Forests provide important ecological, economic, and social services, and recent interest has emerged in the potential for using residue from timber harvest as a source of renewable woody bioenergy. The long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term consequences of such intensive harvest are unclear, particularly as forests face novel climatic conditions over the next century. We used a simulation model to project the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effects of management and climate change on above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground forest carbon storage in a watershed in northwestern Oregon. The multi\uffe2\uff80\uff90ownership watershed has a diverse range of current management practices, including little\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90no harvesting on federal lands, short\uffe2\uff80\uff90rotation clear\uffe2\uff80\uff90cutting on industrial land, and a mix of practices on private nonindustrial land. We simulated multiple management scenarios, varying the rate and intensity of harvest, combined with projections of climate change. Our simulations project a wide range of total ecosystem carbon storage with varying harvest rate, ranging from a 45% increase to a 16% decrease in carbon compared to current levels. Increasing the intensity of harvest for bioenergy caused a 2\uffe2\uff80\uff933% decrease in ecosystem carbon relative to conventional harvest practices. Soil carbon was relatively insensitive to harvest rotation and intensity, and accumulated slowly regardless of harvest regime. Climate change reduced carbon accumulation in soil and detrital pools due to increasing heterotrophic respiration, and had small but variable effects on aboveground live carbon and total ecosystem carbon. Overall, we conclude that current levels of ecosystem carbon storage are maintained in part due to substantial portions of the landscape (federal and some private lands) remaining unharvested or lightly managed.\uffc2\uffa0Increasing the intensity of harvest for bioenergy on currently harvested land, however,\uffc2\uffa0led to a relatively small reduction in the ability of forests to store carbon. Climate change is unlikely to substantially alter carbon storage in these forests, absent shifts in disturbance regimes.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Carbon dioxide mitigation", "Forest ecology -- Oregon -- Oregon Coast Range", "Forest biomass", "13. Climate action", "Carbon cycle (Biogeochemistry)", "Biomass energy", "Forest Biology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "Climatic change", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12255"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcbb.12255", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcbb.12255", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcbb.12255"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-05-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/ecm.1507", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T06:55:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-09", "title": "Lessons learned from a long\u2010term irrigation experiment in a dry Scots pine forest: Impacts on traits and functioning", "description": "AbstractClimate change exposes ecosystems to strong and rapid changes in their environmental boundary conditions mainly due to the altered temperature and precipitation patterns. It is still poorly understood how fast interlinked ecosystem processes respond to altered environmental conditions, if these responses occur gradually or suddenly when thresholds are exceeded, and if the patterns of the responses will reach a stable state. We conducted an irrigation experiment in the Pfynwald, Switzerland from 2003\uffe2\uff80\uff932018. A naturally dry Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest was irrigated with amounts that doubled natural precipitation, thus releasing the forest stand from water limitation. The aim of this study was to provide a quantitative understanding on how different traits and functions of individual trees and the whole ecosystem responded to increased water availability, and how the patterns and magnitudes of these responses developed over time. We found that the response magnitude, the temporal trajectory of responses, and the length of initial lag period prior to significant response largely varied across traits. We detected rapid and stronger responses from aboveground tree traits (e.g., tree\uffe2\uff80\uff90ring width, needle length, and crown transparency) compared to belowground tree traits (e.g., fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90root biomass). The altered aboveground traits during the initial years of irrigation increased the water demand and trees adjusted by increasing root biomass during the later years of irrigation, resulting in an increased survival rate of Scots pine trees in irrigated plots. The irrigation also stimulated ecosystem\uffe2\uff80\uff90level foliar decomposition rate, fungal fruit body biomass, and regeneration abundances of broadleaved tree species. However, irrigation did not promote the regeneration of Scots pine trees, which are reported to be vulnerable to extreme droughts. Our results provide extensive evidence that tree\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and ecosystem\uffe2\uff80\uff90level responses were pervasive across a number of traits