\uffa9 d\uffc3\uffa9termin\uffc3\uffa9s pour chaque syst\uffc3\uffa8me de culture sur des parcelles de 1 600 m2 (n = 28). Nos r\uffc3\uffa9sultats montrent que la diversit\uffc3\uffa9 b\uffc3\uffaata, la richesse sp\uffc3\uffa9cifique et les stocks de carbone sont significativement plus \uffc3\uffa9lev\uffc3\uffa9s dans les syst\uffc3\uffa8mes FP et AF Cacao, tandis que la pro- duction du cacao est 1,5 fois plus \uffc3\uffa9lev\uffc3\uffa9e en Monoculture que sur les parcelles en AF Cacao. Pour ces deux syst\uffc3\uffa8mes, la richesse sp\uffc3\uffa9cifique, la diversit\uffc3\uffa9 b\uffc3\uffaata et les stocks de carbone totaux sont corr\uffc3\uffa9l\uffc3\uffa9s n\uffc3\uffa9gativement avec la productivit\uffc3\uffa9 de cacao. Alors que nos r\uffc3\uffa9sultats montrent que la monoculture de cacao est plus rentable pour les agriculteurs que l\uffe2\uff80\uff99AF Cacao, un syst\uffc3\uffa8me de r\uffc3\uffa9mun\uffc3\uffa9ration mon\uffc3\uffa9taire de la d\uffc3\uffa9forestation \uffc3\uffa9vit\uffc3\uffa9e, bas\uffc3\uffa9 sur les cr\uffc3\uffa9dits carbone, pourrait repr\uffc3\uffa9senter une strat\uffc3\uffa9gie viable pour encourager la mise en \uffc5\uff93uvre de syst\uffc3\uffa8mes AF Cacao, lesquels contribueraient aux efforts de conservation et d\uffe2\uff80\uff99att\uffc3\uffa9nuation des effets du changement climatique tout en permettant de maintenir une production commerciale de cacao dans la r\uffc3\uffa9gion.</p>", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Bolier Torres, Sven G\u00fcnter, Oswaldo Jad\u00e1n, Daniela Selesi, Dario Veintimilla, Miguel Cifuentes,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2015.325.a31271"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/BOIS%20%26amp%3B%20FORETS%20DES%20TROPIQUES", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.19182/bft2015.325.a31271", "name": "item", "description": "10.19182/bft2015.325.a31271", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.19182/bft2015.325.a31271"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-07-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.20381/ruor-18782", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:25Z", "created": "2008-01-01", "description": "Numerous forest fires occurred during the summer of 2004 in the Klondike Goldfields region of the Yukon Territory, an area of extensive discontinuous permafrost. More than 35 shallow detachment failure landslides developed in subsequent weeks in Steele Creek, a small drainage basin located about 60 km south of Dawson City. Preliminary observations of the failures and near-surface thermal regime were made through freeze-up of 2004 and continued in the summers of 2005 and 2006. Detachment failures were mapped and individual sites were surveyed. Air and ground temperatures were measured in burned and unburned areas. In addition, two-dimensional DC resistivity transects were used to examine subsurface conditions in the area. Forest fire contributed to detachment failure activity on permafrost slopes by destroying the surface organic mat, causing burned surface temperatures to rise, thawing active layers by up to 20 cm (+31%) deeper than unburned slopes and weakening the surface root structures. Deeper thaw melted transient layer ground ice, raising soil porewater pressures. The thermal differences between burned and unburned sites were greater at the north-facing than south-facing sites, and active layer freezing and thawing processes varied according to both aspect and burned status. More southerly-facing and/or burned sites generally thawed earlier, refroze later and had warmer temperatures than more northerly and/or unburned sites. Thaw of burned areas with high ground surface temperatures can be expected to continue, depending on climatic conditions, until sufficient revegetation occurs to shade the surface and rebuild the insulating organic mat. The detachment failures occurred from a few weeks to two years after forest fire, and only on slopes where permafrost was extensive. They were not similar to others in the literature in that almost all occurred in coarse-gained soils and had failure planes elevated above the permafrost table. These landslides were flow-type failures that rafted portions of the organic mat on top of deforming, non-cohesive sediment. They occurred in areas of deeper thaw but their distribution and the resistivity data suggest that they were associated with supra-permafrost taliks which concentrated groundwater flow. In an unglaciated area like the Klondike region this landsliding process has likely occurred thousands of times during the Pleistocene and may be responsible for elements of the form of the region's slopes. Predicted increases in the frequency and magnitude of forest fire in the boreal forest due to warming climates may increase incidence of these types of failures.", "keywords": ["Ecology", "Physical Geography", "550", "13. Climate action", "Forestry and Wildlife", "Physical Geography.", "Agriculture", "15. Life on land", "Biology", " Ecology.", "Biology", "Agriculture", " Forestry and Wildlife."], "contacts": [{"organization": "Coates, James", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.20381/ruor-18782"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.20381/ruor-18782", "name": "item", "description": "10.20381/ruor-18782", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.20381/ruor-18782"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fmicb.2019.02694", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:22:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-12-10", "title": "The Impact of Soil-Applied Biochars From Different Vegetal Feedstocks on Durum Wheat Plant Performance and Rhizospheric Bacterial Microbiota in Low Metal-Contaminated Soil", "description": "Biochar shapes the soil environment and plant growth. Nevertheless, the mechanisms associated with an improved plant biomass and soil microbiome in low metal-contaminated soils are still unclear. In this study, the influence of biochar on soil physico-chemical properties, plant performance, and rhizosphere microbiota in durum wheat was investigated at the above- and belowground levels. Two kinds of biochar from different feedstocks (wood chips and wheat straw pellets) and two Italian durum wheat varieties, Duilio and Marco Aurelio, were analyzed in a greenhouse using a low-nutrient gleyic fluvisol containing a very small amount of Pb and Zn. Four different treatments were performed: soil-only control (C), soil amended with woody biochar equilibrated with nutrient solution (B1+) and non-activated (B1-), and soil amended with non-activated (B2-) wheat straw biochar. Seven weeks after seed germination, (1) the physico-chemical properties of soil, biochars, and mixtures were assessed; (2) the fresh and dry weight of aboveground plant tissues and roots and other morphometric traits were measured; and (3) metabarcoding of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene was performed on rhizosphere soil samples. The results showed that the biochar from wheat straw had stronger impact on both durum varieties, with higher electrical conductivity, higher levels of available K and Na, and a substantial increase of dissolved Na+, K+, and Cl- ions in pore water. Generally, biochar amendment decreased Zn availability for the plants. In addition, biochar improved plant growth in the early growth stage, and the more positive effect was achieved by combining wheat straw biochar with Marco Aurelio. Rhizosphere bacterial microbiota showed variation in alpha diversity only due to treatment; on the other hand, the differential analysis showed consistent variation among samples with significant effects on amplicon sequence variant (ASV) abundance due to the specific biochar treatment as well as the genotype. The pure B1-, due to its scarce nutrient content with respect to the richer types (B1+ and B2-), had a negative impact on microbiota richness. Our study highlights that an appropriate combination of biochar feedstock and crop species may lead to superior yield.