Cover crop residue on the surface of soils in no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage systems can suppress weed emergence and growth. Although allelopathy often is invoked to explain weed suppression by residue, physical alterations of the seed environment could be important as well. This experiment was conducted to determine the light, temperature, and moisture conditions under cover crop residue. Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and rye (Secale cereale L.) were desiccated with a contact herbicide and residue rates ranging from one\uffe2\uff80\uff90fourth to four times the natural residue biomass were established in experiments at Beltsville, MD and Ithaca, NY. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was determined above and below residue at approximately monthly intervals after initiation of the experiment. Transmittance of PPFD through residue declined according to an exponential decay function of residue biomass. Transmittance was similar through hairy vetch and rye residue initially, but as the experiment progressed, transmittance through hairy vetch residue was greater than that through rye because of faster decomposition of hairy vetch residue. Spectral analysis from 400 to 1100 nm showed a slight increase in transmittance as wavelength increased resulting in a slight lowering of the red (660 nm) to far\uffe2\uff80\uff90red (730 nm ratio relative to that of unobstructed sunlight. Soil maximum temperature and daily soil temperature amplitude were reduced by cover crop residue. Residue prevented the decline of soil water content during droughty periods. Results indicated that reductions in light transmittance and daily soil temperature amplitude by cover crop residue were sufficient to reduce emergence of weeds but that maintenance of soil moisture could increase weed emergence.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Charles L. Mohler, John R. Teasdale,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500030029x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500030029x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500030029x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500030029x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1993-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600020021x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "AbstractLong\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effects of cropping systems on soil properties, such as organic soil C and N levels, is necessary so more accurate projections can be made regarding the sequester and emission of CO2 by agricultural soils. This information can then be used to predict the effects of cropping systems on both soil degradation, maintenance, or improvement and global climate changes. My objective was to evaluate the effects of crop rotation and N fertilizer management on changes in total soil C and N concentrations that have occurred during an 8\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr period in a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term study in the Western Corn Belt. Seven cropping systems (three monoculture, two 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr, and two 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr rotations) with three rates of N fertilizer were compared. Monocultures included continuous corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr rotations were corn\uffe2\uff80\uff90soybean and grain sorghum\uffe2\uff80\uff90soybean, and the two 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr rotations were corn\uffe2\uff80\uff90oat (Avena sativa L.) + clover (80% Melilotus officinalis Lam. and 20% Trifolium pratense). grain sorghum\uffe2\uff80\uff90soybean and corn\uffe2\uff80\uff90soybean\uffe2\uff80\uff90grain sorghum\uffe2\uff80\uff90oat+clover. Soil samples were taken in the spring both in 1984 and 1992 to a depth of 30 cm in 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 7.5\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm, 7.5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 15\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm, and 15\uffe2\uff80\uff90to 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm increments. No differences were obtained in 1984, but both rotation and N rate significantly affected total soil C and N concentrations in 1992. The results indicate that C could be sequestered at 10 to 20 g m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in some cropping systems with sufficient levels of N fertilizer. Greater storage of C in soils suggests CO2 emissions from agricultural soils could be decreased with improved management practices and may in the long term have a significant effect on CO2 in the atmosphere under current climate conditions.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "550", "13. Climate action", "Plant Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Varvel, Gary E.", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600020021x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600020021x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600020021x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600020021x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1994-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700040009x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-29", "title": "Infiltration And Soil Properties As Affected By Annual Cropping In The Northern Great-Plains", "description": "AbstractFallow\uffe2\uff80\uff90wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping systems may be responsible for declines in soil organic matter and degradation of soil physical properties. A change to annual cropping may improve or at least maintain soil properties. Tillage and crop sequence effects on soil properties and water infiltration were tested after 9 yr of cropping on a Dooley sandy loam (fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90loamy, mixed Typic Argiborolls) derived in glacial till. Annual cropping tillage of fall sweep and spring disk (AWFST), and no tillage (AWNT) were compared with conventional tillage in wheatfallow (FWCT) as the control. Statistical design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Soil samples were taken at 0.03\uffe2\uff88\uff92m increments to a depth of 0.3 m and were used to measure organic carbon (OC), pH, bulk density (BD), and particle size. Point resistance was measured in 0.02\uffe2\uff88\uff92m increments. Water infiltration into dry and wet soil was measured using a rainfall simulator. Maximum soil BD was 1.61 Mg m\uffe2\uff88\uff923 on FWCT and 1.56 Mg m\uffe2\uff88\uff923 on AWNT. Soil BD was not changed by one winter of freezing and thawing. Maximum point resistance was 2.2 MPa on FWCT and 1.7 MPa on AWNT. Cumulative 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90h infiltration into dry soil was 52 mm for FWCT and 69 mm for AWNT. Final infiltration rate into wet soil was 5 mm h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for FWCT and 6 mm h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for AWNT. There was a significant difference in the depth distribution of OC between annual crop and FWCT treatments. Mass of OC in the top 0.09 m of soil was 1.65 kg m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 on annual crop treatments and 1.45 kg m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 on FWCT. Greater amounts of OC on the annual crop treatments compared with the FWCT attest to the beneficial aspect of annual cropping in maintaining a level of soil quality that is greater than FWCT. From a soil conservation perspective, no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage has an additional advantage because surface cover is maintained throughout the year, thereby reducing the potential for soil erosion.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "Infiltration", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Mass Import - autoclassified (may be erroneous)", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pikul, J.L., Aase, J.K.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700040009x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700040009x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700040009x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700040009x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1995-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900040010x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "AbstractMany soils in the highlands of East and Central Africa are depleted of soil nutrients, particularly P. Our objective was to compare cattle manure, Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner leaf biomass, and triple superphosphate (TSP) as sources of P for maize (Zea mays L.), both individually and as mixtures of organic (manure or calliandra) and inorganic (TSP + urea) sources. Field experiments were conducted on a Kandiudalf at two sites in western Kenya. Net benefits were computed as the difference between the value of additional maize yield accruing from nutrient inputs and the associated additional costs. Maize grain yield was 0.6 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for application of urea without P. Application of 10 kg P ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 as organic, inorganic, and mixtures of organic and inorganic sources significantly increased maize yield. Grain yield for manure at least equaled and sometimes exceeded (P \uffe2\uff89\uffa4 0.05) yield for calliandra and TSP + urea. Net benefits in U.S. dollars (USD) for two seasons were highest for manure spot placed in the planting hole (293 USD ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), broadcast manure (255 USD ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), and broadcast TSP + 44 kg urea\uffe2\uff80\uff90N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (313 USD ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 at P = 30 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and 98 USD ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 at P = 10 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Net benefits for calliandra leaf biomass were highest (136 USD ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) when biomass was valued at cost of production and integrated with TSP, such that it provided all the N for maize and TSP provided the additional P not supplied by calliandra. Calliandra valued at its opportunity cost as a protein supplement for dairy cattle was not an economic source of P. Sensitivity analyses suggest that organic materials most suitable for use as P sources have high P content and low cost of production.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Life Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jama, B., Swinkels, R.A., Buresh, R.J.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900040010x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900040010x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900040010x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900040010x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1997-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000020003x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Soil Carbon Pools Under Conventional And No-Tillage Systems In The Argentine Rolling Pampa", "description": "AbstractThe Rolling Pampa is the most important cropping region of Argentina, and its soils are subjected to degradation. No\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage has been proposed to replace the use of the moldboard plow to reduce soil C losses. The effects of no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage and plow tillage with and without N fertilization (0 or 90 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) on C inputs and outputs of a Typic Argiudoll and on organic C level and density fractions were studied in a field experiment at the end of 15 yr under a corn (Zea mays L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff90wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff90soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. Microbial biomass and the rate of organic C mineralization during laboratory incubations were also determined. Nitrogen fertilization had no significant influence on C emission in the field, soil organic matter level or microbial biomass and activity. The annual C budget was negative under both tillage systems, but no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage lost about 0.7 to 1.5 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 more C than did plow tillage. Carbon in the medium\uffe2\uff80\uff90density fraction (density = 1.6\uffe2\uff80\uff902.0 g mL\uffe2\uff88\uff921) of the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm soil layer was 30% higher (P \uffe2\uff89\uffa4 0.05) under no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage. Light (density < 1.6 g mL\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and heavy (density > 2.0 g mL\uffe2\uff88\uff921) organic fractions, total C, and microbial biomass and activity in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90 cm layer were not different in no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tilled and plowed soils, despite different patterns of distribution with depth. The rates of organic C mineralization during laboratory incubations were the same for both tillage systems. We propose that, after an accumulation phase, soil under no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage loses higher amounts of CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90C than under plowing. The use of no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage would not significantly affect soil organic matter pools of the region in situations with low erosion losses.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000020003x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000020003x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000020003x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000020003x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1998-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000060001x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "AbstractRotation of Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr., a fast\uffe2\uff80\uff90growing N2\uffe2\uff80\uff90fixing tree, with maize (Zea mays L.) has potential for increasing fertility of tropical soils, where fertilizer use by resource\uffe2\uff80\uff90poor farmers is limited. At two sites in Kenya (Ochinga, with a Kandiudalfic Eutrudox soil, and Muange, with a Kandic Paleustalf), we compared maize yields and financial returns for (i) sesbania grown for three or four seasons followed by three maize crops (sesbania fallow), (ii) one maize crop followed by natural regrowth of vegetation for three seasons and then three maize crops (natural fallow), and (iii) maize monoculture for seven seasons. After the fallows, plots were split with and without added P. Maize responded to P at both sites. Cumulative grain yields for seven seasons of maize monoculture were 8.4 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 at Ochinga and 5.6 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 at Muange. They were comparable to cumulative maize yields for sesbania fallow (Ochinga, 10.6 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 Muange, 4.5 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and natural fallow (Ochinga, 7.7 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921; Muange, 4.2 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), even though maize was grown for only three or four seasons in the fallow treatments. Sesbania fallow was financially attractive at Ochinga (\uffe2\uff89\uffa5500 mm rain in each season) but not at Muange, where low rainfall (<300 mm in each postfallow season) limited maize yield. Phosphorus fertilization of maize at Ochinga increased (P < 0.2) net benefit for sesbania fallow. Improved fallows have potential to supply nutrients to crops, but they are unlikely to eliminate the need for P fertilizers on P\uffe2\uff80\uff90deficient soils.