on long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term temporal scales. However, after reaching a peak, the magnitude of these responses either decreased or reached a new stable state, providing important insights into how resource alterations could change the system functioning and its boundary conditions.Forest soil organic carbon (SOC) and forest floor carbon (FFC) stocks are highly variable. The sampling effort required to assess SOC and FFC stocks is therefore large, resulting in limited sampling and poor estimates of the size, spatial distribution, and changes in SOC and FFC stocks in many countries. Forest SOC and FFC stocks are influenced by tree species. Therefore, quantification of the effect of tree species on carbon stocks combined with spatial information on tree species distribution could improve insight into the spatial distribution of forest carbon stocks. We present a study on the effect of tree species on FFC and SOC stock for a forest in the Netherlands and evaluate how this information could be used for inventory improvement. We assessed FFC and SOC stocks in stands of beech (Fagus sylvatica), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), oak (Quercus robur) and larch (Larix kaempferi). FFC and SOC stocks differed between a number of species. FFC stocks varied between 11.1 Mg C ha-1 (beech) and 29.6 Mg C ha-1 (larch). SOC stocks varied between 53.3 Mg C ha-1 (beech) and 97.1 Mg C ha-1 (larch). At managed locations, carbon stocks were lower than at unmanaged locations. The Dutch carbon inventory currently overestimates FFC stocks. Differences in carbon stocks between conifer and broadleaf forests were significant enough to consider them relevant for the Dutch system for carbon inventory.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "land-use history", "01 natural sciences", "mitigation", "greenhouse gases", "Carbon stock", "Forest floor", "forest ecology", "SDG 15 - Life on Land", "forests", "decomposition", "species composition", "transformation", "carbon dioxide", "belgium", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Management", "impact", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "spatial variability", "europe", "Mineral soil", "management", "pine", "Tree species"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41467-019-08348-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T06:58:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-02-14", "title": "Decadal biomass increment in early secondary succession woody ecosystems is increased by CO2 enrichment", "description": "AbstractIncreasing atmospheric CO2 stimulates photosynthesis which can increase net primary production (NPP), but at longer timescales may not necessarily increase plant biomass. Here we analyse the four decade-long CO2-enrichment experiments in woody ecosystems that measured total NPP and biomass. CO2 enrichment increased biomass increment by 1.05\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.26\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff80\uff89C\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 over a full decade, a 29.1\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff8911.7% stimulation of biomass gain in these early-secondary-succession temperate ecosystems. This response is predictable by combining the CO2 response of NPP (0.16\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.03\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff80\uff89C\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff89y\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and the CO2-independent, linear slope between biomass increment and cumulative NPP (0.55\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.17). An ensemble of terrestrial ecosystem models fail to predict both terms correctly. Allocation to wood was a driver of across-site, and across-model, response variability and together with CO2-independence of biomass retention highlights the value of understanding drivers of wood allocation under ambient conditions to\uffc2\uffa0correctly interpret\uffc2\uffa0and predict CO2 responses.
", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "0106 biological sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "TREE MORTALITY", "550", "Climate", "Plant Biology", "Biochemistry", "01 natural sciences", "Trees", "atmospheric carbon dioxide", "ddc:550", "Biomass", "Photosynthesis", "Ecology", "Q", "FOREST PRODUCTIVITY", "Forestry", "Biological Sciences", "woody", "decadal biomass", "Wood", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "GROWTH", "ecosystems", "CARBON ALLOCATION", "570", "Science", "Biophysics", "333", "SWEETGUM PLANTATION", "Article", "03 medical and health sciences", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "forest ecology", "plant biomass", "Biochemistry", " Biophysics", " and Structural Biology", "Ecosystem", "photosynthesis", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "NITROGEN", "CLIMATE", "13. Climate action", "and Structural Biology", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "ELEVATED CO2", "SOIL CARBON", "RESPONSES"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-08348-1.pdf"}, {"href": "https://arrow.tudublin.ie/context/scschbioart/article/1214/viewcontent/nature.pdf"}, {"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt5m5806sh/qt5m5806sh.