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "low-metal contaminated soil", "biochar; durum wheat; low-metal contaminated soil; rhizosphere bacterial microbiome; vegetal feedstock", "durum wheat", "vegetal feedstock", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Microbiology", "QR1-502", "6. Clean water", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "biochar", "rhizosphere bacterial microbiome"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://flore.unifi.it/bitstream/2158/1215663/1/Latini_et_al-2019.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02694"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Microbiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fmicb.2019.02694", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fmicb.2019.02694", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02694"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-12-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.20546/ijcmas.2018.707.422", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-08-02", "keywords": ["0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Shabber Hussain, Mahital Jamwal, Danish Bashir, Manoj K. Sharma,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.707.422"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/International%20Journal%20of%20Current%20Microbiology%20and%20Applied%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.20546/ijcmas.2018.707.422", "name": "item", "description": "10.20546/ijcmas.2018.707.422", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.707.422"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-07-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.20944/preprints202009.0176.v1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-09-11", "title": "Modelling and Prediction of Organic Carbon Dynamics in Arable Soils Based on a 62-Year Field Experiment in the Voronezh Region, European Russia", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Organic carbon (OC) accumulation in soil mitigates greenhouse gases emission and improves soil health. We aimed to quantify the dynamics of OC stock in soils and to justify technologies that allow annual increasing OC stock in the arable soil layer by 4&amp;permil;. We based the study on a field experiment established in 1936 in the 9-field crop rotation with a fallow on Chernozem in European Russia. The RothC version 26.3 was used for the reproducing and forecasting OC dynamics. In all fertilizer applications at FYM background, there was a decrease in the OC stock with preferable loss of active OC, except the period 1964-71 with 2-5&amp;permil; annual OC increase. The model estimated the annual C input in the arable soil layer as 1,900 kg&amp;middot;ha-1. For increasing OC stocks by 4&amp;permil; per year, one should raise input to 2400 kg&amp;middot;ha-1. Simulation was made for 2016-2090 using climate scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Crop rotation without fallowing provided an initial increase of 3&amp;permil; and 6&amp;permil; of stocks in the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios accordingly, followed by a loss in accumulated OC. Simulation demonstrates difficulties to increase OC concentration in Chernozems under intensive farming and potential capacity to rise OC stock through yield management.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil health", "S", "Chernozems", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "climatic change scenarios", "agricultural_sciences_agronomy", "13. Climate action", "soil organic matter", "greenhouse gases", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "long-term experiment"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/10/1607/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/10/1607/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202009.0176.v1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.20944/preprints202009.0176.v1", "name": "item", "description": "10.20944/preprints202009.0176.v1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.20944/preprints202009.0176.v1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-09-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.20944/preprints202012.0208.v1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-12-09", "title": "Arable Podzols are A Substantial Carbon Sink under Current and Future Climate: Evidence From a Long-Term Experiment in Vladimir Region, Russia", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an essential condition for soil health and a potential sink for greenhouse gases. SOC dynamics in a long-term field experiment with mineral and organic fertilization on loamy sand Podzol in Vladimir Region, Russia, was traced with the dynamic carbon model RothC since 1968 until the present time. During this period, C stock increased 21% compared with the initial level in the treatment with the application of manure in an average annual rate of 10 t&amp;middot;ha-1. The model was also used to forecast SOC changes until 2090 for two contrasting RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climatic scenarios. Until 2090, the steady growth of SOC stocks is expected in all compared treatments for both climate scenarios. This rate of growth was the highest until 2040, decreased in 2040-2070 and increased again in 2070-2090 for RCP4.5. The highest annual gain was within 21-27&amp;permil; under RCP4.5 and 16-21&amp;permil; in 2020-2040 in 0-20 cm soil layer. The expected accumulation of C allows increasing current C stock 1.6-1.7 times for RCP4.5 and 2.0-2.2 times for RCP8.5 scenario. Modelling demonstrated potentially more favourable conditions for SOC stability in arable Podzols than in Retisols in Central Russia in the 21st century.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil health", "S", "podzols", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "RothC model", "soil organic carbon", "long-term experiments", "climate change", "\u201c4 per 1000\u201d initiative", "13. Climate action", "anatomy_morphology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/1/90/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/1/90/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202012.0208.v1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.20944/preprints202012.0208.v1", "name": "item", "description": "10.20944/preprints202012.0208.v1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.20944/preprints202012.0208.v1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-12-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.20944/preprints202012.0133.v1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-01-26", "title": "The Effect of Crop Rotation and Cultivation History on Predicted Carbon Sequestration in Soils of Two Experimental Fields in the Moscow Region, Russia", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in arable soils is a challenging goal. We focused on the effect of crop rotation and previous land use for future carbon sequestration on two experimental fields on Retisols with four contrasting fertilization treatments each. We analyzed the SOC dynamics and used the RothC model to forecast the SOC. We found a consistent increase in SOC stocks and stable fractions of the soil organic matter (SOM) with C accumulation in the next 70 years compared to the 90-year experimental period, more evident under the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) compared with the RCP8.5 scenario. The expected increase in SOC will be higher in the crop rotation with a grass field than in the experiment with an alternation of row crops and cereals. The efficiency depended on stable SOM fractions, and fields with more extended cultivation history showed higher SOM stability. Proper crop rotations are more important for SOC stability than the uncertainty associated with the climate change scenarios that allows timely adaptation. The goal of a 4\u2030 annual increase of SOC stocks may be reached under rotation with grasses in 2020\u201340 and 2080\u201390 when applying a mineral or organic fertilizer system for scenario RCP4.5 and a mineral fertilizer system in 2080\u20132090 for scenario RCP8.5.