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Roland J. Buresh, Frank Place, Bashir Jama,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000060001x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000060001x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000060001x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000060001x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1998-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1999.916975x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Wheat Management In Warm Environments: Effect Of Organic And Inorganic Fertilizers, Irrigation Frequency, And Mulching", "description": "Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields are reduced by heat stress in many countries worldwide. The main objective of this study was to determine whether modifications to currently recommended crop management practices could improve wheat yield at hot\uffe2\uff80\uff90environment sites in three countries. Field trials were conducted between 1991 and 1993 in Sudan and Bangladesh by their respective national agricultural research systems (NARS) and in Mexico by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). Crop establishment and other plant characteristics were measured to help understand the basis of improved performance and to identify potential diagnostic traits. Management factors included (i) irrigation, (ii) inorganic fertilizer (NPK), (iii) organic fertilizer in the form of farmyard manure (FYM), (iv) straw mulch, (v) genotype, and (vi) sowing date. Control treatments represented recommended practices and gave yields of 3.6 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, averaged across all environments. Considering main effects, FYM (10 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) gave the highest yield response (14%) and approximately equivalent levels of NPK gave the lowest (5.5%), suggesting that organic fertilizer provided growth factors in addition to nutrient content. Mulch and extra irrigation increased yield in Sudan and Mexico, which are hot environments with low relative humidity, but not in hot, humid Bangladesh. In Mexico, extra inputs were more beneficial under hotter, spring\uffe2\uff80\uff90sown conditions than for winter sowings, with responses of 17 and 8% to extra NPK, 17 and 14% to FYM, and 11 and 6% to mulch, respectively. Comparison of heat\uffe2\uff80\uff90tolerant (Glennson 81) and heat\uffe2\uff80\uff90sensitive (Pavon 76) genotypes showed that the heat\uffe2\uff80\uff90tolerant genotype was generally more responsive to additional inputs. Improved performance in response to inputs was generally associated with better stand establishment, and with significant increases in plant height, grain per unit area, and aboveground biomass; in Mexico, there was also an association with higher canopy temperature depression and light interception. The possibilities of realizing the benefits of applied organic matter and mulch treatments through residue retention and reduced tillage are briefly discussed.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Matthew P. Reynolds, Mohamad Badaruddin, Osman A.A. Ageeb,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1999.916975x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1999.916975x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1999.916975x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1999.916975x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2000.922239x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-08-25", "description": "The rising real prices of purchased inputs is driving smallholder maize (Zea mays L.) production towards lower levels of inorganic fertilizer. Legume intercrops are a source of plant N that can be produced locally and offer a practical complement to inorganic fertilizers. Field experiments conducted on a loamy sand (Typic Kandiustalf) soil evaluated the impact of relay\uffe2\uff80\uff90intercropping two legume crops, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and sunnhemp (Crotolaria juncea L.) into smallholder maize in Zimbabwe. The objectives were to quantify: (i) biomass and N yield of intercropped legumes, (ii) the impact of the legumes on companion maize yield and N uptake, and (iii) the response of a subsequent maize crop to legumes. Dry matter yield ranged from 0.6 to 4.6 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for cowpea and 0.9 to 2.9 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for sunnhemp, over two years. At the most, cowpea and sunnhemp produced 154 and 82 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. Companion maize grain yields were not reduced when the legumes were relay\uffe2\uff80\uff90intercropped into maize fertilized at 0 to 60 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. However, maize yields were reduced 18 to 31% when maize + legume intercrops were fertilized at 120 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. In the subsequent year, maize grain yields were increased by 8 to 27% following maize + legume when no fertilizer N was applied, compared with maize following maize. Legumes reduced fertilizer needs of a subsequent maize crop by 36 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Intercropped annual legumes and small amounts of inorganic fertilizer offers a strategy to meet the N needs on smallholder farms.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "O. B. Hesterman, Peter Jeranyama, Richard R. Harwood, Stephen R. Waddington,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.922239x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2000.922239x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2000.922239x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2000.922239x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000050016x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "AbstractSoil chemical properties during the transition from conventional to organic and low\uffe2\uff80\uff90input farming practices were studied over 8 yr in California's Sacramento Valley to document changes in soil fertility status and nutrient storage. Four farming systems differing in crop rotation and external inputs were established on land previously managed conventionally. Fertility in the organic system depended on animal manure applications and winter cover crops; the two conventional systems received synthetic fertilizer inputs; the low\uffe2\uff80\uff90input system used cover crops and animal manure during the first 3 yr and cover crops and synthetic fertilizer for the remaining 5 yr. At 4 and 8 yr after establishment, most changes in soil chemical properties were consistent with predictions based on nutrient budgets. Inputs of C, P, K, Ca, and Mg were higher in the organic and low\uffe2\uff80\uff90input systems as a result of manure applications and cover crop incorporations. After 4 yr, soils in the organic and low\uffe2\uff80\uff90input systems had higher soil organic C, soluble P, exchangeable K, and pH. Ceasing manure applications in the low\uffe2\uff80\uff90input system in Year 4 resulted in declining levels of organic C, soluble P, and exchangeable K. Crop rotation (the presence or absence of corn) also had a significant effect on organic C levels. Differences in total N appeared to be related in part to inputs, but perhaps also to differing efficiency of the farming systems at storing excess N inputs: the low\uffe2\uff80\uff90input system appeared to be most efficient, and the conventional systems were least efficient. Electrical conductivity (EC), soluble Ca, and soluble Mg levels were tightly linked but not consistently different among treatments. Relatively stable EC levels in the organic system indicate that animal manures did not increase salinity. Overall, our findings indicate that organic and lowinput farming in the Sacramento Valley result in small but important increases in soil organic C and larger pools of stored nutrients, which are critical for long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term fertility maintenance.
", "keywords": ["Soil chemical properties", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil management", "Organic farming", "Cover crops", "Cropping systems", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil fertility", "Manure", "Low input agriculture", "Farm/Enterprise Scale", "Farming systems", "Low-input farming", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Clark, M. S., Horwath, W. R., Shennan, C., Scow, K. M.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000050016x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000050016x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000050016x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000050016x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1998-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2000.921136x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-08-25", "description": "Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major crop in the northern Great Plains that is generally grown following a 21\uffe2\uff80\uff90mo fallow period. A 12\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr study was conducted to determine the effects of tillage system [conventional\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (CT), minimum\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (MT), and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT)], N fertilizer rate (34, 67, and 101 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), and cultivar (Butte86 and Stoa) on spring wheat yields within a dryland spring wheat (SW)\uffe2\uff80\uff93winter wheat (WW)\uffe2\uff80\uff93sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (SF) rotation. Grain yield responses varied with tillage system, N fertilizer rate, cultivar, and year as indicated by significant tillage \uffc3\uff97 N rate \uffc3\uff97 year and N rate \uffc3\uff97 cultivar \uffc3\uff97 year interactions. In years with >260 mm total plant available water (TPAW) but <400 mm TPAW, NT grain yields were greater than those with CT at the highest N rate, with similar trends at the medium and low N rates. When TPAW exceeded 400 mm, grain yields for CT were generally greater than for NT at the medium N rates. The greatest 12\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr average grain yield (1727 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) was obtained with NT and application of 101 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Grain yields were lowest during years when TPAW was <300 mm, with only small responses to tillage and N treatments. Cultivars responded similarly to N fertilization in years with >300 mm TPAW, with Butte86 yielding more than Stoa in 6 out of the 12 yr. Soil NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N levels increased in the root zone following three consecutive drought years, but had declined to initial year levels by the end of the study. These results indicate that farmers in the northern Great Plains can produce SW following SF in annual cropping systems that do not include a fallow period, particularly if NT or MT systems are used with adequate N fertilization.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Halvorson, Ardell D., Black, Alfred L., Krupinsky, Joseph M., Merrill, Steven D., Wienhold, Brian J., Tanaka, Donald L.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.921136x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2000.921136x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2000.921136x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2000.921136x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2000.922295x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-29", "description": "In the Yaqui Valley, northwest Mexico, the crop sequence that is becoming more common consists of planting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as a winter crop on a raised bed followed by maize (Zea mays L.) as a summer crop. In this area, straw of both winter and summer crops is commonly burned. The consequences of burning crop residues on crop yields in the Yaqui Valley have not previously been documented, and alternative practices have not been proposed. A 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr study was conducted at the CIANO (Centro de Investigaciones Agr\uffc4\uffb1\uffcc\uff81colas del Noroeste) experiment station in Sonora, Mexico, to compare the effects of burning with other straw management strategies on wheat and maize yields. We tested two tillage systems (conventional\uffe2\uff80\uff90tilled bed, CTB, and permanent bed, PB), five straw management treatments (incorporated with CTB and straw as stubble, partly removed, removed, or burned with PB), and seven N treatments, five applied preplant (0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and two at the 1st node stage (150 and 300 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) of wheat. Maize following wheat received a uniform application of 150 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. The combination of PB and straw as stubble produced superior maize and wheat grain yields in high\uffe2\uff80\uff90yielding environments; in low\uffe2\uff80\uff90yielding environments, PB\uffe2\uff80\uff93straw burned produced greater wheat grain yields. Nitrogen fertilizer application of 150 and 300 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 at the 1st node stage of wheat increased grain yields compared with preplant N fertilizer applications. Permanent beds combined with retaining all crop residues in the soil as stubble have the potential to increase both wheat and maize yields in the Yaqui Valley.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "0101 mathematics", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.922295x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2000.922295x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2000.922295x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2000.922295x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2002.1200", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "The high\uffe2\uff80\uff90value, large\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale crop production systems in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California typically entail intensive tillage and large fertilizer and water inputs but few C additions to the soil. Such practices often contribute to a decline in soil quality. Our objective for this participatory study was to examine the effects of supplemental C management practices (SCMPs) on various soil quality indicators. To increase farmer participation, we conducted the study on farms using a variety of SCMPs, including cover crops, compost and manure amendments, and several different crop rotations common to the region. The SCMPs significantly changed a number of soil properties, including soil organic matter (SOM); total Kjeldahl N; microbial biomass C and N; exchangeable K; Olsen P; and extractable Fe, Mn, and Zn. A comparison including previously established, adjacent organic, conventional, and transitional fields in addition to the treatment fields at one farm revealed significant differences in 16 of 18 soil quality indicators. A soil quality index computed for this farm scored the established organic system significantly higher than the conventional system. Our results suggest that significant changes in several soil quality indicators occur with a variety of SCMPs. This is especially noteworthy considering the intensive tillage, irrigation, and hot, semiarid environment of the SJV, California, where increases in SOM and related soil properties are generally not expected in a 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr study.