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08348-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Communications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41467-019-08348-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41467-019-08348-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41467-019-08348-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-02-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41467-019-11993-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T06:58:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-09-04", "title": "Plant roots increase both decomposition and stable organic matter formation in boreal forest soil", "description": "AbstractBoreal forests are ecosystems with low nitrogen (N) availability that store globally significant amounts of carbon (C), mainly in plant biomass and soil organic matter (SOM). Although crucial for future climate change predictions, the mechanisms controlling boreal C and N pools are not well understood. Here, using a three-year field experiment, we compare SOM decomposition and stabilization in the presence of roots, with exclusion of roots but presence of fungal hyphae and with exclusion of both roots and fungal hyphae. Roots accelerate SOM decomposition compared to the root exclusion treatments, but also promote a different soil N economy with higher concentrations of organic soil N compared to inorganic soil N accompanied with the build-up of stable SOM-N. In contrast, root exclusion leads to an inorganic soil N economy (i.e., high level of inorganic N) with reduced stable SOM-N build-up. Based on our findings, we provide a framework on how plant roots affect SOM decomposition and stabilization.
", "keywords": ["roots", "0106 biological sciences", "330", "Nitrogen", "Science", "ta1171", "Hyphae", "Models", " Biological", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "LITTER DECOMPOSITION", "Soil", "POLYPHENOLS", "CARBON SEQUESTRATION", "soil organic matter", "Taiga", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "SUGAR MAPLE", "Biomass", "Organic Chemicals", "forest ecology", "106026 Ecosystem research", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "TANNINS", "2. Zero hunger", "106022 Mikrobiologie", "ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI", "MYCORRHIZA", "Q", "ta1182", "Forestry", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Plants", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Environmental sciences", "NITROGEN", "Boreal forests", "106026 \u00d6kosystemforschung", "13. Climate action", "SDG 13 \u2013 Ma\u00dfnahmen zum Klimaschutz", "106022 Microbiology", "ta1181", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "COMMUNITIES", "STORAGE"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11993-1.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11993-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Communications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41467-019-11993-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41467-019-11993-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41467-019-11993-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-09-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/ngeo844", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-31T06:58:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-04-25", "title": "Reduction of forest soil respiration in response to nitrogen deposition", "description": "The use of fossil fuels and fertilizers has increased the amount of biologically reactive nitrogen in the atmosphere over the past century. As a consequence, forests in industrialized regions have experienced greater rates of nitrogen deposition in recent decades. This unintended fertilization has stimulated forest growth, but has also affected soil microbial activity, and thus the recycling of soil carbon and nutrients. A meta-analysis suggests that nitrogen deposition impedes organic matter decomposition, and thus stimulates carbon sequestration, in temperate forest soils where nitrogen is not limiting microbial growth. The concomitant reduction in soil carbon emissions is substantial, and equivalent in magnitude to the amount of carbon taken up by trees owing to nitrogen fertilization. As atmospheric nitrogen levels continue to rise, increased nitrogen deposition could spread to older, more weathered soils, as found in the tropics; however, soil carbon cycling in tropical forests cannot yet be assessed", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "570", "EUROPEAN FORESTS", "NORTHERN HARDWOOD FORESTS", "ORGANIC-MATTER DECOMPOSITION", "MICROBIAL BIOMASS", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "LITTER DECOMPOSITION", "BOREAL FOREST", "TEMPERATE FOREST", "Soils Nitrogen content", "CARBON SEQUESTRATION", "13. Climate action", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil aeration Environmental aspects", "HUMIC SUBSTANCES", "Forest ecology", "ATMOSPHERIC NITRATE DEPOSITION"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo844"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Geoscience", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/ngeo844", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/ngeo844", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/ngeo844"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-04-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41559-017-0325-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T06:58:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-09-29", "title": "Diversity-dependent temporal divergence of ecosystem functioning in experimental ecosystems", "description": "The effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning generally increase over time, but the underlying processes remain unclear. Using 26 long-term grassland and forest experimental ecosystems, we demonstrate that biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships strengthen mainly by greater increases in functioning in high-diversity communities in grasslands and forests. In grasslands, biodiversity effects also strengthen due to decreases in functioning in low-diversity communities. Contrasting trends across grasslands are associated with differences in soil characteristics.