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "fertilizer system", "Retisols", "S", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "RothC model", "soil organic carbon", "long-term experiments", "climate change", "\u201c4 per 1000\u201d initiative", "13. Climate action", "anatomy_morphology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/2/226/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/2/226/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202012.0133.v1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.20944/preprints202012.0133.v1", "name": "item", "description": "10.20944/preprints202012.0133.v1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.20944/preprints202012.0133.v1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-12-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.20944/preprints202106.0434.v1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-06-16", "title": "Going beyond Soil Conservation with the Use of Cover Crops in Mediterranean Sloping Olive Orchards", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Among the agricultural practices promoted by the Common Agricultural Policy to increase soil functions, the use of cover crops is a recommended tool to improve the sustainability of Mediter-ranean woody crops such as olive orchards. However, there is a broad range of cover crop ty-pologies in relation to its implementation, control and species composition. In that sense, the in-fluence of different plant species on soil quality indicators in olive orchards remains unknown yet. This study describes the effects of four treatments based on the implementation of different ground covers (CC-NAT, CC-GRA and CC-MIX) and conventional tillage (TILL) on soil erosion, soil physicochemical and biological properties, and soil microbial communities after 8 years of cover crop establishment. Our results have demonstrated that the presence of a temporary cover crop (CC), compared to a soil under tillage (TILL), can reduce soil losses and maintain good soil physicochemical properties and modify greatly the structure and diversity of soil bacterial com-munities and its functioning. The presence of a homogeneous CC of gramineous (Lolium rigidum or Lolilum multiflorum) (CC-GR) for 8 years significantly increased the functional properties of the soil as compared to TILL; although the most significant change was a modification on the bacte-rial community composition that was clearly different from the rest of treatments. On the other hand, the use of a mixture of plant species (CC-MIX) as a CC for only two years although did not modify greatly the structure and diversity of soil bacterial communities compared to the TILL soil, induced significant changes on the functional properties of the soil, and reverted those properties to a level similar to that of an undisturbed soil that had maintained a natural cover of spontaneous vegetation for decades (CC-NAT).</p></article>", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "Microbial diversity", "soil erosion", "S", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "metabolic activity", "15. Life on land", "Soil quality", "6. Clean water", "bacterial community composition", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "microbial diversity", "Bacterial community composition", "Metabolic activity", "11. Sustainability", "Soil erosion", "biochemistry", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil quality"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/7/1387/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/7/1387/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202106.0434.v1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.20944/preprints202106.0434.v1", "name": "item", "description": "10.20944/preprints202106.0434.v1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.20944/preprints202106.0434.v1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-06-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fpls.2021.658357", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:22:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-04-16", "title": "Performance of the Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB) Model as a Tool for Monitoring the Response of Durum Wheat to Drought by High-Throughput Field Phenotyping", "description": "<p>The current lack of efficient methods for high throughput field phenotyping is a constraint on the goal of increasing durum wheat yields. This study illustrates a comprehensive methodology for phenotyping this crop's water use through the use of the two-source energy balance (TSEB) model employing very high resolution imagery. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with multispectral and thermal cameras was used to phenotype 19 durum wheat cultivars grown under three contrasting irrigation treatments matching crop evapotranspiration levels (ETc): 100%ETc treatment meeting all crop water requirements (450 mm), 50%ETc treatment meeting half of them (285 mm), and a rainfed treatment (122 mm). Yield reductions of 18.3 and 48.0% were recorded in the 50%ETc and rainfed treatments, respectively, in comparison with the 100%ETc treatment. UAV flights were carried out during jointing (April 4th), anthesis (April 30th), and grain-filling (May 22nd). Remotely-sensed data were used to estimate: (1) plant height from a digital surface model (H, R2 = 0.95, RMSE = 0.18m), (2) leaf area index from multispectral vegetation indices (LAI, R2 = 0.78, RMSE = 0.63), and (3) actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and transpiration (T) through the TSEB model (R2 = 0.50, RMSE = 0.24 mm/h). Compared with ground measurements, the four traits estimated at grain-filling provided a good prediction of days from sowing to heading (DH, r = 0.58\uffe2\uff80\uff930.86), to anthesis (DA, r = 0.59\uffe2\uff80\uff930.85) and to maturity (r = 0.67\uffe2\uff80\uff930.95), grain-filling duration (GFD, r = 0.54\uffe2\uff80\uff930.74), plant height (r = 0.62\uffe2\uff80\uff930.69), number of grains per spike (NGS, r = 0.41\uffe2\uff80\uff930.64), and thousand kernel weight (TKW, r = 0.37\uffe2\uff80\uff930.42). The best trait to estimate yield, DH, DA, and GFD was ETa at anthesis or during grain filling. Better forecasts for yield-related traits were recorded in the irrigated treatments than in the rainfed one. These results show a promising perspective in the use of energy balance models for the phenotyping of large numbers of durum wheat genotypes under Mediterranean conditions.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "grain weight", "Plant culture", "633", "Plant Science", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "yield", "6. Clean water", "transpiration", "plant height", "SB1-1110", "631", "remote sensing", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "grain number"], "contacts": [{"organization": "G\u00f3mez-Cand\u00f3n, David, Bellvert, Joaquim, Royo, Conxita,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.658357"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Plant%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fpls.2021.658357", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fpls.2021.658357", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fpls.2021.658357"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-04-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.20944/preprints202301.0161.v1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-01-10", "title": "Using a Rainfall Simulator to Define the Effect of Soil Conservation Techniques on Soil Loss and Water Retention", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>In the Czech Republic, the Universal Soil Loss Equation provides the basis for defining the soil protection strategy. Field rainfall simulators were used to define the actual cover-management factor values of the most extensively seeded crops in the Czech Republic. More than 380 simulations between 2016 and 2021 provided data. The methodology focused on multi-seasonal measurements to cover the most important phenological phases. A comparison with the original USDA values for maize showed that it is desirable to redefine the C-factor. 