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.1200"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2002.1200", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2002.1200", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2002.1200"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2000.9251035x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "Nitrogen fertilization and irrigation practices can affect durum [Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] grain quality, especially protein content. The purpose of this study was to determine if irrigation frequency during grain fill influences the effectiveness of N applied near anthesis in increasing durum grain quality. A field study was conducted at Maricopa, AZ on a Casa Grande sandy loam soil (fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic, Typic Natrargid). Durum was grown with recommended amounts of N fertilizer until anthesis when 0, 3.4, and 6.7 g N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 were applied and irrigation based on 30, 50, and 70% depletion of plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90available soil water was initiated. Irrigation during grain fill had no effect on grain yield or grain quality except in 1996, when irrigating at 30, 50, and 70% depletion resulted in hard vitreous amber counts (HVAC) of 813, 870, and 934 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. Nitrogen application near anthesis of 0, 3.4, and 6.7 g N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 resulted in grain protein contents of 115, 127, and 140 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 1995 and 132, 141, and 151 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 1996, respectively. Nitrogen application near anthesis increased grain protein yield and HVAC in both years of the study and increased grain yield, grain volume weight, and kernel size in 1995. The results of this study suggest that N fertilizer application near anthesis has a primary influence on durum quality and that effects of irrigation frequency during grain fill are inconsistent or relatively minor.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "E. C. Martin, Thomas A. Doerge, Michael J. Ottman,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.9251035x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2000.9251035x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2000.9251035x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2000.9251035x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2002.1429", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Tillage System And Crop Rotation Effects On Dryland Crop Yields And Soil Carbon In The Central Great Plains", "description": "Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93fallow (WF) using conventional stubble mulch tillage (CT) is the predominant production practice in the central Great Plains and has resulted in high erosion potential and decreased soil organic C (SOC) contents. This study, conducted from 1990 through 1994 on a Weld silt loam (Aridic Argiustoll) near Akron, CO, evaluated the effect of WF tillage system with varying degrees of soil disturbance [no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT), reduced till (RT), CT, and bare fallow (BF)] and crop rotation [WF, NT wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93corn (Zea mays L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93fallow (WCF), and NT continuous corn (CC)] on winter wheat and corn yields, aboveground residue additions to the soil at harvest, surface residue amounts at planting, and SOC. Neither tillage nor crop rotation affected winter wheat yields, which averaged 2930 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Corn grain yields for the CC (NT) and WCF (NT) rotations averaged 1980 and 3520 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. The WCF (NT) rotation returned 8870 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 residue to the soil in each 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr cycle, which is 2960 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 on an annualized basis. Annualized residue return in WF averaged 2520 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, which was 15% less than WCF (NT). Annualized corn residue returned to the soil was 3190 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for the CC (NT) rotation. At wheat planting, surface crop residues varied with year, tillage, and rotation, averaging WCF (NT) (5120 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) > WF (NT) (3380 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) > WF (RT) (2140 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) > WF (CT) (1420 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) > WF (BF) (50 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Soil erosion potential was lessened with WCF (NT), CC (NT), and WF (NT) systems because of the large amounts of residue cover. Levels of SOC in descending order in 1994 were CC (NT) \uffe2\uff89\uffa5 WCF (NT) \uffe2\uff89\uffa5 WF (NT) = WF (RT) = WF (CT) > WF (BF). Although not statistically significant, the CC (NT) treatment appeared to be accumulating more SOC than any of the rotations that included a fallow period, even more rapidly than WCF (NT), which had a similar amount of annualized C addition. Reduced tillage and intensified cropping increased SOC and reduced soil erosion potential.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Curtis A. Reule, Ardell D. Halvorson, Gary A. Peterson,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.1429"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2002.1429", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2002.1429", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2002.1429"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2003.1028", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Corn-Soybean Rotation Effects On Nitrate Leaching", "description": "Because agricultural production is a primary nonpoint source of NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923in the nation's waters, a better understanding of the effects of cropping systems on NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923leaching is required for developing agricultural production practices that reduce NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923leaching. A 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr experiment was conducted to study the effect of a corn (Zea maysL.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] rotation on NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923leaching using passive capillary fiberglass wick lysimeters. The experiment had five N rates on corn (0\uffe2\uff80\uff93200 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921in 50\uffe2\uff80\uff90kg increments). Corn was planted in 1997 and 1999, and soybean was planted in 1998 and 2000. The increase of soil residual NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923\uffe2\uff80\uff93N concentrations in the surface 25 cm of soil after crop harvest was not significant (p= 0.05) when N fertilizer rates applied to corn increased from 0 to 100 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921but was significant when N rate increased from 100 to 200 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921in the corn years. The 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr average soil residual NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923\uffe2\uff80\uff93N concentrations and annual flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923\uffe2\uff80\uff93N concentrations in leachate were significantly higher (p= 0.05) in soybean years than in corn years at 0 and 100 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921applied to corn, but the differences at the 200 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921rate were not significant. The results indicate that at recommended N rates applied to corn in a corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean rotation, NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923leaching potential is similar for corn and soybean, but at less than 100 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921rate, a greater NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923leaching potential exists under soybean than under corn.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Richard H. Fox, Y. Zhu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.1028"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2003.1028", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2003.1028", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2003.1028"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2003.5920", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-04-01", "description": "Liquid cattle (Bos taurus) manure should be applied to soils in such a manner that would improve soil fertility and crop production without causing salinity problems or increasing NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923levels. This study investigated the influence of liquid cattle manure on winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL. cv. Yecora) germination, growth, and nutrient utilization. Four treatments were applied in the same plots in a 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr field experiment with winter wheat: (i) application of 40 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921liquid dairy cattle manure (wet weight basis) before sowing; (ii) single application of 120 and 26 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921N and P, respectively, as inorganic fertilizers before sowing; (iii) as in ii, but with split application of N, half the amount before sowing and the rest at tillering; and (iv) no fertilization. The biological evaluators used to compare the effect of the treatments were (i) number of seedlings per square meter at tillering for the first year only and (ii) dry biomass at heading and harvest; plant concentration and uptake of N, P, and K; and grain yield for every year of experimentation. The results showed that application of manure did not affect seed germination but resulted in a significant increase in dry biomass at the two growth stages and in grain yield and nutrient uptake, similar to the inorganic N and P fertilization. The amounts of soil available NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92N and P were significantly increased while at the end of the field experiment, soil salinity, organic C, and total N levels remained unchanged.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Anastasios Lithourgidis, Athanasios A. Gagianas, Theodora Matsi,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.5920"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2003.5920", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2003.5920", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2003.5920"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2004.0089", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-03-03", "description": "Atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca) continues to rise. An imperative exists, therefore, to elucidate the interactive effects of elevated Ca and drought on plant water relations of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A spring wheat (cv. Yecora Rojo) crop was exposed to ambient (Control: 370 \uffce\uffbcmol mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and free\uffe2\uff80\uff90air CO2 enrichment (FACE: ambient + 180 \uffce\uffbcmol mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) under ample (Wet), and reduced (Dry), water supplies (100 and 50% replacement of evapotranspiration, respectively) over a 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr study. Our objective was to characterize and quantify the responses of 26 edaphic, gas exchange, water relations, carbohydrate pool dynamics, growth, and development parameters to rising Ca and drought. Increasing Ca minimized the deleterious effects of soil\uffe2\uff80\uff93water depletion by increasing drought avoidance (i.e., lower stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, and growth and development of a more robust root system) and drought tolerance (i.e., enhanced osmoregulation and adaptation of tissue) mechanisms, resulting in a 30% reduction in water stress\uffe2\uff80\uff93induced midafternoon depressions in net assimilation rate. An elevated Ca\uffe2\uff80\uff93based increase in daily and seasonal carbon gain resulted in a positive feedback between source capacity (shoots) and sink demand (roots). Devoid of a concomitant rise in global temperature resulting from the rise in Ca, improved water relations for a herbaceous, cool\uffe2\uff80\uff90season, annual, C3 cereal monocot grass (i.e., wheat) are anticipated in a future high\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2 world. These findings are applicable to other graminaceous species of a similar function\uffe2\uff80\uff90type as wheat common to temperate zone grassland prairies and savannas, especially under dryland conditions.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.0089"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2004.0089", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2004.0089", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2004.0089"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2004.0213", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-08-18", "description": "Management practices may influence cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)] root C and N inputs for improving soil quality. We examined the influence of three tillage practices [no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT), strip till (ST), and chisel till (CT)], four cover crops {legume [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth)], nonlegume [rye (Secale cereale L.)], biculture of legume and nonlegume (vetch and rye), and no cover crops (winter weeds)}, and three N fertilization rates (0, 60\uffe2\uff80\uff9365, and 120\uffe2\uff80\uff93130 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) on cotton and sorghum root C and N from the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 120\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm soil depth. A field experiment was conducted in a Dothan sandy loam (fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90loamy, kaolinitic, thermic, Plinthic Kandiudults) from 2000 to 2002 in central Georgia. Root C and N at 0 to 15 cm were greater in NT than in ST and CT in 2000 cotton and 2001 sorghum, but at 30 to 60 cm they were greater in ST than in NT and CT in 2000 cotton. Root C and N at 0 to 15 cm were also greater with vetch and rye biculture than with vetch and weeds in 2001 sorghum. Total root C and N at 0 to 120 cm were greater in ST with vetch than in ST with rye or in CT with weeds in 2000 cotton. In contrast, total root N was greater in NT with rye than in ST with rye or CT with vetch in 2001 sorghum and 2002 cotton. Total root N was also greater in CT with 60 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 than in NT or CT with 120 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2000 cotton, but was greater in ST with 60 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 than in NT with 0 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 or CT with 120 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2002 cotton. The NT or ST with vetch and rye cover crops and 60 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 may increase cotton and sorghum root C and N compared with CT with no cover crops and N fertilization, thereby helping to improve soil quality and productivity.