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "570", "grassland ecology", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "Plant Sciences", "577", "soil biodiversity", "Biodiversity", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "Grassland", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "Life Science", "ddc:570", "forest ecology", "Forest Sciences", "Institut f\u00fcr Biochemie und Biologie", "Ecosystem", "biodiversity", "ecosystem health"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0325-1.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0325-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Ecology%20%26amp%3B%20Evolution", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41559-017-0325-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41559-017-0325-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41559-017-0325-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-10-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41586-022-04737-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T06:58:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-05-18", "title": "Tropical tree mortality has increased with rising atmospheric water stress", "description": "Evidence exists that tree mortality is accelerating in some regions of the tropics1,2, with profound consequences for the future of the tropical carbon sink and the global anthropogenic carbon budget left to limit peak global warming below 2\u2009\u00b0C. However, the mechanisms that may be driving such mortality changes and whether particular species are especially vulnerable remain unclear3-8. Here we analyse a 49-year record of tree dynamics from 24 old-growth forest plots encompassing a broad climatic gradient across the Australian moist tropics and find that annual tree mortality risk has, on average, doubled across all plots and species over the last 35\u00a0years, indicating a potential halving in life expectancy and carbon residence time. Associated losses in biomass were not offset by gains from growth and recruitment. Plots in less moist local climates presented higher average mortality risk, but local mean climate did not predict the pace of temporal increase in mortality risk. Species varied in the trajectories of their mortality risk, with the highest average risk found nearer to the upper end of the atmospheric vapour pressure deficit niches of species. A long-term increase in vapour pressure deficit was evident across the region, suggesting that thresholds involving atmospheric water stress, driven by global warming, may be a primary cause of increasing tree mortality in moist tropical forests.", "keywords": ["Risk", "0301 basic medicine", "Carbon Sequestration", "Time Factors", "[SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics", "Population dynamics", "Acclimatization", "[SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics", " Phylogenetics and taxonomy", "Global Warming", "History", " 21st Century", "333", "[SDV.BV.BOT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics", "Trees", "03 medical and health sciences", "[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment/Ecosystems", "Stress", " Physiological", "[SDV.BID.SPT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics", " Phylogenetics and taxonomy", "[SDV.EE.ECO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment/Ecosystems", "Community ecology", "Biomass", "580", "Population Density", "Tropical Climate", "0303 health sciences", "Dehydration", "Atmosphere", "Climate-change ecology", "Australia", "Water", "Humidity", "Phylogenetics and taxonomy", "[SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics", "History", " 20th Century", "15. Life on land", "Tropical ecology", "Carbon", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "13. Climate action", "[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "Forest ecology", "environment/Ecosystems"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/187195/1/Bauman_et_al_ms_Nature_final_AAM.pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04737-7.