71 fallow plot experiments showed that the rainfall-runoff relation is much easier to replicate than the actual sediment transport. For 30-minute intensive rainfall, the runoff ratio reached 62%, and the coefficient of variation was 25%. On saturated soil, the runoff ratio reached 81% and the coefficient of variation dropped to 12%. Soil protection techniques have a significant effect on runoff reduction. Maize seeded after cover crops and combined with reduced tillage or direct seeding can reduce the runoff ratio to 10-20% for &amp;lsquo;dry&amp;rsquo; conditions and to 12-40% for &amp;lsquo;saturated&amp;rsquo; conditions. Concerning soil loss, the variations are greater, with the coefficient of variation reaching 42% during fallow plot experiments. The reader should consider associated uncertainties.</p></article>", "keywords": ["environmental_sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "soil erosion", "S", "Cover crops", "Soil protection", "Rainfall simulator", "Soil loss ratio", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "rainfall simulator", "C-factor", "6. Clean water", "soil protection", "Soil erosion", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "USLE", "soil loss ratio", "cover crops", "runoff coefficient", "Runoff coefficient"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/2/431/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/2/431/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202301.0161.v1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.20944/preprints202301.0161.v1", "name": "item", "description": "10.20944/preprints202301.0161.v1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.20944/preprints202301.0161.v1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-01-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.20944/preprints202407.0543.v1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-07-24", "title": "Willingness to Pay for Agricultural Soil Quality Protection and Improvement", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Understanding and estimating the economic value that society places on agricultural soil quality protection and improvement can guide the development of policies aimed at mitigating pollution, promoting conservation, or incentivizing sustainable land management practices. We estimate the general public\u2019s willingness to pay (WTP) for agricultural soil quality protection and improvement in Spain (n = 1000) and the UK (n = 984) using data from a cross-sectional survey via Qualtrics panels in March\u2013April 2021. We use a double-bound dichotomous choice contingent valuation approach to elicit the individuals\u2019 WTP. We investigate the effect of uncertainty on the success of policies aiming at achieving soil protection. In addition, to understand the heterogeneity in individuals\u2019 WTP for agricultural soil quality protection and improvement, we model individuals\u2019 WTP through individuals\u2019 awareness and attitudes toward agricultural soil quality protection and the environment; trust in institutions; risk and time preferences; pro-social behavior; and socio-demographics in Spain and the UK. We found that there is significant public support for agricultural soil quality protection and improvement in Spain and the UK. We also found that the support does not vary significantly under uncertainty of success of policies aiming at achieving soil protection. However, the individual\u2019s reasons for supporting agricultural soil quality protection and improvement are found to depend on the level of uncertainty and country. Hence, promoting public support for soil protection needs to be tailored according to the level of the general public\u2019s perceived uncertainty and geographic location.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "S", "1. No poverty", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "risk preferences", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil quality", "uncertainty", "willingness to pay", "contingent valuation", "sustainable land management", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Francisco Jos\u00e9 Areal", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.0543.v1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.20944/preprints202407.0543.v1", "name": "item", "description": "10.20944/preprints202407.0543.v1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.20944/preprints202407.0543.v1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-07-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2111/05-236r2.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-01-22", "description": "Abstract   Human communities in the Intermountain West depend heavily on subalpine rangelands because of their importance in providing water for irrigation and forage for wildlife and livestock. In addition, many constituencies are looking to managed ecosystems to sequester carbon in plant biomass and soil C to reduce the impact of anthropogenic CO 2  on climate. This work builds on a 90-year-old grazing experiment in mountain meadows on the Wasatch Plateau in central Utah. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of 90 years of protection from grazing on processes controlling the input, output, and storage of C in subalpine rangelands. Long-term grazing significantly reduced maximum biomass in all years compared with plots within grazing exclosures. For grazed plots, interannual variability in aboveground biomass was correlated with July precipitation and temperature ( R  2 \u2009=\u20090.51), while there was a weak correlation between July precipitation and biomass in ungrazed plots ( R  2 \u2009=\u20090.24). Livestock grazing had no statistically significant impacts on total soil C or particulate organic matter (POM), although grazing did increase active soil C and decrease soil moisture. Grazing significantly increased the proportion of total soil C pools that were potentially mineralizable in the laboratory, with soils from grazed plots evolving 4.6% of total soil C in 1 year while ungrazed plots lost 3.3% of total soil C. Volumetric soil moisture was consistently higher in ungrazed plots than grazed plots. The changes in soil C chemistry may have implications for how these ecosystems will respond to forecast climate change. Because grazing has resulted in an accumulation of easily decomposable organic material, if temperatures warm and summer precipitation increases as is anticipated, these soils may become net sources of CO 2  to the atmosphere creating a positive feedback between climate change and atmospheric CO 2 .", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Richard A. Gill", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2111/05-236r2.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Rangeland%20Ecology%20%26amp%3B%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2111/05-236r2.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.2111/05-236r2.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2111/05-236r2.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2111/07-008r2.