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Bharat P. Singh, Upendra M. Sainju, Wayne F. Whitehead,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.0213"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2004.0213", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2004.0213", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2004.0213"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2002.5940", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-07-25", "description": "Management practices can influence soil C and N and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) yield. We examined the influence of tillage practices [no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT), chisel plowing (CP), and moldboard plowing (MP)], cover crops [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) vs. winter weeds], and N fertilization rates (0, 90, and 180 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) on soil organic C and N, potential C and N mineralization (PCM and PNM, respectively), inorganic N contents, and tomato yield and N uptake. A 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr experiment was conducted on a Dothan sandy loam (fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthic Paleudults) in central Georgia. Soil organic C and N after 3 yr were greater in NT with vetch than in CP and MP with vetch or weeds at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth. The PCM, PNM, and inorganic N were greater in MP than in NT and CP at 7.5 to 20 cm in May 1996 but were greater in NT and CP than in MP at 0 to 7.5 cm in April 1997. At 0 to 20 cm, PNM and inorganic N were also greater with vetch than with weeds in April 1996 and 1997 and with 180 than with 0 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in May 1996 and August 1997. Tomato yield and N uptake were greater in CP and MP than in NT and with 90 and 180 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 than with 0 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Although NT with vetch can improve soil organic matter, CP can sustain tomato yield compared with MP, thereby reducing the potential for soil erosion. Hairy vetch can increase labile soil N pool and 90 compared with 180 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 can sustain tomato yield, thereby reducing the amount of N fertilizer and potential for N leaching.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Bharat P. Singh, Upendra M. Sainju, Sidat Yaffa,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.5940"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2002.5940", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2002.5940", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2002.5940"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/f11111186", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:21:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-11-10", "title": "Counter-Intuitive Response to Water Limitation in a Southern European Provenance of Frangula alnus Mill. in a Common Garden Experiment", "description": "Climate change will intensify drought periods during the growing season in Western Europe. We mimicked this prediction by withholding water in summer from young rooted cuttings of Frangula alnus Mill., a common shrub species, originating from different latitudes in Europe (Italy, Belgium and Sweden) and growing in a common garden environment in Belgium. We followed the responses to the drought up to two years after the treatment. Counter-intuitively, the Italian provenance displayed earlier symptoms and stronger effects of water limitation than the other two provenances. A putative higher transpiration in this provenance could be suggested based on a relative larger shoot growth, larger leaves and a higher stomatal density. After the post-drought re-watering, the droughted plants of the Italian provenance entered leaf senescence later than the control plants, likely as a compensation mechanism for the lost growing time. Bud burst in the first year after the drought treatment and leaf senescence in the next autumn were both advanced in the drought treated group when compared with the control plants. Bud burst in the second year after the drought treatment did not display any differentiation anymore between control and drought treated plants. Growth traits also displayed legacies of the water limitation. For example, the drought treated plants showed a lower number of reshoots upon pruning in the year after the drought treatment. Our results suggest that assisted migration from southern Europe to western Europe as a climate change adaptation strategy might not always follow the expected patterns.
", "keywords": ["Agriculture and Food Sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "plant architecture", "leaf senescence", "drought", "SESSILE OAK", "CARBOHYDRATE RESERVES", "ROBUR", "DROUGHT TOLERANCE", "03 medical and health sciences", "Biology", "TREE", "2. Zero hunger", "0303 health sciences", "CLIMATE-CHANGE", "general linear mixed models", "Forestry", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "DIFFERENTIATION", "glossy buckthorn", "13. Climate action", "QUERCUS-PETRAEA", "post-drought recovery", "GROWTH", "POPULATIONS", "common garden", "bud burst"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/11/1186/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/f11111186"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forests", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/f11111186", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/f11111186", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/f11111186"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-11-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2003.3160", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-05-26", "description": "Agricultural sustainability is enhanced by management practices that optimize the performance of multiple agroecosystem functions. The performance of western Corn Belt cropping systems was evaluated based on four agroecosystem functions: food production, raw materials production, nutrient cycling, and greenhouse gas regulation. A simple multiattribute ranking procedure was used to quantify agroecosystem performance using data from a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term cropping systems experiment near Mead, NE. Treatments included in the procedure were continuous corn (Zea mays L.) (CC), corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (C\uffe2\uff80\uff93SB), corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93oat (Avena sativa L.) + clover [80% sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis L.) and 20% red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)]\uffe2\uff80\uff93sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean (C\uffe2\uff80\uff93OCL\uffe2\uff80\uff93SG\uffe2\uff80\uff93SB), and corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean\uffe2\uff80\uff93sorghum\uffe2\uff80\uff93oat + clover (C\uffe2\uff80\uff93SB\uffe2\uff80\uff93SG\uffe2\uff80\uff93OCL) each at three N fertilization levels (ZERO, LOW, and HIGH). Based on treatment averages of soil and crop indicators from 1983 to 1998, agroecosystem performance scores ranged from 66.6 to 77.3, with a least significant difference (LSD) between treatments of 2.2 (P < 0.05). Treatments with the highest scores included C\uffe2\uff80\uff93OCL\uffe2\uff80\uff93SG\uffe2\uff80\uff93SB/LOW (77.3), C\uffe2\uff80\uff93SB/LOW (76.9), CC/LOW (76.7), CC/HIGH (76.6), and C\uffe2\uff80\uff93SB\uffe2\uff80\uff93SG\uffe2\uff80\uff93OCL/LOW (75.3). Among these treatments, those fertilized at the LOW N rate attained high scores through moderate performance in all four agroecosystem functions. The CC/HIGH treatment, however, attained a high score solely through its superior capacity to be highly productive, as its scores for the two environmental quality\uffe2\uff80\uff93related functions were the lowest among all treatments. Correlations between production\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and environmental protection\uffe2\uff80\uff93related functions were negative, emphasizing the importance of employing management practices that are productive yet minimize deleterious environmental impacts.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Plant Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Liebig, Mark, Varvel, Gary E.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.3160"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2003.3160", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2003.3160", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2003.3160"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2004.0071", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-05-16", "description": "Growing a legume cover crop in place of fallow in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93fallow system can provide protection against erosion while adding N to the soil. However, water use by legumes may reduce subsequent wheat yield. This study was conducted to quantify the effect of varying legume termination dates on available soil water content at wheat planting and subsequent wheat yield in the central Great Plains. Four legumes [Austrian winter pea,Pisum sativumL. subsp.sativumvar.arvense(L.) Poir.; spring field pea,P. sativumL.; black lentil,Lens culinarisMedikus; hairy vetch,Vicia villosaRoth.) were grown at Akron, CO, as spring crops from 1994 to 1999. Legumes were planted in early April and terminated at 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90wk intervals (four termination dates), generally starting in early June. Wheat was planted in September in the terminated legume plots, and yields were compared with wheat yields from conventional till wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93fallow. Generally there were no significant differences in available soil water at wheat planting due to legume type. Soil water at wheat planting was reduced by 55 mm when legumes were terminated early and by 104 mm when legumes were terminated late, compared with soil water in fallowed plots that were conventionally tilled. Average wheat yield was linearly correlated with average available soil water at wheat planting, with the relationship varying from year to year depending on evaporative demand and precipitation in April, May, and June. The cost in water use by legumes and subsequent decrease in wheat yield may be too great to justify use of legumes as fallow cover crops in wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93fallow systems in semiarid environments.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Merle F. Vigil, David C. Nielsen,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.0071"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2004.0071", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2004.0071", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2004.0071"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2004.0207", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-05-16", "title": "Surface Application Of Lime For Crop Grain Production Under A No-Till System", "description": "The effectiveness of surface application of lime to soils under a no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) system, particularly with regard to subsoil acidity, is uncertain, and long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term data is needed to determine optimum surface liming rates in this cropping system. A field experiment was performed in the period from 1993 through 2003 in Paran\uffc3\uffa1 State, Brazil, on a loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludox to evaluate the extent of the downward movement of surface\uffe2\uff80\uff90applied lime in a NT system, and the effect on grain yields under crop rotation. The treatments consisted of dolomitic limestone at the rates of 0, 2, 4, and 6 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, calculated to raise the base saturation in the topsoil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9320 cm) to 50, 70, and 90%. Surface\uffe2\uff80\uff90applied lime under NT was effective in alleviating soil acidity below the point of placement, and increased the cumulative grain yield of the crops. The effects of surface liming on all three acidity\uffe2\uff80\uff90related variables (pH, Al, and basic cations) were significant at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depths from 1 yr onward, and also at the 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth from 2.5 yr onward, remaining consistent for a period of up to 10 yr after liming. The maximum economic yield was obtained at 4 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 of limestone, showing that the lime rate estimated by the soil base saturation method at 70% in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth was appropriate for surface liming recommendation in a NT system.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.0207"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2004.0207", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2004.0207", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2004.0207"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2004.0240", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-01-04", "title": "Long-Term Effects Of Tillage On Soil Chemical Properties And Grain Yields Of A Dryland Winter Wheat-Sorghum/Corn-Fallow Rotation In The Great Plains", "description": "Tillage systems and nutrient management influence soil chemical properties that can impact the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term sustainability of dryland production systems. This study was conducted to compare the effects of no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) and conventional till (CT) on the soil chemical properties and grain yield of a dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench]/corn (Zea maysL.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93fallow rotation. The effects of tillage practice over a 27\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr period (1962\uffe2\uff80\uff931989) and the effect of the conversion of CT to NT over a 14\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr period (1989\uffe2\uff80\uff932003) on selected soil chemical properties [pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (BS), soil organic C (SOC), K, Ca, Mg, and Bray\uffe2\uff80\uff90P] at different soil depths was determined. The acidification rate of the NT treatment from 1962 to 2003 was also determined. The study was conducted at North Platte, NE on a Holdrege silt loam (fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90silty, mixed, mesic Typic Argiustolls). In 1989, there were differences in soil chemical properties between CT and NT at some depths after 27 yr. However, in 2003, 14 yr after converting from CT to NT, there were no differences in the soil chemical properties compared with continuous NT. In 1989 and 2003, the soil chemical properties varied with soil depth. The acidification rate from 1962 to 2003 for the NT treatment in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 15\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth was 1.3 kmol H+ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921. This rate of acidification represents 38% of the total potential acidity from N fertilizer applications over 41 yr. Acidification was attributed to nitrification of ammonium\uffe2\uff80\uff90based fertilizers and leaching of NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term winter wheat (1966\uffe2\uff80\uff931983) and grain sorghum (1964\uffe2\uff80\uff931988) grain yields were higher for NT (2718 and 4125 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) than CT (2421 and 3062 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Retention of soil moisture as a result of increased residue cover under NT likely contributed to higher NT yields. Soil chemical properties in the wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93sorghum/corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93fallow rotation will likely continue to change as a result of current management practices. Lime additions may become necessary in the future to ensure the sustainability of crop production in this system.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Plant Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Tarkalson, David D., Hergert, Gary W., Cassman, Kenneth G.