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04737-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41586-022-04737-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41586-022-04737-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41586-022-04737-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41893-019-0223-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-31T06:58:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-02-11", "title": "An analytical framework for spatially targeted management of natural capital", "description": "A major sustainability challenge is determining where to target management to enhance natural capital and the ecosystem services it provides. Achieving this understanding is difficult, given that the effects of most actions vary according to wider environmental conditions; and this context dependency is typically poorly understood. Here, we describe an analytical framework that helps meet this challenge by identifying both why and where management actions are most effective for enhancing natural capital across large geographic areas. We illustrate the framework\u2019s generality by applying it to two examples for Britain: pond water quality and invasion of forests by rhododendron. Effectively managing natural capital and its associated ecosystem services is difficult given that the effects of most actions depend on the wider environmental conditions. This Perspective presents an analytical framework that allows identifying why and where management actions can best enhance natural capital.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "330", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "hydrology", "15. Life on land", "forest ecology", "environmental impact", "01 natural sciences", "333", "agriculture", "invasive species"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/428133/1/Spake_SUPP_INFO.pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0223-4.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0223-4"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Sustainability", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41893-019-0223-4", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41893-019-0223-4", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41893-019-0223-4"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-02-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.15454/8DHNRM", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-31T07:00:27Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Inventory of plant vascular community diversity and large herbivore pressure of forest stands in 2013-2014, Sologne, France", "description": "This dataset contains data on vascular plant diversity and community composition of the understory in mature broadleaf and conifer forest stands in the Sologne natural region, Central France. The objectif of the project was to study the effects of large wild ungulates on forest biodiversity using a natural and anthropogenic gradient of ungulate pressure. Study area The study area was located in the Sologne Natural Region in the center of France. Sologne is characterized by flat topography and poor sandy soils on top of an impermeable clay layer, and the area is thus subject to frequent winter floodings and summer droughts are recurrent. The dominate land use is forest (53%), of which the majority is recent forests stemming from spontaneous colonization of abandoned land, but also the result of massive afforestation programs during the second half of the 19th century. Deciduous trees represent approximately 77% of the forest cover (Quercus robur: 39%, Quercus petraea: 14%, Betula pendula 9%), while the remaining 23% is made up of coniferous tree species, mainly Pinus sylvestris (13%). The three most common forest stand compositions are monospecific stands of Q. robur (23%), Q. petraea (9%) and P. sylvestris (9%). In Sologne, population densities of large ungulates (red deer, Cervus elaphus, roe deer, Capreaolus capreolus, and wild boar, Sus scrofa) have shown a marked increase in number during the past decades, as elsewhere in France and Europe. No absolute estimates of ungulate densities are available for the study area, but hunting statistics for the three species are among the highest in France, and hunting bags for the 2004/2005 hunting season for red deer, roe deer and wild boar averaged 0.4 \u00b1 0.5 (mean \u00b1 SD), 1.9 \u00b1 1.4 and 3.7 \u00b1 3.7 individuals per km\u00b2, respectively (source: the French national agency for wildlife, ONCFS). No wild large predators were present in the study area. Sampling design We made use of four fenced, five partially fenced and ten unfenced private forest properties to set up an experimental gradient of wild ungulate densities to test their effects on the structure, composition and diversity of plant communities. We selected private properties with at least 100 ha land and where forest was the dominant land use (60-100% forest). Average area of forest was 295 \u00b1 165 ha (mean \u00b1 SD; range = 91-703) per land property (Appendix 1: Table S1). A preselection of private properties all over the study area was established by contacting the Centre r\u00e9gional de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 foresti\u00e8re (CRPF) d\u2019Ile-de-France et du Centre (Regional public organizations for private forest owners) who helped out to suggest potential land owners willing to participate to the study. We then set up a list of equal number of fenced and unfenced properties in different parts of the study area. Private land owners were then contacted by telephone in order to obtain their permission to carry out field observations on their land property. We stopped contacting landowners once we had obtained the permission from ten unfenced private properties and that were well spread over the study area. Due to difficulties in obtaining permission from land owners with fenced properties, we did not reach a completely balanced design. A completely random sample