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-11-21", "title": "Effects Of Grazing Intensity, Precipitation, And Temperature On Forage Production", "description": "Abstract   Questions have been raised about whether herbaceous productivity declines linearly with grazing or whether low levels of grazing can increase productivity. This paper reports the response of forage production to cattle grazing on prairie dominated by Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis  L.) in south-central North Dakota through the growing season at 5 grazing intensities: no grazing, light grazing (1.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0 animal unit months [AUM] \u00b7 ha -1 ), moderate grazing (2.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0 AUM \u00b7 ha -1 ), heavy grazing (4.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0 AUM \u00b7 ha -1 ), and extreme grazing (6.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0 AUM \u00b7 ha -1 ; mean \u00b1 SD). Annual herbage production data were collected on silty and overflow range sites from 1989 to 2005. Precipitation and sod temperature were used as covariates in the analysis. On silty range sites, the light treatment produced the most herbage (3 410 kg \u00b7 ha -1 ), and production was reduced as the grazing intensity increased. Average total production for the season was 545 kg \u00b7 ha -1  less on the ungrazed treatment and 909 kg \u00b7 ha -1  less on the extreme treatment than on the light treatment. On overflow range sites, there were no significant differences between the light (4 131 kg \u00b7 ha -1 ), moderate (4 360 kg \u00b7 ha -1 ), and heavy treatments (4 362 kg \u00b7 ha -1 ;  P  s 0.05). Total production on overflow range sites interacted with precipitation, and production on the grazed treatments was greater than on the ungrazed treatment when precipitation (from the end of the growing season in the previous year to the end of the grazing season in the current year) was greater than 267.0, 248.4, 262.4, or 531.5\u00a0mm on the light, moderate, heavy, and extreme treatments, respectively. However, production on the extreme treatment was less than on the ungrazed treatment if precipitation was less than 315.2 mm. We conclude that low to moderate levels of grazing can increase production over no grazing, but that the level of grazing that maximizes production depends upon the growing conditions of the current year.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Anne Nyren, Paul Nyren, Xuejun Dong, Bob Patton,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2111/07-008r2.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Rangeland%20Ecology%20%26amp%3B%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2111/07-008r2.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.2111/07-008r2.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2111/07-008r2.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10261/362037", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:26:52Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-02-01", "title": "Interplay between Livestock Grazing and Aridity on the Ecological and Nutritional Value of Forage in Semi-arid Mediterranean Rangelands (NE Spain)", "description": "Abstract<p>Rangeland-based livestock production constitutes a primary source of livelihood for many inhabitants of dryland regions. Their subsistence relies heavily on maintaining the productivity, biodiversity and services of these ecosystems. Harsh environmental conditions (e.g., drought) combined with land use intensification (e.g., overgrazing) make dryland ecosystems vulnerable and prone to degradation. However, the interplay between livestock grazing intensity and aridity conditions in driving the conservation and nutritional value of forage in arid and semi-arid rangelands is still not fully understood. In this study, we performed structural equation models (SEM) to assess the simultaneous direct and indirect effects of livestock grazing intensity and aridity level on community structure, diversity, biomass, forage production, forage C:N ratio and forage fiber composition in two semi-arid Mediterranean rangelands, NE Spain. Not surprisingly, we found that higher livestock grazing intensity led to lower community plant cover, especially when combined with higher aridity. However, both increasing grazing intensity and aridity were associated with higher forage production after one year of grazing exclusion. We did not find any adverse effect of livestock grazing on plant diversity, although plant species composition differed among grazing intensity levels. On the other hand, we found an aridity-driven trade-off in regard of the nutritional value of forage. Specifically, higher aridity was associated with a decrease in the least digestible fiber fraction (i.e., lignin) and an increase in forage C:N ratio. More interestingly, we found that livestock grazing modulated this trade-off by improving the overall forage nutritional value. Altogether, our results provide further insights into the management of semi-arid Mediterranean rangelands, pointing out that maintaining traditional rangeland-based livestock production may be a sustainable option as long as rangeland conservation (e.g., community plant cover) is not severely compromised.</p", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "570", "Annual plant production", "Livestock", "Biodiversity", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Article", "Plant diversity", "Spain", "13. Climate action", "Grazing intensity", "Plant fiber composition", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Plant C:N ratio", "Middle Ebro Valley", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10261/362037"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10261/362037", "name": "item", "description": "10261/362037", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10261/362037"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2111/07-047.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-11-11", "title": "Plant Community And Soil Microbial Carbon And Nitrogen Responses To Fire And Clipping In A Southern Mixed Grassland", "description": "Disturbances, such as fire and grazing, play important roles in determining grassland plant community composition and soil microbial dynamics, as well as regulating the flows of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) between the two groups of organisms. In a mixed grassland of the southern Great Plains, we tested the hypotheses that spring-season fire would increase the absolute biomass and relative proportion of C4 grasses in the plant community, and decrease soil microbial biomass N, thereby increasing microbial C\u2236N ratios. We also tested the hypothesis that clipping (to simulate grazing) would reduce effects of fire, with a greater reduction of fire effect corresponding to an increased frequency of clipping. Contrary to our hypothesis, C4 grasses showed no significant treatment responses. Treatment effects were limited to C3 grasses, and clipping was more important than fire in terms of effects on plant community composition. However, because of its greater capacity to reduce aboveground litter, fire had the greater impact on soil microbial C. Contrary to the hypothesized outcome, no significant effects of disturbance on soil microbial N were observed. This suggests that control of N cycling in this ecosystem is primarily microbial in nature, though dependent on inputs of plant C via litter. Interactions between fire and clipping were observed in litter mass, highlighting the importance of litter inputs for plant\u2013soil nutrient feedbacks.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2111/07-047.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Rangeland%20Ecology%20%26amp%3B%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2111/07-047.