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.0240"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2004.0240", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2004.0240", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2004.0240"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2004.0317", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-09-20", "description": "A late\uffe2\uff80\uff90killed rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop has many environmental benefits. However, rye can reduce following corn (Zea mays L.) yield and compromise pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90emergence herbicide activity. Our hypotheses were (i) rye reduces corn yields, especially if killed at late\uffe2\uff80\uff90boot stage; (ii) in\uffe2\uff80\uff90row tillage helps alleviate yield reductions; and (iii) postemergence weed control will be more effective than pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90emergence weed control in the presence of rye mulch. Corn was planted 7 to 10 d after rye was killed at early\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and late\uffe2\uff80\uff90boot stage with no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till or zone\uffe2\uff80\uff90till. A no\uffe2\uff80\uff90rye control was included for comparison. Herbicide programs included half rate of pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90emergence herbicide, full rate of pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90emergence herbicide, and a postemergence herbicide. Rye biomass, soil bulk density, corn yield and population, and weed biomass were determined. Average rye biomass was 1400 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 dry matter (DM) at early\uffe2\uff80\uff90boot stage and 4200 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 DM at late\uffe2\uff80\uff90boot stage. In 2001, bulk density was reduced 0.08 Mg m\uffe2\uff88\uff923 in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to10\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth in the late\uffe2\uff80\uff90killed rye plots compared with no rye or early killed rye. Rye never reduced no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till corn yields. Allelopathic effects of rye on corn were absent, calling for a better understanding of its underlying principles. Zone\uffe2\uff80\uff90till did not improve corn yields. Good weed control resulted from all herbicide programs due to low weed severity. The results suggest that rye cover crops will not reduce corn yields if rye is killed 7 to 10 d before corn planting and if adequate N is applied.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.0317"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2004.0317", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2004.0317", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2004.0317"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2004.1288", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "The 2002 U.S. Farm Bill offers incentives to support the transition from conventional to certified organic production. Research\uffe2\uff80\uff90based recommendations must be developed for suitable crop rotations that provide high yields, grain quality, and adequate soil fertility during the transition. We compared replicated conventional and organic systems, using identical crop varieties, during the 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr transition period and the fourth year following a full rotation of organic corn (Zea maysL.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]\uffe2\uff80\uff93oat (Avena sativaL.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) to determine which rotation was associated with the lowest risk during transition. Organic feed corn yields at the Neely\uffe2\uff80\uff93Kinyon long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term agroecological research (LTAR) site in Greenfield, IA, were equivalent to conventional yields in the transition years, and in the fourth year, the organic corn yield of 8.1 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921in the longest rotation was greater than the conventional corn yield of 7.1 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921in the conventional corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean rotation. Organic and conventional soybean yields were similar in the 3 yr of transition. Organic soybean yield of 3.0 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921exceeded the conventional yield of 2.7 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921in the fourth year of organic production. Pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and postharvest soil fertility values were responsive to manure application, but few differences between systems were observed. Grass and broadleaf weed populations varied between the organic and conventional systems each year, but the impact on yield was considered negligible. Corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and bean leaf beetle (Ceratoma trifurcata) populations were similar between systems, with no effect on yield. We conclude that organic grain crops can be successfully produced in the 3 yr of transition to organic, and additional economic benefits can be derived from expanded crop rotations.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Cynthia A. Cambardella, Kathleen Delate,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.1288"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2004.1288", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2004.1288", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2004.1288"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2005.0025", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-06-06", "description": "Introduction of cover cropping systems may be important to a stable food supply in sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90Saharan Africa. We examined the effects of three cropping systems in a 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr, four growing season study in Togo: continuous maize (Zea mays L.), maize\uffe2\uff80\uff93mucuna [Mucuna pruriens (L.) D.C.], and maize\uffe2\uff80\uff93pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.). Mucuna and pigeon pea were grown in 1\uffe2\uff80\uff90 or 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr cycles, and three N and two P fertilizer rates were factorially applied on maize. Use of mucuna and pigeon pea after maize in the first year reduced N and P fertilizer needs in the subsequent year. Cover crops increased maize grain yield by 37.5 and 32.1%, respectively, in the second year. Two\uffe2\uff80\uff90year cumulative economic returns on maize production were optimal when cover crops were grown every other year (every fourth season), compared to continuous maize or annual cover crops. The April 2002 to December 2003 soil N budgets showed a gain of N (>400 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) under all cropping systems. Initial soil nitrate (NO3)\uffe2\uff80\uff93N was reduced by 57.8% under the continuous maize system, but increased by 39 and 3.6% under the mucuna\uffe2\uff80\uff90based and pigeon pea\uffe2\uff80\uff93based systems, respectively. Low (<20 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) N losses occurred during the fallow period. Phosphorus losses occurred for all periods, but a mucuna\uffe2\uff80\uff90based cropping system has potential for soil P replenishment. The relay of a mucuna cover crop into maize in one out of 2 yr was most economical and improved soil N and P status without commercial fertilizers.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jean Mianikpo Sogbedji, K. L. Agbeko, H. M. van Es,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0025"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2005.0025", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2005.0025", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2005.0025"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2005.0157", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-06-06", "title": "Fertilization And Nitrogen Balance In A Wheat-Maize Rotation System In North China", "description": "Over N fertilization is a common problem for the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93summer maize (Zea mays L.) rotation system in the North China Plain. A field experiment which included control (no N), conventional N (Con. N) fertilization, and optimized N (Nmin) fertilization treatments, was conducted from 1999 to 2003 near Beijing, China. Soil nitrate (NO3) dynamics were measured and N balance was calculated for the period of the eight successive cropping seasons. Soil NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 90\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm profile for the Con. N treatment ranged from 157 to 700 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 during the eight successive cropping seasons, much greater than those in the no N and optimized N treatments. Large amounts of soil NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N were detected in the 90\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 200\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm layer under the conventional N fertilization treatment, especially in the summer maize season. For the Nmin treatment, the total amount of N applied was 511 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the eight successive crops as compared with 2400 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 of the Con. N treatment. Grain yields were not different between the fertilized treatments except for maize in 2003. Soil NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N in the root zone under conditions of optimized N fertilization was maintained at a relatively low level as compared with the Con. N treatment, therefore dramatically decreasing NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N movement to deeper soil profile. This study indicates that soil NO3 movement out of the effective crop root zone is an important pathway of N losses in this winter wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain and the optimized N fertilization by an improved Nmin method shows high potential of reducing N\uffe2\uff80\uff90leaching losses.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0157"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2005.0157", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2005.0157", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2005.0157"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2012.0269", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-02-15", "description": "Limited knowledge and data exist in terms of how the soil water status affects plant nutrient uptake and the availability of soil residual nutrients in order to establish effective fertilizer management under limited irrigation to prevent undesirable environmental impacts. Maize (Zea mays L.) nutrient uptake and concentrations of soil nutrients (N, P, and K) were measured under full and limited irrigation regimes and rainfed conditions. Fully irrigated treatment (FIT), 75% FIT, 60% FIT, 50% FIT, and rainfed treatments were imposed. Seasonal (emergence to physiological maturity) rainfall was 426 mm (18% below normal) in 2009 and 563 mm (9% above normal) in 2010. Irrigation regimes impacted nutrient uptake, with 60% and 75% FIT resulting in efficient and comparative performance relative to FIT. Nitrogen, P, and K uptake increased with water supply. Total N uptake ranged from 154 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for rainfed to 253 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for FIT in 2009 and from 182 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for rainfed to 270 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for FIT in 2010. The FIT had the greatest P uptake (39 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2009 and 53 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2010). Total grain N uptake was 143, 203, 216, 205, and 215 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2009 and 151, 178, 188, 193, and 209 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2010 for rainfed, 50% FIT, 60% FIT, 75% FIT, and FIT, respectively. The residual soil N averaged 77.5 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2009 and 72.4 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2010 and increased with irrigation. Relationships among plant N, P, and K concentrations were developed for within\uffe2\uff80\uff90season nutrient diagnosis in practical applications.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2012.0269"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2012.0269", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2012.0269", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2012.0269"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2004.1523", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Impact Of Tillage On Root Systems Of Winter Wheat", "description": "There is relatively little information about root growth response under different tillage systems in cool temperate regions. In a 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr field trial at two sites [loamy silt (1995\uffe2\uff80\uff931999) and sandy loam soils (1996\uffe2\uff80\uff932000)] in the Swiss midlands, the effect of tillage intensity [no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT)] on the morphology and distribution of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots at harvest was studied for 3 yr (1997\uffe2\uff80\uff931999). The root length density (RLD), mean root diameter (MD), and relative length per diameter\uffe2\uff80\uff90class distribution of the roots were determined using washed roots from soil cores taken from the row and the midrow. Averaged across all the other factors, NT resulted in a slightly lower RLD and a slightly larger MD compared with CT. However, compared with CT, the RLD was higher in the upper soil layer (0 to 5 cm), similar from 5 to 10 cm, and lower from 10 to 30 cm in NT. The tillage effect disappeared below 30 cm. This tillage\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced difference in root distribution was more and more marked from 1997 to 1999. In the row, the MD was greater from 0 to 15 cm, was similar down to 25 cm, and was smaller from 25 to 50 cm in NT compared with CT while below 50 cm, the MD was hardly affected by tillage intensity. However, MD in the midrow was usually significantly higher from 0 to 10 cm under NT than under CT.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.1523"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2004.1523", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2004.1523", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2004.1523"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2005.0098", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-04-12", "title": "Crop Rotation Effects On Soil Quality At Three Northern Corn/Soybean Belt Locations", "description": "Do extended crop rotations that include forages improve soil quality and are they profitable? Our objectives were to determine (i) how crop rotation affected soil quality indicators, (ii) if those indicator changes were reflected in soil quality index (SQI) ratings when scored and combined using the Soil Management Assessment Framework, and (iii) how SQI values compared with profitability. Soil samples were collected from three long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term studies in Iowa and one in Wisconsin. Bulk density (BD), soil pH, water\uffe2\uff80\uff90stable macroaggregation, total organic C, total N, microbial biomass C, extractable P and K, and penetration resistance were measured. The indicator data were scored using nonlinear curves reflecting performance of critical soil functions (e.g., nutrient cycling, water partitioning and storage, and plant root growth). Profit was calculated by subtracting costs of production from potential income based on actual crop yields and the 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr average nongovernment\uffe2\uff80\uff90supported commodity prices. Extended rotations had a positive effect on soil quality indicators. Total organic C was the most sensitive indicator, showing significant measured and scored differences at all locations, while BD showed significant differences at only one location (Kanawha). The lowest SQI values and 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr average profit were associated with continuous corn, while extended rotations that included at least 3 yr of forage crops had the highest SQI values. We suggest that future conservation policies and programs reward more diverse and extended crop rotations, as is being done through the Conservation Security Program.