of private properties would not have been possible due to the high degree of reluctance among private landowners to give their permission to carry out observations on their land property. For each land property, we randomly assigned five study plots stratified according to the proportion of area of deciduous and coniferous forest stands. A buffer zone of at least 50 m was applied to each forest stand nearby roads and open areas. A field visit was made before final selection to assure that the study plot was not situated in recently harvested forest stands or nearby forest edges (<30 m). We also rejected coppice forest stands. Ungulate pressure data We used the observed intensity of major foraging activities by ungulates (browsing for deer and rooting for wild boar) to situate sampling points along a gradient of increasing ungulate densities. As mark-recapture data was not available for our study sites, we could not base our gradient on absolute ungulate densities, but situate the study sites on a relative scale based on the above-mentioned indices (and detailed below) of ungulate activities. Deer browsing pressure was quantified at each sampling point by comparing forage use and availability based on resource selection theory. Forage use and availability were estimated on winter browse (woody and semi-woody vegetation) accessible to deer (0-2 m) in late winter (March) before the start of the growing season. Forage use and availability were estimated on three 40 m2-circular subplots per study plot, each situated at a distance of 14 m from the center of the study plot. For each species, forage availability was quantified by estimating the percentage of plant cover (i.e. the horizontal projection of shoots, twigs and branches and thus a proxy of the total number of \u201cbites\u201d available), while forage use was quantified by estimating the percentage of available shoots browsed (i.e. the percentage of actual \u201cbites\u201d). Visual estimates of forage use and availability were then attributed to one of six classes (0-1%, 1-5%, 5-20%, 20-50%, 50-75%, 75-100%), converted to mid-point values for statistical analyses. For each circular plot (40 m2), we then calculated a browsing pressure index, B, based on the sum of the forage consumed weighted by forage availability. We then used the mean value of B for the three subplots as a representative measure of browsing pressure at study plot. Wild boar rooting was quantified at the sampling points by visually estimating the percentage of soil disturbed by wild boar rooting behavior. Observations of wild boar rooting were carried out in late winter at the same time as observations of deer browsing and were estimated on the same three circular plots used for estimating deer browsing pressure (40 m2). The mean percentage of wild boar rooting for the three subplots was used as a representative measure of wild boar rooting at the study plot level. Vegetation data At each sampling point, we recorded all vascular plant species according to their presence in two vertical understory vegetation layers. We defined the two vegetation layers in relation to their accessibility to one or both of the two deer species present in our study area: low understory layer accessible both to roe and red deer (up to 130 cm in height) and high understory layer accessible only to red deer (from 130 cm to 200 cm in height). However, the data for the two vegetation layers were merged (see below). We attributed plant cover values, to each species and for each vegetation layer, based on visual estimates to the nearest percent for common species (plant cover >1%) and to the nearest promille for rare species (plant cover <1%). Vegetation sampling was carried out by five experienced botanists (nBot1 = 75, nBot2 = 59, nBot2 = 26, nBot2 = 20, nBot2 = 10) that formed mixed teams composed of two observers (A and B) in order to minimize observer effects. A team was composed of either botanists A (n = 36) or B (n = 20) and any of the other botanists, or both of them (n = 39). In order to harmonize the sampling effort among study plots, teams spent at least 30 minutes of actively searching new species, excluding extra time that was added for species identification problems and estimations of plant cover values. We used a relatively large sample plot size (1 000 m2) as we were interested in capturing not only common but also rare species, while limiting the size in order to include only one forest habitat type. Plant functional traits We used a trait-based approach to determine any correlations between ungulate activities and understory plant community structure, composition and diversity. From the vegetation data, we derived three families of response variables: (i) species density and (ii) plant cover for qualitative traits (including plant functional groups and categorical habitat preferences), and (iii) community-weighted means (CWM) for quantitative trait values (including quantitative habitat preferences). Data on response variables were calculated at each sampling point for the overall plant community, and separately for four plant functional types (trees, shrubs, forbs and graminoids). Data on plant functional traits were extracted from four main sources: the LEDA and BiolFlor plant trait data bases, and the floras \u201cFlore Foresti\u00e8re Fran\u00e7aise\u201dand \u201cNouvelle flore de la Belgique, du Grand-Duch\u00e9 de Luxembourg, du Nord