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.2111/07-047.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2111/07-047.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2111/08-173.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-05-19", "title": "Integrated Grazing And Prescribed Fire Restoration Strategies In A Mesquite Savanna: Iii. Ranch-Scale Cow-Calf Production Responses", "description": "Beef cattle production from rangelands in the Southern Great Plains has decreased in concert with herbaceous forage production declines in response to woody plant encroachment by honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr.) over the past 120 yr. Combinations of livestock overstocking and fire suppression are considered to be primary drivers of these changes. This experiment evaluated cow\u2013calf production responses over a 7-yr (1995\u20132001) period to ranch-scale (1 294\u20132 130 ha) integrated restoration strategies involving prescribed fire and grazing management. Restoration strategies tested in this year-round grazing ecosystem were 4-pasture, 1-herd rotation with fire (25% of pasture acreage burned each year; 4:1F); an 8-pasture, 1-herd rotation, with fire (8:1F); and a 4-pasture, 1-herd, with fire and aerial application of 0.28 kg ? ha 21 clopyralid + 0.28 kg ? ha 21 triclopyr herbicide (4:1F / H). Restoration strategies were compared to a continuous grazing strategy with no mesquite treatment. All cattle stocking rates were moderate (7.5\u201315 ha ? animal unit 21 ? year 21 ) and all fires were applied during late winter. Beef cattle (cow\u2013calf) production variables measured included conception rate, weaned calf percentage, weaning weight, weight of calf per exposed cow, weight of calf per hectare, and supplement fed per cow. We observed significant differences in beef production among strategies primarily during the first 2 yr where the continuous grazing strategy exhibited better overall livestock production than the integrated restoration strategies. Differences in livestock production among strategies were minimal over the last 5 yr of the study. These livestock production results suggest livestock and management adapted to restoration strategies after the first 2 yr. Results point to the need to cautiously transition into integrated grazing and fire restoration strategies when cattle and management are changed and intensified from prior historical protocols.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "R.J. Ansley, J. A. Waggoner, William E. Pinchak, W.R. Teague, S. L. Dowhower,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2111/08-173.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Rangeland%20Ecology%20%26amp%3B%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2111/08-173.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.2111/08-173.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2111/08-173.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2111/rem-d-09-00140.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-03-21", "title": "Vegetation Production Responses To October Grazing In The Nebraska Sandhills", "description": "Abstract   Understanding the long-term effect of summer grazing date and fall stocking rate on herbage production is critical to extending the grazing season in the Nebraska Sandhills. A study was conducted from 1997 to 2002 at the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory located near Whitman, Nebraska, to determine the herbage production response to summer grazing date and October stocking rate on two different sites. Site 1 was dominated by warm-season grasses and site 2 was dominated by cool-season graminoids. At each site, three 0.37-ha pastures were constructed in each of four blocks before application of summer grazing treatments. Pastures in each block were grazed at 0.5 animal-unit months (AUM)\u200a\u00b7\u200aha \u22121  in June or July, or were deferred from summer grazing. Following summer grazing treatments, October stocking rate treatments (no grazing or 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 AUM\u200a\u00b7\u200aha \u22121 ) were applied to subunits of each summer grazing date pasture during mid-October. Vegetation was sampled in each pasture in mid-June and mid-August and sorted by functional group to determine the effect of 5\u00a0yr of grazing treatments on herbage production and residual herbage. Herbage production was not affected by summer or October grazing treatments on the warm-season grass\u2013dominated site. Increasing October stocking rate, however, reduced cool-season graminoid production and subsequent herbage production 25% by year 5 of the study. Residual herbage at both sites at the end of the October grazing periods explained as much as 16% to 34% of subsequent year\u2019s herbage production. Grazing managers in the Nebraska Sandhills can extend the grazing season by lightly stocking pastures in the summer to facilitate additional fall grazing. Heavy stocking in October over several years on cool-season\u2013, but not warm-season\u2013, dominated sites will reduce production of cool-season graminoids on these sites.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Patrick E. Reece, Eric M. Mousel, Ann E. Koehler, Amy E. Herron, Walter H. Schacht,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2111/rem-d-09-00140.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Rangeland%20Ecology%20%26amp%3B%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2111/rem-d-09-00140.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.2111/rem-d-09-00140.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2111/rem-d-09-00140.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2111/rem-d-13-00145.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-05-13", "title": "Grazing Management, Season, And Drought Contributions To Near-Surface Soil Property Dynamics In Semiarid Rangeland", "description": "Grazing management effects on soil property dynamics are poorly understood. A study was conducted to assess effects of grazing management and season on soil property dynamics and greenhouse gas flux within semiarid rangeland. Grazing management treatments evaluated in the study included two permanent pastures differing in stocking rate (moderately and heavily grazed pastures) and a fertilized, heavily grazed crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum [Fisch. ex. Link] Schult.) pasture near Mandan, North Dakota. Over a period of 3 yr, soil properties were measured in the spring, summer, and fall at 0\u20105 cm and 5\u201010 cm. Concurrent to soil-based measurements, fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide were measured on 1-wk to 2-wk intervals and related to soil properties via stepwise regression. High stocking rate and fertilizer nitrogen (N) application within the crested wheatgrass pasture contributed to increased soil bulk density and extractable N, and decreased soil pH and microbial biomass compared to permanent pastures. Soil nitrate nitrogen tended to be greatest at peak aboveground biomass, whereas soil ammonium nitrogen was greatest in early spring. Drought conditions during the third year of the study contributed to nearly two-fold increases in extractable N under the crested wheatgrass pasture and the heavily grazed permanent pasture, but not the moderately grazed permanent pasture. Stepwise regression found select soil properties to be modestly related to soil\u2010atmosphere greenhouse gas fluxes, with model r 2 ranging from 0.09 to 0.76. Electrical conductivity was included most frequently in stepwise regressions and, accordingly, may serve as a useful screening indicator for greenhouse gas \u2018\u2018hot spots\u2019\u2019 in grazing land.", "keywords": ["Northern Plains", "2. Zero hunger", "electrical conductivity", "greenhouse gas emissions", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil acidification", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2111/rem-d-13-00145.