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Susan S. Andrews, David W. Meek, Michael Duffy, Cynthia A. Cambardella, Antonio P. Mallarino, D. L. Karlen, Eric G. Hurley,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0098"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2005.0098", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2005.0098", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2005.0098"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2005.0224", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-04-12", "description": "Organic farming has been proposed as a means of reducing leaching and improving the use efficiency of plant nutrients in agriculture. In such systems, nutrient inputs originate from various organic sources or from naturally occurring minerals with low solubility. In this study, measurements of leaching and crop uptake of N, P, and K and determinations of mineral N in soil were conducted in tile\uffe2\uff80\uff90drained plots during a 6\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr period in two organic crop rotations, one with and one without addition of animal manures. In the latter, N was provided by green manures. For comparison, two conventional systems in which mineral fertilizers and pesticides were used (one with cover crops) were also included. Leaching loads of N were smallest in the conventional system with cover crops, on average 25 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 over the 6\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr period. The corresponding amounts in the other systems were 39 (organic with animal manure), 34 (organic without animal manure), and 38 (conventional) kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Phosphorus\uffe2\uff80\uff90leaching loads were small overall in all systems (<0.25 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Potassium\uffe2\uff80\uff90leaching loads reached on average 27 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 over the 6 yr in the conventional systems and 16 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the organic systems. When N leaching was expressed as a percentage of total N removal during the 6\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr period (leaching plus harvested N with crops), it represented 59% in the organic system without animal manure, 33% in the conventional system, and 22% in the conventional system with cover crops. These results clearly suggest that N use efficiency is improved if inorganic N fertilizers are used rather than green manures, especially in combination with cover crops. The superior system from all considerations was the conventional system with a cover crop.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Helena Aronsson, Lars Bergstr\u00f6m, Gunnar Torstensson,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0224"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2005.0224", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2005.0224", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2005.0224"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2005.0349", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Carbon Storage In Soils Of The North American Great Plains: Effect Of Cropping Frequency", "description": "Summer fallow (fallow) is still widely used on the North American Great Plains to replenish soil moisture between crops. Our objective was to examine how fallowing affects soil organic carbon (SOC) in various agronomic and climate settings by reviewing long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term studies in the midwestern USA (five sites) and the Canadian prairies (17 sites). In most soils, SOC increased with cropping frequency though not usually in a linear fashion. In the Canadian studies, SOC response to tillage and cropping frequency varied with climate\uffe2\uff80\uff94in semiarid conditions, SOC gains under no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till were about 250 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 greater than for tilled systems regardless of cropping frequency; in subhumid environments, the advantage was about 50 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for rotations with fallow but 250 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 with continuous cropping. Specific crops also influenced SOC: Replacing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) had little effect; replacing wheat with lower\uffe2\uff80\uff90yielding flax (Linum usitatismum L.) reduced SOC gains; and replacing wheat with erosion\uffe2\uff80\uff90preventing fall rye (Secale cereale L.) increased SOC gains. In unfertilized systems, cropping frequency did not affect SOC gains, but in fertilized systems, SOC gains often increased with cropping frequency. In a Colorado study (three sites each with three slope positions), SOC gains increased with cropping frequency, but the response tended to be highest at the lowest potential evaporation site (where residue C inputs were greatest) and least in the toeslope positions (despite their high residue C inputs). The Century and the Campbell et al. SOC models satisfactorily simulated the relative responses of SOC although they underestimated gains by about one\uffe2\uff80\uff90third.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "C. A. Campbell, Robert P. Zentner, B. C. Liang, H. Henry Janzen, Edward G. Gregorich, Keith Paustian, L. A. Sherrod,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0349"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2005.0349", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2005.0349", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2005.0349"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600060007x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-20", "title": "Diuron And Simazine Losses To Runoff Water In Mediterranean Vineyards", "description": "AbstractThe Mediterranean climate is characterized by a hot and dry summer where occasional storm events induce erosion and runoff. The high leaching potential of pesticides to surface waters under such climate conditions are not in relation to the main body of data that originated from summer\uffe2\uff80\uff90rain row\uffe2\uff80\uff90crop scenarios. In this 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr study we monitored runoff discharge and concentrations of the two soil applied herbicides diuron [3\uffe2\uff80\uff90(3,4\uffe2\uff80\uff90dichlorphenyl)\uffe2\uff80\uff901,1\uffe2\uff80\uff90dimethylurea] and simazine [6\uffe2\uff80\uff90chloro\uffe2\uff80\uff90N2,N4\uffe2\uff80\uff90diethyl\uffe2\uff80\uff901,3,5\uffe2\uff80\uff90triazine\uffe2\uff80\uff902,4\uffe2\uff80\uff90diamine] from two field sites\uffe2\uff80\uff94one tilled and one no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till\uffe2\uff80\uff94cropped with grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.; Cinsault and Aramon, respectively). Despite a time lag of 140 d in 1994 between chemical application and first runoff event, diuron concentrations in overland flow exceeded 200 \uffc2\uffb5g L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 at the no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till site. In 1995 the first strong rainfall\uffe2\uff80\uff90runoff event following application carried >87 and 60% of the respective seasonal simazine and diuron loss at both sites, although it accounted for <17 and 7% of the total runoff volume at the no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till and tilled site, respectively. At the no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till site, seasonal diuron loss during 1995 was 1.71% of applied; the corresponding value for simazine was 1.25%. Only 0.68 and 0.79% of the respective applied diuron and simazine mass were washed from the tilled field, reflecting differences in runoff volume between sites. Pesticide losses depended primarily on runoff volume and intensity. Event average herbicide concentrations in surface runoff followed an exponential decay over time. Estimated first order rate coefficients were at least twice as large as those derived from soil samples using the alcoholic solvent extraction technique. The decreasing water availability with time compared with the herbicide content at the soil surface indicated an increasing adsorption with time.
", "keywords": ["[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "CONTAMINATION DU SOL", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "TENEUR DANS LE SOL", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lennartz, Bernd, Louchart, Xavier, Voltz, Marc, Andrieux, Patrick,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600060007x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600060007x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600060007x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600060007x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1997-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2005.0229", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-05-04", "description": "Dry dairy cows (Bos taurus) fed forages with a high dietary cation\uffe2\uff80\uff93anion difference (DCAD) are more likely to develop hypocalcaemia. We determined how development stage at harvest and N and P fertilization can be used to reduce the DCAD to <250 mmolc kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 dry matter (DM) for timothy (Phleum pratense L.) grown on a soil high in K content. Stages of development (stem elongation, early heading, late heading, and early flowering) in spring growth, and treatments of P (0, 15, 30, and 45 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and N (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) fertilization were evaluated. Concentrations of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, S, and P of timothy were determined and the DCAD was calculated with a short (DCADS) and a long (DCADL) equation. From stem elongation to early flowering, DCADS decreased from 326 to 196 mmolc kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 DM and DCADL from 297 to 181 mmolc kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 DM; this reduction was attributed to a decrease in K concentration and a slight increase in Cl concentration with development stage. Nitrogen fertilization increased DCADS and DCADL only at stem elongation; the lack of a response at later stages of development is explained by the concomitant increase in both K and Cl concentrations with increasing N fertilization. Phosphorus fertilization did not affect DCADS and DCADL even though it increased timothy P concentration. Harvesting timothy at late heading, with an appropriate N fertilization to ensure adequate yield, is an option to produce a forage with a DCAD of <250 mmolc kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921. DM on a soil high in K.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gilles B\u00e9langer, Guy Allard, Annie Br\u00e9gard, S. Pelletier, Ga\u00ebtan F. Tremblay,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0229"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2005.0229", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2005.0229", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2005.0229"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2006.0061", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-06-06", "description": "An 18\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr field study was performed to compare organic and conventional cropping on a highly P and K depleted soil in southern Sweden that had not received any inorganic fertilizers (or pesticides) since the mid\uffe2\uff80\uff901940s. The major management differences between the systems were (i) growth of legumes every second year and use of legumes as cover crops in the organic rotation; (ii) application of P in the organic system at higher rates than for the conventional system; (iii) exclusion of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) from the organic system but inclusion of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.); (iv) frequent mechanical weeding in the organic system; and (v) use of solid manure in the organic and liquid manure in the conventional system. Concentrations of soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90exchangeable P increased more after application of large amounts of basic slag and apatite in the organic system than after application of P fertilizers in the conventional system. Organic systems, which rely mainly on legumes for their N supply, will acidify soils faster than systems with fewer legumes in rotation. Crop yields were, on average, 50% less and weed biomass was greater (1\uffe2\uff80\uff933 Mg dry matter ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) in the organic system than in the conventional system. Nitrogen was identified as the main yield\uffe2\uff80\uff90limiting nutrient for organically grown crops. Despite this, and even with use of cover crops, N leaching was not reduced by organic farming. Soil carbon (C) concentrations decreased in both systems, but less so in the organic system due to higher C inputs and lower soil pH values. Still, organic farming seems not be an option for sequestering C in soil in Sweden. After adjusting the two systems to the same boundary conditions for an unbiased modeling comparison, the C input is \uffe2\uff89\uff8860% higher in the conventional system than the organic system. The agronomic efficiency of N was 9 to 10 kg grain yield kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 N in the organic system compared with 16\uffe2\uff80\uff9318 kg grain yield kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the conventional system. The long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term use efficiency of P was lower in the organic system (7%) than in the conventional system (36%). These results show that yield and soil fertility are superior in conventional cropping systems under cold\uffe2\uff80\uff90temperate conditions.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0061"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2006.0061", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2006.0061", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2006.0061"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2006.0078", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-05-12", "title": "Management Of Soil Acidity In No-Till Production Systems Through Surface Application Of Lime", "description": "Increasing acreage of no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) cropping systems with surface applications of N fertilizer brings forth the important issue of management of acidic soils in these systems. Our objectives were to determine the vertical movement of surface\uffe2\uff80\uff90applied lime, and to determine if frequency or type of lime applied affects the rate of movement; to evaluate the effect of surface application of lime on soil chemical properties; and to determine the correct application rate of lime for acidic NT soils. Three NT field sites were identified that had below\uffe2\uff80\uff90optimal soil pH (<6.0) in the surface 15 cm. Various lime treatments were established in 2000 or 2002, consisting of differing rates [as kg effective calcium carbonate (ECC) ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921] of either limestone (commercially available) or pelletized limestone, plus an unlimed control. In the spring of 2005, soil samples were taken to a depth of 30 cm; the surface 15 cm was separated into 2.5\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm increments and the lower 15 cm was separated into 7.5\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm increments. Evidence of lime movement was limited to 7.5 cm or less at all three NT sites, as indicated by significant increases in pH compared with the control. Type of liming material or frequency of limestone application seemed to have no effect on any variables measured. Significant yield increases were not observed for crops as a result of limestone applications. Limestone recommendations for NT production systems need to be based on correcting pH in the surface 7.5 cm for production systems receiving 800 to 1000 mm of annual precipitation.