de la France et des R\u00e9gions voisines\u201d. Missing data was added by consulting the scientific literature. We used plant functional trait data of categorical traits of plants (plant life span, plant leaf vertical distribution and spiny plants) and seeds (seed life span, frugivory seed characteristics and seed appendages), quantitative traits of plants (specific leaf area, canopy height, plant leaf vertical distribution, plant life span) and seeds (seed mass, seed releasing height, seed longevity, seed shape), as well as qualitative and quantitative plant habitat preferences (forest history, successional stage, EUNIS main habitats, Ellenberg\u2019s indicator values and Grime\u2019s CSR-scheme). Observed differences at the community level of these plant and seed characteristics among study plots are likely to inform about the plant community\u2019s response to various ungulate activities related to trophic interactions (e.g. direct effects of grazing, browsing and frugivory) and engineering effects (e.g. direct effects of trampling, rooting, seed dispersal). Site characteristics In order to take into account possible confounding factors, known to be strong determinants of vegetation composition, we made a forest stand description and took soil samples at each sampling point. Forest stands were described by measuring the dominant tree height within a radius of 18 m from the sampling point, the basal area at 1.3 m (breast height, BAbh) and canopy openness. BAbh was estimated using point sampling methodology and by separately estimating BAbh for broadleaves (BAbroadleaves), conifers (BAconifers) and coppice (BAcoppice), which allowed us to calculate overall BAbh and canopy mixture (varying from 0%, pure stand, to 50% , equally mixed stand of broadleaves and coniferous tree species). We visually estimated canopy openness at sampling points along three radial transects (one measurement every two meter along the 16 m-long transects, a total of 27 measurements per sampling point). We also determined forest history at sampling points distinguishing between recent and ancient forests. Forest history was derived from three times series of historical maps (Carte d'\u00c9tat-Major) drawn between (i) 1820 and 1866 and aerial photographs for the periods (ii) 1947-1950 and (iii) 1975-1980. We classified forest stands at sampling points as ancient forests whenever continuous forest cover was observed for all three time series (i.e. forest as land use since at least 1820-1866), while stands were classified as recent forest whenever any other form of land use was described at the sampling points for any of the three time series. Soil samples of about 500 g were taken of the mineral soil at 20 cm depth at a distance of 10 m from the point center and in three different directions (0\u00b0, 120\u00b0 et 240\u00b0). Soil samples were sent to the Soil Analysis Laboratory of INRA, Arras France. Soil samples were analyzed for soil texture (particle-size fractions in percentage of sand, silt and clay), cation exchange capacity (CEC, cmol+/kg), organic carbon (C, g/kg), total nitrogen (N, g/kg), and extractable soil phosphorus (P2O5, g/kg). Total organic carbon and total nitrogen content in the soil was measured after dry combustion (ISO 10694, ISO 13878), and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) was determined by extracting exchangeable cations (Al3+, Ca2+, Fe2+, K+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Na+) using a hexamminecobalt trichloride solution (ISO 23470). Extractable soil phosphorus was determined using Duchaufour\u2019s method, which is a method appropriate for acidic forest soils. Soil pH was measured at our own laboratory using a pH-meter (Eutech Instruments Eco Scan 6+) in a 1:5 (volume fraction) suspension of soil in 1 mol/l potassium chloride solution (pHKCl) following the ISO 10390 standard. The majority of forest stands were recent forests (n = 76), while the remaining fifth were classified as ancient forests (n = 19). Two thirds of sampling points were situated in high stands dominanted by broadleafs (n = 63) composed of oak trees (Quercus petraea, Q. robur), while one third were in high stands of coniferous trees (n = 32) composed of pine trees (Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra subsp. laricio). Overall mean basal area was 22.6 \u00b1 0.9 m2/ha and the mean dominant tree height was 23.4 \u00b1 0.4 m. Coppice stools of Betula sp., Carpinus betulus, Castanea sativa, Corylus avellana and Quercus sp. were present in the understory at about one third (n = 35) of the sampling points with a mean basal area of 6.5 \u00b1 1.2 m2/ha. Soils were representative of the region characterized by low soil fertility of N (0.4 \u00b1 0.04 g/kg) and P2O5 (0.03 \u00b1 0.004 g/kg), low CEC (1.8 \u00b1 0.2), and high acidity (4.2 \u00b1 0.03).", "keywords": ["Earth and Environmental Science", "Cervidae", "Ecology", "plant community", "browsing", "Biospheric Sciences", "Biodiversity and Ecology", "Suidae", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "ungulate", "species richness", "forest ecology", "Environmental Research", "Natural Sciences", "Geosciences", "biodiversity"], "contacts": [{"organization": "M\u00e5rell, Anders, Baltzinger, Christophe,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.15454/8DHNRM"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.15454/8DHNRM", "name": "item", "description": "10.15454/8DHNRM", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.15454/8DHNRM"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.rn8pk0ph5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T07:02:20Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Drivers