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Rangeland%20Ecology%20%26amp%3B%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2111/rem-d-13-00145.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.2111/rem-d-13-00145.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2111/rem-d-13-00145.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-1193625/v1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-11", "title": "On Maintenance and Metabolisms in Soil Microbial Communities", "description": "Abstract         <p>Biochemistry is an essential yet often undervalued aspect of soil ecology, especially in soil C cycling. We assume based on tradition, intuition or hope that the complexity of biochemistry is confined to the microscopic world, and can be ignored when dealing with whole soil systems. This opinion paper draws attention to patterns caused by basic biochemical processes that permeate the world of ecosystem processes. From these patterns, we can estimate activities of the biochemical reactions of the central C metabolic network and gain insights into the ecophysiology of microbial biosynthesis and growth and maintenance energy requirements; important components of Carbon Use Efficiency (CUE).The biochemical pathways used to metabolize glucose vary from soil to soil, with mostly glycolysis in some soils, and pentose phosphate or Entner-Doudoroff pathways in others. However, notwithstanding this metabolic diversity, glucose use efficiency is high and thus substrate use for maintenance energy and overflow respiration is low in these three soils. These results contradict current dogma based on four decades of research in soil ecology. We identify three main shortcomings in our current understanding of substrate use efficiency: 1) in numeric and conceptual models, we lack appreciation of the strategies that microbes employ to quickly reduce energy needs in response to starvation; 2) production of exudates and microbial turnover affect whole-soil CUE more than variation in maintenance energy demand; and 3) whether tracer experiments can be used to measure the long-term substrate use efficiency of soil microbial communities depends critically on the ability of non-growing cells to take up tracer substrates, how biosynthesis responds to these substrates, as well as on how cellular activities scale to the community level.To move the field of soil ecology forward, future research must consider the details of microbial ecophysiology and develop new tools that enable direct measurement of microbial functioning in intact soils. We submit that 13C metabolic flux analysis is one of those new tools.</p", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "0303 health sciences", "Embden-Meyerhof-Parnass glycolysis", "Biochemical efficiency", "Maintenance", "Entner-Doudoroff pathway", "Carbon use efficiency", "Metabolic flux analysis", "15. Life on land", "Turnover", "Grassland", "03 medical and health sciences", "Marsh", "13. Climate action", "Exudation", "Forest", "Pentose phosphate pathway"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11104-022-05382-9.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1193625/v1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-1193625/v1", "name": "item", "description": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-1193625/v1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1193625/v1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.21258/1836657", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:30Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Swiss national forest inventory - Result table No. 1250637", "keywords": ["state 1983/85", "biogeographical region", "growing stock (stemwood)", "accessible forest without shrub forest", "protection forest against rockfall (2022)", "altitudinal vegetation belts (NaiS; 6 classes)", "1.4-km grid", "NFI1"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Abegg, M., Ahles, P., Allgaier Leuch, B., Cioldi, F., Didion, M., D\u00fcggelin, C., Fischer, C., Herold, A., Meile, R., Rohner, B., R\u00f6sler, E., Speich, S., Temperli, C., Traub, B.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.21258/1836657"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.21258/1836657", "name": "item", "description": "10.21258/1836657", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.21258/1836657"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-5128244/v2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-07-14", "title": "Spatiotemporal prediction of soil organic carbon density in Europe (2000\u20132022) using earth observation and machine learning", "description": "<p>This article describes a comprehensive framework for soil organic carbon density (SOCD, kg/m3) modeling and mapping, based on spatiotemporal random forest (RF) and quantile regression forests (QRF). A total of 45,616 SOCD observations and various Earth observation (EO) feature layers were used to produce 30 m SOCD maps for the EU at four-year intervals (2000\uffe2\uff80\uff932022) and four soil depth intervals (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9320 cm, 20\uffe2\uff80\uff9350 cm, 50\uffe2\uff80\uff93100 cm, and 100\uffe2\uff80\uff93200 cm). Per-pixel 95% probability prediction intervals (PIs) and extrapolation risk probabilities are also provided. Model evaluation indicates good overall accuracy (R2 = 0.63 and CCC = 0.76 for hold-out independent tests). Prediction accuracy varies by land cover, depth interval and year of prediction with the worst accuracy for shrubland and deeper soils 100\uffe2\uff80\uff93200 cm. The PI validation confirmed effective uncertainty estimation, though with reduced accuracy for higher SOCD values. Shapley analysis identified soil depth as the most influential feature, followed by vegetation, long-term bioclimate, and topographic features. While pixel-level uncertainty is substantial, spatial aggregation reduces uncertainty by approximately 66%. Detecting SOCD changes remains challenging but offers a baseline for future improvements. Maps, based primarily on topsoil data from cropland, grassland, and woodland, are best suited for applications related to these land covers and depths. We recommend that users interpret the maps in conjunction with local knowledge and consider the accompanying uncertainty and extrapolation risk layers. All data and code are available under an open license at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13754343 and https://github.com/AI4SoilHealth/SoilHealthDataCube/.</p", "keywords": ["Model interpretability", "Earth observation", "Time series", "QH301-705.5", "Uncertainty", "R", "Soil organic carbon density", "Soil Science", "Data transformation", "Spatial aggregation", "Machine learning", "Medicine", "Shapley value", "Biology (General)", "Random forest"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5128244/v2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PeerJ", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-5128244/v2", "name": "item", "description": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-5128244/v2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5128244/v2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-561383/v1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-05-27", "title": "A spatiotemporal ensemble machine learning framework for generating land use / land cover time-series maps for Europe (2000 \u2013 2019) based on LUCAS, CORINE and GLAD Landsat", "description": "Abstract         <p>A seamless spatiotemporal machine learning framework for automated prediction, uncertainty assessment, and analysis of land use / land cover (LULC) dynamics is presented. The framework includes: (1) harmonization and preprocessing of high-resolution