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Chad B. Godsey, Gary M. Pierzynski, David B. Mengel, Ray E. Lamond,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0078"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2006.0078", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2006.0078", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2006.0078"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2006.0168", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-06-06", "title": "Comparison Between Organic And Mineral Fertilization For Soil Fertility Levels, Crop Macronutrient Concentrations, And Yield", "description": "Interest in soil organic fertilization has grown appreciably in recent years; however, few studies have been performed in greenhouses. A comparative study of organic vs. mineral fertilization in a greenhouse has been conducted for 9 yr in a calcareous loamy soil classified as Xerofluvent in the Guadalquivir River Valley, Seville, Spain. The nutrient availability in the soil, macronutrient concentration in the edible part of the plants, and yield were examined. The organic fertilizer used was vegetal compost and green residue of previous crops that came from the experimental farm and did not depend on external inputs. The use of organic fertilizer resulted in higher soil organic matter, soil N content, and available P and K. However few differences were found in the macronutrient concentration in the edible part of the crops, independent of the type of fertilization. The nitrate concentration in the edible parts was significantly lower for the crops grown in the organically fertilized plots. Crop yield was not statistically different between fertilizer treatments. This study demonstrated that long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term use of organic compost in greenhouse soil improved soil fertility and produced similar yields and nutrient composition in the edible portion of crops compared with mineral fertilization.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0168"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2006.0168", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2006.0168", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2006.0168"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2006.0066", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-10-04", "title": "Management Practice Effects On Surface Total Carbon: Differences In Spatial Variability Patterns", "description": "Lack of information about the spatial variability of soil C in different management systems limits accurate extrapolation of C sequestration findings to large scales. The objectives of this study were to: (i) describe and quantify variability of total C in three management systems, chisel\uffe2\uff80\uff90plow (CT) and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) with conventional chemical inputs and a chisel\uffe2\uff80\uff90plow organic management practice with cover crops (CT\uffe2\uff80\uff90cover) 15 yr after conversion from conventional management; (ii) assess the strengths of spatial correlation in the three studied systems; and (iii) evaluate contributions of topography and texture to the overall total C variability and its spatial components. The data were collected at 12 60 by 60 m plots at the Long Term Ecological Research site, Kellogg Biological Station, MI. The data consisted of elevation measurements taken on a 2 by 5 m grid and a total of 1160 measurements of total C, sand, silt, and clay contents taken from the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth. Overall variability of total C in NT was more than four times greater than in CT, and in CT\uffe2\uff80\uff90cover the variability was more than two times greater than CT. Spatial correlation of total C was the strongest in NT, followed by CT\uffe2\uff80\uff90cover, and then by CT. Stronger spatial structures in NT and CT\uffe2\uff80\uff90cover were found to form in response to topographical and texture gradients. Effects of texture were largely associated with topographical effects; however, even when topography was controlled for, texture still substantially contributed to explaining total C variability.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0066"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2006.0066", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2006.0066", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2006.0066"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2006.0192", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-03-13", "title": "Effect Of Winter Wheat Crop Residue On No-Till Corn Growth And Development", "description": "Two established methods for increasing the sustainability of production agricultural cropping systems are (i) increasing crop residue levels by reducing tillage and (ii) including a winter annual crop in the rotation. A wide range of crop yield responses have been reported for no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till systems adopted to a corn (Zea mays L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. However, little research has been done in the Northern Corn Belt on no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till corn following winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of winter wheat crop residue on the growth and development of no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till corn. The experimental design was a randomized complete block. Treatments consisted of no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till systems with three levels of winter wheat residue [no wheat residue (NWR), wheat root residue only (WRR), and wheat root and shoot residue (WRSR)]. Data were collected in 2003, 2004, and 2005. Measurements included plant emergence, plant height, time of tasseling (VT stage), chlorophyll content, presidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT) soil nitrate levels, soil moisture and temperature, corn grain yield, grain moisture, and grain test weight of corn at harvest. In all years, the presence of winter wheat residue above and below ground decreased soil temperature, increased soil moisture, and decreased chlorophyll content in corn leaves and plant height in the early stages of corn development. The VT stage of corn was delayed for about 1 wk in residue systems. Winter wheat residue decreased the amount of plant available N and increased grain moisture and test weight of corn grain at harvest. Emergence and population of corn in 2003 and 2005 were reduced in residue systems. The use of a PSNT\uffe2\uff80\uff90based N application rate was successful in maintaining corn grain yield in wheat residue systems with corn grain yield in NWR systems in 2003 and 2004 despite wheat residue antagonism of corn growth and development. In 2005, corn grain yield in wheat residue treatments was less than in NWR treatments, but was equal to PSNT target yields.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Anatoliy G. Kravchenko, Kurt D. Thelen,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0192"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2006.0192", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2006.0192", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2006.0192"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2006.0362", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-09-11", "description": "There have been few comparisons of the performance of no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage cropping systems vs. organic farming systems, particularly on erodible, droughty soils where reduced\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage systems are recommended. In particular, there is skepticism whether organic farming can improve soils as well as conventional no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage systems because of the requirement for tillage associated with many organic farming operations. A 9\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr comparison of selected minimum\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage strategies for grain production of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was conducted on a sloping, droughty site in Beltsville, MD, from 1994 to 2002. Four systems were compared: (i) a standard mid\uffe2\uff80\uff90Atlantic no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage system (NT) with recommended herbicide and N inputs, (ii) a cover crop\uffe2\uff80\uff90based no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage system (CC) including hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) before corn, and rye (Secale cereale L.) before soybean, with reduced herbicide and N inputs, (iii) a no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.) living mulch system (CV) with recommended herbicide and N inputs, and (iv) a chisel\uffe2\uff80\uff90plow based organic system (OR) with cover crops and manure for nutrients and postplanting cultivation for weed control. After 9 yr, competition with corn by weeds in OR and by the crownvetch living mulch in CV was unacceptable, particularly in dry years. On average, corn yields were 28 and 12% lower in OR and CV, respectively, than in the standard NT, whereas corn yields in CC and NT were similar. Despite the use of tillage, soil combustible C and N concentrations were higher at all depth intervals to 30 cm in OR compared with that in all other systems. A uniformity trial was conducted from 2003 to 2005 with corn grown according to the NT system on all plots. Yield of corn grown on plots with a 9\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr history of OR and CV were 18 and 19% higher, respectively, than those with a history of NT whereas there was no difference between corn yield of plots with a history of NT and CC. Three tests of N availability (corn yield loss in subplots with no N applied in 2003\uffe2\uff80\uff932005, presidedress soil nitrate test, and corn ear leaf N) all confirmed that there was more N available to corn in OR and CV than in NT. These results suggest that OR can provide greater long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term soil benefits than conventional NT, despite the use of tillage in OR. However, these benefits may not be realized because of difficulty controlling weeds in OR.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Charles B. Coffman, John R. Teasdale, Ruth W. Mangum,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0362"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2006.0362", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2006.0362", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2006.0362"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2007.0121", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-11-11", "description": "Soil organic carbon (SOC) was assessed in a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (19 yr) experiment comparing conventional tillage (CT) and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage (NT) management systems and various winter cover crop treatments in a Rhodic Hapludox in southern Brazil. After 19 yr, NT resulted in 6.84 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, in the upper soil layer (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 cm), which represented 64.6% more than CT. In the 0 to 20 cm soil layer, the NT system sequestered 1.24 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, while CT sequestered 0.96 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Independent of soil management, the fallow treatment resulted in the lowest SOC stocks to the 40\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm soil depth compared to all other winter treatments. We compared SOC levels of the experimental site with a nearby\uffe2\uff80\uff90forested area, which has never been cleared. No\uffe2\uff80\uff90till management combined with winter cover crops resulted in soil properties that most closely resembled the undisturbed forest. Maize grain yields and soybean seed yields were 6 and 5% higher, respectively, under NT than CT. Our results point to NT management combined with winter cover crops as the management system of choice to achieve sustainable crop production on Oxisols in the subtropical and tropical regions of the world.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2007.0121"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2007.0121", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2007.0121", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2007.0121"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2006.0317", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-06-27", "description": "Soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation occurs mostly in the top 5 cm of soil with continuous no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) while SOC losses often occur at deeper depths. We hypothesize that one\uffe2\uff80\uff90time tillage conducted once in >10 yr to mix the high SOC surface layer with deeper soil will not result in large SOC losses following tillage with a net positive gain in SOC eventually. Two experiments in long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term NT fields were installed under rainfed corn (Zea mays L.) or sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] rotated with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in eastern Nebraska. Tillage treatments were applied in the spring or fall and included: NT, disk, chisel with 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm wide twisted shanks, moldboard plow (MP), and mini\uffe2\uff80\uff90moldboard plow (miniMP). A portable infrared gas analyzer was used to monitor CO2 flux immediately following tillage. Effect of tillage on profile distribution of total and labile (particulate and oxidizable) SOC was determined. At 24 to 32 mo following tillage, SOC mass was determined for depths of 0 to 5, 5 to 20, and 20 to 30 cm. Some tillage operations effectively redistributed total and labile SOC with little increase in CO2 flux compared with NT. Total and labile SOC concentrations were reduced by 24 to 88% in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 2.5\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth and increased by 13 to 381% for the 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth for the various tillage operations. Moldboard plowing caused the greatest redistribution of SOC. On an equivalent soil mass basis, tillage did not cause significant losses of total or labile SOC between tillage and planting of the next crop or by 24 to 32 mo after tillage. Stratification of SOC in long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term NT soil could be reduced most effectively by means of one\uffe2\uff80\uff90time MP tillage without increased loss of labile SOC.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Martha Mamo, Charles S. Wortmann, Thomas G. Franti, J. A. Quincke, Rhae A. Drijber,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0317"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2006.0317", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2006.0317", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2006.0317"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2007.0087", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-09-19", "description": "Conventional agriculture can lead to reduced soil organic matter and depletion in soil fertility. For that reason, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) recommends organic matter incorporation to soils to increase their agronomic quality. This work studies the effect of the transition to organic farming on chemical and biochemical properties of a loam soil (Xerofluvent), through a succession of five crops cycles over a 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr period. Two mature composts (vegetal and animal compost) were used for the organic fertilization. Soil chemical and biological status was evaluated by measuring total organic carbon (TOC), humic acids, bicarbonate\uffe2\uff80\uff90extractable P (Olsen\uffe2\uff80\uff90P), ammonium acetate extractable\uffe2\uff80\uff90potassium (AAE\uffe2\uff80\uff90K), Kjeldahl\uffe2\uff80\uff90N, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, protease, glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase), soil respiration, MBC/TOC, and MBC/MBN ratios. At the end of the study, the organically fertilized soils showed an increase in quantity (TOC) and quality (humic acids) of organic matter compared to inorganically fertilized soils. Nutrient content (Kjeldahl\uffe2\uff80\uff90N, Olsen\uffe2\uff80\uff90P, and AAE\uffe2\uff80\uff90K) also increased in organically fertilized soils. In general animal compost improved chemical and biological properties more than vegetal compost. Soil respiration was highly influenced by seasonal variability, and the highest values were found in summer. The MBC/TOC values indicated that microorganisms converted C to MBC more efficiently in conventionally fertilized soil. Protease and phosphatase activities differed between treatments after the third crop cycle, and the highest values were observed in organically fertilized soil. The TOC and nutrient content were correlated (P< 0.001) with microbial biomass and enzymatic activities. Extracellular enzyme activities (protease, glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase) were found to be significantly and positively correlated with MBC and MBN.