of soil organic carbon stock during tropical forest succession", "description": "Soil organic matter contributes to productivity in terrestrial ecosystems and contains more carbon than is found in the atmosphere. Yet, there is little understanding of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration processes during tropical forest succession, particularly after land abandonment from agriculture practices. Here we used vegetation and environmental data from two large-scale surveys covering a total landscape area of 20,000 ha in Southeast Asia to investigate the effects of plant species diversity, functional trait diversity, phylogenetic diversity, aboveground biomass, and environmental factors on SOC sequestration during forest succession. We found that functional trait diversity plays an important role in determining SOC sequestration across successional trajectories. Increases in SOC carbon storage were associated with indirect positive effects of species diversity and succession age via functional trait diversity, but phylogenetic diversity and aboveground biomass showed no significant relationship with SOC stock. Furthermore, the effects of soil properties and functional trait diversity on SOC carbon storage shift across elevation. Synthesis: Our results suggest that reforestation and restoration management practices that implement a trait-based approach by combining long-lived and short-lived species (conservative and acquisitive traits) to increase plant functional diversity could enhance SOC sequestration for climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts, as well as accelerate recovery of healthy soils.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "tropical forest", "FOS: Agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "15. Life on land", "forest soil", "functional diversity", "plant diversity", "swidden agriculture", "soil organic carbon", "13. Climate action", "forest succession", "functional traits", "tropical forest ecology", "soil carbon stock"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.rn8pk0ph5"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.rn8pk0ph5", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.rn8pk0ph5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.rn8pk0ph5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-05-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "20.500.11850/524138", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T07:05:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-09", "title": "Lessons learned from a long\u2010term irrigation experiment in a dry Scots pine forest: Impacts on traits and functioning", "description": "AbstractClimate change exposes ecosystems to strong and rapid changes in their environmental boundary conditions mainly due to the altered temperature and precipitation patterns. It is still poorly understood how fast interlinked ecosystem processes respond to altered environmental conditions, if these responses occur gradually or suddenly when thresholds are exceeded, and if the patterns of the responses will reach a stable state. We conducted an irrigation experiment in the Pfynwald, Switzerland from 2003\uffe2\uff80\uff932018. A naturally dry Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest was irrigated with amounts that doubled natural precipitation, thus releasing the forest stand from water limitation. The aim of this study was to provide a quantitative understanding on how different traits and functions of individual trees and the whole ecosystem responded to increased water availability, and how the patterns and magnitudes of these responses developed over time. We found that the response magnitude, the temporal trajectory of responses, and the length of initial lag period prior to significant response largely varied across traits. We detected rapid and stronger responses from aboveground tree traits (e.g., tree\uffe2\uff80\uff90ring width, needle length, and crown transparency) compared to belowground tree traits (e.g., fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90root biomass). The altered aboveground traits during the initial years of irrigation increased the water demand and trees adjusted by increasing root biomass during the later years of irrigation, resulting in an increased survival rate of Scots pine trees in irrigated plots. The irrigation also stimulated ecosystem\uffe2\uff80\uff90level foliar decomposition rate, fungal fruit body biomass, and regeneration abundances of broadleaved tree species. However, irrigation did not promote the regeneration of Scots pine trees, which are reported to be vulnerable to extreme droughts. Our results provide extensive evidence that tree\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and ecosystem\uffe2\uff80\uff90level responses were pervasive across a number of traits on long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term temporal scales. However, after reaching a peak, the magnitude of these responses either decreased or reached a new stable state, providing important insights into how resource alterations could change the system functioning and its boundary conditions.