spatial and spatiotemporal covariate datasets (GLAD Landsat, NPP/VIIRS) including 5 million harmonized LUCAS and CORINE Land Cover-derived training samples, (2) model building based on spatial k-fold cross-validation and hyper-parameter optimization, (3) prediction of the most probable class, class probabilities and uncertainty per pixel, (4) LULC change analysis on time-series of produced maps. The spatiotemporal ensemble model was fitted by combining random forest, gradient boosted trees, and artificial neural network, with logistic regressor as meta-learner. The results show that the most important covariates for mapping LULC in Europe are: seasonal aggregates of Landsat green and near-infrared bands, multiple Landsat-derived spectral indices, and elevation. Spatial cross-validation of the model indicates consistent performance across multiple years with 62%, 70%, and 87% accuracy when predicting 33 (level-3), 14 (level-2), and 5 classes (level-1); with artificial surface classes such as 'airports' and 'railroads' showing the lowest match with validation points. The spatiotemporal model outperforms spatial models on known-year classification by 2.7% and unknown-year classification by 3.5%. Results of the accuracy assessment using 48,365 independent test samples shows 87% match with the validation points. Results of time-series analysis (time-series of LULC probabilities and NDVI images) suggest gradual deforestation trends in large parts of Sweden, the Alps, and Scotland. An advantage of using spatiotemporal ML is that the fitted model can be used to predict LULC in years that were not included in its training dataset, allowing generalization to past and future periods, e.g. to predict land cover for years prior to 2000 and beyond 2020. The generated land cover time-series data stack (ODSE-LULC), including the training points, is publicly available via the Open Data Science (ODS)-Europe Viewer.</p", "keywords": ["Time Factors", "Spatiotemporal", "QH301-705.5", "Data Mining and Machine Learning", "Urbanization", "Uncertainty", "Spatial analysis", "R", "Environmental monitoring", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Europe", "Big data", "Machine learning", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biology (General)", "Landsat", "Ensemble", "Land use/land cover", "Environmental Monitoring", "Probability", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-561383/v1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PeerJ", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-561383/v1", "name": "item", "description": "10.21203/rs.3.rs-561383/v1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.21203/rs.3.rs-561383/v1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-05-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fpls.2021.782072", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:22:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-12-20", "title": "Phenotyping of Different Italian Durum Wheat Varieties in Early Growth Stage With the Addition of Pure or Digestate-Activated Biochars", "description": "<p>This study aims to highlight the major effects of biochar incorporation into potting soil substrate on plant growth and performance in early growth stages of five elite Italian varieties of durum wheat (Triticum durum). The biochars used were obtained from two contrasting feedstocks, namely wood chips and wheat straw, by gasification under high temperature conditions, and were applied in a greenhouse experiment either as pure or as nutrient-activated biochar obtained by incubation with digestate. The results of the experiment showed that specific genotypes as well as different treatments with biochar have significant effects on plant response when looking at shoot traits related to growth. The evaluated genotypes could be clustered in two main distinct groups presenting, respectively, significantly increasing (Duilio, Iride, and Saragolla varieties) and decreasing (Marco Aurelio and Grecale varieties) values of projected shoot system area (PSSA), fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and plant water loss by evapotranspiration (ET). All these traits were correlated with Pearson correlation coefficients ranging from 0.74 to 0.98. Concerning the treatment effect, a significant alteration of the mentioned plant traits was observed when applying biochar from wheat straw, characterized by very high electrical conductivity (EC), resulting in a reduction of 34.6% PSSA, 43.2% FW, 66.9% DW, and 36.0% ET, when compared to the control. Interestingly, the application of the same biochar after nutrient spiking with digestate determined about a 15\uffe2\uff80\uff9330% relief from the abovementioned reduction induced by the application of the sole pure wheat straw biochar. Our results reinforce the current basic knowledge available on biological soil amendments as biochar and digestate.</p", "keywords": ["info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/570", "2. Zero hunger", "early growth stage", "evapotranspiration", "Plant culture", "Plant Science", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "SB1-1110", "plant phenotyping", "Triticum durum", "digestate", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "biochar"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.782072"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Plant%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fpls.2021.782072", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fpls.2021.782072", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fpls.2021.782072"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.21258/1172391", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:29Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Inventaire forestier national suisse - Tableau no 142988", "keywords": ["r\u00e9gions biog\u00e9ographiques", "r\u00e9seau IFN4 2009\u20132013 / IFN5 2018\u20132022", "for\u00eat accessible sans la for\u00eat buissonnante IFN3/IFN4", "distance horizontale placette-route (4 classes)", "surface foresti\u00e8re", "IFN3"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Abegg, M., Br\u00e4ndli, U.-B., Cioldi, F., Fischer, C., Herold-Bonardi, A., Huber M., Keller, M., Meile, R., R\u00f6sler, E., Speich, S., Traub, B., Vidondo, B.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.21258/1172391"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.21258/1172391", "name": "item", "description": "10.21258/1172391", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.21258/1172391"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.21258/1176169", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:21:29Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Inventaire forestier national suisse - Tableau no 136777", "keywords": ["for\u00eat accessible sans la for\u00eat buissonnante", "r\u00e9seau terrestre IFN3", "r\u00e9gions biog\u00e9ographiques", "part d'exploitations forc\u00e9es", "surface foresti\u00e8re", "IFN3"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Abegg, M., Br\u00e4ndli, U.-B., Cioldi, F., Fischer, C., Herold-Bonardi, A., Huber M., Keller, M., Meile, R., R\u00f6sler, E., Speich, S., Traub, B., Vidondo, B.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.21258/1176169"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.21258/1176169", "name": "item", "description": "10.21258/1176169", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.21258/1176169"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Forest&offset=6400&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Forest&offset=6400&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Forest&offset=6350", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Forest&offset=6450", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 8972, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-04T14:10:36.231655Z"}