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Melero S\u00e1nchez, Sebastiana, Madej\u00f3n, Engracia, Herencia, Juan F., Ruiz Porras, J. C.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2007.0087"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2007.0087", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2007.0087", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2007.0087"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2007.0183", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-05-08", "title": "Upland Switchgrass Yield, Nutritive Value, And Soil Carbon Changes Under Grazing And Clipping", "description": "There have been few evaluations of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cultivars under multiple harvest managements in the northeastern United States. The objective of this study was to determine the yield, nutritive value, and soil C changes of switchgrass cultivars under grazing and clipping. In 1999, \uffe2\uff80\uff98Cave\uffe2\uff80\uff90in\uffe2\uff80\uff90Rock\uffe2\uff80\uff99, \uffe2\uff80\uff98Trailblazer\uffe2\uff80\uff99, and \uffe2\uff80\uff98Shawnee\uffe2\uff80\uff99 switchgrass were established in field plots at Rock Springs, PA, and in pastures in southeastern Pennsylvania. In 2000 and 2001, two\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and three\uffe2\uff80\uff90cut treatments were imposed at Rock Springs. At the southeastern Pennsylvania site, pastures were grazed three or four times per year during 2000 to 2004. Forage yield, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) were determined at each harvest. Soil was analyzed for C and stable C isotopes before planting in 1999 and at the end of the experiments. Cultivars differed slightly in yield and nutritive value. Variation in forage yield was greater among years and management treatments (3300 to 8200 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) than among cultivars (5900 to 9400 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Trailblazer suffered from leaf diseases and lodging during wet years. There were no differences among cultivars in soil C. Soil C accumulated in the surface 5 cm of soil after 7 yr at Rock Springs, but soil C did not change after 5 yr of grazing. By the end of the experiments, about 20% of soil C in the surface 5 cm was derived from switchgrass. Cave\uffe2\uff80\uff90in\uffe2\uff80\uff90Rock and Shawnee are equally suited and superior to Trailblazer for hay and grazing in Pennsylvania and similar areas in the northeast.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Matt A. Sanderson", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2007.0183"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2007.0183", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2007.0183", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2007.0183"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2008.0036x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-05-09", "title": "Crop Rotation, Wheat Straw Management, And Chicken Manure Effects On Soil Quality", "description": "New crop rotation and adequate fertilizer management are needed to maintain productivity of high input irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) systems. This study was initiated in 1998 in northwest Mexico. The objective was to examine the effects of two straw managements (incorporated or burned), three crop rotations [wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff90sesbania (Sesbania spp.), wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff90maize (Zea mays L.), or wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff90fallow], and the application for wheat of three N fertilizer sources (urea, chicken [Gallus gallus] manure, or a mixture of both) at two rates (0 and 200 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) on soil properties. Soil microbial biomass C and N, soil N, P, K concentrations, pH, sodium absorption ratio, electrical conductivity, aggregate size distiribution and stability were evaluated in 2001, 2002, and 2005 during the wheat cropping seasons. Straw management had no consistent effect on the amount of carbon mineralized from the soil microbial biomass (SMB C). Planting sesbania as a summer crop after harvesting wheat in the spring enhanced both SMB C and N. The effect of straw management and crop rotation on aggregate size distribution was minimal. Chicken manure application increased the soil N, P, and K concentration. Potassium was accumulated after burning residues. Enhancing rotation complexity and reducing fallow by including summer maize or sesbania increased the soil organic matter. To enhance the measured soil attributes wheat should be followed by a crop like sesbania in the summer and the use of organic manure should be combined with an inorganic N source allowing a balanced application of nutrients as required by the crop.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2008.0036x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2008.0036x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2008.0036x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2008.0036x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2007.0395", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-09-11", "description": "After more than 110 yr, the Old Rotation experiment on the campus of Auburn University in Alabama continues to document the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effects of crop rotation and winter legume cover crops on sustainable cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in the southeastern United States. Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term yields indicate that winter legumes are as effective as fertilizer N in producing maximum cotton yields and increasing soil organic carbon (SOC). Higher SOC resulted in higher crop yields. However, rotating cotton with corn (Zea mays L.) in a 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr rotation or with corn, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in a 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr rotation produced little long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term cotton yield advantage beyond that associated with SOC. Cotton yields without winter legumes nor fertilizer N are only slightly higher than they were 110 yr ago. Nonirrigated corn grain yields in rotation with cotton are typically low for central Alabama and appear limited by N. Yields of all crops on the Old Rotation increased with increasing rates of P and K through the 1950s. Since adoption of in\uffe2\uff80\uff90row subsoiling, high\uffe2\uff80\uff90residue, conservation tillage, and genetically modified cultivars in 1997, all crops have produced their highest, nonirrigated, recorded yields since the experiment began: 1910 kg cotton lint ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2006, 14.8 Mg corn grain ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 1999, 6.34 Mg wheat ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2001, and 4.50 Mg soybean ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2004.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Charles C. Mitchell, Kipling S. Balkcom, Dennis P. Delaney,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2007.0395"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2007.0395", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2007.0395", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2007.0395"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2008.0052", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-11-11", "description": "The emerging cellulosic\uffe2\uff80\uff90based ethanol industry will likely use corn (Zea mays L.) stover as a feedstock source. Growers wishing to maintain, or increase soil C levels for agronomic and environmental benefit will need to use C amendments such as manure, compost, or cover crops, to replace C removed with the corn stover. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of cover crops, manure, and compost on short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term C sequestration rates and net global warming potential (GWP) in a corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation with complete corn stover removal. Field experiments consisting of a corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean\uffe2\uff80\uff93corn rotation with whole\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant corn harvest, were conducted near East Lansing, MI over a 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr period beginning in the fall of 2001. Carbon amendments were: compost, manure, and a winter cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop. Compost and manure amendments raised soil C levels in the 0 to 5 and 0 to 25 cm soil profile but not in the 5 to 25 cm soil profile over the relatively short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term duration of the study. Total soil organic C (SOC) (kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) in the 0 to 25 cm profile increased by 41 and 25% for the compost and manure treatments, respectively, and decreased by 3% for the untreated check. Compost and manure soil amendments resulted in a net GWP of \uffe2\uff88\uff921811 and \uffe2\uff88\uff921060 g CO2 m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively, compared to 12 g CO2 m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for untreated.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Doo Hong Min, Bradley E. Fronning, Kurt D. Thelen,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2008.0052"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2008.0052", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2008.0052", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2008.0052"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2008.0103", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-03-05", "title": "Cover Crops And Organic Mulch To Improve Tomato Yields And Soil Fertility", "description": "Cover crops and organic mulches (OMs) have been reported as a means to reduce inputs and increase soil quality. A field experiment was conducted to elucidate the effects of summer cover crops and organic compost on winter fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yields and quality. Cover crops were sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), and sorghum sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor \uffc3\uff97 S. bicolor var. sudanense (Piper) Stapf.], and compost was applied at 25, 50, and 75 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Sunn hemp accumulated up to 190\uffe2\uff80\uff93319 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 of N, which was greater than that by sorghum sudangrass (38\uffe2\uff80\uff93110 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). The tomato total marketable yields increased 49\uffe2\uff80\uff9382 and 71\uffe2\uff80\uff9385 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively, in 2 yr. The application of OM at 75 or 50 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 increased tomato yields compared with that at 25 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Yields of extra\uffe2\uff80\uff90large tomato fruits, especially at the first harvest during the early winter, were improved by growing sunn hemp or applying the composts. However, no interaction between cover crops and OM was observed for tomato marketable yields or quality. Soil organic C increased when OMs were applied compared with the plastic mulch (PM), whereas total soil N and organic C:N ratio were unaffected by any treatment. These results suggest that either the production of cover crops, especially sunn hemp, or the application of compost at high rates can improve winter fresh market tomato yields and quality and advance organic farming.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2008.0103"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2008.0103", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2008.0103", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2008.0103"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2008.0152x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-05-09", "title": "Soil Organic Matter Response To Cropping System And Nitrogen Fertilization", "description": "Management to improve soil C and N storage is necessary to increase soil quality. Continuous corn (Zea mays L.) (CC) and a corn\uffe2\uff80\uff90soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation (CS) in a chisel plow tillage system with six N fertilizer rates in corn were sampled after 8 yr in Illinois. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) varied with cropping system at DeKalb, but not at Dixon Springs or Urbana. At DeKalb, SOC in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90to 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth was 98.6 and 81.4 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 following CC and CS, respectively. Similarly, TN to a depth of 30 cm at DeKalb was 7.91 Mg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 with CC and 6.91 Mg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 with CS. Particulate organic matter (POM) C (POM\uffe2\uff80\uff90C) and POM N (POM\uffe2\uff80\uff90N) were also greater following CC in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth at DeKalb and in the surface 15 cm at Dixon Springs. At DeKalb, POM\uffe2\uff80\uff90C in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth was 6.5 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 following CC and 5.1 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 following CS, while POM\uffe2\uff80\uff90N was 0.41 and 0.34 Mg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. At Dixon Springs, where POM\uffe2\uff80\uff90C was 4.9 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and POM\uffe2\uff80\uff90N was 0.34 Mg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 15\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth following CS, POM\uffe2\uff80\uff90C and POM\uffe2\uff80\uff90N were 10 and 9% greater with CC, respectively. These results indicate that cropping system influences soil C and N more than N fertilization, and that this influence is greater in the labile fraction of soil organic matter (SOM) than in total SOM.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2008.0152x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2008.0152x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2008.0152x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2008.0152x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Forestry&offset=6300&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Forestry&offset=6300&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Forestry&offset=6250", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Forestry&offset=6350", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 8391, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-05T07:18:49.407689Z"}